Appendix 1

Surface: Table

Reading (s) t (s) v (m/s)

Reading (s) 10-7 * 2 x 10-7 2.5 x 10-3
10-7 * t (s) v (m/s) v (m/s) v/t (m/s2)
LG 1 LG 2 2 x 10 -7
2.5 x 10-3 LG 2 LG 3 2.5 x 10 -3
2.5 x 10-3 v/tg

4.24975 4.24975 4.53155

T1 3.977854 6 0.271902 0.735559 6 4 0.281798 0.709728 -0.02583 -0.095 -0.00968
5.23546 5.23546 5.50265
T2 4.975774 5 0.259691 0.770146 5 3 0.267188 0.748537 -0.02161 -0.08321 -0.00848
4.65275 4.65275 4.91464
T3 4.397675 6 0.255081 0.784065 6 4 0.261888 0.763685 -0.02038 -0.07989 -0.00814
4.42839 4.42839 4.69815
T4 4.166717 4 0.261677 0.764301 4 6 0.269762 0.741394 -0.02291 -0.08754 -0.00892
4.02265 4.02265 4.29089
T5 3.76301 9 0.259649 0.770271 9 9 0.26824 0.745601 -0.02467 -0.09501 -0.00969
Avg 0.764868

* The uncertainty is calculated by dividing the resolution of light gate by two. This applied to all calculations.

Appendix 2

1
 Surface: Rough wood

Gate state Reading (s

) t (s) v (m/s) v (m/s) v/t (m/s2)
10-7 * 2 x 10 -7
2.5 x 10-3 2.5 x 10 -3
2.5 x 10-3 v/tg
LG1 (in) 10.979718
T
LG1 (out) 11.081504
1
LG2 (in) 0.27571
11.255431 3 0.725392 -0.0274067 -0.0994031 -0.0101328
LG2 (out) 11.2909
LG3 (in) 0.28653
11.54197 9 0.6979853
LG3 (out) 16.590705
LG1 (in) 5.432116
LG1 (out) 5.466121
T
2 LG2 (in) 0.27560
5.707721 5 0.7256762 -0.0253324 -0.0919155 -0.0093696
LG2 (out) 5.74229
LG3 (in) 0.28557
5.993295 4 0.7003439
LG3 (out) 6.028454
LG1 (in) 8.872855
LG1 (out) 8.90756
T
LG2 (in) 0.27710
3
9.149956 1 0.7217585 -0.0327448 -0.1181692 -0.0120458
LG2 (out) 9.185113
LG3 (in) 9.440226 0.29027 0.6890137
LG3 (out) 9.475858
LG1 (in) 7.280096
T LG1 (out) 7.31367
4 LG2 (in) 0.26760
7.547698 2 0.7473786 -0.0319814 -0.1195112 -0.0121826
LG2 (out) 7.581625

2
 LG3 (in) 0.27956
7.827263 5 0.7153971
LG3 (out) 7.861411
LG1 (in) 6.35228
LG1 (out) 6.386686
T
5 LG2 (in) 0.27389
6.626172 2 0.7302148 -0.0313711 -0.1145381 -0.0116756
LG2 (out) 6.660927
LG3 (in) 0.28618
6.912359 7 0.6988438
LG3 (out) 6.947284

Appendix 3

Surface: Rough Surface

Gate state Reading (s) t (s) v (m/s) v (m/s) v/t (m/s2)

10-7 * 2 x 10 -7
2.5 x 10-3 2.5 x 10 -3
2.5 x 10-3 v/tg

LG1 (in) 0.000000

LG1 (out) 0.034931

T
1 LG2 (in) 0.28132 0.28132 0.7109342 -0.061324 -0.21799 -0.02222
LG2 (out) 0.317555
LG3 (in) 0.589197 0.30788 0.6496101
LG3 (out) 0.626843
LG1 (in) 0.000000
T

3
2
LG1 (out) 0.033899
LG2 (in) 0.271462 0.27146 0.7367514 -0.055135 -0.2031 -0.0207
LG2 (out) 0.306144
LG3 (in) 0.564882 0.29342 0.6816168
LG3 (out) 0.600491
LG1 (in) 0.000000
LG1 (out) 0.033522
T LG2 (in) 0.268023 0.26802 0.746213 -0.058911 -0.2198 -0.02241
3 LG2 (out) 0.30334
LG3 (in) 0.559016 0.29099 0.6873018
LG3 (out) 0.594351

