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Cikloadinimet e Diels
Cikloadinimet e Diels
CIKLOADINIMET E DIELS-ALDERIT
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Reaksionet Diels-Alder kan qen t zbuluara n vitit 1928 nga
kimistt gjerman Otto Paul Hermann Diels dhe Kurt Alder, te cilet moren
mimin Nobel n kimi n vitit 1950 pr punn e tyre pr t kuptuar
cikloadinimin [4+2]. Reaksionet Diels-Alder vazhdon t prdoret gjersisht
n sintezn organike moderne sepse me nj hap, dy lidhje karbon-karbon
jan br n nj mnyr stereoselektive. N reaksionet Diels-Alder, nj
alkalen ose nj alkine reagojn me nj dien t konjuguar duke formuar nj
unaz t pangopur me gjasht-element.
CIKLOADINIMET E DIELS-ALDERIT
2
Diels-Alderit Cycloaddition of Ethene and 1,3-Butadiene
F3C
C CH2
H2
C H
CH2 3,3,3-Trifluoro-propene
HC CH2 HC CH2
2000 C (Z)
An electron-poor alkene
+
HC CH2 HC CH2 H3C CH3
CH2 C
H2 C C
Buta-1,3-diene Cyclohexene H2C CH2
Ethene
(Four pi electrons) (Two pi electrons) A cycloadduct 2,3-Dimethyl-buta-1,3-diene
An electron-rich diene
3
Groups That Are Electron Withdrawing by Resonance
O O O
C
C C
H2C C R H2C C R H2C C R
H
H H
N N N
C C C
H2C C H2C C H2C C
H H
H
H
H
+ 1000 C, 3h
Propenal 90%
2,3-Dimethyl-buta-1,3-
3,4-Dimethyl-cyclohexanecarbaldehyde
diene (Acrolein)
Diela-Alderit cycloadduct
COCH2CH3 COCH2CH3
+ 1600 C, 1,5h
94%
4
Typical Dienes and Dienophiles in the Diels-Alderit Reaction
Dienes
CH3
H3C
H3C CH3
Buta-1,3-diene 2,3-Dimethyl-buta-1,3-diene trans, trans Cyclopenta-1,3-diene Cyclohexa-1,3-
Hexa-2,4-diene diene
Dienophiles
H CO2CH3
NC CN H CN H CO2CH3
NC CN H CN H CO2CH3 H3CO2C H
cis-1,2-Dicyanoethene Dimethyl cis-2- butenedioate Dimethyl trans-2-butenedioale
(Dikethyl maleate) (Dimethyl fumarate)
O O O
Dotted-line Electron-pushing
picture picture
5
kt rast t katr atomet e karbonit rehibridizohen prej sp2 n sp3, kurse dy
p- orbitalet tjera t brendshme formojn lidhje e re pi.
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butendioatin formohet produkti trans (dimetilfumarat, trans alken).
In the Diels-Alder Reaction,
the Stereochemistry of the Dienophile is Retained
O
CO2CH3
H COCH3
H
+ 1500C-1600C, 20h
H COCH3 CO2CH3
O 68% H
Dimethyl cis-2-butenedioate Dimethyl cis-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic
(Dimethyl maleate) (Cis product)
(Cis starting material)
O
CO2CH3
H COCH3
H
2000C-2050C, 3.5h
+
H
H3COC H
O 95%
CO2CH3
CH3 H CH3
CN
H NC CN CN
+ CN
H CN
NC CN
H CH3
CH3
trans, trans-2,4-Hexadiene Tetracyanoethene (Methyls end up cis)
(Both methzls "outside")
H
H3C H
NC CN CN
CH3 CN
H + CN
CN
NC CN
CH3 H CH3
cis,trans-2,4-Hexadiene
(one methyl "inside"; (Methyls end up trans)
one methyl "outside")
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Reaksionet e Diels-Alderit si pasojn rregulls endo
H
H H
Shorter bridge
H
H Exo addition
CO2CH3
Exo
CO2CH3 H group
CO2CH3
H
CO2CH3 H
H
H H
H
H3CO2C Endo addition
H
H CO2CH3
H
H3CO2C Endo
H group
CO2CH3
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Shtojc, reaksionet e cikloadinimit t ndihmuara n prani t drits
Lidhjet dxfishe n rrethana normale nuk reagojn n mes veti edhe gjat
nxemjes por n prani t drits reagojn duke dhn unaz katr antarshe.
