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Reinforced Concrete Design For Thermal Effects On Nuclear Power Plant Structures
Reinforced Concrete Design For Thermal Effects On Nuclear Power Plant Structures
1R-91
(Reapproved 2000)
Reinforced Concrete Design for Thermal Effects
on Nuclear Power Plant Structures
349.1R-1
over factor are determined, in the case of M = internal moment at section center line due
an end-cracked beam (Fig. 2.4 through to factored mechanical loads, including
2.7). In the case of an interior-cracked factored moment due to Tm - Tb
beam, (Fig. 2.8 through 2.1l), a is the N = internal axial force at section center line
length of the uncracked end of member at due to factored mechanical loads, including
which the stiffness coefficient and carry- factored axial force due to Tm - Tb
over factor are determined. iv = final internal moment at section center line
= cracked member carry-over factor from resulting from M and ^ _T
End A to End B M,r = thermal moment due to ^ _ T, M,= = A?f - M
= cracked member carry-over factor from 6, = final cracked section strain at extreme fiber
End B to End A of compression face = &cL + &T
= cracked member carry-over factor from the L CL = cracked section strain at extreme fiber of
a end of the member to the opposite end compression face resulting from internal
= modulus of rupture of concrete section forces M and N
= cracked section moment of inertia about E CT = cracked section strain at extreme fiber of
the centroid of the cracked rectangular sec- compression face resulting from ^ _T
tion 4,. = cracked section curvature change resulting
= uncracked section moment of inertia (ex- from internal forces M and N
cluding reinforcement) about the center 4T = cracked section curvature change required
line of the rectangular section to return free thermal curvature aAT/t to 0
= ratio of depth of the triangular com- 4 = final cracked section curvature change =
pressive stress block to the depth d +1. + 4r
= cracked member stiffness at End A
(pinned), with opposite end fixed CHAPTER 1--INTRODUCTION
= cracked member stiffness at End B ACI 349, Appendix A, provides general consid-
(pinned), with opposite end fixed erations in designing reinforced concrete structures for
= cracked member stiffness at End a nuclear power plants. The Commentary to Appendix
(pinned), with opposite end fixed A, Section A.3.3, addresses three approaches that
= dimensionless stiffness coefficient consider thermal loads in conjunction with all other
= KL/EcIg nonthermal loads on the structure, termed mechani-
= total length of member cal loads. One approach is to consider the structure
= cracked length of member uncracked under the mechanical loads and cracked
= cracking moment = bt2fr/6 under the thermal loads. The results of two such anal-
= cracked member fixed-end moment due to yses are combined.
=
^_T or Tm - Tb, at End a The Commentary to Appendix A also contains a
moment at center line of rectangular cross method of treating temperature distributions across a
section cracked section. In this method an equivalent linear
= axial force at center line of rectangular temperature distribution is obtained from the temper-
cross section ature distribution, which can generally be nonlinear.
= transverse displacement difference between Then the linear temperature distribution is separated
ends of cracked member, due to Tm - Tb into a pure gradient ^ _T and into the difference be-
acting on adjoining members tween the mean and base (stress-free) temperatures
Tm - Tb .
This report offers a specific approach for consid-
Chapter 3 - Axisymmetric structures ering thermal load effects which is consistent with the
fc = final cracked section extreme fiber com- above provisions. The aim herein is to present a de-
pressive stress resulting from internal sec- signer-oriented approach for determining the reduced
tion forces M, N, and ^ _T thermal moments which result from cracking of the
concrete structure. Chapter 2 addresses frame struc-
fCL = cracked section extreme fiber compressive tures, and Chapter 3 deals with axisymmetric struc-
stress resulting from internal forces M tures. For frame structures, the general criteria are
and N given in Sections 2.2 (Section Cracking) and 2.3
k = ratio of depth of the triangular com- (Member Cracking). The criteria are then formulated
pressive stress block to the depth d, r e - for the moment distribution method of structural
sulting from internal section forces M, N, analysis in Section 2.4. Cracked member fixed-end
and ^_T moments, stiffness coefficients, and carry-over fac-
kL = ratio of depth of the triangular com- tors are derived and presented in graphical form. For
pressive stress block to the depth d, r e - axisymmetric structures an approach is described for
sulting from internal section forces M and regions away from discontinuities, and graphs of
N cracked section thermal moments are presented.
