Bi tp phng php tnh

S 16
Bi 1: Trnh by cn k phng php Gauss-Jordan tm nghim ca h i
s tuyn tnh AX B(A [aij ]nn ) . Cho v d minh ha

Bi 2: c t ti liu tham kho, trnh by phng php lp tm nghim

f ( x, y ) 0
gn ng ca h phi tuyn hai phng trnh hai n:
g ( x, y ) 0

Cho v d minh ha (Tnh n php lp th 5 v ly kt qu n 5 ch s thp

phn)

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Bi tp phng php tnh

Bi 1: Trnh by cn k phng php Gauss-Jordan tm nghim ca h i

s tuyn tnh AX B(A [aij ]nn ) . Cho v d minh ha

y l mt trong nhng phng php gii nghim ng cho h i s tuyn

tnh (nu tnh ton ng); cn nghim gn ng thu c l do sai s quy
trn gy ra

y l phng php c ci tin t phng php Gauss. Trc ht ta s trnh by

qua v phng php Gauss thy c v sao cn c ci tin l phng php
Gauss-Jordan

1. Phng php Gauss

Gi s a11 0 (nu tri li th ta thay phng trnh u bi phng trnh no c

ai1 0 v nh s li ta c a11 0 )

ai 1
Ln lt nhn cc phng trnh th i vi ri tr i phng trnh u tin, ta s
a11
loi c n x1 ra khi h t phng trnh th 2 tr i. Qu trnh trn lp li vi h
n-1 phng trnh n-1 n gm x2, x3,,xn c nh th cui cng ta s thu c h
i s tuyn tnh vi ma trn h s dng tam gic

a '11 a '12 ... a '1n x1 b '1

0 a' .... a '2 n x2 ...
21
... ... ... .... ... ...

0 0 ... a 'nn xn b 'n

T y ta d dng gii ra c cc nghim x1, x2,,xn bng cch th ngc t

phng trnh cui cng ln.

Nhc im ca phng php Gauss : Khi thc hin cc php bin i ta

phi chia cho cc h s aii 0 (hay l rt nh so vi cc h s khc) th sai s
gp phi s kh ln
2. Phng php Gauss-Jordan
Bn cht ca phng php ny l vic s dng cc t hp tuyn tnh cc
phng trnh ca h lm bin i ma trn h s A

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Bi tp phng php tnh

T tng chnh ca phng php ny vn l loi tr n nhng loi tr n no trc

l ty thuc cch chn phn t tri ca ma trn h s A.

Phn t apq ca A gi l phn t tri nu | a pq | max | a ij | (1 i, j n)

Vic chia cho phn t tri thay v 1 phn t c chn mc nh trn ng cho
chnh (c th rt nh) s lm gim bt sai s trong tnh ton

Xt ma trn h s m rng

a11 a12 ... a1n b1

a21 a22 ... a2 n b2
A A | B ... ... ... ... ...

a( n 1)1 ... ... ... bn 1
an1 ... ... ann bn

aiq
t mi (1 i n )
a pq

loi tr n xq ra khi cc phng trnh th i p ta nhn hng th p vi mi ri

ly tt c cc hng (tr hng p) tr i n. Khi ta thu c ma trn h s m rng
(1)
A (aij(1) bi (1) ) c dng

(1) i p
aij aij a pj mi khi
jq
a (1) a ( j 1, n )
pj pj

(1) aiq a pq
aiq aiq 0(i p )
a pq
b (1) b b m khi i p
i i p i

b (1) b
p p

Suy ra ma trn h s suy rng sau bc bin i u tin l

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Bi tp phng php tnh

a11(1) ....a1 j (1) 0 ... a1n (1) b1(1)

(1) (1)
a21 ....a2 j 0 ... a2 n (1) b2(1)
A a p1 bp (1)
(1)
(1) (1)
....a pj a pq (1) ... a pn (1)

