CLASS

CESTOIDEA
SUBCLASSCESTODA

Characters:
*Flatteneddorsoventrally
*Ribbonlike(Tapeworms).
*Hasnobodycavity.
*Alimentarycanalabsent.

*Segmentedintoscolex,neckandstrobila.

Scolex (head): carryorgansoffixationintheformofsuckersor

grooves(bothria). Thescolexmaycarryaterminalsometimesret
ractileprotuberancecalledtherostellum. Therostellumisusually
armedwithhooks.
Neck: activelydividingpartformingthestrobila.
Strobila (segmentsorproglottids): achainofprogressivelydevelop
ingsegments. Theanteriormostsegmentsinwhichthereproduc
tiveorgansarenotfullydevelopedarecalled immaturesegments .
Thesegraduallymergeinto maturesegments inwhichtheorgans
arefully developedandfunctioning, andtheseinturninto gravid
segments havingauterusfullofeggs.

*Excretorysystem: Flamecellsandcollectingtubulesdrainintoventral
anddorsallongitudinalexcretorycanalsextendingalongthe lateral
marginsoftheproglottidsanddischargeattheposteriorend.

*Genitalsystem: Cestodesarehermaphrodites. Eachmaturesegment

containsmaleandfemalegenitalsystems. Crossaswellasauto
copulationtakesplace. Maleorgansdevelopbeforefemaleones.
 Manmaybeinfectedwiththeadulttapeworms (Definitivehost)or
theirlarvalstages(Intermediatehost):
Humaninfectionwithadultcestodes(Intestinalcestodes):
Diphyllobothviumlatum
Taeniasaginata
Taeniasoliwn
Hymenolepisnana
Hymenolepisdiminuta
Dipylidiumoaninum

Humaninfectionwithlarvalcestodes(Extraintestinalcestodes):
Sparganosis.
Cysticercosis.
Hydatiddisease.
Coenurosis.

INTESTINALCESTODES
DIPHYLOBOTHRIUMLATUM
(Broadtapeworm,Pishtapeworm)

Disese:Diphyllobothriasis
Distribution: LakeregionsinEurope, Balticcountries, somefociinAmerica and
Russia.
Morphology:

Adult:
Size :310m.
Scolex:elongatedalmondshaped(about2.5x1mm)with 2 elongated
dorsalandventralgrooves(bothria).
Maturesegments:broaderthanlong (about 3x15 mm) containingthe
maleandfemalegenitalsystem:
Themalesystemcomprisesnumeroustestesdistributedinthe
dorsalpartofthesegmentfromwhichvasaefferentiaarise and
leadtothevasdeferens.Thisproceedsanteriorly,dilatesina
seminalvesicleandterminatesinacirruswhichopens inthe
commongenitalporeontheventralside.
Thefemalesystem
comprises a bilobed ovary lying poteriorly in the segment . This
leads into the oviduct which open in the ootype (surrounded by
shell gland). The vitelline glands aredistributedintheventralpart
of the segment. From the ootype arise the uterus and vagina. The
uterus proceeds anteriorly as a convoluted tube (rosetteshaped)
to open posterior to the common genital pore, while the vagina
opensinthecommongenitalporeposteriortothemaleopening.
Egg:

Size: about 70 x 45 u

Shape: oval.operculated.thickshelled.
Colour:yellowishbrown
Contents:immatureovum.
Coracidium:Spherical6hookedembryo(Onchosphere)enclosedina
ciliatedembryophore.
Procercoid:Solidelongatedorganismabout0.5mm.,withaspherical
caudalendhaving6hooks.
Plerocercoid: solidelongatedorganismabout12cm.,withinvaginated
anteriorend.Thebodyisstriatedbutnotsegmented.

