.

:

)(. y1 + z1 +
(v1 )2 = y2 + z2 +
) (v 2 )2 + (h
f 1 2
2g 2g

:
L = y
= z L

= V
= hf L

) (.
).(.

 " "

.
.
.

.
) (. .

) .(. .

.

. .
.
.

.
).(.


) .(. = GVF
)[(Chow, 1959 = RVF ] .

) (Chow,1959 )(Henderson, 1966
) (French, 1985
.
 " "

. -
.
.

.
)(Bakhmeteff, 1912
) (Bakhmeteff, 1932 .
.

.

.
.


) .(Chezy, 1769
).(Chow, 1959

:
)(. v = C[R h (S)]1 / 2

:
= V L/T

= Rh L


= S
L/L

= C .

Pw
)(. = Rh
A
Pw

) .(.
Sw So Sf
.

.C
) (Ganguillet and Kutter, 1869 C
.

.
:
)(. ] [a + b + 1.811 / n
=C
[1 + (a + b)n /(R 1/ 2
h ) ]
:
. = a
. = b
= n
 " "

) .(. .

n n
.
) (Bazin, 1897
.
.

C . C
.
:
157.6
)(. =C
] [1 + m /(R h )1 / 2
:
= m m

) (.
.

.

) .(Chow, 1959
.
C
n :
1
)(. C = (R h )1 / 6
n

SI
1.486
)(. C= ) (R h
1/ 6

.
. .
/ n .
.
.
) .(Chow, 1959 SI
.
C ) (.
) (. :
 " "

1
)(. v = (R h )1 / 6 [R h (Sf )]1 / 2
n

:
)(. v = (R h )2 / 3 (Sf )1 / 2
1
n
:
= v /
= Rh
= Sf /

)(. Sf = Sw = S0

) (Chow, 1959 n
. )(.
.
. )(Chow, 1959

n
.

.
:
1 A5 / 3
)(. =Q ) (Sf
1/ 2

n Pw 2 / 3
:
= Q /
= A
= Pw

) .(. ) n ( ).(Chow, 1959

.
.-
. . . .
. )(
. . . .
. . . .
.
. . . .
. . . .
. )(
. . . .
. . . .
. )(
. . . .
. . . .
.-
. . . . )(
. . . .
.
. . . .
. . . .
.
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . . ) ( ..
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . . )(
 " "

) .(. ) n (
).(Chow, 1959

.
. . . .
. . . . )(
.
. . . .
. . . .
. . . . ) (
. . . .
.
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . . )(
.
.-
.
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
.-
.
. . . .
. . . .
.
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . . )(


) .(. ) n (
).(Chow, 1959

.
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . . ) (
. . . .
. . . .
. . .
. . .
. :
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. :
. . . . )(
. . . .
. . . .
.
. . . .
. . . .
.
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
.
. . .
. . .
. - . .
 " "

) .(. ) n (
).(Chow, 1959

.
.
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
.
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
.
. . . .
. . . .
.
. . . .
. . . . ) (
.
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
.
.- ) (
.
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .


) .(. ) n (
).(Chow, 1959

. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
.
. .
. . . . .
. . . . .
.-
.
. . . . .
. . . . .
.
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . )(.
.
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
.
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . .
.
. . . . .
.- n
.
. - . . .
. - . . .
 " "

.
)(.

./ . ..
) (.
n = 0.017
:
) A 1.80 m(0.541m
= Rh =
) Pw 180 + 2(0.541 m
R h = 0.338 m

:
1
v = (R h )2 / 3 (Sf )1 / 2
n

Sf = So
1
v= ) (0.338m ) (0.0101m / m
2/3 1/ 2

0.017
v = 2.868 m / s

:
Q = vA
(
Q = 2.868 m / s 0.974 m 2 )
Q = 2.79 m 3 / s

.
)
( .


.

)(. R N =

:
)(. RN = v
1

:
= Rn

= /
= l
= ./

) (.
:

)(. =

:
= /

1
)(. RN = v

.
 " "

RN <
.RN >
.
).(Mott, 1982

RN < >
.RN
.

)(.
) (.
.

)(.
R h = 0.338 m

v = 2.868m / s

= 998 kg / m 3

3
= 1.0 10 N s / m 2

:
vR h
= RN

) R N = 998 kg / m 3 (2.868 m / s
0.338 m
1.0 10 3 N s / m 2
R N = 9.67 105


.

