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?p2 #bi`+i ivT2 /2}MBiBQMb- +Hbb2b rBi? #Q/vH2bb K2i?Q/b- Q` Qi?2`rBb2 #2 mMbmBi#H2 iQ mb2
/B`2+iHvX "2+mb2 Q7 i?2 rv `2}M2K2Mi Bb /2}M2/- Mv `2}M2K2Mi Q7 " +M #2 mb2/ b72HvX 6Q`
2tKTH2- B7 r2 biì rBi?,
KQ/mH2 AMi2`7+2 &
7mM+iBQM K2i?Q/ //aQK2UM, MiV, Mi
2Mbm`2b //aQK2UMV = M
'
KQ/mH2 JQ/ &
BKTQì b AMi2`7+2
K2i?Q/ KUV &
bb2ì e I4 X//aQK2U8Vc
'
'
i?2M r2 +M #2 KQ`2 T`2+Bb2 B7 r2 FMQr i?i //aQK2 +imHHv //b 2t+iHv QM2X h?2 7QHHQrBM;
KQ/mH2 ?b i?Bb #2?pBQ`X 6mì?2`- i?2 TQbi+QM/BiBQM Bb bi`QM;2`- bQ i?Bb Bb +imHHv `2}M2K2Mi
Q7 i?2 AMi2`7+2 KQ/mH2X
ke
KQ/mH2 AKTH2K2MiiBQM &
2Mbm`2b //aQK2UMV 44 M Y R
&
M Y R
'
'
q2 +M i?2M bm#biBimi2 AKTH2K2MiiBQM 7Q` BM M2r KQ/mH2- #v /2+H`BM; `2}M2K2Mi Q7 JQ/
r?B+? /2}M2b iQ #2 AKTH2K2MiiBQMX
KQ/mH2 JQ/k `27BM2b JQ/ &

BKTQì 4 AKTH2K2MiiBQM
XXX
'
uQm +M HbQ ;Bp2 M BKTH2K2MiiBQM /B`2+iHv- rBi?Qmi BMi`Q/m+BM; `2}M2K2Mi- #v ;BpBM;
/27mHi iQ i?2 #bi`+i BKTQì,
KQ/mH2 AMi2`7+2 &

2Mbm`2b //aQK2UMV = M
'
KQ/mH2 JQ/ &
BKTQì b AMi2`7+2 /27mHi AKTH2K2MiiBQM
K2i?Q/ KUV &
bb2ì e I4 X//aQK2U8Vc
'
'
KQ/mH2 AKTH2K2MiiBQM &
2Mbm`2b //aQK2UMV 44 M Y R
&
M Y R
'
'
KQ/mH2 JQ/k `27BM2b JQ/ &
BKTQì b AMi2`7+2 /27mHi AKTH2K2MiiBQM
XXX
'
kd
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BKTQì 4 "
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bK2 H2p2H,
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7Q`K2/,
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k3
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7B# = n B7 n < 2 i?2M n 2Hb2 7B#(n 2) + 7B#(n 1) URV
83
qBi? i?2 mM/2`biM/BM; i?i i?2 `;mK2Mi n Bb mMBp2`bHHv [mMiB}2/- r2 +M r`Bi2 i?Bb 2[miBQM
2[mBpH2MiHv b
7B#(n) = B7 n < 2 i?2M n 2Hb2 7B#(n 2) + 7B#(n 1) UkV
h?2 7+i i?i i?2 7mM+iBQM #2BM; /2}M2/ Q++m`b QM #Qi? bB/2b Q7 i?2 2[miBQM +mb2b +QM+2`M i?i
r2 KB;?i MQi #2 /2}MBM; i?2 7mM+iBQM T`QT2`Hv- H2/BM; iQ HQ;B+H BM+QMbBbi2M+vX AM ;2M2`H-
i?2`2 +QmH/ #2 KMv bQHmiBQMb iQ M 2[miBQM HBF2 UyV Q` i?2`2 +QmH/ #2 MQM2X G2ib +QMbB/2` irQ
rvb iQ KF2 bm`2 r2`2 /2}MBM; i?2 7mM+iBQM mMB[m2HvX
RRXyXyX q2HH@7QmM/2/ 6mM+iBQMb