Lifecycle
1Theadultlivesinthesmallintestineofman(Definitivehost)and
fisheatinganimals(Reservoirhosts).
2Immatureeggs(Diagnosticstage)passinfaeces(afullwormlays
aboutonemillioneggsdaily).
3Infreshwater,theembryo(Coracidium)develops inabout2weeks,
hatchesandswimsinwater.
4Ifthecoracidiumisswallowedbythefirstintermediatehost,acru
staceancopepod(CyclopsorDiaptomus =waterflea),itlosesitsciliated
embryophoreandpenetratestheintestinalwall reachingthebodycavityto
becomeaprocercoidlarvainabout2weeks.
 5 Whentheinfectedcyclopsisswallowedbythesecondintermediate
host,freshwaterfishe.g.salmon,itisdigestedandtheprocer
coidlarvaliberatedpenetratestheintestinalwallreachingdiffe
renttissuesandmuscleswhereitbecomesaplerocercoidlarvain
about2weeks.
6 Thefinalhostisinfectedbyingestionofundercookedorsmoked
fishcontaining theplerocercoidlarva(theinfectivestage).This
attachestotheintestinalwallandgrowstomaturity.

Pathogenicity:
1 Intestinaldisturbancesashungerpains,dyspepsia,colicanddiarrhoea.
2 Largenumberofwormsmayproduceintestinalobstruction.
3 Wormsattachedhighintheduodenumorjejunumleadtopernicious
macrocyticanaemiaduetoabsorptionofvitaminB12Neurologic
manifestationsarecommonandmayoccurinabsenceofhaemato
logicfindings.

Diagnosisfindingeggsinfaeces.

Treatment:
1 Niclosamide(Yomesan):4tablets(2gm)chewedthoroughlyand
swallowedwithasmallamountofwaterinasingledoseonempty
stomach.
2 Atebrine:4dosesof200mg(2tablets),10minutesapartfollowed
byasalinepurgeafter2hours.
3 Mebendazole(Vermox):300mg(3tablets)twicedailyfor3days.
4 Praziquantel(Biltricide,Distocide):10mg/kgasasingleoraldose.
5 Paromomycin(Humatin):75mg/kgsingleoraldosewithmaximumof
4gm(one gmevery15minutesfor4doses).
6 Inpresenceofmacrocyticanaemia,vitaminB12shouldbegiven
parenterally.
Preventionandcontrol
1 Propercookingoffish(atleast56Cfor5mm),freezingat 10C
for72hoursorprolongedsalting.
2 Abstinencefromdefaecationorsewagedisposalinwater.

T A E N I A S A G I N A T A
(Beeftapeworm,Baldtapeworm)

Disease:Taeniasissaginata.
DistributionCosmopolitan.
Morphology
1 Adult:
size:46nru
Scolex: globular (2 mm in d.) with 4 suckers but without rostellum or
hooks.
Mature segments: squarish or slightl y broader than long (about 1x1
cm) containing the genital organs which open by irregularly
alternatelateralgenitalpores.
The male system comprises numerous testes (about 400) giving
vasa efferentia, then the vas deferens proceeds laterally to open
bythecirrusinthecommongenitalpore.
The female system comprises a bilobed ovary lying posteriorly in
the segment w ith a compact vitelline gland behind it. From the
ootype arise the uterus and vagina. The uterus proceeds
anteriorly and ends blindly, while the vagina proceeds laterally
posterior to the vas deferens to open posterior to the male
opening.
Gravid segments: longer than broad (about 20x7mm)with theuterus having
1530(18)lateralbranchesoneachside.

2 Egg
Size:3040uind.
Shape:spheroid.
 Radially striated embryophore.(in theuterusthe eggis covered
by a membraneous shell, with 2 polar filaments, which is tost
duringdisintegrationofthesegment).
Colour:yellowishbrown.
Contents:hexacanthembryo(onchosphere).
3 Cysticercus bovis (bladder worm): a bladderlike structure lined with a
germinal layer enclosing a cavity containing fluid. From the germinal
layerdevelopsaninvaginatedscolexwith4suckers.Itmeasuresabout12
cm.