DESlGN FOR THERMAL EFFECTS/NUCLEAR PLANTS 349.1R-3
This report is not intended to represent a state-of- factors. These depend on the extent of member crack-
the-art discussion of the methods available to analyze ing along its length due to mechanical loads, as dis-
structures for thermal loads. Rather, the report is in- cussed in Section 2.3.
tended to propose simplifications that can be made
which will permit a cracking reduction of thermal mo- 2.2 - Section cracking
ments to be readily achieved for a large class of ther- Simplifying assumptions are made below for the
mal loads, without resorting to sophisticated and com- purpose of obtaining the cracked section thermal mo-
plex solutions. Also, as a result of the report ments and the section (cracked and uncracked) stiff-
discussion, the design examples, and graphical presen- nesses. The fixed-end moments, stiffness coefficients,
tation of cracked section thermal moments, it is and carry-over factors of Section 2.4 are based on
hoped that a designer will better understand how ther- these assumptions:
mal moments are affected by the presence of other 1. Concrete compression stress is taken to be lin-
loads and the resulting concrete cracking. early proportional to strain over the member cross
section.
2. For an uncracked section, the moment of inertia
CHAPTER 2 - FRAME STRUCTURES
is Ig, where Ig is based on the gross concrete dimen-
2.1 - Scope sions and the reinforcement is excluded.
The thermal load on the frame is assumed to be For a cracked section, the moment of inertia is Icr,
represented by temperatures which vary linearly where Icr is referenced to the centroidal axis of the
through the thicknesses of the members. The linear cracked section. In the formulation of Icr, the com-
temperature distribution for a specific member must pression reinforcement is excluded and the tension re-
be constant along its length. Each such distribution inforcement is taken to be located at the tension face;
can be separated into a gradient ^ _T and into a tem- i.e., d = t is used.
perature change with respect to a base (stress-free) 3. The axial force on the section due to mechanical
temperature Tm - Tb. and thermal loads is assumed to be small relative to
Frame structures are characterized by their ability the moment (e/d >, 0.5). Consequently, the extent of
to undergo significant flexural deformation under section cracking is taken as that which occurs for a
these thermal loads. They are distinguished from the pure moment acting on the section.
axisymmetric structures discussed in Chapter 3 by the The first assumption is strictly valid only if the ex-
ability of their structural members to undergo rota- treme fiber concrete compressive stress due to com-
tion, such that the free thermal curvature change of bined mechanical and thermal loads does not exceed
aAT/f is not completely restrained. The thermal mo- 0.5f'c. At this stress, the corresponding concrete strain
ments in the members are proportional to the degree is in the neighborhood of 0.0005 in./in. For extreme
of restraint. In addition to frames per se, slabs and fiber concrete compressive strains greater than 0.0005
walls may fall into this category. in./in. but less than 0.001 in./in., the differences are
The rotational feature above is of course automati- insignificant between a cracked section thermal mo-
cally considered in a structural analysis using un- ment based on the linear assumption adopted herein
cracked member properties. However, an additional versus a nonlinear concrete stress-strain relationship
reduction of the member thermal moments can occur such as that described in References 2 and 3. Con-
if member cracking is taken into account. Sections 2.2 sequently, cracked member thermal moments given by
and 2.3 of this chapter describe criteria for the crack- Eq. (2-3) and (2-4) are sufficiently accurate for con-
ing reduction of member thermal moments. These cri- crete strains not exceeding 0.001 in./in.
teria can be used as the basis for an analysis of the For concrete strains greater than 0.001 in./in., the
structure under thermal loads, regardless of the equations identified above will result in cracked mem-
method of analysis selected. In Section 2.4, these cri- ber thermal moments which are greater than those
teria are applied to the moment distribution analysis based on the nonlinear theory. In this regard, the
method. thermal moments are conservative. However, they are
There are frame and slab structures which can be still reduced from their uncracked values. This crack-
adequately idealized as frames of sufficient geometric ing reduction of thermal moments can be substantial,
simplicity to lend themselves to moment distribution. as seen in Fig. 3.2 which also incorporates Assump-
Even if an entire frame or slab structure does not per- tion 1.
mit a simple idealization, substructures can be isolated Formulation of the thermal moments based on a
to study the effects of thermal loads. Often with linear concrete stress-strain relationship allows the
todays use of large scale computer programs for the thermal moments to be expressed simply by the equa-
analysis of complex structures, a feel for the rea- tions in Chapter 2 or by the normalized thermal mo-
sonableness of the results is attainable only through ment graphs of Chapter 3. Such simplicity is desirable
less complex analyses applied to substructures. The in a designer-oriented approach.