biM/`/ rv iQ 2Mbm`2 i?i 2[miBQM UyV ?b mMB[m2 bQHmiBQM BM f Bb iQ KF2 bm`2 i?2
`2+m`bBQM Bb r2HH@7QmM/2/- r?B+? `Qm;?Hv K2Mb i?i i?2 `2+m`bBQM i2`KBMi2bX h?Bb Bb /QM2 #v
BMi`Q/m+BM; Mv r2HH@7QmM/2/ `2HiBQM QM i?2 /QKBM Q7 f M/ KFBM; bm`2 i?i i?2 `;mK2Mi
iQ 2+? `2+m`bBp2 +HH ;Q2b /QrM BM i?Bb Q`/2`BM;X JQ`2 T`2+Bb2Hv- B7 r2 7Q`KmHi2 UyV b
f (x) = F (f ) UjV
i?2M r2 rMi iQ +?2+F E x 7Q` 2+? +HH f (E) BM F (f )X q?2M 7mM+iBQM /2}MBiBQM biBb}2b
i?Bb /2+`2K2Mi +QM/BiBQM- i?2M i?2 7mM+iBQM Bb bB/ iQ #2 r2HH@7QmM/2/X
6Q` 2tKTH2- iQ +?2+F i?2 /2+`2K2Mi +QM/BiBQM 7Q` 7B# BM UkV- r2 +M TB+F iQ #2 i?2
`Bi?K2iB+ H2bb@i?M `2HiBQM QM Mim`H MmK#2`b M/ +?2+F i?2 7QHHQrBM;- 7Q` Mv n,
2n 4 n2n n1n U9V
LQi2 i?i r2 `2 2MiBiH2/ iQ mbBM; i?2 Mi2+2/2Mi 2 n- #2+mb2 i?i Bb i?2 +QM/BiBQM mM/2`
r?B+? i?2 2Hb2 #`M+? BM UkV Bb 2pHmi2/X
r2HH@7QmM/2/ 7mM+iBQM Bb Q7i2M i?Qm;?i Q7 b i2`KBMiBM; BM i?2 b2Mb2 i?i i?2 `2+m`bBp2
/2Ti? BM 2pHmiBM; f QM Mv ;Bp2M `;mK2Mi Bb }MBi2X h?i Bb- i?2`2 `2 MQ BM}MBi2 /2b+2M/BM;
+?BMb Q7 `2+m`bBp2 +HHbX >Qr2p2`- i?2 2pHmiBQM Q7 f QM ;Bp2M `;mK2Mi Kv 7BH iQ i2`KBMi2-
#2+mb2 Bib rB/i? Kv #2 BM}MBi2X 6Q` 2tKTH2- H2i P #2 bQK2 T`2/B+i2 /2}M2/ QM i?2 Q`/BMHb
M/ H2i S.QrMr`/ #2 T`2/B+i2 QM i?2 Q`/BMHb /2}M2/ #v i?2 7QHHQrBM; 2[miBQM,
S.QrMr`/(o) = P (o) p p o 4 S.QrMr`/(p) U8V
qBi? b i?2 mbmH Q`/2`BM; QM Q`/BMHb- i?Bb 2[miBQM biBb}2b i?2 /2+`2K2Mi +QM/BiBQM- #mi
2pHmiBM; S.QrMr`/() rQmH/ `2[mB`2 2pHmiBM; S.QrMr`/(n) 7Q` 2p2`v Mim`H MmK#2`
nX >Qr2p2`- r?i r2 `2 +QM+2`M2/ #Qmi ?2`2 Bb iQ pQB/ Ki?2KiB+H BM+QMbBbi2M+B2b- M/
i?i Bb BM/22/ +QMb2[m2M+2 Q7 i?2 /2+`2K2Mi +QM/BiBQMX
8N
RRXyXyXyX 1tKTH2 rBi? q2HH@7QmM/2/ 6mM+iBQMb aQ i?i r2 +M Hi2` b22 ?Qr BM/m+iBp2
T`QQ7b `2 /QM2 BM .7Mv- H2ib T`Qp2 i?i 7Q` Mv n- 7B#(n) Bb 2p2M Bz n Bb KmHiBTH2 Q7 3X q2
bTHBi Qm` ibF BMiQ irQ +b2bX A7 n < 2- i?2M i?2 T`QT2ìv 7QHHQrb /B`2+iHv 7`QK i?2 /2}MBiBQM Q7
7B#X Pi?2`rBb2- MQi2 i?i 2t+iHv QM2 Q7 i?2 i?`22 MmK#2`b n 2- n 1- M/ n Bb KmHiBTH2 Q7
jX A7 n Bb i?2 KmHiBTH2 Q7 j- i?2M #v BMpQFBM; i?2 BM/m+iBQM ?vTQi?2bBb QM n 2 M/ n 1- r2
Q#iBM i?i 7B#(n 2) + 7B#(n 1) Bb i?2 bmK Q7 irQ Q// MmK#2`b- r?B+? Bb 2p2MX A7 n 2 Q` n 1
Bb KmHiBTH2 Q7 j- i?2M #v BMpQFBM; i?2 BM/m+iBQM ?vTQi?2bBb QM n 2 M/ n 1- r2 Q#iBM i?i
7B#(n 2) + 7B#(n 1) Bb i?2 bmK Q7 M 2p2M MmK#2` M/ M Q// MmK#2`- r?B+? Bb Q//X AM i?Bb
T`QQ7- r2 BMpQF2/ i?2 BM/m+iBQM ?vTQi?2bBb QM n 2 M/ QM n 1X h?Bb Bb HHQr2/- #2+mb2 #Qi?
`2 bKHH2` i?M n- M/ ?2M+2 i?2 BMpQ+iBQMb ;Q /QrM BM i?2 r2HH@7QmM/2/ Q`/2`BM; QM Mim`H
MmK#2`bX
RRXyXRX 1ti`2K2 aQHmiBQMb