Lifecycle:
1 Theadultlivesintheupperpartofthesmallintestineofman.
2 Matureeggsandgravidsegmentspassinthefaeces.Gravidsegments
aredetachedseparatelyanddisintegrateliberatingeggs.Sometimes
thesesegmentscreepoutoftheanusbytheirownactivity,
3 Whentheeggsorgravid segmentsareingestedbytheintermediate
host(cattle)theonchospherehatches,penetratesthroughtheinte
stinalwallintothelymphaticsorbloodvesselstotherightsideof
thehearttothelungtothesystemiccirculationwhere itisdistri
butedeverywherespeciallyinactivemuscles,brain,bones,etc...
ThereitdevelopsintoCysticercusbovisinabout12weeksandre
mainsviableforaboutoneyear.Inmuscles,cysticercibecomesur
roundedbyfibrouscapsulesformedbythehost,whichmaybecal
cifiedlateron.
4 Thefinalhost(man)isinfectedbyingestionofundercookedbeef
containingviableCysticerousbovis(theinfectivestage).Inthe
intestine,thescolexisevaginated,attachestothemucosaandthe
wormdevelopstomaturityinabout10weeks,

Pathogenicity:
1 Intestinaldisturbancesashungerpains,indigestion,abdominaldis
comfort,diarrhoeaorconstipation.
2 Lossofweight.
3 Intestinalobstruction.
4 SegmentsofTaeniasaginata migratingoutoftheanuscauseworry
andanexiety.
Diagnosis
1 Findingeggsinthefaeces,andmaybeinperianalscrapingusing
aswab.
2 SearchingforgravidproglottidsinthefaecestodifferentiateT.
saginatafromT.soliwn. Ifnotfound,giveasalinepurge(seg
mentspressedbetween2slides).

Treatment:
1 Samedrugsusedin D.latum.
2 Precautionsincaseof T.solium:
(a) Niclosamideandparomomycinbecausetheydisintegratethe
segmentsreleasingviableeggswhichmaycausecysticercosis,
asalinepurgeisgivenonehouraftertreatment.
(b) Withatebrinetreatment,giveadrugwhichpreventsvomiting
onehourbeforetreatment.

PreventionandControl
1 ofadultworms:
(a) Preventionofcontaminationofareaswherecattleandpigs
grazewithhumanfaeces.
(b) Inspectionofbeefandporkforcysticerciatslaughterhouses.
Infectedcarcassesarecondemned.
(c) Throroughcookingofmeat(atleast56Cfor5mn)orfreezing
at 10Cfor5to10days.Avoidsuspectedunderdonemeat
(grilledorpickled).

2 ofcysticercosiswhere T.soliumisprevalent:
(a) Humanfaecesshouldnotbeusedasmanure.
(b) Avoideatingrawvegetables.
(c) Prompttreatmentofinfectedpersonstoeliminatethedanger
ofautoinfectionwithcysticerci.
(d) Infectedpersonsshouldnottakeemeticsornauseatingdrugs.
 HYMENOLEPISNANA
(Dwarftapeworm)

Disease: Hymenolepiasisnana.

Distribution: Cosmopolitan.

Morphology : (Amorphologicallyindistinguishablespecies, H.Fraterna is

foundinratsandmice).

1 Ault:
Size:13cm(thesmallesttapewormofman).
Scolex:Globularabout0.3mmind.
4suckers.
aretractilerostellurnwithacrownofhooks(longhandle,
shortbladeandaguard).
Maturesegments:broaderthanlong(0.5x0.15mm).
Malegenitals: 3testes,oneonthesideofthegenitalporeand
twoontheaporalside.
Femalegenitalsasin Taenia. Genitalporesareunilateral
andalwaysopentooneside.
Gravidsegments:broaderthanlongoccupiedbyasaclikeuterusfull
ofeggs.

2Egg:
Size:3050uind.
Shape:spheroidwith2envelopes:
Outereggshell.
Innerembryophorewithtwopolarthickeningsfromeacharises
48filaments.
Colour:translucent.
Contents:maturehexacanthembryo.