... ........... ... ... ... ...
a (1)
........... 0 ... ann (1) bn (1)
n1

(1)
Tip theo ta ch cn lp li cc bc lm nh trn i vi ma trn A thu c
(2)
ma trn A . Ch l phi chn phn t tri khng thuc hng p v ct q(tc l
khng nm cng hng v ct vi cc phn t tri c chn cc bc trc).
(n)
C nh th sau n bc ta thu c ma trn A m mi hng ch gm 1 phn t ng
vi n xk v ct v phi. T ta suy ra nghim ca h

Ch 1: Trong cc bc lm u tin ta cn phi chn phn t tri. iu

ny khng phi lc no cng nn lm. Nu trong m trn c phn t l s 1
th nn chn n lm phn t gii s trnh c php chia
Ch 2: Phng php ny p dng c i vi h phng trnh c ma trn
h s khng vung, h v nh hay v nghim
Ch 3: C th thy rng phng php Gauss sau khi bin i ch cho ra
ma trn h s dng tam gic cn phng php Gauss-Jordan sau khi bin i
cho ra ma trn ng cho(sau khi hon v cc ct v ng v tr). iu ny
gip cho vic tnh ton nghim n gin hn rt nhiu.
V d minh ha: Gii h phng trnh sau:

0,1x1 2,1x2 3,1x3 4

x 1,9 x 4 x 2 x 3
1 2 3 4

1, 4 x1 5,1x2 3,9 x3 2,5 x4 0
2,1x1 x3 2,5 x4 2

Gii:
(k)
Ta lp cc ma trn h s A nh sau

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Bi tp phng php tnh

A 0,1 2,1 3,1 0 4

1 1,9 4 2 3
1, 4 5,1 3,9 2,5 0
2,1 0 1 2,5 2
A
(1)
6,61 2,1 0 7,75 10, 2 Ly phn t 1 hng
7, 4 1,9 0 12 5 4 ct 3 lm phn t
6,79 5,1 0 12, 25 7,8 gii
2,1 0 1 2,5 2
(2)
A 2,31429 5,32653 0 0 5, 2653 Ly -12,25 lm phn
0,74857 6,89592 0 0 2,64082 t gii
6,79 5,1 0 12, 25 7,8
0,71429 1,04082 1 0 0, 40816
(3)
A 1,73608 0 0 0 7,30512 Ly -6,89592 lm
0,74857 6,89592 0 0 2,64082 phn t gii
7,34362 0 0 12, 25 5,84693
0,60131 0 1 0 0,80675
(4)
A 1,73608 0 0 0 7,30512 Ly 1,73608 lm
0 6,89592 0 0 5,79067 phn t gii
0 0 0 12, 25 25,05373
0 0 1 0 1,72346
T y suy ra h cho tng ng vi

1,73608 x1 7,30512
6,89592 x 5,79067
2

12, 25 x 4 25,05373
x3 1,72346

x1 4, 20782
x 0,83973
2

x4 2,04521
x3 1,72346

x1 4, 20782
x 0,83973
2

x3 1,72346
x4 2,04521

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Bi tp phng php tnh

Bi 2: c t ti liu tham kho, trnh by phng php lp tm nghim

f ( x, y ) 0
gn ng ca h phi tuyn hai phng trnh hai n:
g ( x, y ) 0

Cho v d minh ha (Tnh n php lp th 5 v ly kt qu n 5 ch s thp

phn)

1. Ni dung phng php lp

f ( x, y ) 0
T h phng trnh ta vit li di dng sau
g ( x, y ) 0

x F( x, y )

y G( x, y )

Chn im M 0 ( x0 , y0 ) lm xp x u lp dy

x n F( xn 1 , yn 1 )
vi n 1,2,.... (1)
y n G( xn 1 , yn 1 )

Qu trnh tnh cc b ( xn , yn ) gi l qu trnh lp

2. S hi t

Nu F, G l cc hm s lin tc v cc dy {xn },{yn } tm theo cng thc truy hi

x F( x, y )
thit lp hi t ln lt n , th ( , ) l nghim ca h
y G( x, y )

Tht vy t h cho n ta c

F( , )

G( , )