T LG1 (in) 0.000000

4
LG1 (out) 0.035228
LG2 (in) 0.284314 0.28431 0.7034575 -0.052761 -0.18558 -0.01892
LG2 (out) 0.320776
LG3 (in) 0.591677 0.30736 0.6506964
LG3 (out) 0.629412
LG1 (in) 0.000000
LG1 (out) 0.034576
T LG2 (in) 0.27781 0.27781 0.7199165 -0.046747 -0.16827 -0.01715
5 LG2 (out) 0.313854
LG3 (in) 0.574912 0.2971 0.6731695
LG3 (out) 0.611181

Appendix 4

4
 Surface: Smooth Wood

Reading (s) t (s) v (m/s) v (m/s) v/t (m/s2)

Gate state
10-7 * 2 x 10-7 2.5 x 10-3 2.5 x 10-3 2.5 x 10-3 v/tg
T1 LG1 (in) 6.421732
LG1 (out) 6.452776
LG2 (in) 6.671775 0.250043 0.799862 -0.03708 -0.14829 -0.01512
LG2 (out) 6.703337
LG3 (in) 6.933973 0.262198 0.762782
LG3 (out) 6.965201
T2 LG1 (in) 10.793598
LG1 (out) 10.824271
LG2 (in) 11.040574 0.246976 0.809795 -0.05036 -0.20389 -0.02078
LG2 (out) 11.07174
LG3 (in) 11.303926 0.263352 0.75944
LG3 (out) 11.334769
T3 LG1 (in) 6.441701
LG1 (out) 6.472749
LG2 (in) 6.69159 0.249889 0.800355 -0.0473 -0.18926 -0.01929
LG2 (out) 6.723102
LG3 (in) 6.957173 0.265583 0.75306
LG3 (out) 6.988145
T4 LG1 (in) 6.534878
LG1 (out) 6.565788
LG2 (in) 6.783191 0.248313 0.805435 -0.0473 -0.19049 -0.01942
LG2 (out) 6.814578
LG3 (in) 7.046997 0.263806 0.758133
LG3 (out) 7.078079
T5 LG1 (in) 6.135815
LG1 (out) 6.166735
LG2 (in) 6.384053 0.248238 0.805678 -0.04963 -0.19991 -0.02038

5
 LG2 (out) 6.41549
LG3 (in) 6.648585 0.264532 0.756052
LG3 (out) 6.679927

Appendix 5

Surface: Smooth Surface

Gate state Reading (s) t (s) v (m/s) v (m/s) v/t (m/s2)

10-7 * 2 x 10 -7
2.5 x 10-3 2.5 x 10 -3
2.5 x 10-3 v/tg
T1 LG1 (in) 4.410576
LG1 (out) 4.442195
LG2 (in) 4.665472 0.254896 0.784634 -0.00888 -0.03484 -0.00355
LG2 (out) 4.697111
LG3 (in) 4.923286 0.257814 0.775753
LG3 (out) 4.95477
T2 LG1 (in) 3.888777
LG1 (out) 3.920873
LG2 (in) 4.147462 0.258685 0.773141 -0.0123 -0.04755 -0.00485
LG2 (out) 4.179814
LG3 (in) 4.410329 0.262867 0.760841
LG3 (out) 4.442816
T3 LG1 (in) 6.277461
LG1 (out) 6.309947
LG2 (in) 6.539773 0.262312 0.762451 -0.01379 -0.05257 -0.00536

6
 LG2 (out) 6.572401
LG3 (in) 6.806917 0.267144 0.74866
LG3 (out) 6.8396
T4 LG1 (in) 4.086367
LG1 (out) 4.118861
LG2 (in) 4.348554 0.262187 0.762814 -0.01058 -0.04036 -0.00411
LG2 (out) 4.381148
LG3 (in) 4.614429 0.265875 0.752233
LG3 (out) 4.646781
T5 LG1 (in) 5.187382
LG1 (out) 5.221401
LG2 (in) 5.462304 0.274922 0.727479 -0.00927 -0.03371 -0.00344
LG2 (out) 5.496443
LG3 (in) 5.740773 0.278469 0.718213
LG3 (out) 5.774797

Note :

The first calculation of t is the time taken for the bearing to move from light gate 1 to light gate 2. The second

calculation represents the time taken for the bearing to move from light gate 2 to light gate 3.
The first calculation of v is the velocity of the bearing when it moves from light gate 1 to light gate 2. The second

calculation represents the velocity of the bearing when it moves from light gate 2 to light gate 3.