.
v2
)(. E = y+
2g

:
= E

. b Q
:
)(. =q
Q
b
:
= q /
q :
Q q(b ) q
)(. =v = =
A y(b ) y

) (.
:
q2
)(. E = y+
2gy 2

) (. :
 " "

2
)(. (E y )y 2 = q
2g
.
q y = 0 E y = 0

.E= y ) (. q
).(.
E ysup ysub
.
. q
. .

.
) .(.
.q
Z .

.H
.
:
)(. z 1 + y1 +
(v1 )2 = (z + z ) + y + (v 2 )2
1 2
2g 2g

v ) (.
q2 q2
)(. z 1 + y1 + = (z1 + z ) + y 2 +
2g ( y 1 ) 2 2g(y 2 )2

) .(. .q

) .(.
.

)(. H = z1 + E1 = (z1 + z ) + E 2

)(. E 2 = E1 z
 " "

)(. y 2 < y1

y2 .
.

)(.
./ . .
. .
-
. .

H = z 1 + E 1 = (z 1 + z ) + E 2
E 2 = E 1 0.15
(v 1 ) 2
E 1 = y1 +
2g

E 1 = 1.8 m +
(1.1m / s )2
(
2 9.81m / s 2 )
E 1 = 1.86 m

E 2 = 1.86 m 0.15 m = 1.71m

2
q
E2 = y2 +
2g(y 2 )2

E2 = y2 +
[1.1m / s(1.8 m )]2
2(9.81m / s 2 )(y 2 )2
0.200
E2 = y2 + = 1.71m
( y 2 )2


:
(y 2 )3 1.71(y 2 )2 + 0.200 = 0
.
:
f (y ) = 0 = (y 2 )3 1.71(y 2 )2 + 0.200

f (y ) = 3(y 2 )2 3.42 y 2

yn
. yn + 1 :
) f (y n
y n +1 = y n
) f (y n

:
) (y n 3
1.71(y n ) + 0.200
2

y n +1 = y n
3(y n ) 3.42 y n
2

yn .
yn yn+1
1.500 1.668
1.668 1.637
1.637 1.635
1.635 1.635

y 2 = 1.635m
)
( :
y ab 2 = y 2 + z
y ab 2 = 1.635 m + 0.15 m

y ab 2 = 1.785 m

..
 " "

.
) (. yc
. ) (.
:
q2
)(. E = y+
2gy 2

Emin
:
q2
)(. dE
= 1 3 = 0
dy gy

:
1/ 3
q 2
)(. yc =
g
v c ) (.
:
)(. ] v c = [gy c
1/ 2

) (. :
)(.
(v c )2 =
yc
2g 2



)(. E min = y c +
(v c )2 =
3
yc
2g 2

:
)(. = yc
2
E min
3
) (Henderson, 1966
. .

)(.
./ .
.
.
:

E1 = y1 +
(v1 )2
2g

E1 = 3.0m +
(3.0m / s )2
(
2 9.81m / s 2 )
E 1 = 3.459m

.
)(.
1/ 3
q2
yc =
g
[3.0 m / s(3.0 m )]2
1/ 3

yc =
9.81m / s 2
 " "

y c = 2.021m

)(.
2
y c = E min
3
:
3
E min = yc
2
) = (2.02 m
3
E min
2
E min = 3.032 m

z max = E1 E min
z max = 3.495 m 3.032 m

z max = 0.427 m

.
) (.
.

) (.
.
:
Q2
)(. E = y+
2gA 2

:
= A
) (. :

Q2 dA
)(. dE
= 1
dy gA 3 dy

:
)(. dA = T dy

:
= T
) (. :
dE Q 2T
)(. = 1
dy gA 3
Emin = E = dE/dy )(.
)(. (Q c )2 Tc = g(A c )3
:
1/ 2
A
)(. v c = g c
Tc
Tc/Ac ) (.
.

:

)(. = FN

:
)(. = FN
v
(gy )1 / 2
 " "

) (. :
q2
)(. = (FN )2
gy 3

) (.
) (. FN .
:
)( = FN .
)( < FN .
)( > FN .

) (.

.
.

)(.

) .(. .
. . .
.

) .(. .