Suy ra ( , ) l nghim ca h cho

Sau y ta trnh by 1 iu kin cho s hi t

nh l : Gi s ( , ) l nghim ng ca h nm trong hnh ch nht

D {a x b; c y d} . Nu trong min y F, G lin tc v c o hm ring lin
tc tha mn cc iu kin:

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Bi tp phng php tnh

F G
x x q

(0 q 1)
F G
q
y y

Th dy lp (1) hi t vi xp x u bt k, ng thi h cho ch c nghim duy

nht trong min ang xt

Chng minh: Theo gi thit ta c

F( , ) x1 F(x 0 , y 0 )
v
G( , ) y1 G(x 0 , y 0 )

F F
x1 F ( , ) F ( x0 , y0 ) ( x 0 ) ( y0 )
x P y P
(2)
y G ( , ) G ( x , y ) G ( x ) G ( y )
1 0 0 y 0 y 0
Q Q

Trong P, Q l 2 im no nm trn ng thng ni M ( , ) v M ( x0 , y0 )

F F
| x1 | | x0 | | y0 |
x y
T (2)
P P

| y | G G
| x0 | | y0 |
1
y Q y Q

F G G G
| x1 | | y1 | | x0 | | y0 |
x x P y y Q
P Q

F G
x x q

| x1 | | y1 | q(| x0 | | y0 |) (theo gi thit (0 q 1) )
F G
q
y y

Lp lun tng t ta c
| x2 | | y2 | q(| x1 | | y1 |)

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Bi tp phng php tnh

| xn | | yn | q(| xn1 | | yn1 |)

Nhn theo v cc bt ng thc trn ta c

| xn | | yn | qn (| x0 | | y0 |)

Do 0 q 1 nn v phi ca BT tin ti 0 khi n tin n v cng

nlim | xn | 0

lim (| xn | | yn |) 0
n
nlim | yn | 0

nlim xn

nlim yn

Gi s trong min ang xt c (1, 1 ) cng l nghim ca h khc vi nghim

1 F(1 , 1 )
(0 , 0 ) tc l
1 G(1 , 1 )

Lp lun tng t nh trn ta c

| 1 | | 1 | q(| 1 | | 1 |) | 1 | | 1 |

(v 0 q 1 )

D dng thy iu v l

V vy trn min D ch c 1 nghim duy nht

3.Sai s

Do , , x0 , y0 D | x || b a |,| y0 || d c |

| xn | | yn | qn (| a b | | c d |)

y 2 x 2 1
V d minh ha: Tm nghim dng ca h phng trnh 3
x y 0

Gii:

Thay y x 3 t phng trnh th 2 vo phng trnh 1 ta c x6 x 2 1 0

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Bi tp phng php tnh

t t x 2 t 3 t 1 0(t 0)

Thng qua vic kho st th hm s f (t ) t 3 t 1 ta thy phng trnh f (t ) 0

c duy nht 1 nghim dng

Ta c f (1) 1 0, f (1,5) 0,875 0

Phng trnh f (t ) 0 c nghim t (1;1,5) x (1;1,25) y (1;1,6)

Ta vit li h nh sau

x y F ( x, y )
3

y 1 x G ( x, y )

F G x
x x 0,8(do x (1;1, 25))
1 x2
C
F G 1 1 0,8( do y 1)
y y 3 3 y 2 3

Vy cc hm F ( x, y ), G( x, y) tha mn cc iu kin hi t ca h lp

xn F ( xn 1 , yn 1 )
Xt dy lp: x0 y0 1,1 ,
yn G ( xn 1 , yn 1 )

Ta thc hin cc tnh ton

x1 3 y0 1,03228, y1 1 x02 1, 48661

x2 3 y1 1,14130, y2 1 x12 1, 43722
x3 3 y2 1,12852, y3 1 x22 1,51742
x4 3 y3 1,14912, y4 1 x32 1,50783
x5 3 y4 1,14670, y5 1 x42 1,52331

Vy nghim ca h l ( x, y ) ( x5 , y5 ) (1,14670;1,52331)

Sai s ca nghim l | x x5 | | y y5 | 0,85 (|1,25 1| |1,6 1|) 0,27853 (sai s khng

tt)

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