3 Cysticercoid:

a bladderlike structure similar to cysticercus but the head is withdrawn

in upright position and not invaginated. It has a taillike appendage
(Cercocysticcysticercoid).
 Lifecycle
1 Theadultlivesinthesmallintestineofmanandrodents(rats'and mice).

2 Matureeggspass infaecesandareImmediatelyinfective(theinfec
tivestage).Nointermediatehostisrequired,
3 Whenthefinalhostswallowstheegginfood,drinkorbyautoinfec
tion,theonchospherehatchesinthesmallintestine,penetratesinto
thesubmucosatobecomeacysticercoid.Afteraboutoneweekitre
turnstothelumenanddevelopsintoanadultworm.Somanactsas
definitiveaswellasintermediatehost.
4 Eggsappearinfaecesabouttwoweeksafterinfection.
5 Internalautoinfectioncouldalsooccur,theeggshatchintheintes
tinebeforepassinginthefaeces.
6 Alsodevelopmentmaytakeplaceinanintermediatehostiftheeggis
swallowedbyflealarva(orotherinsectsasflourinsects,beetlesand
cockroaches).Theonchosphereliberatesintheintestineofthe
insect,penetratesintothebodycavitywhereitdeve
lopsintoacysticercoid.Thecysticercoidpersiststhroughthemeta
morphosisofthelarvaintoadultflea.Whensuchfleaisingested
withfoodthecysticercoidisliberatedanddevelopsintoadult.
Pathogenicity:
1 Inlightinfections,usuallytherearenomanifestations,
2 Inheavyinfections,ulcerationsofthemucosaleadtoenteritis.There
maybeabdominaldiscomfort,colicanddiarrhoeawithpassageofmucus.
3 Somepatientsspeciallychildrensufferfromdizzinessandmaybecon
vulsion,attributedtoaneurotoxicproductoftheworms.

Diagnosis:
Findingeggsinfaeces.

Treatment:
1 Niclosamide(Yomesan)4tablets(2gm)chewedthoroughlyinasingle
dosedailyfor57consecutivedays.Treatmentisprolongedorre
peatedin3weekstokillwormsthatemergefromcysticercoidsinthe
submucosa.
2 Praziquantel:asingleoraldoseof15mg/kgafterbreakfast.
3 Otherantitaenialdrugsmaybeused.
Pathogenicity: similarto H.nana.

Diagnosis :findingeggsinthefaeces.
Treatment :antitaenialdrugs.
Preventionandcontrol:
1 Caretoavoidingestingectoparasitesofrodentsandotherinsectsof
flourandcereals.
2 Rodentcontrol.
**************************************************************

DIPYLIDIUMCANINUM

(Dogtapeworm)

DiseaseDipylidiasis.

Distribution: Cosmopolitan.

Morphology:

1 Adult:
Size:2060cm.(Strobilaappearbeaded).
Scolex:about0.5mmind.
4suckers.
Aretractilerostellumwithseveralrowsofhooks(17).
Hooksarerosethornshaped.
Mature segments: longer than broad (12 x 4mm), cucumberseed like
containing two sets of genital organs with a genital pore on each
lateralmargin.
Gravid segments: similar to mature segments. The uterus divided into
packets(eggcapsules)eachcontaining515eggs.
2 Egg:
Size:about40uind.
Shape:spheroidwith2envelopesseparatedbyahyalinelayer.
Colour:yellowishbrown.
Contents:Onchosphere.
3 Cysticercoidsimilartothatofnanaordiminutabutwithoutatail
appendage(Cryptocysticcysticercoid).
Lifecycle:

1 Theadultlivesinthesmallintestineofdogs,catsandoccasionallyman.
2 Gravidproglottidsoreggcapsulespassinthefaeces.
3 Whenswallowedbytheintermediate host,Dogflealarva(andother
insects)theonchospherebecomesacysticercoidlarvainthebodycavity.
4 Thefinalhostisinfectedoningestionofsuchaninsectcontainingthe
cysticercoidlarva(theinfectivestage).

