2

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Hellmann- Feynman
. H
H
, H =H ( ) .

n = n ( ) n = n ( ) . :

( )
H n
=

( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) . :
H n n n
+ +

n* ( ) H ( ) n ( ) dx = n* ( ) n ( ) n ( ) dx

+
( ) = ( )
H n n* ( ) n ( ) dx

n ( )
+

n* ( ) n ( ) dx = 1 ( ) = ( ) .
H n

:
( )
H n ( )
=


Hellmann-Feynman:
( )
H n ( )
=

:
+

H ( )
H n ( )

= ( x )

( x )dx

=


( Hellmann-Feynman) ,
:

201
 2
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

( n + 1 / 2)
En
V = =
2 2
T x 2 p 2

:
2
H = p + 1 m 2 x 2
2m 2
:
H
= m x 2

n = ( n + 1 / 2) :
n
= ( n + 1 / 2 )

, Hellmann-Feynman :

H n
= m x 2 = ( n + 1 / 2)


:
2
1 ( n + 1 / 2 ) n
m 2x 2 = V =
2 2 2
En
V = , :
2
p2 E ( n + 1 / 2)
T = = n =
2m 2 2
x 2 p 2 :
1 ( n + 1 / 2 ) ( n + 1 / 2 )
m 2x 2 = x2 =
2 2 m
p2 ( n + 1 / 2)
= p 2 = ( n + 1 / 2)m
2m 2
_________________________________________
_____________________

virial
:
d A 1
A
= A,H +
dt i t
x px .
virial:
dV
2 T = x ,
dx
T V .

202
 2
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

= x p .
A x

A
= 0 , :
t
A,H
=
xpx ,H
:
2
= px + V
H (x )
2m
:
px 2 px 2
= + (x ) = (x )
xp
x ,H xp
x 2m, V x 2m +
xp , xpx ,V


:
px 2
x 2m = 2m {x px , px + x, px px }
1 2 2
xp ,

i
px , px 2 = 0 x, px 2 = 2 i px , : px2 .
m
:
x p ,V
x (x ) = x px ,V (x ) + x,V (x ) px

dV
x,V (x ) = 0 px ,V (x ) = i .
dx
:
d x px 1 i 2 dV d x px px2 dV
= px i x = x
dt i m dx dt m dx

d x px
, = 0 .
dt
virial:
px2 dV dV
= x 2 T = x
m dx dx

:
m
< 2 >= ( + 3 / 2)

.

:
2
= 2 + 1 m 2 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
H
2m 2
:

203
 2
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

E = ( n x + n y + n z + 3 / 2 ) = ( + 3 / 2 )
:
ni = 0, 1, 2,... ( i = x,y,z )
( = nx + ny + nz ) .
virial :
  V V V
2 T = r V = x +y +z
x y z

V V V
2 T = x +y +z = m 2 x 2 + m 2y 2 + m 2z 2
x y z
E
2 T =2 V T = V =
2

2 1
< 2 >= ( + 3 / 2)
2m 2
m
< 2 >= ( + 3 / 2 )

_________________________________________
_____________________

1( x ) 2( x ) (). :
2 2m
1 + V 1 = 1 1 = ( E V ) 1
2m 2
2 2m
2 + V 2 = 2 2 = 2 ( E V ) 2
2m
:
1 1
= 1 2 1 2 = 0
2 2

( 1 2 ) = 1 2 + 1 2
( 1 2 ) = 1 2 + 1 2
' :
( 1 2 ) ( 1 2 ) = 1 2 1 2 = 0
:
( 1 2 ) = ( 1 2 ) + c1
x x , 1( x ) 0 2( x ) 0 ,
:

204
 2
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

0 = 0 + c1 c1 = 0
:
1 2
=
1 2
' :
ln 1 = ln 2 + c2 1 = c3 2
1 , 2 ,
.

n ( x ) H

.