moment distribution method for thermal loads is ap- Regarding Icr, in Assumption 2, the assumptions for
plicable for this work. This design approach uses the compression and tension reinforcement result in
cracked member stiffness coefficients and carry-over the simple expression of (6jk2)Ig for Icr, if the axial
load is small as specified in Assumption 3. The use of mechanical loads are combined with the results of an
(6jk2)Ig will overestimate the cracked section moment analysis of the cracked structure under the thermal
of inertia of sections, for which e/d >, 0.5, either with loads. A simplified method of analysis is discussed be-
or without compression reinforcement. For a member low which will yield cracked member thermal mo-
with only tension reinforcement typically located at d ments that are conservative for most practical prob-
= 0.90t, the actual cracked section moment of inertia lems.
is overestimated by 35 percent, regardless of the The extent of cracking which the members expe-
amount of reinforcement. For a member with equal rience under the total mechanical load (including the
amounts of compression and tension reinforcement, specified load factors) forms the basis for the cracked
located at d = 0.1d and d = 0.9t, its actual cracked structure used for the thermal load analysis. Cracking
section moment of inertia is also overestimated. The will occur wherever the mechanical load moments ex-
overestimation will vary from 35 percent at the lower ceed the cracking moment Mcr. The addition of ther-
reinforcement ratio (Q n =Qn = 0.02) down to 15 mal moments which are the same sign as mechanical
percent at the higher values ( Q n = gn = 0.12). moments will increase the extent of cracking along the
The use of (6jk2)Ig for cracked sections and the member length. Recognizing this, in many cases it is
use of Ig for uncracked sections are further discussed conservative for design to consider the member to be
relative to member cracking in Section 2.3. cracked wherever tensile stresses are produced by the
Regarding the third assumption, the magnitude of mechanical loads if these stresses would be increased
the thermal moment depends on the extent of section by the thermal loads. Any increase in the cracked
cracking as reflected by Icr. Icr depends on the axial length due to the addition of the thermal loads is con-
force N and moment M. The relationship of Icr/Ig ver- servatively ignored, and an iterative solution is not re-
sus e/d, where e = M/N, is shown in Fig. 2.1. The quired. However, the addition of thermal moments
eccentricity e is referred to the section center line. In which are of opposite sign to the mechanical moments
Fig. 2.1 it is seen that for e/d 3 1, Icr is practically that exceed Mcr may result in a final section which is
the same as that corresponding to pure bending. For uncracked. Therefore, for simplicity, the member is
e/d 2 0.5, the associated Icr is within 10 percent of its considered to be uncracked for the thermal load anal-
pure bending value. Most nonprestressed frame prob- ysis wherever along its length the mechanical moments
lems are in the e/d Z 0.5 category. Consequently, for and thermal moments are of opposite sign.
these problems it is accurate within 10 percent to use Two types of cracked members will result: (1) end-
the pure bending value of (6jk2)Ig for Icr. This is the cracked, and (2) interior-cracked. The first type oc-
basis of Assumption 3. curs for cases where mechanical and thermal moments
are of like sign at the member ends. The second type
2.3 - Member cracking occurs where these moments are of like sign at the in-
Ideally, a sophisticated analysis of a frame or slab terior of the member. Stiffness coefficients, carry-over
structure subjected to both mechanical and thermal factors, and fixed-end thermal moments are developed
loads might consider concrete cracking and the re- for these two types of members in Section 2.4. A
sulting changes in member properties at many stages comprehensive design example is presented in Section
of the load application. Such an analysis would con- 2.5.
sider the sequential application of the loads, and The above simplification of considering the member
cracking would be based on the modulus of rupture to be uncracked wherever the mechanical and thermal
of the concrete fr . The loads would be applied in- moments are of opposite sign is conservative due to
crementally to the structure. After each load in- the fact that the initial portion of a thermal load,
crement, the section properties would be revised for such as ^ _T, will actually act on a section which may
those portions of the members which exhibit extreme be cracked under the mechanical loads. Consequently,
fiber tensile stresses in excess of fr. The properties of the fixed-end moment due to this part of ^ _T will be
the members for a given load increment would reflect that due to a member completely cracked along its
the member cracking that had occurred under the sum length. Once the cracks close, the balance of ^ _T will
of all preceding load increments. In such an analysis, act on an uncracked section. Consideration of this
the thermal moments would be a result of member two-phase aspect makes the problem more complex.