Pathogenicity:usuallysymptomless.

Diagnosis: findinggravidsegmentsoreggcapsulesinthefaeces.

Treatment:antitaenialdrugs.

Preventionandcontrol
1 Householdpetsshouldperiodicallybegivenanthelmintictreatmentand
insecticidaldustingtokillfleas.
2 Avoidfondlingdogsandcats(accidentalingestionofinfectedfleas).

EXTRAINTESTINALLARVALCESTODES

Thetapewormsthatinfectmanintheirlarvalstagesinclude:
1 SparganumorplerocercoidlarvaofDiphyllobothriummansoni and
otherspecies(sparganosis)

2 CysticercuscellulosaeofTaeniasolium(cysticercosis).

3 Hydatidcyst ofEchinocoeeusgranulosusandE.multiloculavis
(H ydatidosis).

4 CoenuruscystofMulticepsmulticepsandotherspecies(coenurosis).

5 CysticercoidlarvaofH ymenolepisnana.
 SPARGANOSIS
DefinitionInfectionofhumantissuesbytheplerocercoidlarvaofDiphyllo
bothriummansoni (Sparganummansoni)oranotherplerocercoidlarva
(Sparganumproliferum),itsadultwormandlifecycleareunknown.This is
irregularandhasthetendencytomultiplybybuddinggivinglateral
branches.

Distribution:mostlyintheFarEast.
LifecycleofDiphyilobothriummansoni
1 Theadultlivesinthesmallintestineofdogsandcats.
2 Eggspassinthefaecesofthehost.
3 Thefirstintermediatehostis Cyclops containingtheprocercoidlarva.
4 Thesecondintermediatehostisafrog,snake,birdormammalcontain
ingtheplerocercoidlarva(Sparganum).
Modeofhumaninfection:
1 Swallowing Cyclops (inwater)containingtheprocercoidlarva.
2 Eatingraworundercookedfleshofthesecondintermediatehostcontain
ingtheplerocercoidlarva.
3 Applyinginfectedfleshofsuchanimalsasafomentorpoulticeto
woundsorinflamedtissuesspeciallytheeye,thesparganummigratesto
thetissues.

Pathogenicity:
1 Accordingtothetissueinvaded,e.g.ocularinfectionproducespainful
oedematousconjunctivitis.
2 Thereislocalinflammationandoedema.
3 Thepatientsuffersfrompain,feverandeosinophilia,
4 Deathofthelarvacausesintenselocalreaction.
Diagnosis:findingthelarvainthelesion.

Treatment:surgicalremoval.
Preventionandcontrol:
1 Inendemicareaswaterisboiledorfiltered.
2 Thoroughcookingofthefleshofsuspectedintermediatehosts.
3 Avoidusingthefleshofintermediatehostsaspoultice.
 CYSTIGERCOSIS

Definition InfectionofhumantissuesbyCysticercuscellulosae,the larvalstage

of Taeniasolium
Modeofinfection:manacquiresinfectiononingestionoftheeggofTaenia
solium (theinfectivestage)byoneofthefollowingways:
1 Ingestionoffoodorwatercontaminatedbyinfectedhumanfaeces.
2Externalautoinfection:handtomouthinfectioninapersonharbouring
theadultworm.
3Internalautoinfection:regurgitationofeggsorgravidsegmentsintothe
stomachbyreverseperistalsis.Onreturningagaintotheintestine,
eggshatch.
Pathogenicity:
1 Thecystproducesaforeignbodyinflammatoryreactionwhichusually
endsinfibrosisandcalcification.
2 Manifestationsdependuponthetissueinvadedandthenumberofcysti
cerci.
3 Thecommonestsitesaresubcutaneoustissues,muscles,viscera,brain
andorbit.
4 Theremaybemusclepains,mildfeverandeosinophilia.