(x ) = E (x ) :
Schrdinger H n n n

2 d n ( x )
2
+ V ( x ) n ( x ) = En n ( x ) (1)
2m dx 2
(1) V * ( x ) = V ( x ) :
2 d n ( x )
2 *
+ V ( x ) *n ( x ) = En n* ( x ) (2)
2m dx 2
(1) (2) n ( x ) *n ( x )
Schrdinger.
n ( x ) *n ( x ) . :
*n ( x ) = cn ( x ) (3)
(3) :
n ( x ) = c* *n ( x ) (4)
(3) (4) :
n ( x ) *n ( x ) = cc* n ( x ) *n ( x ) c
2
=1 c =1
:
c = c e i c = e i
(3) :
n ( x ) = e i *n ( x ) ,

n ( x ) *n ( x ) ei . = 0 :
n ( x ) = *n ( x )
n ( x ) .
_________________________________________
_____________________

205
 2
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

( )
:

d 1
A
= A,H +
dt i t

, :
+

A = * ( x,t ) A
( x,t ) dx

:
+
d A * ( x,t )
dt
= t
A ( x,t )dx +

+

A
* ( x,t )
t
( x,t )dx +

+
( x,t ) dx
* ( x,t ) A
t


x .
t

A
.
t
1
A,H .
i
( x,t )
Schrdinger:
t
( x,t ) ( x,t ) ( x,t )
H
( x,t ) = i
H =
t t i
:
H *
* ( x,t ) ( x,t )

=
t i
:
+ +
1 ( x,t ) dx 1 *
i *
( x,t ) H
A
i ( x,t ) A ( x,t ) dx =
H

+
+

1


i

*

( x,t )
AH ( x,t ) dx *
( x,t )
H
A ( x,t) dx





H .
AH HA . :
1 1
{ AH HA }= A,H
i i
:

206
 2
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

d A 1
A
= A,H +
dt i t

= t p mx
m G
.

d <G >
G = 0 :
dt
d <G >
=
1
< G, > + G
H
dt i t

= p 2
H ( ). :
2m
d <G > 1 tp, 1
= p 2 mx,
p2 + < p >
dt 2mi 2mi

d <G > 1 m 1
= 0 < x, p 2 > + < p > = 2 i < p > + < p >
dt i 2m 2i
d <G >
=<p>+<p> = 0
dt
_________________________________________
_____________________

V( x1 x 2 ),
.
m1x1 + m2x 2
X = x = x1 x 2 .
m1 + m2

:
H
= +V (x x )
2 2 2 2
H 1 2
2m1 x12 2m2 x 22
:
m1x1 + m2x 2
X = , x = x1 x 2
m1 + m2
:
X x m1
= + = +
x 1 x 1 X x 1 x x 1 ( m1 + m2 ) X x
:

207
 2
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

m2
=
x 2 ( m1 + m2 ) X x
:
2 m1 2 2 2 2m1 2
= + +

x12 M X 2 x 2 M x X

2 m2 2 2 2 2m2 2
= + , M = m1 + m2
x 22 M X 2 x 2 M x X
:
H
= m1 2 2m2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
H + + V( x )
2M 2 X 2 2m1 x 2 M x X 2M 2 X 2 2m2 x 2 M x X
2 2
= ( m1 + m2 ) 1 + 1 + V( x )
2 2
H
2M 2 X 2 2 m1 m2 x 2
1 1 1
+ = ( ) M = m1 + m2 . , H

m1 m2
:
= + V( x )
2 2 2 2
H
2M X 2 2 x 2
, ,
.

m1, m2 V ( x1,x 2 ) :

0, 0 x1 x 2 L
V ( x1 ,x 2 ) =


,

.

:
= +V (x x )
2 2 2 2
1 2
2m1 x12 2m2 x 22
:
m1 x1 + m2 x 2
x = x1 x 2 , X =
m1 + m2
, :
= + V( x )
2 2 2 2

2 x 2 2M X 2

m1 m2
= M M = m1 + m2 .
m1 + m2
:

:
208
 2
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

= + V( x )
2 2
H


R
2 x 2

:
2
=
2
H
C 2M X 2
, V( x ) ,

n 2 2 2
En = , n = 1, 2, 3,...
2L2
ECM . :
n 2 2 2
E = ECM +
2L2
_________________________________________
_____________________

V ( x ) , V ( x ) = V ( x ) ,
, ( x ) .
H n

Schrdinger V ( x ) :
(x ) = E (x )
H n n n

2 d n ( x )
2
+ V ( x ) n ( x ) = En n ( x ) (1)
2m dx 2
(1) x x (
parity):
2 d n ( x )
2
+ V ( x ) n ( x ) = En n ( x )
2m d ( x )2