q2 /QMi M22/ iQ 2t+Hm/2 i?2 TQbbB#BHBiv Q7 2[miBQM UyV ?pBM; KmHiBTH2 bQHmiBQMbBMbi2/- r2
+M Dmbi #2 +H2` #Qmi r?B+? QM2 Q7 i?2K r2 rMiX G2ib 2tTHQ`2 i?Bb- 7i2` bKB/;2M Q7 HiiB+2
i?2Q`vX
6Q` Mv +QKTH2i2 HiiB+2 (Y, ) M/ Mv b2i X- r2 +M #v TQBMirBb2 2ti2MbBQM /2}M2
+QKTH2i2 HiiB+2 (X Y, )- r?2`2 7Q` Mv f, g : X Y -
f
q x f (x) g(x) UeV
AM TìB+mH`- B7 Y Bb i?2 b2i Q7 #QQH2Mb Q`/2`2/ #v BKTHB+iBQM U7Hb2 i`m2V- i?2M i?2 b2i Q7
T`2/B+i2b Qp2` Mv /QKBM X 7Q`Kb +QKTH2i2 HiiB+2X h`bFBb h?2Q`2K (j8) i2HHb mb i?i Mv
KQMQiQMB+ 7mM+iBQM Qp2` +QKTH2i2 HiiB+2 ?b H2bi M/ ;`2i2bi }tTQBMiX AM TìB+mH`-
i?Bb K2Mb i?i F ?b H2bi }tTQBMi M/ ;`2i2bi }tTQBMi- T`QpB/2/ F Bb KQMQiQMB+X
aT2FBM; #Qmi i?2 b2i Q7 bQHmiBQMb BM f iQ UyV Bb i?2 bK2 b bT2FBM; #Qmi i?2 b2i Q7
}tTQBMib Q7 7mM+iQ` FX AM TìB+mH`- i?2 H2bi M/ ;`2i2bi bQHmiBQMb iQ UyV `2 i?2 bK2 b i?2
H2bi M/ ;`2i2bi }tTQBMib Q7 FX AM +bmH bT2F- Bi ?TT2Mb i?i r2 bv }tTQBMi Q7 UyV- Q`
KQ`2 ;`Qi2b[m2Hv- }tTQBMi Q7 f r?2M r2 `2HHv K2M }tTQBMi Q7 FX
AM +QM+HmbBQM Q7 Qm` HBiiH2 2t+m`bBQM BMiQ HiiB+2 i?2Q`v- r2 ?p2 i?i- mM/2` i?2 T`QpBbQ Q7 F
#2BM; KQMQiQMB+- i?2 b2i Q7 bQHmiBQMb BM f iQ UyV Bb MQM2KTiv- M/ KQM; i?2b2 bQHmiBQMb- i?2`2
Bb BM i?2 Q`/2`BM; H2bi bQHmiBQM Ui?i Bb- 7mM+iBQM i?i `2im`Mb 7Hb2 KQ`2 Q7i2M i?M
Mv Qi?2`V M/ ;`2i2bi bQHmiBQM Ui?i Bb- 7mM+iBQM i?i `2im`Mb i`m2 KQ`2 Q7i2M i?M Mv
Qi?2`VX
q?2M /Bb+mbbBM; 2ti`2K2 bQHmiBQMb- A rBHH MQr `2bi`B+i Kv ii2MiBQM iQ #QQH2M 7mM+iBQMb
Ui?i Bb- rBi? Y #2BM; i?2 ivT2 Q7 #QQH2MbVX 6mM+iQ` F Bb KQMQiQMB+ B7 i?2 +HHb iQ f BM F (f )
`2 BM TQbBiBp2 TQbBiBQMb Ui?i Bb- mM/2` M 2p2M MmK#2` Q7 M2;iBQMbVX AM/22/- 7`QK MQr QM- A
rBHH `2bi`B+i Kv ii2MiBQM iQ bm+? KQMQiQMB+ 7mM+iQ`b FX
ey
XX
X
g(5)
g(0)
g(2) g(3)
g(4) g(1)
g(6) g(1)
6B;m`2 yX G27i, }MBi2 T`QQ7 i`22 i?i mb2b i?2 `mH2b Q7 UNV iQ 2bi#HBb? g(6)X _B;?i, M BM}MBi2
T`QQ7 i`22 i?i mb2b i?2 `mH2b Q7 URyV iQ 2bi#HBb? g(1)X
G2i K2 BMi`Q/m+2 `mMMBM; 2tKTH2X *QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM; 2[miBQM- r?2`2 x `M;2b Qp2`
i?2 BMi2;2`b,
g(x) = (x = 0 g(x 2)) UdV
h?Bb 2[miBQM ?b 7Qm` bQHmiBQMb BM gX qBi? w `M;BM; Qp2` i?2 BMi2;2`b- i?2v `2,
g(x) x {w | 0 w w 2p2M}
g(x) x {w | w 2p2M}
U3V
g(x) x {w | (0 w w 2p2M) w Q//}
g(x) x {w | i`m2}
h?2 }`bi Q7 i?2b2 Bb i?2 H2bi bQHmiBQM M/ i?2 Hbi Bb i?2 ;`2i2bi bQHmiBQMX
AM i?2 HBi2ìm`2- i?2 /2}MBiBQM Q7 M 2ti`2K2 T`2/B+i2 Bb Q7i2M ;Bp2M b b2i Q7 BM72`2M+2
`mH2bX hQ /2bB;Mi2 i?2 H2bi bQHmiBQM- bBM;H2 HBM2 b2TìBM; i?2 Mi2+2/2Mi UQM iQTV 7`QK
+QM+HmbBQM UQM #QiiQKV Bb mb2/,
g(x 2)
UNV
g(0) g(x)
h?`Qm;? `2T2i2/ TTHB+iBQMb Q7 bm+? `mH2b- QM2 +M b?Qr i?i i?2 T`2/B+i2 ?QH/b 7Q` T`@
iB+mH` pHm2X 6Q` 2tKTH2- i?2 /2`BpiBQM- Q` T`QQ7 i`22- iQ i?2 H27i BM 6B;m`2 y b?Qrb i?i g(6)
?QH/bX UAM i?Bb bBKTH2 2tKTH2- i?2 /2`BpiBQM Bb ì?2` /2;2M2ì2 T`QQ7 i`22XV h?2 mb2 Q7
i?2b2 BM72`2M+2 `mH2b ;Bp2b `Bb2 iQ H2bi bQHmiBQM- #2+mb2 T`QQ7 i`22b `2 ++2Ti2/ QMHv B7 i?2v
`2 }MBi2X
q?2M BM72`2M+2 `mH2b `2 iQ /2bB;Mi2 i?2 ;`2i2bi bQHmiBQM- /Qm#H2 HBM2 Bb mb2/,
g(x 2)
URyV
g(0) g(x)
AM i?Bb +b2- T`QQ7 i`22b `2 HHQr2/ iQ #2 BM}MBi2X 6Q` 2tKTH2- i?2 UTìBH /2TB+iBQM Q7 i?2V
BM}MBi2 T`QQ7 i`22 QM i?2 `B;?i BM 6B;m`2 y b?Qrb i?i g(1) ?QH/bX
eR
LQi2 i?i /2`BpiBQMb Kv MQi #2 mMB[m2X 6Q` 2tKTH2- BM i?2 +b2 Q7 i?2 ;`2i2bi bQHmiBQM
7Q` g- i?2`2 `2 irQ T`QQ7 i`22b i?i 2bi#HBb? g(0), QM2 Bb i?2 }MBi2 T`QQ7 i`22 i?i mb2b i?2
H27i@?M/ `mH2 Q7 URyV QM+2- i?2 Qi?2` Bb i?2 BM}MBi2 T`QQ7 i`22 i?i F22Tb QM mbBM; i?2 `B;?i@?M/
`mH2 Q7 URyVX
RRXyXkX qQ`FBM; rBi? 1ti`2K2 S`2/B+i2b

AM ;2M2`H- QM2 +MMQi 2pHmi2 r?2i?2` Q` MQi M 2ti`2K2 T`2/B+i2 ?QH/b 7Q` bQK2 BMTmi-
#2+mb2 /QBM; bQ Kv iF2 M BM}MBi2 MmK#2` Q7 bi2TbX 6Q` 2tKTH2- 7QHHQrBM; i?2 `2+m`bBp2
+HHb BM i?2 /2}MBiBQM UdV iQ i`v iQ 2pHmi2 g(7) rQmH/ M2p2` i2`KBMi2X >Qr2p2`- i?2`2 `2
mb27mH rvb iQ 2bi#HBb? i?i M 2ti`2K2 T`2/B+i2 ?QH/b M/ i?2`2 `2 rvb iQ KF2 mb2 Q7 QM2
QM+2 Bi ?b #22M 2bi#HBb?2/X
6Q` Mv F b BM UyV- A /2}M2 irQ BM}MBi2 b2`B2b Q7 r2HH@7QmM/2/ 7mM+iBQMb- f k M/ f k r?2`2
k `M;2b Qp2` i?2 Mim`H MmK#2`b,
!
7Hb2 B7 k = 0

f k (x) = URRV
F( f k1 )(x) B7 k > 0

!
i`m2 B7 k = 0

f k (x) = URkV
F(f k1 )(x) B7 k > 0
h?2b2 7mM+iBQMb `2 +HH2/ i?2 Bi2ì2b Q7 f - M/ A rBHH HbQ `272` iQ i?2K b i?2 T`2}t T`2/B+i2b
Q7 f UQ` i?2 T`2}t T`2/B+i2 Q7 f - B7 r2 i?BMF Q7 k b #2BM; T`K2i2`VX Hi2`MiBp2Hv- r2
+M /2}M2 f k M/ f k rBi?Qmi K2MiBQMBM; x, G2i /2MQi2 i?2 7mM+iBQM i?i Hrvb `2im`Mb
7Hb2- H2i /2MQi2 i?2 7mM+iBQM i?i Hrvb `2im`Mb i`m2- M/ H2i bmT2`b+`BTi QM F /2MQi2
2tTQM2MiBiBQM U7Q` 2tKTH2- F 0 (f ) = f M/ F 2 (f ) = F(F(f ))VX h?2M- URRV M/ URkV +M #2
bii2/ 2[mBpH2MiHv b f k = F k () M/ f k = F k ()X
6Q` Mv bQHmiBQM f iQ 2[miBQM UyV- r2 ?p2- 7Q` Mv k M/ bm+? i?i k ,

fk

f
f

f

fk URjV
AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- 2p2`v f k Bb T`2@}tTQBMi Q7 f M/ 2p2`v f k Bb TQbi@}tTQBMi Q7 f X L2ti- A /2}M2

irQ 7mM+iBQMb- f M/ f - BM i2`Kb Q7 i?2 T`2}t T`2/B+i2b,
f (x) = k f k (x) UR9V
f (x) = k f k (x) UR8V