:

E1 = E 2

q 1 = v1 y1 = q 2 = v 2 y 2

:
2
q
E 1 = y1 +
2g(y1 )2
q2
E2 = y2 +
2g ( y 2 )2
1 1
y1 y 2 = q 2
2g(y 2 ) 2g(y1 )2
2

( y )2 ( y )2
2g ( y 1 y 2 ) = q 2 1 2 2 2
(y 2 ) (y1 )
q2

q 2 = 2g(y1 y 2 )
( y 2 )2 ( y 1 )2

(y1 y 2 )(y1 + y 2 )
(y )2 (y1 )2
q 2 = 2g 2
(y1 + y 2 )
(v1)2 ( FN1)2
(FN1 )2 = (v1 )
2
q2
(v1 )2 =
gy1 (y1 )2
q2
(FN1 )2 =
g(y1 )3
2g(y 2 )2 (y1 )2
(FN1 )2 =
g(y1 )3 (y1 + y 2 )
2(y 2 )2
(FN1 )2 =
y1 (y1 + y 2 )
 " "

= (FN1 )2 2
y1
) ( y1 + y 2
(y 2 )2
= (FN1 )2 2
y1 y1
+ 1
y2 y
2

(FN1 )2 =
2
= 0.1096
0.95 0.95
+ 1
0.25 0.25
FN1 = 0.331
v1 = FN1 (gy1 )1 / 2

([
) v1 = 0.331 9.81m / s 2 (0.95 m ) ]
1/ 2

v1 = 1.011m / s
) Q = v1 y1b = 1.011m / s(0.95 m )(1.00 m
Q = 0.960 m 3 / s

) (.
T/A :
)(. = FN
v
1/ 2
A
g
T

:
2
T Q 2T
)(. (FN )2 = v =
gA gA 3

) (. ) (.

. :


)(. = 1 (FN )2
dE
dy

) (.
.

.
:
A
)(. =D
T
y .
. )(.
:
)(. ] v c = [gD c
1/ 2

.
.
.
.

. :
vm vp
)(. =
] [gD m1/ 2
[
gD p ]
1/ 2

. p m
.
 " "

)(.
. = n
./ ./ .

. = n . .
:

1
Q = A(R h )2 / 3 (So )1/ 2
n

(1.0 m )y 1.0 m(y )

2/3

= 2 .0 m 3 / s
1
(0.002m / m )1/ 2
0.015 1 .0 m + 2 ( y )
2/3
y
0.6708 = y
1 . 0 + 2 y

(0.6708)3 / 2 = y 2 / 3 y
1 . 0 + 2 y
0.5494(1.0 + 2 y ) = y 5 / 2

f (y ) = 0 = y 5 / 2 1.0989 y 0.5494

:
y p = 1.319m
Q 2.0 m 3 / s
= vp =
) A 1.319 m(1.0m
v p = 1.516 m / s
vp
= FN p
[gy p ]1/ 2
1.516 m / s
= FN p
[(9.81m / s )(1.319 m )]1 / 2


FN p = 0.4214

vm
= FN p = FNm
[gy m ]1/ 2

=v
1
(R n )2 / 3 (S 0 )1 / 2
n
1 0.20 m(y )
2/3
= vm (0.002m / m )1/ 2
0.010 0.20 m + 2 y

] v m = FNm [gy m 1/ 2
] = FNp [gy m 1/ 2

(
v m = 0.4214 9.81m / s 2 )1/ 2
(y m )1/ 2
v m = 1.320(y m )1 / 2

vm
1 0.20 m(y m )
2/3
= 1.320(y m )1/ 2 (0.002)1/ 2
0.010 0.20 m + 2 y m

:
f (y ) = 0 = 0.3207(y m ) + 0.0321(y m )3 / 4 0.20 y m
7/4

y m = 0.3966m

] v m = FNp [gy m 1/ 2

( )
v m = 0.4214[ 9.81m / s 2 (0.3966m )]1 / 2
v m = 0.8312m / s
) A m = 0.20 m(y m ) = 0.20 m(0.3966m
A m = 0.0793m 2
Q m = v m A m = 0.8312m / s 0.0793m 2 ( )
Q m = 0.0659 m / s 3
 " "

-
. -
.
. .
.
< Fn
.

.
.

.
.

.
-
. .
.
.

.


.
.

)(. yn > yc

:
= yn

)(. yn = yc

:
)(. yn < yc

.