Diagnosis
1 Biopsy.
2 Xraymayshowcalcificationslaterinthecourseofthedisease.
3 GT(computerizedtomography)scansandultrasoundmaybehelpfulin
identification.
4 IDTandserologicalmethodsasIHAandELISAmaybeofhelp.

Treatment:
1 Surgicalremoval.
2 Praziquantel:50mg/kg/dayin3divideddosesfor15days(combined
withcorticosteroidstodecreaseinflammatoryreactionsandoedemathat
resultfromdyingparasites).
3 VitaminDandcalciumtohelpcalcification.

Preventionandcontrol: seeunder T.solium.

 HYDATIDDISEASE (Echinococcosis, hydatidosis)

Definition Humaninfectionwithhydatidcyst,thelarvalstageof Eehino

coccus granulosus

Distribution:Cosmopolitan.

Morphology:
1 Adult:
Size:about5mm.
Scolex:globularwith4suckersanddoublecrownofhooks(similarto T.
solium).
Strobila:composedof3segments,oneimmature,onemature andone
gravid. Mature
segment:
Longerthanbroad.
Reproductiveorgansas Taenia.

Gravidsegment:
Longerthanbroad.

Theuterusdevelopslateralpouches.

Egg: similarto Taenia

Hydatidcyst: acomplexcystcomposedofdaughterand evengrand
daughter cysts inside and may be outside the mother cyst and contains
severalscolices.Thecommonesttypeistheunilocularcyst.
Size110cm.
Shape:sphericalenclosedinafibrouscapsuleproducedbythehost.The
wallofthecysthas2layers:
(a) Ourerlaminatednoncellularlayer.
(b) Innercellular(syncytial)germinallayerwhichsecretesthe
laminatedlayerandproducesscolices,broodcapsulesand
daughtercysts.

Contents:
(a) Individualscolices(microscopic).
(b) Broodcapsules:cystsformedbyinvaginationofthegerminal
layerfromwhichscolicesdevelop.
(c) Daughtercysts:cystsformedofthe2layersofthemother
cyst,givingrisetoscolices,broodcapsulesandevengrand
daughtercysts.
(d) Hydatidfluid.
(e) Hydatidsand:detachedscolices,broodcapsulesanddaughter
cyststhatfallinthehydatidfluidarecalledhydatidsand.
 (f)Exogenousdaughtercysts:adaughtercystisproducedoutsidethe
mothercystby herniationthroughthefibrous capsule,and may
separatefromit.
Othertypesofhydatidcyst:
(a) Sterilecystoracephalocyst:thegerminallayerfailsto
producescolices,broodcapsulesordaughtercysts.
(b) Osseouscyst:growthofhydatidcystinbonesisalongthe
medullarycavitywitherosionofosseoustissue.
(c) Alveolarormultilocularhydatidcyst:Itisthelarvalstage
ofanotherspecies Echinococcusmultilocularis orAlveo
coceusmultilocularis.
Itdiffersfromthecommonunilocularvarietyinthe
following:
i There is no laminated layer, hence the cyst has no regular
shape and not defined from the surrounding tissue. The
germinallayerinfiltratesthetissue.
ii Thereisnofreefluid,butajellylikesubstancein
irregularcavitiesseparatedbyfibrousstrands,
iii Thecentralareaofthecystundergoesnecrosiswhile
growth continuesattheperiphery.
ivGrowthisneoplasticandmetastasesoccurs.
v In manthecystisusuallysterile orproducesonlyfewscolices
andbroodcapsules.
Lifecycle:
1 Theadultwormlivesinthesmallintestineofdogs( E.granulosus ),
foxes(E.multiloculairis) ,orothercarnivorousanimals.
2 Matureeggspassinthefaeces.
3 Whentheeggisingestedbytheintermediatehost,herbivorousanimals
(E.granulesus),, rodents (E.multilocularis) andoccasionallyman,
theliberatedonchospherepenetratestheintestinalwallintotheblood
streamtovariouspartsofthebody whereitdevelopsintoahydatid
cyst.Theliveristhecommonestorganaffectedfollowedbythelungs
andthenthebrainandotherorgans.
4 Thefinalhost(carnivores)acquirestheadultwormbyingestionof
hydatidcyst.
Modeofhumaninfection:Ingestionofeggsbythefollowingways:
1 Ingestionofwaterorvegetablepollutedbyinfecteddogfaeces.
2 Handlingorcaressinginfecteddogswherethehairsareusuallyconta
minatedwitheggs.
Pathogenicity:dependsonthesizeofthecystandtheorganaffected.
1 Pressureatrophyoftheaffectedtissue.
2 Rutprueofthecystresultsinanaphylacticshockandtransplantationof
thegerminallayerinothertissuesproducingsecondarycysts.