"v URjV- r2 HbQ ?p2 i?i f Bb T`2@}tTQBMi Q7 F M/ f Bb TQbi@}tTQBMi Q7 FX h?2 K`p2HQmb
i?BM; Bb i?i- B7 F Bb +QMiBMmQmb- i?2M f M/ f `2 i?2 H2bi M/ ;`2i2bi }tTQBMib Q7 FX h?2b2
ek
2[miBQMb H2i mb /Q T`QQ7b #v BM/m+iBQM r?2M /2HBM; rBi? 2ti`2K2 T`2/B+i2bX A rBHH 2tTHBM BM
a2+iBQM RRXRXk ?Qr iQ +?2+F 7Q` +QMiBMmBivX
G2ib +QMbB/2` irQ 2tKTH2b- #Qi? BMpQHpBM; 7mM+iBQM g BM UdVX b Bi im`Mb Qmi- gb /2}MBM;
7mM+iQ` Bb +QMiBMmQmb- M/ i?2`27Q`2 A rBHH r`Bi2 g M/ g iQ /2MQi2 i?2 H2bi M/ ;`2i2bi
bQHmiBQMb 7Q` g BM UdVX
RRXyXkXyX 1tKTH2 rBi? G2bi aQHmiBQM h?2 KBM i2+?MB[m2 7Q` 2bi#HBb?BM; i?i g (x)
?QH/b 7Q` bQK2 x- i?i Bb- T`QpBM; bQK2i?BM; Q7 i?2 7Q`K Q 4 g (x)- Bb iQ +QMbi`m+i T`QQ7
i`22 HBF2 i?2 QM2 7Q` g(6) BM 6B;m`2 yX 6Q` T`QQ7 BM i?Bb /B`2+iBQM- bBM+2 r2`2 Dmbi TTHvBM; i?2
/2}MBM; 2[miBQM- i?2 7+i i?i r2`2 mbBM; H2bi bQHmiBQM 7Q` g M2p2` THvb `QH2 Ub HQM; b
r2 HBKBi Qm`b2Hp2b iQ }MBi2 /2`BpiBQMbVX
h?2 i2+?MB[m2 7Q` ;QBM; BM i?2 Qi?2` /B`2+iBQM- T`QpBM; bQK2i?BM; 7`QK M 2bi#HBb?2/ g
T`QT2ìv- i?i Bb- b?QrBM; bQK2i?BM; Q7 i?2 7Q`K g (x) 4 R- ivTB+HHv mb2b BM/m+iBQM QM i?2
bi`m+im`2 Q7 i?2 T`QQ7 i`22X q?2M i?2 Mi2+2/2Mi Q7 Qm` T`QQ7 Q#HB;iBQM BM+Hm/2b T`2/B+i2
i2`K g (x)- Bi Bb bQmM/ iQ BK;BM2 i?i r2 ?p2 #22M ;Bp2M T`QQ7 i`22 7Q` g (x)X am+? T`QQ7
i`22 rQmH/ #2 /i bi`m+im`2iQ #2 KQ`2 T`2+Bb2- i2`K BM M BM/m+iBp2 /iivT2X 6Q` i?Bb
`2bQM- H2bi bQHmiBQMb HBF2 g ?p2 #22M ;Bp2M i?2 MK2 BM/m+iBp2 T`2/B+i2X
G2ib T`Qp2 g (x) 4 0 x x 2p2MX q2 bTHBi Qm` ibF BMiQ irQ +b2b- +Q``2bTQM/BM;
iQ r?B+? Q7 i?2 irQ T`QQ7 `mH2b BM UNV rb i?2 Hbi QM2 TTHB2/ iQ 2bi#HBb? g (x)X A7 Bi rb i?2
H27i@?M/ `mH2- i?2M x = 0- r?B+? KF2b Bi 2bv iQ 2bi#HBb? i?2 +QM+HmbBQM Q7 Qm` T`QQ7 ;QHX A7
Bi rb i?2 `B;?i@?M/ `mH2- i?2M r2 mM7QH/ i?2 T`QQ7 i`22 QM2 H2p2H M/ Q#iBM g (x 2)X aBM+2
i?2 T`QQ7 i`22 7Q` g (x 2) Bb bKHH2` i?M r?2`2 r2 biì2/- r2 BMpQF2 i?2 BM/m+iBQM ?vTQi?2bBb
M/ Q#iBM 0 (x 2) (x 2) 2p2M- 7`QK r?B+? Bi Bb 2bv iQ 2bi#HBb? i?2 +QM+HmbBQM Q7 Qm`
T`QQ7 ;QHX
>2`2b ?Qr r2 /Q i?2 T`QQ7 7Q`KHHv mbBM; UR9VX q2 Kbb;2 i?2 ;2M2`H 7Q`K Q7 Qm` T`QQ7
;QH,
f (x) 4 R
4 & UR9V '
(k f k (x)) 4 R
4 & /Bbi`B#mi2 4 Qp2` iQ i?2 H27i '
k (f k (x) 4 R)
h?2 Hbi HBM2 +M #2 T`Qp2/ #v BM/m+iBQM Qp2` kX aQ- BM Qm` +b2- r2 T`Qp2 g k (x) 4 0
x x 2p2M 7Q` 2p2`v kX A7 k = 0- i?2M g k (x) Bb 7Hb2- bQ Qm` ;QH ?QH/b i`BpBHHvX A7 k > 0- i?2M
g k (x) = (x = 0 g k1 (x 2))X Pm` ;QH ?QH/b 2bBHv 7Q` i?2 }`bi /BbDmM+i Ux = 0VX 6Q` i?2
Qi?2` /BbDmM+i- r2 TTHv i?2 BM/m+iBQM ?vTQi?2bBb UQM i?2 bKHH2` k 1 M/ rBi? x 2V M/
Q#iBM 0 (x 2) (x 2) 2p2M- 7`QK r?B+? Qm` T`QQ7 ;QH 7QHHQrbX
ej
RRXyXkXRX 1tKTH2 rBi? :`2i2bi aQHmiBQM q2 +M i?BMF Q7 ;Bp2M T`2/B+i2 g (x) b
#2BM; `2T`2b2Mi2/ #v T`QQ7 i`22BM i?Bb +b2 i2`K BM +QBM/m+iBp2 /iivT2- bBM+2 i?2 T`QQ7
Kv #2 BM}MBi2X 6Q` i?Bb `2bQM- ;`2i2bi bQHmiBQMb HBF2 g ?p2 #22M ;Bp2M i?2 MK2 +QBM/m+iBp2
T`2/B+i2- Q` +Q@T`2/B+i2 7Q` b?QìX h?2 KBM i2+?MB[m2 7Q` T`QpBM; bQK2i?BM; 7`QK ;Bp2M
T`QQ7 i`22- i?i Bb- iQ T`Qp2 bQK2i?BM; Q7 i?2 7Q`K g (x) 4 R- Bb iQ /2bi`m+i i?2 T`QQ7X aBM+2
i?Bb Bb Dmbi mM7QH/BM; i?2 /2}MBM; 2[miBQM- i?2 7+i i?i r2`2 mbBM; ;`2i2bi bQHmiBQM 7Q` g
M2p2` THvb `QH2 Ub HQM; b r2 HBKBi Qm`b2Hp2b iQ }MBi2 MmK#2` Q7 mM7QH/BM;bVX
hQ ;Q BM i?2 Qi?2` /B`2+iBQM- iQ 2bi#HBb? T`2/B+i2 /2}M2/ b ;`2i2bi bQHmiBQM- HBF2
Q 4 g (x)- r2 Kv M22/ M BM}MBi2 MmK#2` Q7 bi2TbX 6Q` i?Bb Tm`TQb2- r2 +M mb2 BM/m+iBQMb
/mH- +QBM/m+iBQMX q2`2 Bi MQi 7Q` QM2 HBiiH2 /2iBH- +QBM/m+iBQM Bb b bBKTH2 b +QMiBMmiBQMb BM
T`Q;`KKBM;, i?2 M2ti Tì Q7 i?2 T`QQ7 Q#HB;iBQM Bb /2H2;i2/ iQ i?2 +QBM/m+iBQM ?vTQi?2bBbX
h?2 HBiiH2 /2iBH Bb KFBM; bm`2 i?i Bi Bb i?2 M2ti Tì r2`2 TbbBM; QM 7Q` i?2 +QMiBMmiBQM-
MQi i?2 bK2 TìX h?Bb /2iBH Bb +HH2/ T`Q/m+iBpBiv M/ +Q``2bTQM/b iQ i?2 `2[mB`2K2Mi BM
BM/m+iBQM Q7 KFBM; bm`2 r2`2 ;QBM; /QrM r2HH@7QmM/2/ `2HiBQM r?2M TTHvBM; i?2 BM/m+iBQM
?vTQi?2bBbX h?2`2 `2 KMv bQm`+2b rBi? KQ`2 BM7Q`KiBQM- b22 7Q` 2tKTH2 i?2 +HbbB+ ++QmMi
#v C+Q#b M/ _mii2M (3) Q` M2r ii2KTi #v EQx2M M/ aBHp i?i BKb iQ 2KT?bBx2 i?2
bBKTHB+Biv- MQi i?2 Kvbi2`v- Q7 +QBM/m+iBQM (RR)X
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`B;?i@?M/ `mH2 Q7 URyV- g (x) 7QHHQrb B7 r2 2bi#HBb? g (x 2)- M/ i?ib 2bv iQ /Q #v BMpQFBM;
i?2 +QBM/m+iBQM ?vTQi?2bBbX h?2 HBiiH2 /2iBH- T`Q/m+iBpBiv- Bb biBb}2/ BM i?Bb T`QQ7 #2+mb2
r2 TTHB2/ `mH2 BM URyV #27Q`2 BMpQFBM; i?2 +QBM/m+iBQM ?vTQi?2bBbX
6Q` MvQM2 r?Q Kv ?p2 72Hi i?i i?2 BMimBiBp2 T`QQ7 72Hi iQQ 2bv- ?2`2 Bb 7Q`KH T`QQ7
mbBM; UR8V- r?B+? `2HB2b QMHv QM BM/m+iBQMX q2 Kbb;2 i?2 ;2M2`H 7Q`K Q7 Qm` T`QQ7 ;QH,
Q 4 f (x)
4 & UR8V '
Q 4 k f k (x)
4 & /Bbi`B#mi2 4 Qp2` iQ i?2 `B;?i '
k Q 4 f k (x)
h?2 Hbi HBM2 +M #2 T`Qp2/ #v BM/m+iBQM Qp2` kX aQ- BM Qm` +b2- r2 T`Qp2 i`m2 4 g k (x) 7Q`
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0 g k1 (x 2))X q2 2bi#HBb? i?2 b2+QM/ /BbDmM+i #v TTHvBM; i?2 BM/m+iBQM ?vTQi?2bBb UQM
i?2 bKHH2` k 1 M/ rBi? x 2VX
RRXyXjX Pi?2` h2+?MB[m2b