.
) (. .
.

.
.
H q :
 " "

)(Chow, 1959 ) .(.

q2
)(. H = y+z+ = E + z = cons tan t
2gy 2

x :
)(. dE dz
+ =0
dx dx

)(. dy dE dz
+ =0
dx dy dx

) (.:


)(. = 1 (FN )2
dE
dy

) (. :
)(. dy
dx
[ ]
1 (FN )2 +
dz
dx
=0

) (.
.
.

)(.
.
.
.
).(.

) .(. .

:

dz dy
=0 0
dx dx
) (.
:
1 (FN )2 = 0
 " "

(FN )2 = 1
y = yc Fn = 1
y c = E1 = (3m ) = 2 m
2 2
3 3

q 2 1/ 3
yc =
g

q = (y c ) g = (2 m ) 9.81m / s
2 3 3
( 2
)
q = 78.48 m / s
2 4 2

q = 8.86 m 2 / s

:
) Q = qb = 8.86 m / s(3.0 m
2

Q = 26.58 m 2 / s

.

.Sf
:
dH d v2
)(. = z + y + = S f
dx dx 2g


.
) (. :
d v2
)(. y + =
dz
Sf
dx 2g dx

:
)(. dE
= S0 Sf
dx
:
= So
) (.
)(. = 1 (FN )2
dE
dy

) (. ) (. :
)(. dE = [S 0 S f ]dx

)(. [ ]
dE = 1 (FN )2 dy

:
dy S 0 S f
)(. =
dx 1 (FN )2

dy/dx
.
.

)(.
. .
./ . ./.
 " "

)( .
)( . r
+ r r .
:
)(
Q 0.80 m 3 / s
=q =
b 0.60 m
q = 1.333m 2 / s

( )
1/ 3
q2
1/ 3
1.333m 2 / s 2
yc = =
g 9.81m / s 2

y c = 0.566m

Q = (R h )2 / 3 (S 0 )1 / 2
A
n
(0.60 m )y n 0.60 m(y n )
2/3
0.80m 3 / s = (0.007 m / m )1/ 2
0.015 0.60 m + 2 y n
0.60 m(y n )
2/3
0.2390 = y n
0.60 m + 2 y n

= 0.3360
(y n )5 / 3
[0.60 + 2 y n ]2 / 3

= f (y ) = 0
) (y n 5/ 3
0.3360
[0.60 + 2 y n ]2 / 3
5 / 3(y n )2 / 3 4 / 3(y n )5 / 3
= ) f (y
[0.60 + 2 y n ]2 / 3 [0.60 + 2 y n ]5 / 3
:
) f (y n
y n +1 = y n
) f (y n


yn )f(yn )f`(yn yn+1
1.0 0.1928 1.0621 0.8185
0.8185 0.0827 0.7053 0.7012
0.4012 0.0123 0.5060 0.6769
0.6769 -0.0021 0.4679 0.6814
0.6814 0.0006 0.5946 0.6804

y n = 0.680 m

yc < yn .
y )( + r
= . r
A = (0.75 m )(0.60 m ) = 0.45 m 2
Q 0.80 m 3 / s
=v = = 1.778m / s
A 0.45 m 2
A 0.45 m 2
= Rh = = 0.2143m
) Pw 0.60 m + 2(0.75 m

S Sf
1
v = (R h )2 / 3 (S f )1 / 2
n
(S f )1 / 2 = v(n2)/ 3 = 1.778(0.015 )
) (R h (0.2143)2 / 3
(S f )1/ 2 = 0.0745
S f = 0.0055 m / m

dy S0 Sf
=
dx 1 (FN )2
2
(FN )2 = v
gy
 " "

) (FN )2 = (1.7782m / s
2

) 9.81m / s (0.75m
(FN ) = 0.4296
2

dy 0.007 0.0055
= = +0.0026 m / m
dx 1 0.4296
+ r
dy
dy = x
dx
dy = +0.0026m / m(10 m ) = 0.026m
y r +10 = y r + dy = 0.75m + 0.026m
y r +10 = 0.776 m

.
) .(Chow, 1959



.

.
) (Chow, 1959 ) (Handrsson, 1966).(French, 1985


.


.


. ) (. ) (.
.

.

.
.
.
. ./ ) /( .

.
. .

.
.
 " "

. ) (.
.