V ( x ) = V ( x ) , d ( x ) = dx d ( x ) = ( dx ) = dx 2
2 2

:
2 d n ( x )
2
+ V ( x ) n ( x ) = En n ( x ) (2)
2m dx 2
(1) (2)
n ( x ) = c n ( x ) (3)
.
(3) x x :
n ( x ) = c n ( x ) (4)
(3) (4) :
n ( x ) n ( x ) = c 2 n ( x ) n ( x ) c 2 = 1 c = 1
c = 1 (3) :

209
 2
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

n ( x ) = n ( x ) ( )
c = 1
n ( x ) = n ( x ) ( )

V ( x ) ,
V ( x ) = V ( x ) . ,
n ( x ) H
.
:
+

d =q x =q *n x n dx

.
*n x n ,
f( x ) = x .
_________________________________________
_____________________

, :
,
= iD
,B . :

1
( )( )
,B

2

+ i
C = A + = A
C + i
+ = A
i
A,
B .

= (A
+C
C )( A
i )
+ i

+C
C 2 + 2
=A 2 i
A + i
A =A 2 + i A,
2 + 2

C :
=
C
C
0 C +C
0 C 0
2 + 2 2 + i A,
A 0
2 + 2 2 + i A,
0 2 2 D + 2 0

.
. :

210
 2
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2
2 D
D 4 2
2
0 2
2

4
:
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
= 2 , = B2 B
:
= =0
:
( ) ( )
2 2
= 2 = B2

D
2
D A,B


( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2
=
4 2 2i

1 A,B

( )( )
2

( x 2 )( px2 )
xpx + px x .

:
1
( )( )
,

2
A = x 2 = px2 . x 2 , p 2
x
:
x 2 , p 2 = x x, p 2 + x, p 2 x
x x x
:
x, p 2 = x, p p + p x, p = 2i p
x x x x x x

x, px = i .
:
2i x px + 2i px x = 2 x px + px x
i = 1 . :
( x 2 )( px2 ) x px + px x
_________________________________________
_____________________

V( x ) V0 ,
Schrdinger .
;

211
 2
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

() Schrdinger :
2
( x ) + V( x ) n ( x ) = E n n ( x )

2m n
V0 n( x ) :
2
( x ) + V( x ) + V0 n ( x ) = E n +V0 n ( x )

2m n
n( x )
Schrdinger V0 , E n
V0 .

m

V0 , 0<x <L
V( x ) =


, x > L x < 0

. V0 ,
;

0,
0 <x <L
V( x ) =


, x > L x < 0

V0
H Schrdinger 0 x L ,
2
( x ) = E n n ( x )

2m n
n( x = 0) = 0 n( x = L) = 0 .
2 n x
n( x ) = sin , n = 1, 2, 3,
L L

n 2 2 2
En = , n = 1, 2, 3,
2mL2
, :
n 22 2
En = V0 , n = 1, 2, 3,
2mL2

2 2 2 2
E1 = V0 =0 V0 =
2mL2 2mL2
_________________________________________
_____________________

212
 2
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2
=T
H = px + V ( x )
+V
2m
.

:
>=
<H
= E ,
H n n n
>= H
<H = E = E
n n n n n n n n

n n = 1 H = En

En =< T > + < V > = E E V =< T >
T :
2 2
= px = d2
T
2m 2m dx 2
:

2 d 2 2
d( )
dx =
<T > =
2m dx 2
2m
dx
dx

:
d
=
dx
:



2 2
+

< T >=
2m
d =

2m



-
d






( x )
lim ( x ) = 0 :
x


2
2
d d 2 d
<T > = 0 dx
= dx > 0
2m
dx dx
2m dx



:
En V > 0 E > <V > Vmin

.( E = Vmin !)

:
4 k 2
V( x ) = x x , , k > 0
4 2

213
 2
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

k 2 / 4 .