Hi?Qm;? BM i?Bb TT2` A +QMbB/2` QMHv r2HH@7QmM/2/ 7mM+iBQMb M/ 2ti`2K2 T`2/B+i2b- Bi Bb
rQì? K2MiBQMBM; i?i i?2`2 `2 //BiBQMH rvb Q7 KFBM; bm`2 i?i i?2 b2i Q7 bQHmiBQMb iQ UyV
Bb MQM2KTivX 6Q` 2tKTH2- B7 HH +HHb iQ f BM F (f ) `2 iBH@`2+m`bBp2 +HHb- i?2M UmM/2` i?2
e9
bbmKTiBQM i?i Y Bb MQM2KTivV i?2 b2i Q7 bQHmiBQMb Bb MQM2KTivX hQ b22 i?Bb- +QMbB/2` M
ii2KTi2/ 2pHmiBQM Q7 f (x) i?i 7BHb iQ /2i2`KBM2 /2}MBi2 `2bmHi pHm2 #2+mb2 Q7 M BM}MBi2
+?BM Q7 +HHb i?i TTHB2b f iQ 2+? pHm2 Q7 bQK2 bm#b2i X Q7 XX h?2M- TT`2MiHv- i?2 pHm2 Q7
f 7Q` Mv QM2 Q7 i?2 pHm2b BM X Bb MQi /2i2`KBM2/ #v i?2 2[miBQM- #mi TB+FBM; Mv TìB+mH`
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JQQ`2 (k8)X 6mM+iBQMb +M #2 mM/2`bT2+B}2/ BM i?Bb rv BM i?2 T`QQ7 bbBbiMib *Gk (Ry) M/
>PG (Rk)X
RRXRX 6mM+iBQMb BM .7Mv