Reaksionet e ktilla quhen reaksione t cikloadinimit (2+2). Si shembull jo i
rndomt i reaksioneve t ktilla sht konverzioni fotokimik
intramolekular i norborndnadienit n kvadriciklan. Reaksioni
termokimikisht sht i paprshtatshm kurse energjia e drits sht e
domosdoshme pr t ardh deri te formimi i produktit prfundimtar i cili
sht nn tension dhe ky reaksion shpesh i nnshtrohet reaksionit reverz n
prani t katalizatorit metalik duke liruar 26 Kcal mol-1 energjia e tensionit.
Reaksionet elektociklike
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Electrocyclic Reactions
CH2
CH2
H = -14.5 Kcal mol
0 -1
h CH2
CH2
cis-1,3,5-Hexatriene 1,3-Cyclohexadiene
CH2
CH2
-1
h H0 = -9.7 Kcal mol
CH2
CH2
Cyclobutene 1,3-Butadiene
3,4-Dimethyl-cyclobutene Hexa-2,4-diene
Nga ana tjeter duke nxe 3,4-dimetilciklobuten hapet duke dhn trans,trans-2,4-
heksadien.
CH3
CH3 (E)
(R) H
H
(Z)
H
H (E)
(R) CH3
CH3
3,4-Dimethyl-cyclobutene Hexa-2,4-diene
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drejtim t akrepit t ors ose t kundr). Nj hapje e ktill e unazs quhet process
konrotator.
sht interesant se ciklizimi fotokimik (fotociklizimi) i butadienit n ciklobuten,
stereokimikisht bhet n t kundrtn e indukimeve termike t hapjes. N kt rast
produktet prftohen me rrotullim t dy atomeve reaguese t karbonit n kahje t kundrta,
dmth nse njeni rrotullohet n kahje t akrepit t ores tjetri rrotullohet n t kundrtn.
Ky lloj rrotullimi quhet disrotator.
H3C H H3C
CH3
H CH3 H H
hv CH3
H -cis
H3C disrotatory
H H
H3C
CH3 H
hv H
H
-trans
H3C disrotatory
H CH3
H
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH3 CH3
Disrotatory CH3 Disrotatory
CH3
CH3 CH3
CH3
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N t kundrtn reaksionet gjegjse fotokimike zhvillohen n t kundrtn
konrotatorikisht. Stereokimia e mbylljes fotokimike e unazs s 1,3,5-heksatrienit.
CH3 CH3
h
Conrotatory
CH3 CH3
Electrocyclization of cis-3-Hexene-1,5-diyne
2000C
1,4-Benyen diradical
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N fund, dienet e konjuguara dhe heksatrienet iu nnshtrohen reaksioneve
reverzibile me mbyllje elektrociklike t unazs s ciklobutenit dje 1,3-cikloheksadienit.
Te heksadieni i sistemit ciklobutenik termikisht favorizohen proceset konrotatore dhe
reaksionet fotokimike disrotatore.Sistemet trienike-cikloheksadienike reagojn n form
t kundrt, termikisht disrotator dhe fotokimikisht vendosje konrotatorike. Stereokimia e
reaksioneve t ktilla elektrociklike dirigjohet me rregulln e Vudvard-Hofmanit.
1,4-Polymerization of 1,3-Butadiene
CH2 CH2
CH CH
1,4-Polymerization of 1,3-Butadiene
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C (CH2)n-
Cl
C C
CH2 C CH CH2 -CH2C
H
2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene Neoprene
14
`
Pra si shihet n fazn e pare me jonizimin e alil-pirofosfatit formohet alil-kationi.
Me atakimin e molekules 3-metil-3-butenilpirofosfatit duke larguar protonin, formohet
dimeri q quhet geranil-pirofosfat. Me prseritjen e ktij procesi formohet goma
natyrore.
OH OH
3-Methyl-octa-2,6-dien-1-ol 3,7,11-Trimethyl-dodeca-2,6,10-trien-1-ol
Geraniol Farnesol
15
Camphor Biosynthesis from Geranyl Pyrophosphate
OPP
OPP -OPP
Geranyl pyrophospate
is the same as
O
Camphor
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