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Thermodynamic Cheat Sheet
Thermodynamic Cheat Sheet
Thermodynamic Cheat Sheet
Anthony Rey
ENGR251 Thermodynamics I - Summer 2016
August 5, 2016
p2 p1 = g (z2 z1 ) (1)
Temperature scales:
T [K] = T [ C] + 273.15 (2)
9
T [ F ] = T [ F ] + 32 (3)
5
T [R] = T [ F ] + 459.67 (4)
T [K] = T [ C] and T [R] = T [ F ] (5)
Density and specific volume:
V m 1
= and = = (6)
m V
Specific gravity:
SG = (7)
water
Electrical work:
We = V It (14)
1
Chapter 3 - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
Mass, mole, and molar mass:
m
n= (15)
M
Ideal gas law:
pV = nRT and pV = mRx T and p = Rx T (16)
Quality (only for mixture liquid-vapor) where 0 means saturated liquid and 1 means saturated vapor:
mvapor mvapor f f
x= = = = (17)
mtotal mliquid + mvapor g f fg
u uf h hf s sf
x= = = (18)
ug uf hg hf sg sf
H
H U + pV and h = = u + p (19)
m
dh = du + d(p) = du + pd + dp (20)
For solids or liquids = incompressible p = 0 and 0, so dh du
E = U + KE + P E = Q W and E = U + KE
+ PE = Q W
(22)
First law implies NET heat and work transfers:
W = Wother + Wb (23)
H + KE + P E = Q Wother (24)
Wb = p (V2 V1 ) (25)
Polytropic (k is a constant):
pV = k (26)
For n 6= 1:
1
Wb = [p2 V2 p1 Vv1 ] (27)
1
For n = 1:
V2
Wb = p1 V1 ln (28)
V1
Polytropic for ideal gases:
2
Isothermal processes (T = 0) for ideal gases:
V2
Wb = nRT ln (31)
V1
Specific heat capacity
Q u h
c= and cv = and cp = (32)
dT T v T p
Remember that Q and W are the NET heat and work transfers, so you will often have:
2 2
X vout
X vin
m steady hout + + gzout + Qout + Wout = m steady hin + + gzin + Q in + W
in (44)
2 2
Mass and volume flow rates:
V = A v (45)
= A v = V
m (46)
3
Chapter 6 - THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Reversible cycle (Carnot cycle - maximum achievable):
QH TH
= (47)
QL rev TL
Thermal efficiency (heat engine):
desired W W QL TL
th = = = =1 1 (48)
required QH
QH QH TH
desired QH Q H QH TH
COPHP = = = = (49)
required W W QH QL TH TL
Coefficient of performance of refrigerators (COPR ):
desired QL Q L QL TL
COPR = = = = (50)
required W W QH QL TH TL
Chapter 7 - ENTROPY
Entropy:
Q
dS = (51)
Tsource rev
Inequality of Clausius: I
Q
0 (52)
Tsource
Increase of entropy principle:
Sgen 0 (53)
Stotal = Ssystem + Ssurroundings 0 (54)
Insulated system (increase entropy):
Sinsulated 0 (55)
Second law (closed systems):
Z
Q
S = S2 S1 = m (s2 s1 ) = + Sgen (56)
T
Ideal gases:
T2 V2
S = S2 S1 = cv ln Rx ln (57)
T1 V1
T2 p2
S = S2 S1 = cp ln Rx ln (58)
T1 p1
Second law (open systems / control volumes):
dSsystem X Qk X X
= + Sgen + in sin
m out sout + S gen
m (59)
dt Tk in out
k
4
Chapter 9 - GAS POWER CYCLES
5
Figure 4: Diesel cycles (diesel combustion engine) [2]
References
[1] UMassAmherest. (2016) UMassAmherest - College of Engineering. [Online]. Available: http:
//www.ecs.umass.edu/mie/faculty/rothstein/230pdf/fe thermodynamics reference handbook1.pdf
[2] Wikipedia. (2016) Diesel cycle. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel cycle