AM i?Bb b2+iBQM- A 2tTHBM rBi? 2tKTH2b i?2 bmTTQì BM .7Mv8 7Q` r2HH@7QmM/2/ 7mM+iBQMb- 2ti`2K2
T`2/B+i2b- M/ T`QQ7b `2;`/BM; i?2b2X
RRXRXyX q2HH@7QmM/2/ 6mM+iBQMb BM .7Mv
.2+HìBQMb Q7 r2HH@7QmM/2/ 7mM+iBQMb `2 mMbm`T`BbBM;X 6Q` 2tKTH2- i?2 6B#QM++B 7mM+iBQM Bb
/2+H`2/ b 7QHHQrb,
7mM+iBQM 7B#UM, MiV, Mi
&
'
.7Mv p2`B}2b i?i i?2 #Q/v U;Bp2M b M 2tT`2bbBQM BM +m`Hv #`+2bV Bb r2HH /2}M2/X h?Bb
BM+Hm/2b /2+`2K2Mi +?2+Fb 7Q` `2+m`bBp2 UM/ KmimHHv `2+m`bBp2V +HHbX .7Mv T`2/2}M2b r2HH@
7QmM/2/ `2HiBQM QM 2+? ivT2 M/ 2ti2M/b Bi iQ H2tB+Q;`T?B+ imTH2b Q7 Mv U}t2/V H2M;i?X 6Q`
2tKTH2- i?2 r2HH@7QmM/2/ `2HiBQM x y 7Q` BMi2;2`b Bb x < y 0 y- i?2 QM2 7Q` `2Hb Bb
x y 1.0 0.0 y Ui?Bb Bb i?2 bK2 Q`/2`BM; b 7Q` BMi2;2`b- B7 vQm `2/ i?2 BMi2;2` `2HiBQM
b x y 1 0 yV- i?2 QM2 7Q` BM/m+iBp2 /iivT2b Bb bi`m+im`H BM+HmbBQM- M/ i?2 QM2 7Q`
+QBM/m+iBp2 /iivT2b Bb 7Hb2X
lbBM; /2+`2b2b +Hmb2- i?2 T`Q;`KK2` +M bT2+B7v i?2 i2`K BM i?Bb T`2/2}M2/ Q`/2`X
q?2M 7mM+iBQM /2}MBiBQM QKBib /2+`2b2b +Hmb2- .7Mv KF2b bBKTH2 ;m2bbX h?Bb ;m2bb
Ur?B+? +M #2 BMbT2+i2/ #v ?Qp2`BM; Qp2` i?2 7mM+iBQM MK2 BM i?2 .7Mv A.1V Bb p2`v Q7i2M
+Q``2+i- bQ mb2`b `2 ``2Hv #Qi?2`2/ iQ T`QpB/2 2tTHB+Bi /2+`2b2b +Hmb2bX
A7 7mM+iBQM `2im`Mb #QQH- QM2 +M /`QT i?2 `2bmHi ivT2 , #QQH M/ +?M;2 i?2 F2vrQ`/
7mM+iBQM iQ T`2/B+i2X
8
.7Mv Bb QT2M bQm`+2 i /7MvX+Q/2TH2tX+QK M/ +M HbQ #2 mb2/ QMHBM2 i `Bb297mMX+QKf/7MvX
e8
RRXRXRX S`QQ7b BM .7Mv
.7Mv ?b H2KK /2+HìBQMbX h?2b2 `2 `2HHv Dmbi bT2+BH +b2b Q7 K2i?Q/b, i?2v +M ?p2 T`2@
M/ TQbi+QM/BiBQM bT2+B}+iBQMb M/ i?2B` #Q/v Bb +Q/2 #HQ+FX >2`2 Bb i?2 H2KK r2 bii2/
M/ T`Qp2/ BM a2+iBQM RRXyXyXy,
H2KK 6B#S`QT2ìvUM, MiV
2Mbm`2b 7B#UMV W k 44 y I44= M W j 44 y
&
B7 M I k &
' 2Hb2 &
6B#S`QT2ìvUM@kVc 6B#S`QT2ìvUM@RVc
'
'
h?2 TQbi+QM/BiBQM Q7 i?Bb H2KK UF2vrQ`/ 2Mbm`2bV ;Bp2b i?2 T`QQ7 ;QHX b BM Mv T`Q;`K@
+Q``2+iM2bb HQ;B+ U2X;X- (d)V- i?2 TQbi+QM/BiBQM Kmbi #2 2bi#HBb?2/ QM 2p2`v +QMi`QH Ti? i?`Qm;?
i?2 H2KKb #Q/vX 6Q` 6B#S`QT2ìv- A ;Bp2 i?2 T`QQ7 #v M B7 bii2K2Mi- ?2M+2 BMi`Q/m+BM; +b2
bTHBiX h?2 i?2M #`M+? Bb 2KTiv- #2+mb2 .7Mv +M T`Qp2 i?2 TQbi+QM/BiBQM miQKiB+HHv BM
i?Bb +b2X h?2 2Hb2 #`M+? T2`7Q`Kb irQ `2+m`bBp2 +HHb iQ i?2 H2KKX h?2b2 `2 i?2 BMpQ+iBQMb
Q7 i?2 BM/m+iBQM ?vTQi?2bBb M/ i?2v 7QHHQr i?2 mbmH T`Q;`K@+Q``2+iM2bb `mH2b- MK2Hv, i?2
T`2+QM/BiBQM Kmbi ?QH/ i i?2 +HH bBi2- i?2 +HH Kmbi i2`KBMi2- M/ i?2M i?2 +HH2` ;2ib iQ
bbmK2 i?2 TQbi+QM/BiBQM mTQM `2im`MX h?2 T`QQ7 ;Hm2 M22/2/ iQ +QKTH2i2 i?2 T`QQ7 Bb /QM2
miQKiB+HHv #v .7MvX
.7Mv 72im`2b M ;;`2;i2 bii2K2Mi mbBM; r?B+? Bi Bb TQbbB#H2 iQ KF2 UTQbbB#Hv BM}MBi2HvV
KMv +HHb i QM+2X 6Q` 2tKTH2- i?2 BM/m+iBQM ?vTQi?2bBb +M #2 +HH2/ i QM+2 QM HH pHm2b
M^ bKHH2` i?M M,
7Q`HH M^ % y I4 M^ I M &
6B#S`QT2ìvUM^Vc
'
6Q` Qm` Tm`TQb2b- i?Bb +Q``2bTQM/b iQ bi`QM; BM/m+iBQMX JQ`2 ;2M2`HHv- i?2 7Q`HH bii2K2Mi
?b i?2 7Q`K
7Q`HH F % SUFV
2Mbm`2b ZUFV
& aii2K2Mibc '
GQ;B+HHv- i?Bb bii2K2Mi +Q``2bTQM/b iQ mMBp2`bH BMi`Q/m+iBQM, i?2 #Q/v T`Qp2b i?i ZUFV
?QH/b 7Q` M `#Bi``v F bm+? i?i SUFV- M/ i?2 +QM+HmbBQM Q7 i?2 7Q`HH bii2K2Mi Bb i?2M
k P (k) 4 Q(k)X q?2M i?2 #Q/v Q7 i?2 7Q`HH bii2K2Mi Bb bBM;H2 +HH UQ` +H+
ee
bii2K2MiV- i?2 2Mbm`2b +Hmb2 Bb BM72``2/ M/ +M #2 QKBii2/- HBF2 BM Qm` 6B#S`QT2ìv 2tKTH2X
G2KK 6B#S`QT2ìv Bb bBKTH2 2MQm;? i?i Bib r?QH2 #Q/v +M #2 `2TH+2/ #v i?2 QM2 7Q`HH
bii2K2Mi #Qp2X AM 7+i- .7Mv ;Q2b QM2 bi2T 7mì?2`, Bi miQKiB+HHv BMb2ìb bm+? 7Q`HH
bii2K2Mi i i?2 #2;BMMBM; Q7 2p2`v H2KK (RN)X h?mb- 6B#S`QT2ìv +M #2 /2+H`2/ M/ T`Qp2/
bBKTHv #v,
H2KK 6B#S`QT2ìvUM, MiV
2Mbm`2b 7B#UMV W k 44 y I44= M W j 44 y
& '
:QBM; BM i?2 Qi?2` /B`2+iBQM 7`QK mMBp2`bH BMi`Q/m+iBQM Bb 2tBbi2MiBH 2HBKBMiBQM- HbQ FMQrM
b aFQH2KBxiBQMX .7Mv ?b bii2K2Mi 7Q` i?Bb- iQQ, 7Q` Mv p`B#H2 t M/ #QQH2M 2tT`2b@
bBQM Z- i?2 bbB;M bm+? i?i bii2K2Mi t ,% Zc bvb iQ bbB;M iQ t pHm2 bm+? i?i Z rBHH
?QH/X T`QQ7 Q#HB;iBQM r?2M mbBM; i?Bb bii2K2Mi Bb iQ b?Qr i?i i?2`2 2tBbib M t bm+?
i?i Z ?QH/bX 6Q` 2tKTH2- B7 i?2 7+i k 100 7B#(k) < 200 Bb FMQrM- i?2M i?2 bii2K2Mi
F ,% Ryy I4 7B#UFV I kyyc rBHH bbB;M iQ F bQK2 pHm2 U+?Qb2M `#Bi``BHvV 7Q` r?B+? 7B#UFV
7HHb BM i?2 ;Bp2M `M;2X
RRXRXkX 1ti`2K2 S`2/B+i2b BM .7Mv
AM i?Bb T`2pBQmb bm#b2+iBQM- A 2tTHBM2/ i?i T`2/B+i2 /2+HìBQM BMi`Q/m+2b r2HH@7QmM/2/