Diagnosis:
1 Clinically: aslowlygrowingcystictumour(spaceoccupyingandpressure
effects).
2 Eosinophilia.
3 Xray:usefulinpulmonaryandcalcifiedcysts.
4 CTandultrasoundmaybehelpful.
5 Hydatidthrill.
6 Punctureandaspiration:dangerous(anaphylacticshock).
7 Immunodiagnosis:
(a) Intradermaltest(Casonitest):0.2mlhydatidfluid(sterilizedby
filtration)injectedintradermallyproducesawhealinabout15mn.
(b) Serologicalmethods:
i Precipitin reaction: equal parts of hydatid fluid and patient's serum
incubatedat37Cfor1hourshowflocculationin36 hours.
ii IHA(Indirecthaemagglutinationtest).
iii LA(Latexagglutinationtest).
iv IEP(Immunoelectrophoresistest).

Treatment:
1 Surgical treatment: Removal or sterilization and drainage (aspiration of the
hydatid fluid (contents) and replacement with 10% formaline (or hypertonic
salt solution) to destroy the germinal layer (sterilization), the solution is
withdrawnin5minutes,thecystwashedwithsalineandthencollapsed.
3 Medicaltreatment:Whensurgicalinterferenceisimpossibleorcontraindicated,
Mebendazoleinhighdose(2040mg/kg/day)foralongperiod(about3months).
Preventionandcontrol:
1 Hydatidcystsfoundinslaughteredanimalsshouldbedestroyedandnot
fedtodogs.
2 Straydogsshouldbedestroyed.
3 Petdogsshouldbeexaminedanddewormedperiodically.
4 Avoidkissingandplayingwithdogs.
5 Avoidcontaminationofhands,foodanddrinkwithdog'sfaeces.

COENUROSIS

Definition HumaninfectionwithCoenuruscerebralis,thelarvalstageof
Multicepsmulticeps.

Distribution: Cosmopolitan.
Lifecycle:
1 Theadultsworm,Multicepsmulticeps,livesinthesmallintestine
ofdogsandwildcanines.Itisabout50cminlength.
2 Eggs(similarto Taenia eggs)passinthefaeces.
3 Whentheeggisswallowedbytheintermediatehost(herbivoresspecially
sheepandrarelyman)itdevelopsintothelarvalstage,Coenuruscere
bralis.
4 Coenuruscerebralisdevelopschieflyinthebrain.Itisasmalltrans
parentvesicle(35cm)distendedwithwateryfluid.Itcontainsfew
macroscopicscolicesbutnobroodcapsulesordaughtercysts.
5 Thefinalhost(dog)isinfectedoningestionofthelarvalstage.
Pathogenicity:
1 InsheepinfectionwithCoenuruscerebraliscausesafataldiseasecalled
gid.
2 Inmantherearesymptomsofincreasedintracranialpressureashead
ache,convulsions,epilepsyanddiplopia.

Diagnosis:difficult,diagnosedasbraintumour(XrayandCT).

Treatment:surgicalremoval.

Preventionandcontrol:ashydatidcyst.