7
Appendix 6

8
Surface: Table

Readings (s) t (s)

v (m/s)
Gate State -7
10 2 x10-7 Ratio
T1 LG1 (out) 12.82042
LG2 (in) 12.83036 0.042941 0.815072
LG2 (out) 12.86329
LG31 (in) 12.91274
LG31 (out) 12.9544
LG41 (in) 12.96514 0.052408 0.667837
LG41 (out) 13.01401
LG32 (in) 13.18403
LG32 (out) 13.30344
LG42 (in) 13.33101 0.146987 0.238116 2.804667
LG42 (out) 13.44851
T2 LG1 (in) 13.55674
LG1 (out) 13.59023
LG2 (in) 13.60484 0.048095 0.727726
LG2 (out) 13.63818
LG31 (in) 13.6918
LG31 (out) 13.73821
LG41 (in) 13.75994 0.068137 0.513671
LG41 (out) 13.81524
LG32 (in) 13.89623
LG32 (out) 14.04811
LG42 (in) 14.10679 0.210564 0.16622 3.090303
LG42 (out) 14.25408
T3 LG1 (in) 10.18157
LG1 (out) 10.2152
LG2 (in) 10.23151 0.049935 0.700911
LG2 (out) 10.28218

9
 LG31 (in) 10.32168
LG31 (out) 10.37001
LG41 (in) 10.39026 0.06858 0.510353
LG41 (out) 10.44692
LG32 (in) 10.55224
LG32 (out) 10.70976
LG42 (in) 10.77274 0.220496 0.158733 3.215165
LG42 (out) 10.92415
T4 LG1 (in) 6.717868
LG1 (out) 6.751071
LG2 (in) 6.767295 0.049427 0.708115
LG2 (out) 6.800482
LG31 (in) 6.840418
LG31 (out) 6.879723
LG41 (in) 6.893564 0.053146 0.658563
LG41 (out) 6.940585
LG32 (in) 7.174
LG32 (out) 7.313797
LG42 (in) 7.371329 0.197329 0.177369 3.712961
LG42 (out) 7.551107
T5 LG1 (in) 16.07368
LG1 (out) 16.10667
LG2 (in) 16.12293 0.049252 0.710631
LG2 (out) 16.16554
LG31 (in) 16.22249
LG31 (out) 16.27396
LG41 (in) 16.29072 0.068231 0.512963
LG41 (out) 16.34881
LG32 (in) 16.43155
LG32 (out) 16.58929
LG42 (in) 16.63493 0.203383 0.172089 2.980801

10
 LG42 (out) 16.78825

Appendix 7

Surface: Rough wood

Gate State Readings (s) t* (s) v* (m/s) Ratio

T1 LG1 (in) 7.021644
LG1 (out) 7.052365
LG2 (in) 7.062881 0.041237 0.848752
LG2 (out) 7.094089
LG31* (in) 7.142763

11
 LG31* (out) 7.183235
LG41* (in) 7.198711 0.055948 0.625581
LG41* (out) 7.245728
LG32* (in) 7.33172
LG32* (out) 7.435259
LG42* (in) 7.480627 0.148907 0.235046 2.661525
LG42* (out) 7.590619
T2 LG1 (in) 12.342474
LG1 (out) 12.373553
LG2 (in) 12.384241 0.041767 0.837982
LG2 (out) 12.415567
LG31 (in) 12.459241
LG31 (out) 12.499387
LG41 (in) 12.514951 0.05571 0.628253
LG41 (out) 12.562187
LG32 (in) 12.641711
LG32 (out) 12.738867
LG42 (in) 12.777819 0.136108 0.257149 2.443152
LG42 (out) 12.874803
T3 LG1 (in) 9.784657
LG1 (out) 9.816016
LG2 (in) 9.826698 0.042041 0.832521
LG2 (out) 9.858269
LG31 (in) 9.902822
LG31 (out) 9.940811
LG41 (in) 9.956324 0.053502 0.654181
LG41 (out) 9.999102
LG32 (in) 10.08802
LG32 (out) 10.203863
LG42 (in) 10.245035 0.157015 0.222909 2.93475