4 k 2
V( x ) = x x
4 2
:
dV ( x ) 4 x 3 2kx
= = 0 x 3 kx = 0 x( x 2 k ) = 0
dx 4 2
:
x = 0 x = k/
:
d 2V ( x )
= 3x 2 k
dx 2
d 2V ( x )
x = 0 : = k < 0 . x = 0 .
dx 2
d 2V ( x ) k
x = k / : = 3 k = 2k > 0 . x = k /
2
dx
. :
k2 k k k2
Vmin = V( x = k / ) = =
4 2 2 4
:
En > Vmin
:
k2
En >
4
_________________________________________
_____________________

t .
2

:
1
A,H
2

:
d A 1
A
=
A,H +
dt i t

214
 2
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

A
= 0 :
t

= i d A
A,H
dt
:
1 d A
i , i =1
2 dt
d A

2 dt d A / dt 2

:
d A / dt

t = . : t
d A / dt
,
d A
.
dt

t
2

( ~ 1, 4 fm ) , ()
.

:
E t

t . :

E = mc 2 t =
c
(
c ). :

mc 2 m
c c
:
c 197, 327 MeV fm
m = m = 140 MeV / c 2
2 2
c 1, 4 fm c


t =
E mc 2

215
 2
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

c 197, 327 MeV fm

t = = t 0, 46 1023 s = 4, 6 1024 s
140 MeV c 140 MeV * 3 108 m / s
_________________________________________
_____________________

(x, y) :
V ( x,y ) = V1 ( x ) + V2 ( y ) .
:
() , ( x,y ) = X ( x ) Y ( y )
() E = Ex + Ey
X ( x ) ,Y ( y ) Ex ,Ey
.

( x,y ) = E ( x,y )
Schrdinger H

2 ( x,y ) 2 ( x,y )
2 2
+ V1 ( x ) ( x,y ) + V2 ( y ) ( x,y ) = E ( x,y )
2m x 2 2m y 2
( x,y ) = X ( x ) Y ( y ) . :
2 2
Y ( y ) ( x ) ( x ) Y ( y ) + V1 ( x ) X ( x ) Y ( y ) + V2 ( y ) X ( x ) Y ( y ) = E X ( x ) Y ( y )
2m 2m
( x,y ) = X ( x ) Y ( y )
2 X ( x ) 2 Y ( y )
+ V1 ( x ) + V2 ( y ) = E
2m X ( x ) 2m Y ( y )
2 X ( x ) 2 Y ( y )
+ V1 ( x ) = V2 ( y ) + E
2m X ( x ) 2m Y ( y )
x ,
y . Ex .
:
2 X ( x ) 2
+ V1 ( x ) = Ex X ( x ) + V1 ( x ) X ( x ) = Ex X ( x )
2m X ( x ) 2m
2
Y ( y ) + V2 ( y )Y ( y ) = EyY ( y ) , Ey = E Ex

2m
X ( x ) ,Y ( y )
Schrdinger Ex , Ey : ( x,y ) X ( x ) ,Y ( y ) ,
Ex , Ey .

He e e .
216
 2
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2 2 2 2
= 2 2 2e 2e ,
: H 1 2
2m 2m r1 r2

e 2 / r12 . H
:
2 2
=H
H +H , = 2 2e , i = 1, 2
H
1 2 i i
2m ri

, H He e
Coulomb Z = 2 . ,
He :
mZ 2e 4 mZ 2e 4 4me 4
E1,1 = = = 108, 2 eV
2 2 2 2 2
E = 78, 62 eV .

.
_________________________________________
_____________________

( )
:
0 < 1 < ...n < n +1 < ...
0 , 1 , ...n , n +1... . n -
n .
(
).

.
( ), .
n ,
x = 0 x = . n n +1
Schrdinger:
2
+ V n = n n
2m n
2
+ V n +1 = n +1 n +1

2m n +1
n +1 , n
, :
2m
n +1 n n n+1 = ( n +1 n ) n n +1
2

217
 2
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

( n +1 n n n +1 ) =
2m
( n +1 n ) n n +1
2
x = 0 x =
x =
x = 2m
( n +1 n n n +1 ) x =0
= ( n +1 n ) n n +1 dx
2 x =0

n( 0) = n( ) = 0 ,
x =
x = 2m
( n +1 n ) x =0 = ( n +1 n ) n n +1 dx
2 x =0

x = 0 x = n , n
( )
x = 0 ( ) x =
( ).
n +1 x = 0 x = ,
x =
. , ( n +1 n )
x =0
x =
2m
( n +1 n ) n n +1 dx .
2 x =0

n +1 x = 0 x = . n +1
n .

( x ), ( x ) .
;
;

( x) ( x )

( x ) ( x ) . ,
, ( x ) .
, .
_________________________________________
_____________________

218