T`2/B+i2X h?2 /2+HìBQMb 7Q` BMi`Q/m+BM; 2ti`2K2 T`2/B+i2b `2 BM/m+iBp2 T`2/B+i2 M/
+QT`2/B+i2X >2`2 Bb i?2 /2}MBiBQM Q7 i?2 H2bi M/ ;`2i2bi bQHmiBQMb Q7 g 7`QK #Qp2- H2ib +HH
i?2K ; M/ :,
BM/m+iBp2 T`2/B+i2 ;Ut, BMiV & t 44 y %% ;Ut@kV '
+QT`2/B+i2 :Ut, BMiV & t 44 y %% :Ut@kV '
q?2M .7Mv `2+2Bp2b 2Bi?2` Q7 i?2b2 /2}MBiBQMb- Bi miQKiB+HHv /2+H`2b i?2 +Q``2bTQM/BM;
T`2}t T`2/B+i2bX AMbi2/ Q7 i?2 MK2b g k M/ g k i?i A mb2/ #Qp2- .7Mv MK2b i?2 T`2}t
T`2/B+i2b ;O(F) M/ :O(F)- `2bT2+iBp2Hv- i?i Bb- i?2 MK2 Q7 i?2 2ti`2K2 T`2/B+i2 TT2M/2/
rBi? O- M/ i?2 bm#b+`BTi Bb ;Bp2M b M `;mK2Mi BM b[m`2 #`+F2ibX h?2 /2}MBiBQM Q7 i?2 T`2}t
T`2/B+i2 /2`Bp2b 7`QK i?2 #Q/v Q7 i?2 2ti`2K2 T`2/B+i2 M/ 7QHHQrb i?2 7Q`K BM URRV M/ URkVX
lbBM; 7mt@bvMit 7Q` BHHmbiìBp2 Tm`TQb2b- ?2`2 `2 i?2 T`2}t T`2/B+i2b i?i .7Mv /2}M2b
miQKiB+HHv 7`QK i?2 2ti`2K2 T`2/B+i2b ; M/ :,
T`2/B+i2 ;O(nF, Mi)Ut, BMiV & nF 54 y Ut 44 y %% ;O(nF@R)Ut@kVV '
T`2/B+i2 :O(nF, Mi)Ut, BMiV & nF 54 y 44= Ut 44 y %% :O(nF@R)Ut@kVV '
h?2 .7Mv p2`B}2` Bb r`2 Q7 i?2 +QMM2+iBQM #2ir22M 2ti`2K2 T`2/B+i2b M/ i?2B` T`2}t T`2/@
B+i2b- UR9V M/ UR8VX
ed
_2K2K#2` i?i iQ #2 r2HH /2}M2/- i?2 /2}MBM; 7mM+iQ` Q7 M 2ti`2K2 T`2/B+i2 Kmbi #2
KQMQiQMB+- M/ 7Q` UR9V M/ UR8V iQ ?QH/- i?2 7mM+iQ` Kmbi #2 +QMiBMmQmbX .7Mv 2M7Q`+2b i?2
7Q`K2` Q7 i?2b2 #v +?2+FBM; i?i `2+m`bBp2 +HHb Q7 2ti`2K2 T`2/B+i2b `2 BM TQbBiBp2 TQbBiBQMbX
h?2 +QMiBMmBiv `2[mB`2K2Mi +QK2b /QrM iQ +?2+FBM; i?i i?2v `2 HbQ BM +QMiBMmQmb TQbBiBQMb,
i?i `2+m`bBp2 +HHb iQ BM/m+iBp2 T`2/B+i2b `2 MQi BMbB/2 mM#QmM/2/ mMBp2`bH [mMiB}2`b M/
i?i `2+m`bBp2 +HHb iQ +Q@T`2/B+i2b `2 MQi BMbB/2 mM#QmM/2/ 2tBbi2MiBH [mMiB}2`b (kR- ke)X
RRXRXjX S`QQ7b #Qmi 1ti`2K2 S`2/B+i2b