cracking occurring not only for mechanical loads, but The conservative approach adopted herein removes
also for thermal loads. this complexity. However, some of the conservatism is
The type of analysis summarized above is consistent reduced by the use of Ig for the uncracked section
with the approach in Item 2 of Section A.3.3 of the (Assumption 2) rather than its actual uncracked sec-
Commentary to Appendix A. An approximate analy- tion stiffness, which would include reinforcement and
sis, but one which is generally conservative for the is substantially greater than Ig for Qn 2 0.06.
thermal loads, is suggested in Item 3 of Section A.3.3 The fixed-end moments depend not only on the
as an alternative. This alternate analysis considers the cracked length LT but also on the location of the
structure to be uncracked under the mechanical loads cracked length a along the member. This can be seen
and to be cracked under the thermal loads. The re- from a comparison of the results for an end-cracked
sults of an analysis of the uncracked structure under member and an interior-cracked member for the same
DESIGN FOR THERMAL EFFECTS/NUCLEAR PLANTS 349.1R-5
0.8
0.7
0.6
F
b
a-0
t
4 0.5 lllllllllllilt
Ill III I III III
%
z
E
s
.-5
t 0.4
s:
ii
c5
0
-r,
f 0.3
(5
-
0
0
._
6
aL
0.2
1 _____. t,
Icr
--= 6jk2
I kl
0.1
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
Tension Reinforcement, pn
Fig. 2. 1 - Effect of axial force on cracked section moment of inertia (No compression reinforcement)
349.1 R-6 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
for (1) partially cracked sections along the member, Fig. 2.2 - /_\ T fixed-end moments - Member cracked
and (2) the existence of uncracked sections occurring at ends by mechanical loads
between flexural cracks. These two characteristics are
indirectly provided for (to an unknown extent) by the
use of (6jk2)1,, which overestimates the cracked sec-
tion moment of inertia by the amount described pre-
viously.
or contraction of the axis of the member T,,, - Tb, are Fig. 2.3 - T, - T, fixed-end moment - Member
considered separately. For each type of thermal load, cracked at ends by mechanical loads
fixed-end moments, stiffness coefficients, and carry-
over factors were obtained for two types of cracked
members: (1) end-cracked, and (2) interior-cracked. where k, is the dimensionless stiffness coefficient
The first type applies for cases where mechanical and which is a function of LJL and a/LT. Likewise, CO
thermal loads produce moments of like sign at mem- can be expressed as a function of LJL and a/L T .
ber ends. The second type applies for cases where me- Fig. 2.4 through 2.7 show k, and CO for selected
chanical and thermal loads produce moments of like values of LJL and a/LT which should cover most
sign in the interior of the member. practical problems. In these figures, k, is given at the
These factors are presented for the case of an end- end which is cracked a distance a, and CO is the
cracked member in Fig. 2.2. carry-over factor from this end to the opposite end.
Intermediate values of k, and CO can be determined
h4* = by linear interpolation of these curves.
(2-1) For a member cracked a distance Lr in its interior,
k, and CO are determined from Fig. 2.8 through 2.11.
M, = k, is the stiffness coefficient at the end which is un-
cracked a distance a. CO is the carry-over factor from
Although shown only for a member cracked at the this end to the opposite end.
ends, the above expressions for MA and MR also ap- Based on the above discussion, the /_\ T fixed-end
ply to a member cracked in its interior. moment at the a end of the member can be expressed
In the above: as:
aATL/2t = the angle change of the member
ends with the rotational restraints
MFE =
_ks(1-CO) (2-3)
removed 12 2
K.4 = the stiffness of the member at A
with B fixed (4EJ,/L for uncracked For the purpose of determining the mean temper-
member) ature effects, it is necessary to develop the T, - Tb
KS = the stiffness of the member at B fixed-end moment, which is shown in Fig. 2.3 for a
with A fixed (4EJ,/L for the un- member cracked at its ends.
cracked member) The T,,, - Tb fixed-end moment at the end cracked a
co,, = the carry-over factor from A to B distance a is:
(/z for uncracked member)
co,, = the carry-over factor from B to A E&A
(/z for uncracked member) M,. = L2 k(l + CO)
The expressions for K and CO can be derived from
moment-area principles. Also, K can be expressed as: where k, and CO are same as that defined above. The
displacement A is produced by T,,, - Tb acting on an
K = -E+ k, (2-2) adjacent member. The comprehensive design example
of Section 2.5 illustrates this.