) .(.

) .(.
.


) .(. ) .(Chow 1959

T P A
D R
3 y 4 3y 1 2 3y 3 y2
4 3 2y
y 2y 1 y 4y 2 y2
2
1 y 2y 1 2y 2 2y y2
2 4
2y 1 y y 2
y 2 y
4 2
2 y 2 2y 1 y 8 2y 4 2 y2
3 2 3 3
0.72795y 1.917532y 0.46784y 2.9836y 1.39586y2

.

.

.

.
.



.
 " "

.

.

.

.
SI :
)(. ) f = [0.4572 y n ]1 / 2 for Q = 0.57 m 3 / s(20 cfs

)(. ) f = [0.7620 y n ]1 / 2 for Q = 85 m 3 / s(3000cfs

:
= f
= y
= Q
) (.
.

.

.
.


) .(.
] . )[(Aisenbery et al., 1974

n
So Q

.
SF :
nQ
)(. SF = A (R h )2 / 3 =
(S 0 )
1/ 2

.
) (. )(.
. ) (.
.yn .

 " "

. .
.

) .(. ) .(Chow, 1959

A Pw R T D

0 < x <= 1 .x = 4y/T x > 1 :

)) P = (T / 2)( 1 + x 2 + 1 / x ln(x + 1 + z 2


. . .
. . .
. ) (.
.
.

) .(.
]. )[(U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 74

) (.
.

.
 " "

.
. > Fn .
) .(Bosetal, 1989



.

.
.

)(.
./ n
. ./ .
)( ) (.
.
)(
).(.

) (. . = Q/ ) /(.
b = 4.4ft = 1.34m

Q
SF = A (R h )2 / 3 = n
(S o )
1/ 2

1 .7 m 3 / s
A (R h )2 / 3 = 0.015
(0.002m / )1 / 2
A(R h )2 / 3 = 0.5702

) (.
2/3

) A (R h 2/3

= (b + zy )y
(b + zy )y
1/ 2
b + 2 y 1 + z 2 ( )
: 1.34 2.0 = z = b
[A(R )h
2/3
] 3/ 2
[
= 1.34 y + 2 y 2 ] 3/ 2 1.34 y + 2 y 2
1.34 + 4.472 y

] (0.5702)3 / 2 [1.34 + 4.472y] = [1.34y + 2y 2

5/ 2

0.5770 + 1.9255y = 1.34 y + 2 y 2 [ ]5/ 2

[
f (y ) = 0 = 1.34 y + 2 y ]
2 5/ 2
1.9255y 0.5770

y n = 0.507 m

A = (b + zy )y = 1.34 m(0.507 m ) + 2(0.507 m )2
A = 1.1935 m 2
Q 1.7 m 3 / s
= v avg = = 1.424 m / s
A 1.1935 m 2
v avg > 0.6 m / s min imum

v avg
= FN 1/ 2
A
g
T
 " "

) T = b + 2z (y
) T = 1.34 m + 2(2 )(0.507 m
T = 3.368
1.424 m / s
= FN 1/ 2
1.1935 m 2
9.81m / s 2
3.368 m

FN = 0.764 < 0.8 max imum

f ) (. . = Q / )
/(
f = 0.6ft = 0.182m
:
dT = yn + f
d T = 0.507 m + 0.182 m = 0.689m

. )(. .
.

.
) (Chow, 1959
) (Henderson, 1966).(French, 1985

.


) .(.
.

.
).(.


.

. n
.
SF :
)(. ) SFv = (R h
nv
2/3
=
) (S 01/ 2
 " "

) .(. ) (v
) ( ) *.
(

v V

/ / / / / / / / n


. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

) (. .


)(.
.
. .
/ ./ .
:
) (.
n = 0.020
v max = 0.61m / s

) (.:
nv max
= SFv ) = (R h
2/3

(S0 )1 / 2
) 0.020(0.61m / s
= SFv
(0.002 m / m )1 / 2
SFv = 0.2728

) (.
= Rh
(b + zy)y
(
b + 2y 1 + z 2 )1/ 2

= Rh
(0.60 + 2 y )y
0.60 + 2 y(5)1 / 2
0.60 y + 2 y 2
= Rh
0.60 + 4.4721y
R h = (SFv )3 / 2 = (0.2728)3 / 2
R h = 0.1425
0.1425(0.60 + 4.4721y ) = 0.60 y + 2 y 2
:
0 = 2(y n )2 0.0372y n 0.0855

yn
 " "

= yn
[
)+ 0.0372 (0.0372)2 + 4(2 )(0.0855 ] 1/ 2

) 2(2

y n = 0.2163 m

)(.
A = (b + zy )y = [0.60 + 2(0.2163)]0.2163
A = 0.2233 m 2

Qmax
Q max = v max A
( )
Q max = 0.61m / s 0.2233 m 2 = 0.136 m 3 / s

.
.