12
 LG42 (out) 10.365502
T4 LG1 (in) 13.929317
LG1 (out) 13.959848
LG2 (in) 13.969396 0.040079 0.873275
LG2 (out) 14.000209
LG31 (in) 14.052702
LG31 (out) 14.091275
LG41 (in) 14.110299 0.057597 0.607671
LG41 (out) 14.154342
LG32 (in) 14.254171
LG32 (out) 14.357079
LG42 (in) 14.403768 0.149597 0.233962 2.597305
LG42 (out) 14.512213
T5 LG1 (in) 15.528654
LG1 (out) 15.561317
LG2 (in) 15.571405 0.042751 0.818694
LG2 (out) 15.604327
LG31 (in) 15.653996
LG31 (out) 15.696425
LG41 (in) 15.721567 0.067571 0.517974
LG41 (out) 15.774576
LG32 (in) 15.860739
LG32 (out) 15.965843
LG42 (in) 16.01781 0.157071 0.222829 2.324533
LG42 (out) 16.121552

13
Appendix 8

Surface: Rough Surface

Gate State Readings (s) t* (s) v* (m/s) Ratio

T1 LG1 (in) 8.515797
LG1 (out) 8.54872
LG2 (in) 8.558807 0.04301 0.813764
LG2 (out) 8.591398
LG31 (in) 8.640287
LG31 (out) 8.689091
LG41 (in) 8.705942 0.065655 0.53309
LG41 (out) 8.763448
LG32 (in) 8.846591
LG32 (out) 8.96052
LG42 (in) 8.996562 0.149971 0.233378 2.284228

14
 LG42 (out) 9.121533
T2 LG1 (in) 9.000178
LG1 (out) 9.034614
LG2 (in) 9.045135 0.044957 0.778522
LG2 (out) 9.112021
LG31 (in) 9.13656
LG31 (out) 9.194045
LG41 (in) 9.211624 0.075064 0.466269
LG41 (out) 9.271271
LG32 (in) 9.376259
LG32 (out) 9.504471
LG42 (in) 9.547983 0.171724 0.203815 2.287701
LG42 (out) 9.701923
T3 LG1 (in) 5.308008
LG1 (out) 5.3398
LG2 (in) 5.349524 0.041516 0.843048
LG2 (out) 5.390989
LG31 (in) 5.431965
LG31 (out) 5.483125
LG41 (in) 5.49963 0.067665 0.517254
LG41 (out) 5.555566
LG32 (in) 5.649587
LG32 (out) 5.765772
LG42 (in) 5.803366 0.153779 0.227599 2.272652
LG42 (out) 5.933687
T4 LG1 (in) 16.21276
LG1 (out) 16.24563
LG2 (in) 16.25775 0.04499 0.777951
LG2 (out) 16.291
LG31 (in) 16.34404
LG31 (out) 16.39064

15
 LG41 (in) 16.40962 0.06558 0.533699
LG41 (out) 16.46684
LG32 (in) 16.53276
LG32 (out) 16.64778
LG42 (in) 16.68712 0.154363 0.226738 2.353812
LG42 (out) 16.80173
T5 LG1 (in) 9.400149
LG1 (out) 9.431975
LG2 (in) 9.443135 0.042986 0.814219
LG2 (out) 9.512737
LG31 (in) 9.536795
LG31 (out) 9.587018
LG41 (in) 9.601711 0.064916 0.539158
LG41 (out) 9.651316
LG32 (in) 9.856638
LG32 (out) 9.988297
LG42 (in) 10.02774 0.171097 0.204562 2.635668
LG42 (out) 10.15945

16
Appendix 9

Surface: Smooth Wood

Gate State Readings (s) t* (s) v* (m/s) Ratio

T1 LG1 (in) 11.76713
LG1 (out) 11.79937
LG2 (in) 11.81197 0.044848 0.780414
LG2 (out) 11.84494
LG31 (in) 11.89325
LG31 (out) 11.94635
LG41 (in) 11.96998 0.076735 0.456115
LG41 (out) 12.02889
LG32 (in) 12.09386
LG32 (out) 12.19922
LG42 (in) 12.24115 0.147286 0.237633 1.919411
LG42 (out) 12.3562
T2 LG1 (in) 13.0102
LG1 (out) 13.04089
LG2 (in) 13.05289 0.042693 0.819807
LG2 (out) 13.08404
LG31 (in) 13.12969
LG31 (out) 13.17893
LG41 (in) 13.19532 0.065622 0.533358