0.8
0.7
0.6
$
"0 0.5
IL
P
9 0.4
:
" 0.3
0.2
0.1
t-
LF? d-i!i
i ?-+-
i i 1-t i i i j I
d'
0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
Tension Reinforcement, pn
0.7
0.6
g
i 0.5
IL
E
y 0.4
s
0.3
0.2
0.1
8 0.7
5
g 0.6
LL
5
0 0.5
2.
b
v
0.4
FEFI CRACKED ZONES,
0.3
0.2
iiI ! II
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
Tension Reinforcement, pn
0.7
tttHtt i i i i i tttth
0.6
8
.
p 0.5
rt+i--t I III. I
Ihl. 1
I 1IIIII
I I I 1 I
0.9
0.8
0.7
g
g 0.6
IL
E
9 0.5
f
6
v 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.9
0.8
0.7
s
.
5
t 0.6
lE
ii
& 0.5
k
&
0.4
0.3
0.2 +-i-i--c ! ! : f 4 f f : ! ! !
0.1
0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
Tension Reinforcement, pn
s 0.7
:I 1. I I I i 1 II 11 I I ill1 I I! I
ulll, llllllllllllllll~
L
e 0.6
IE
F
y 0.5
L.
'0
"0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Al?
.
5
._U
._
r
0
s 2
s:0
-._c
s
1
0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
Tension Reinforcement, p
The expressions from Section 2.4 for fixed-end Shear stiffness at C = s [ksC(l + COc)
moment (FEM) are evaluated below.
ks
_T FEM = E,aA Tbt 2 j-
(1) ^ (1 - CO) + k,D(l + CWI
l2
_ (3.12 x 10*)(5 x 10-)(80)(12)(24)2 = $ (6.48)
12
x+ (1 - CO)
= $+0(1.57) + 2.38(1.47)]
\
b\
16.3 52.3 25.7
---M E C H A N I C A L (UNCRACKED F R A M E )
MECHANICAL AND THERMAL*
^_T = 8 0 o F , Tm - Tb, = 20 F,
o
l CRACKED FRAME
Although not shown, the member axial forces were curs in this region, a prediction of the cracking reduc-
evaluated to confirm that section cracking still cor- tion of the discontinuity forces is attainable through a
responds to the pure bending condition of Assump- re-analysis using cracked section structural properties.
tion 3. Recall that e/d must be at least 0.5 for this A discussion of such an analysis is not within the
condition. For Members AB and CD, the axial forces scope of the present report. Therefore, forces re-
result primarily from the mechanical loads and are sulting from an analysis for the Tm - Tb part of the
compressive. For Member BC, the axial force is com- thermal load are considered to be included with corre-
pressive and includes the compression due to the sponding factored mechanical forces. These combined
20 F increase on the member. axial forces and moments are denoted as N and M.
The gradient ^ _T produces internal section forces
CHAPTER 3 - AXISYMMETRIC STRUCTURES (moment included) at externally restrained boundaries
and, also, away from these discontinuities. At dis-
3.1 - Scope
continuities, the most significant internal force is usu-
Axisymmetric structures include shells of revolution ally the moment, primarily resulting from the internal
such as shield buildings or, depending on the particu- restraint rather than the external boundary restraint.
lar geometry, primary and secondary shield walls. In Away from discontinuities, the only significant forces
the structural analysis, the structure is considered to due to ^_ T are thermal moments caused by the internal
be uncracked for all mechanical loads and for part of restraint provided by the axisymmetric geometry of
the thermal loads. The thermal load is assumed to be the structure. The cracking reduction of thermal mo-
represented by a temperature which is distributed lin- ments which result from internal restraint is the sub-
early through the wall of the structure. The linear ject of this chapter.
temperature distribution is separated into a gradient AT Due to the axisymmetric geometry of the subject
and into a uniform temperature change Tm - Tb. structures, the free thermal curvature change aAT/t is
Generally, for most axisymmetric structures, a uni- fully restrained. This restraint produces a correspond-
form temperature change (Tm - Tb) produces signifi- ing thermal moment whose magnitude depends on the
cant internal section forces (moment included) only at extent of cracking the section experiences. This in turn
the externally restrained boundaries of the structure depends on ^ _ T, the other section forces N and M, and
where free thermal growth is prevented, or in regions the section properties. With the ratio M/N denoted as
where Tm - Tb varies fairly rapidly along the struc- e, referenced to the section center line, and the dis-
ture. The magnitude and extent of these discontinuity tance from the concrete compression face to the ten-
forces depend on the specific geometry of the structure sion reinforcement denoted as d, two cases of e/d are
and on the external restraint provided. If cracking oc- identified in Sections 3.2 and 3.3.