.
).(Chow, 1959

vRh
.

) .(Chow, 1959 ) (.
.
) (.
. ) .(.


) .(. ) . (US-SCS,1954



/ / / /
. . -
. . -
. . >
. . -
. . -
. . >
. . -
. . -

. . . . -

. . . . -

: .. ./ ) /(
.
 " "

.



.
.

.

.

.


. ) (.
) .(.

.

.
. ) (.
.


) .(. .

) . (

) .(. ] . )[ (Aisenbery et al. 1974,

 " "

.
.
.

.

.
) .(.
. ./ ) /( .

.
./ ) ./(.

.
.

- .

.

.
.
/ ) ./( .
.


) .(. .

) .(.
.
 " "

.

).(Aisenbrey et al., 1974

. ) ( .

. ) ( .

.

).(Aisenbrey et al., 1974

.

./ ) ./( .
.
./ ) ./( .
) (
./ ) /( ./ ) /(.
) (.
.
.


.

) .(Aisenbrey et at.,1974

.

) .(.

) (
Qmax W Qmax W Qmax W

) /( )( )/( )( )/( )(
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. .
. .
 " "

).( ) Q = 1.3424(h 2.48

:
= Q /.
= h .

).( Q = 2.49(h )2.48

:
= Q /.
= h V.

).( ) Q = 1.838W (h
1.5

:
= W .
= h .
:
).( Q = 3.33W (h )1.5

:
= W .
= h .

).( Q = 1.838(W 0.2h )(h )1.5


SI
).( Q = 3.33(W 0.2h )(h )1.5

) (
).( Q = 1.859W(h )1.5

SI
).( Q = 3.367 W(h )1.5

)(.
./ ) ./(
.

.
:
)(.
Q = 1.859W(h )1.5

)(.
W = 1.83 m
1.560 m 3 / s
= (h )1.5
) 1.859(1.83 m
h = 0.595 m

:
h c 2(h ) 1.190 m

:
d 1 h c 1.190 m
 " "

: h
d h 4(h ) 2.380 m

.
.

.
.
.
) .(.
) .( Aisenbrey, 1974

.
./ ).
/( / ) /( .
./ ) ./( ./
) ./( .

.


) :(. .

)(.
) .(.
. ) . ( . ) . ( .

.


) (. .
.
.
Ha ) (. .

. Ha Hb
.
 " "

) .(. ] .).[(Aisenbery, 1974

) .(.
.

) .(. ) (W

Y X N K G F E D C B A W

. / /
. .
./ / .
. SI
. . / - - - - / - / - - / -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . / - - - - - - - / -
/
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . - - - - / - - / - -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . - - - - / - - / - - .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . - - - - - - / - -
/
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . - - - - / - - - -
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . - - - - / - - / - -
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . - - - - / - - - -
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . - - - - - - / - -
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
 " "

. Ha / Hb
. ) .(
)(. Hb
0.6
Ha

. ) .(

Hb
)(. 0.7
Ha

:
Hb
)(. 0.95
Ha

.
.
) ( French, 1985
) (Kraatz and Mahajan, 1975 ) .(Aisenbery et al., 1974
.

. ) . ( :
)(. Q = 0.3812[H a ]1.58

:
= Q /.
= Ha ) ) (..
. ) . ( :


)(. ] Q = 0.5354[H a
1.53

.
. ) .( . ) .(
:
) 1.569 (W
)(. ]) Q = 0.3716(W )[3.2801(H a
0.026

:
= W .
.
) (.
Ha

.SI
.

)(.
./ ).
/( .
.
. .