6`QK r?i A ?p2 T`2b2Mi2/ bQ 7`- r2 +M /Q i?2 7Q`KH T`QQ7b 7`QK a2+iBQMb RRXyXkXy M/ RRXyXkXRX
>2`2 Bb i?2 7Q`K2`,
H2KK 1p2MLiUt, BMiV
`2[mB`2b ;UtV
2Mbm`2b y I4 t t W k 44 y
&
p` F, Mi ,% ;O(F)UtVc
1p2MLimtUF- tVc
'
H2KK 1p2MLimtUF, Mi- t, BMiV
`2[mB`2b ;O(F)UtV
&
B7 t 44 y & ' 2Hb2 & 1p2MLimtUF@R- t@kVc '
'
G2KK 1p2MLi bii2b i?2 T`QT2ìv r2 rBb? iQ T`Qp2X 6`QK Bib T`2+QM/BiBQM UF2vrQ`/ `2[mB`2bV
M/ UR9V- r2 FMQr i?2`2 Bb bQK2 F i?i rBHH KF2 i?2 +QM/BiBQM BM i?2 bbB;M@bm+?@i?i bii2K2Mi
i`m2X am+? pHm2 Bb i?2M bbB;M2/ iQ F M/ Tbb2/ iQ i?2 mtBHB`v H2KK- r?B+? T`QKBb2b
iQ 2bi#HBb? i?2 T`QQ7 ;QHX :Bp2M i?2 +QM/BiBQM ;O(F)UtV- i?2 /2}MBiBQM Q7 ;O H2ib mb +QM+Hm/2
F 54 y b r2HH b i?2 /BbDmM+iBQM t 44 y %% ;O(F@R)Ut@kVX h?2 i?2M #`M+? +QMbB/2`b i?2 +b2
Q7 i?2 }`bi /BbDmM+i- 7`QK r?B+? i?2 T`QQ7 ;QH 7QHHQrb miQKiB+HHvX h?2 2Hb2 #`M+? +M i?2M
bbmK2 ;O(F@R)Ut@kV M/ +HHb i?2 BM/m+iBQM ?vTQi?2bBb rBi? i?Qb2 T`K2i2`bX h?2 T`QQ7 ;Hm2
i?i b?Qrb i?2 T`QQ7 ;QH 7Q` t iQ 7QHHQr 7`QK i?2 T`QQ7 ;QH rBi? t@k Bb /QM2 miQKiB+HHvX
"2+mb2 .7Mv miQKiB+HHv BMb2ìb i?2 bii2K2Mi
7Q`HH F^- t^ % y I4 F^ I F ;O(F^)Ut^V &
1p2MLimtUF^- t^Vc
'
i i?2 #2;BMMBM; Q7 i?2 #Q/v Q7 1p2MLimt- i?2 #Q/v +M #2 H27i 2KTiv M/ .7Mv +QKTH2i2b
e3
i?2 T`QQ7 miQKiB+HHvX
>2`2 Bb i?2 .7Mv T`Q;`K i?i ;Bp2b i?2 T`QQ7 7`QK a2+iBQM RRXyXkXR,
H2KK HrvbUt, BMiV
2Mbm`2b :UtV
& 7Q`HH F, Mi & HrvbmtUF- tVc ' '
H2KK HrvbmtUF, Mi- t, BMiV
2Mbm`2b :O(F)UtV
& '
q?BH2 2+? Q7 i?2b2 T`QQ7b BMpQHp2b QMHv #bB+ T`QQ7 `mH2b- i?2 b2imT 722Hb #Bi +HmKbv- 2p2M
rBi? i?2 2KTiv #Q/v Q7 i?2 mtBHB`v H2KKbX JQ`2Qp2`- i?2 T`QQ7b /Q MQi `2~2+i i?2 BMimBiBp2
T`QQ7b A /2b+`B#2/ BM a2+iBQM RRXyXkXy M/ RRXyXkXRX h?2b2 b?Qì+QKBM; `2 //`2bb2/ BM i?2 M2ti
bm#b2+iBQMX
RRXRX9X LB+2` S`QQ7b Q7 1ti`2K2 S`2/B+i2b

h?2 T`QQ7b r2 Dmbi br 7QHHQr biM/`/ 7Q`Kb, mb2 aFQH2KBxiBQM iQ +QMp2ì i?2 BM/m+iBp2
T`2/B+i2 BMiQ T`2}t T`2/B+i2 7Q` bQK2 F M/ i?2M /Q i?2 T`QQ7 BM/m+iBp2Hv Qp2` Fc `2bT2+iBp2Hv-
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p` biì, BMi
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7X`2/bX`2[mB`2bUiV 44 i`m2
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7X`2[mB`2bX`2/bUiV 44 7X`2/bUiV
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BM/m+iBp2HvX h?2 bHB2Mi T`QT2ìv Q7 2p2`v /iivT2 Bb i?i 2+? pHm2 Q7 i?2 ivT2 mMB[m2Hv
B/2MiB}2b QM2 Q7 i?2 /iivT2b +QMbi`m+iQ`b M/ 2+? +QMbi`m+iQ` Bb BMD2+iBp2 BM Bib T`K2i2`bX
.iivT2.2+H 4 U AM/m+iBp2.iivT2.2+H % *QBM/m+iBp2.iivT2.2+H V
33
R3XyX AM/m+iBp2 /iivT2b
AM/m+iBp2.iivT2.2+Hn 4 ]/iivT2] & ii`B#mi2 ' .iivT2LK2 ( :2M2`B+S`K2i2`b )

]4] .iivT2J2K#2`.2+H & ]%] .iivT2J2K#2`.2+H ' ( ]c] )
.iivT2J2K#2`.2+H 4 & ii`B#mi2 ' .iivT2J2K#2`LK2 ( 6Q`KHbPTiBQMHA/b )
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M BM/m+iBp2 /iivT2 Bb /2+H`2/ b 7QHHQrb,
/iivT2 .Ih= 4 *iQ`b
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+QMbi`m+iQ` ?b i?2 7Q`K,
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MQ/2(H27i ,4 G- `B;?i ,4 _)
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R3XkX *Q@BM/m+iBp2 /iivT2b
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ff TQBMirBb2 T`Q/m+i Q7 bi`2Kb

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