349.1R-18 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE
The results in Sections 3.2 and 3.3 include the effect This substitution for kL is made in Eq. (3-7) and Eq.
of compression reinforcement. For this reinforcement, (3-9). The resulting expression for fc given by Eq.
a modular ratio of 2n is used for purposes of sim- (3-7) is used in Eq. (3-11). Then Mbf is obtained by
plifying the determination of the cracked section ther- subtraction of Eq. (3-9) from Eq. (3-11).
mal moment. Although not all the loads which com- For singly reinforced rectangular sections and
prise the section forces N and M will necessarily be N = 0,
long-term, the selection of 2n for compression re-
inforcement is consistent with design practice. k = \/ (on) + 2Qn - Qn (3-3)
The results in Sections 3.2 and 3.3 are based on a
linear stress-strain relationship for the compressive and the corresponding thermal moment is
concrete. The basis of this assumption was discussed
E,aA Tbd J(jk )
in Section 2.2. From this discussion, the cracked sec- MbT = (3-4)
tion thermal moments can be considered to represent 2t(l - v)
upper-bound values when compared with those which
where j = 1 - k/3.
would result from a nonlinear stress-strain concrete
relationship. Nevertheless, the thermal moments Eq. (3-2) for f&r for a doubly reinforced section
herein do offer a reduction from their uncracked val- reduces to Mbf for a singly reinforced section (Eq.
ues. The extent of this reduction is shown in Fig. 3.2 [3-4]), with the substitution of (l.l)d for t in Eq.
and Fig. 3.4 through 3.9. (3-4) and 0 for Qn in Eq. (3-2). In addition, the
substitution of k 2/2 for Qn (1 - k) in Eq. (3-2) must
3.2 - le/c/l 2 0.7 for compressive N and ten- be made.
sile N The thermal moments given by Eq. (3-2) and (3-4)
For this range of e/d, a parametric study based on are presented in Fig. 3.2 for the special case:
the results of Section 3.3 indicates that the cracked t = (l.l)d for both sections and gn = gn a n d
thermal moment MAT is not strongly influenced by the d/d = 0.10 for the doubly reinforced section. For
axial force as expressed by the ratio N/(bdE,aAT). A values of Q less than Q, linear interpolation between
practical range of N/(bdE,aAT) from 0 to 2300 was the two curves should yield sufficiently accurate
used in this study. Therefore, for ranges of e/d and results. From Fig. 3.2, it is seen that the cracked sec-
N/bdE,aAT specified herein, MbT can be calculated tion thermal moment is substantially reduced from its
from the neutral axis location corresponding to N = 0. uncracked value.
The le/dl lower limit of 0.70 is conservative for ten- The thermal moment Mhr occurs at the center line
sile N and higher QII values. Actual le/d lower limits of the section. MdT should be multiplied by its code
for tensile N are given in Fig. 3.3. As long as the ac- specified load factor before it is added to the mo-
tual le/dl value for tensile N exceeds this lower limit ment M.
curve, the thermal moments given in this section are
applicable. 3.3 - General e/d
For doubly reinforced rectangular sections, the Depending on e/d, the extent of section cracking
cracked section neutral axis is kd. For N = 0:
and the thermal moment may be significantly af-
fected by the actual values of N and M. A theory
k = v(2qn + Qn) + 2[2Qn (d//d) + on]
for the investigation of a doubly reinforced rec-
- (2&n + Qn) (3-1) tangular section is presented below. The axisymmetric
effect increases the section thermal moment due to
^_T by an amount l/(1 - v). Although this effect is
in which Q ' =A,il6d, Q = AJbd, and n = Es/E,.