)(.
W = 1.83 m

F = 0.61 m

 " "

B = 2.094 m

G = 0.915 m
) (. :
W = 1.83 m
:
)Q = 0.3716(1.83)[3.2801(H a )]1.569(1.83
0.026

Q = 0.6800[3.2801(H a )]1.5946
1 / 1.5946
2.70
0.6800 ) = 3.2801(H a

H a = (0.3048)2.3744

H a = 0.724 m

) H b max = 0.95(H a

H b max = 0.688 m

.
) (Kraatz and Mahajan, 1975
) .(Bos et al., 1985 ) Bos et al.,

(1985
.

) (.
.


) .(.
. .

.
.
]

) (Aisenbrey et al. 1974
) .(Henderson 1966

.
 " "

.

.
)(.
./
./ ) ./( .
./ .
) (. . ) .( .
.
. ) (.

:
Z T = (S t S0 )L

:
= St .
= L.
. ) = ZT/ ./ ( . .
. = ZT.
:
Z t 64.36 m
= Ns =
z 1.829 m

Ns = 36
./.


) .(.

) .(Henderson, 1966
.
:
1.275
y1 y
)(. = 0.54 c
z z

:
= yc .
) (. :
0.275
y
)(. y1
= 0.54 c
yc z

:
0.81
y
)(. y2
= 1.66 c
z z
0.09
y
)(. Ld
= 4.30 c
z z
)(. ] L j = 6.9[y 2 y1

)(.

) .(. .

:
 " "

) .(. .

1/ 3
q2
yc =
g

([ ) ]
1/ 3
2.265 m 3 / s / 3.048 m 2
yc =
9.81m/s 2

y c = 0.383m

) (. ) (. :
0.275
y
y1 = 0.54 c yc
z
0.54(y c )1.275
= y1
(z )0.275
y1 = 0.1347 m
0.81
y
y 2 = 1.66 c z
z
y 2 = 1.66(y c )0.81 (z )0.19
y 2 = 0.856 m
0.09
y
L d = 4.30 c z
z


L d = 4.30(y c ) (z )0.91
0.09

L d = 6.832 m
L j = 6.9(y 2 y1 ) = 4.977m
L T = L d + L j = 11.81m

Aisenbrey et al. )

. .(1974

REFERENCES

AISENBREY, A. J., Jr., R. B. HAYES, H. J. WARREN, D. L. WINSE7r, and R. B.

YOUNG, Design of Small Canal Structures. Denver, Colorado: U.S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 1974.

BAKHMETEFF, B. A., 0 Neravnomernom Dvizhenii Zhidkosti v Otkrytom Rusle

(Varied Flow in Open Channels). St. Petersburg, Russia: 1912.

BAKHMETEFF, B. A., Hydraulics of Open Channels. New York: McGraw-Hill,

Inc., 1932.

BAZIN, H., "Etude d'une Nouvelle Formule Pour Calculer le Debit des Canaux
Decouverts" ("Study of a New Formula to Calculate the Discharge of Open
Channels"), Memoire no. 41, Annales de Ponts et Chaussees, vol. 14, Serie 7,
4me Trimestre, 1897, pp. 20-70.

BOS, M. G., J. A. REPLOGLE, and A. J. CLEMMENS, Flow Measuring Flumes

for Open Channel Systems. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1984.

CHEZY, A., "Report on Hydraulic Experiments Made on the Courpalet Canal,

River Seine, Paris," 1769. Referenced in V. T. Chow, 1959.

CHow, V. T., Open-Channel Hydraulics. New York: McGraw-Hill Co., 1959.

FRENCH, R. H., Open-Channel Hydraulics. New York: McGraw-Hill Co., 1985.

 " "

GANGUILLET, E. and W. R. KUTTER, "Versuch zur Aufstellung einer neuen

Allegemeinen Formel fur die Gleighformige Bewegung des Wassers in Canalan
und Flussen" ("An Investigation to Establish a New General Formula for
Uniform Flow of Water in Canals and Rivers"), Zeitschrift des Oesterreichischen
Ingenieur- und Architekten Vereines, vol. 21, no. 1, Vienna, 1869, pp. 6-25; no.
2-3, Vienna, 1869, pp. 46-59.

HENDERSON, F. M., Open Channel Flow. New York: Maemillan Co., 1966.

KRAATZ, D. B. and 1. K. MAHAJAN, Small Hydraulic Structures. Rome: Food

and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Irrigation and Drainage
Paper no. 26, vol. 1 and vol. 2, 1975.