17
 LG41 (out) 13.25322
LG32 (in) 13.28703
LG32 (out) 13.37939
LG42 (in) 13.40568 0.118646 0.294995 1.808022
LG42 (out) 13.49985
T3 LG1 (in) 9.18464
LG1 (out) 9.214983
LG2 (in) 9.227778 0.043138 0.81135
LG2 (out) 9.309616
LG31 (in) 9.32151
LG31 (out) 9.374979
LG41 (in) 9.39074 0.06923 0.505561
LG41 (out) 9.444501
LG32 (in) 9.540744
LG32 (out) 9.64377
LG42 (in) 9.673348 0.132604 0.263944 1.915412
LG42 (out) 9.778766
T4 LG1 (in) 8.679687
LG1 (out) 8.711045
LG2 (in) 8.723899 0.044212 0.79164
LG2 (out) 8.756559
LG31 (in) 8.81697
LG31 (out) 8.86734
LG41 (in) 8.880326 0.063356 0.552434
LG41 (out) 8.934146
LG32 (in) 9.021547
LG32 (out) 9.137597
LG42 (in) 9.164706 0.143159 0.244483 2.259597
LG42 (out) 9.293186
T5 LG1 (in) 10.46221

18
LG1 (out) 10.49306
LG2 (in) 10.50602 0.043814 0.798831
LG2 (out) 10.5384
LG31 (in) 10.59351
LG31 (out) 10.64419
LG41 (in) 10.66176 0.068242 0.512881
LG41 (out) 10.71712
LG32 (in) 10.79802
LG32 (out) 10.90212
LG42 (in) 10.94294 0.144924 0.241506 2.123678
LG42 (out) 11.05226

19
Appendix 10

Surface: Smooth Surface

Gate State Readings (s) t* (s) v* (m/s) Ratio

T1 LG1 (out) 13.08684
LG2 (in) 13.10224 0.04762 0.734985
LG2 (out) 13.13479
LG31 (in) 13.19507
LG31 (out) 13.25075
LG41 (in) 13.27148 0.076414 0.458031
LG41 (out) 13.33691
LG32 (in) 13.34555
LG32 (out) 13.48793
LG42 (in) 13.54062 0.195066 0.179426 2.552752
LG42 (out) 13.68302
T2 LG1 (in) 5.46019
LG1 (out) 5.491735
LG2 (in) 5.505835 0.045645 0.766787
LG2 (out) 5.555799
LG31 (in) 5.58447
LG31 (out) 5.626564
LG41 (in) 5.646816 0.062346 0.561383
LG41 (out) 5.695359
LG32 (in) 5.863562
LG32 (out) 5.986188
LG42 (in) 6.039564 0.176002 0.198861 2.822988
LG42 (out) 6.162483
T3 LG1 (in) 15.06741
LG1 (out) 15.09936
LG2 (in) 15.11345 0.04604 0.760209

20
 LG2 (out) 15.14524
LG31 (in) 15.18647
LG31 (out) 15.23135
LG41 (in) 15.25093 0.064461 0.542964
LG41 (out) 15.30397
LG32 (in) 15.36627
LG32 (out) 15.46174
LG42 (in) 15.49957 0.133303 0.26256 2.067964
LG42 (out) 15.59567
T4 LG1 (in) 10.97316
LG1 (out) 11.00585
LG2 (in) 11.02099 0.047834 0.731697
LG2 (out) 11.05366
LG31 (in) 11.11039
LG31 (out) 11.16162
LG41 (in) 11.183 0.07261 0.482027
LG41 (out) 11.24501
LG32 (in) 11.28778
LG32 (out) 11.43747
LG42 (in) 11.49625 0.208468 0.167891 2.871065
LG42 (out) 11.6479
T5 LG1 (in) 11.93821
LG1 (out) 11.97052
LG2 (in) 11.98619 0.047983 0.729425
LG2 (out) 12.01901
LG31 (in) 12.07008
LG31 (out) 12.11348
LG41 (in) 12.13081 0.060731 0.576312
LG41 (out) 12.18325
LG32 (in) 12.30569

21
LG32 (out) 12.42957
LG42 (in) 12.4783 0.172606 0.202774 2.84214
LG42 (out) 12.60303

22