Also, d is the distance from the concrete compres- not shown in the derivations below, it is included in
sion face to the compression reinforcement As'. A the final results, Fig. 3.2 and 3.4 through 3.9.
modular ratio of 2n is used for the compression rein- It is assumed for the section that the final cur-
forcement. vature change 0 is equal to the curvature change due
The corresponding thermal moment for a section to N and M, 4,., plus the curvature change required
in which t =( l.l)d is: to return the free thermal curvature 4T to 0. oL and
Or are additive when the cold face of the section cor-
aATbd2 responds to the tension face under M. Therefore,
MAT = E.1 {-0.152k J + 1.818Qn[(d/d)
4 = 4L + 4T (3-5)
- k](d/d) + 0.909Qn(l - k)} (3-2)
The curvatures before and after the application of
The expression for M,, given by Eq. (3-2) is ob- 4T are shown in Fig. 3.1.
tained from the results of Section 3.2 in the follow-
In Fig. 3.1:
ing manner. For sections in which le/dj 2 0.7, the
location of the neutral axis does not change under E cL = concrete strain at compression face due to
the application of ^_ T, and this results in kL.= k. N and M
DESIGN FOR THERMAL EFFECTS/NUCLEAR PLANTS
_T
Fig. 3.1 - Section under M, N, ^
e = M/N
n = Es/Ec
cE* 0.04
s
5
E
er
f
0.03
Pbd
e = M/N
_ Ic
- . .A_. . ._L--- . . -
CUseFigures 3.4 thru 3.9 I. : : 1 I ! : i 1 I I I I III I I II 11 I I
Iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilr I II il;.:iili
i-iiIiTii P- . .I ! I I
jii:iiiiijijiii
0.06
Reinforcement, pn
c
f C
d d
lN3WOW lVWkl3Hl
h M-1)
249.1R-24 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE
Y
3
E
8
DESIGN FOR THERMAL EFFECTS/NUCLEAR PLANTS
0
ci
349.1R-26 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE
IVX) 3 CPQ
INMOW lVVVL13Hl
? (n-1)
DESIGN FOR THERMAL EFFECTS/NUCLEAR PLANTS 349.1R-27
s
0
INMOW lVWL13Hl
h &I
349.1R-28 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
outside this range, i.e., the entire section being under Since t/d = 1.1 and d /d = 0.10, use Fig. 3 . 2 .
tension ( kL 2 0.10) or compression (kL 2 1.0), a sim- However, since Q f Q, interpolate between the two
ilar set of equilibrium equations based on a rec- curves.
tangular stress distribution would be required.
From Fig. 3.2 for Qn = 0.050, read (1 - Y)&/
Special Case: (bd E,aA T) as:
n = Es/Ec = 29/4 = 7.25, e = M/N = 100/50 = 2 Example 2 - Tensile N and le/dl > 0.70, Q = Q
ft = 24 in., Q = 2/12 x 36 = 0.0046, Qn =
0.0046 x 7.25 = 0.033, Q = 3/12 x 36 = 0.0069, Qfl 6 = 12 in., t = 36 in., d = 32.7 in., d = 3.3 in.,
= 0.0069 x 7.25 = 0.050
A s = As = 3.0 in.2, Es - 2 9 x 106 psi, Ec = 4 x
106 psi, v = 0.2, N = 50 kips tension, M = 100 ft-
kips, ^_T = 80 F
Cracked thermal moment M,,
e/d ratio: e/d = 24/32.7 = 0.733 > 0.70; therefore, n = 7.25, e = 100/-50 = -2 ft = -24 in., Q =Q
use Section 3.2 results. = 0.0069, Q n = Qn = 0.050
DESIGN FOR THERMAL EFFECTS/NUCLEAR PLANTS 349.1R-29
MdT = 75.3 ft-kips From Fig. 3.3 for en = 0.05, the lower limit on
le/dl is 0.575 for the tensile N case. Since 0.612 >
Concrete and rebar stresses are calculated from a 0.575, use Fig. 3.2.
cracked section investigation with N = 50 kips ten-
sion and M = 175.3 ft-kips at section center line From Fig. 3.2, with Qn = 0.05, read (1 - v)MJ
(bd *E,aAT) = 0.032
Example 3 - Compressive N and je/dl < 0.70
KT = 0.032(1.25)( 12)(32.7)(4)(5.5)(80)
Same section as Example 2 = 75.3 ft-kips
Consulting Members:
M. Bender Myle J. Holley, Jr. Chester P. Siess
Harold S. Davis Morris Schupack
---
*Prime authors of the thermal effects