MANNING, R., "On the Flow of Water in Open Channels and Pipes," paper read at
meeting of Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland, Transactions, Institution of
Civil Engineers of Ireland, vol. 20, Dublin, 1889, pp. 161-207.

MOTT, R. L., Applied Fluid Mechanics. Columbus, Ohio: Merrill Publishing Co.,
1982.
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, "Linings for Irrigation Canals," 1952.

U.S. Soil Conservation Service, "Handbook of Channel Design for Soil and Water
Conserva tion," SCS-TP-61, Stillwater Outdoor Hydraulic Laboratory, 1954.

. . / -.
) (
.
)(
.
.


-. ) (.
.
) (
.
) (
. .
.

-.
. . . ..
/.

-. ./ . .
. .

.

-.
. . ./.

-. .
./ .
./ .
/ .
 " "

-. / .
. ./
:
) ( ..
)( .
..
) ( ..

-. .
.. ./
./ .

.

-. . /
. .

.

-.
. .


./ .
. .
.

-.
.. ./.

.
.
.
./.

-. ./ .


.

-.
./ /
.
) ( .
)( .
.
 " "

.
:
) ( /.
)( .
)( /.
)( .
)) .
)( .
.
.
.
.
.
:
) ( .
)( .
)( .
)( /.
)) .

:

./. = Q


. = n

: = Z =
./. = S0

.. = b =

./. = S0

. = b. . =Q/

.
BASIC .

. .
) (
.
.
.
.
)( .

.
.
 " "

10 REM ---------------------------------------------------
20 REM
30 REM --- PROGRAM TO COMPUTE DIMENSIONS OF NONERODIBLE
40 REM--- TRAPEZIONAL CHANNEL
---
50 REM
60 REM Richard H. Cuenca Winter 1985
70 REM
80 REM --------------------------------------------------------
90 REM
100 CLS
110 INPUT CHANNEL DISTANCE (m 3/S ) = ; Q
120 INPUT MANNINGS ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT = *; N
130 INPUT CHANNEL BOTTOM SLOPE (m/m) =; S
140 INPUT SIDE-SLOPE RATIO = ; Z
150 REM -- COMPUTE SECTION FACTOR --
160 REM
170 SECFAC = N = Q/S^ .5
180 INPUT BOTTOM WIDTH (m) = ; B
190 REM
200 REM -- GENERAL FORM OF NEWTONS METHOD --
210 REM
220 DIM Y (15)
230 INPUT INITIAL ESTIMATE OF DEPTH (m) = ; Y(1)
240 FOR I = 2 TO 10
250 F = (( B + Z = Y(I-1)) * Y(I-1))^2.5 (SECFAC)^1.5 * (B + 2! * Y(I-1) * ( 1!
+ Z^2!) ^.5)
260 FF = 2.5 * ((B + Z * Y(I-1)) * Y(I-1))^1.5 * (B +2! * Z * Y(I-1) )
(SECFAC)^1.5 * (2! * (1! + Z^2!)^.5)
270 Y(I) = Y(I-1) F/FF
280 DY = ABS(Y(I) Y(I-1))
290 IF DY < .001 THEN 310
300 NEXT I
310 ILAST = I 1
320 FOR I = 1 TO ILAST
330 PRINT
340 PRINT USING ## ###.### ###.### ; I, Y(I), Y(I+1)
350 NEXT I
360 STOP
370 YF = Y (ILAST + 1)
380 A = (B + Z * YF ) * YF
390 T = B + 2! * Z * YF
400 VAVG = Q/A
410 FR = VAVG / (9.80665 * A/T)^ .5

420 REM
430 REM -- PRINT OUT RESULTS --
440 REM
450 PRINT DISCHARGE (m^3/S) = ; Q
460 PRINT MANNINGS ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT = ; N
470 PRINT CHANNEL BOTTOM SLOPE (m/m) = ; S
480 PRINT SIDE-SLOPE RATIO = ; Z
490 PRINT CHANNEL BOTTOM WIDTH (m) = ; B
500 PRINT FLOW DEPTH (m) = ; YF
510 PRINT FLOW AREA (m^2) = ; A
520 PRINT TOP WIDTH (m) = ; T
530 PRINT AVERAGE VELOCITY (m/s) = ; VAVG
540 PRINT FROUDE NUMBER = ; FR
550 END