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ME Vol 2 FM PDF
ME Vol 2 FM PDF
MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
Copyright By Publishers
ISBN 9-788192-27629-8
Information contained in this book has been obtained by authors, from sources believes to be
reliable. However, neither Nodia nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any
information herein, and Nodia nor its authors shall be responsible for any error, omissions, or
damages arising out of use of this information. This book is published with the understanding
that Nodia and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render
engineering or other professional services.
MRP 535.00
Authors
SYLLABUS
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.
Calculus: Functions of single variable, Limit, continuity and differentiability, Mean value
theorems, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total derivative,
Maxima and minima, Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities, Directional derivatives,
Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Greens theorems.
Differential equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear
differential equations with constant coefficients, Cauchys and Eulers equations, Initial and
boundary value problems, Laplace transforms, Solutions of one dimensional heat and wave
equations and Laplace equation.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchys integral theorem, Taylor and Laurent series.
Probability and Statistics: Definitions of probability and sampling theorems, Conditional
probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Poisson,Normal
and Binomial distributions.
Numerical Methods: Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations Integration
by trapezoidal and Simpsons rule, single and multi-step methods for differential equations.
GENERAL APTITUDE
Verbal Ability: English grammar, sentence completion, verbal analogies, word groups,
instructions, critical reasoning and verbal deduction.
Numerical Ability: Numerical computation, numerical estimation, numerical reasoning and
data interpretation.
CONTENTS
FLUID MECHANICS
FM 1 Basic Concepts and Properties of Fluids FM 3
FM 2 Pressure and Fluid Statics FM 33
FM 3 Fluid Kinematics & Bernouli Equation FM 80
FM 4 Flow Analysis Using Control Volumes FM 124
FM 5 Flow Analysis Using Differential Method FM 172
FM 6 Internal Flow FM 211
FM 7 External Flow FM 253
FM 8 Open Channel Flow FM 289
FM 9 Turbo Machinery FM 328
HEAT TRANSFER
HT 1 Basic Concepts & Modes of Heat-Transfer HT 3
HT 2 Fundamentals of Conduction HT 34
HT 3 Steady Heat Conduction HT 63
HT 4 Transient Heat Conduction HT 94
HT 5 Fundamentals of Convection HT 114
HT 6 Free and Force Convection HT 129
HT 7 Radiation Heat Transfer HT 155
HT 8 Heat Exchangers HT 181
THERMODYNAMICS
TD 1 Basic Concepts and Energy Analysis TD 3
TD 2 Properties of Pure Substances TD 28
TD 3 Energy Analysis of Closed System TD 52
TD 4 Mass and Energy Analysis of Control Volume TD 76
TD 5 Second Law of Thermodynamics TD 106
TD 6 Entropy TD 136
TD 7 Gas Power Cycles TD 166
TD 8 Vapor and Combined Power Cycles TD 199
TD 9 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning TD 226
***********
FM 1
BASIC CONCEPTS AND PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
FM 1.2 What amount of air should be come out to obtain pressure to its original value
at same temperature ?
(A) 0.1812 kg (B) 0.1672 kg
(C) 0.0140 kg (D) 0.3484 kg
FM 1.3 Consider Carbon dioxide at 12 atm and 400cC . What will be the density of
Carbon dioxide and c p at this state and the new pressure when the gas is cooled
isentropically to 150cC ? (For Carbon dioxide k = . and R = m2 s2 )
(A) = 0.797 kg/m3 , c p = 4 . , p2 = kPa
kg
(B) = 1.3 # 10-4 kg/m3 , c p = , p2 = 5.5 kPa
kg
(C) = 7.97 kg/m3 , c p = , p2 = 5.5 kPa
kg
(D) = 7.97 kg/m3 , c p = , p2 = 5.5 Pa
kg
FM 1.4 A Cane of beverage contains 455 ml of liquid. The mass of cane with liquid is
0.369 kg while an empty cane weighs 0.193 N . What will be the specific weight,
density and specific gravity of liquid respectively ?
(A) 0.977 kN/m3 , 99.6 kg/m3 , 0.0996
(B) 9.77 kN/m3 , 996 kg/m3 , 0.996
(C) 9.77 N/m3 , 996 kg/m3 , 9.96
(D) 97.7 kN/m3 , 996 kg/m3 , 0.996
FM 1.5 The specific gravity of a gas contained in a tank at the temperature of 25cC is
2 # 103 . If the atmospheric pressure is 10.1 kPa, the gage pressure is
(A) 70 kPa (B) 7 kPa
(C) 0.7 kPa (D) 70 kPa
FM 1.6 Consider steam at state near the saturation line : (p1, T1)= (1.31 MPa, 250cC),
Rsteam = 4 m2 s2 and k = . ). If the steam expands isentropically to a new
pressure of 414 kPa, what will be the density 1 and the density 2 ?
(A) 1 = 5.44 kg/m3, 2 = 5.04 kg/m3 (B) 1 = 2.28 kg/m3, 2 = 5.44 kg/m3
(C) 1 = 5.44 kg/m3, 2 = 2.28 kg/m3 (D) 1 = 5.04 kg/m3, 2 = 5.44 kg/m3
FM 1.7 A 30 m3 cylinder contains Hydrogen at 25cC and 200 kPa What amount of
GATE Mechanical Engineering in 4 Volume NODIA Demo Ebook Page 4
Hydrogen must be bled off to maintain the Hydrogen in cylinder at 20cC and
600 kPa ? (R = 0.2968 kPa.m3 /kg.K)
(A) 271.35 kg (B) 206.99 kg
(C) 478.34 kg (D) 64.36 kg
FM 1.8 Wet air with 100% relative humidity, is at 30cC and 1 atm. If Rair = m s
, Rwater = 461 m /s K and vapor pressure of saturated water at 30cC is 4242 Pa,
2 2
what will be the density of this wet air using Daltons law of partial Pressures ?
(A) 1.12 kg/m3 (B) 1.09 kg/m3
(C) 0.03 kg/m3 (D) 1.147 kg/m3
FM 1.9 In a formula one race, at the start of the race the absolute pressure of a car tire is
362.5 kPa and at the end of the race the absolute pressure of car tire is measured
to be 387.5 kPa. If the volume of the tire remains constant at 0.022 m3 then
percentage increase in the absolute temperature of the air in the tire is
(A) 6.9% (B) 69%
(C) 0.69% (D) Not increased
FM 1.11 A small submersible moves in 30cC water ( pv = 4.242 kPa ) at 2-m depth, where
ambient pressure is 133 kPa. Its critical cavitation number is Ca . 0.2 . At what
velocity will cavitation bubbles form ?
(A) 22.72 m/s (B) 32.66 m/s
(C) Zero (D) 32.13 m/s
FM 1.12 What will be the speed of sound of steam at 150cC and 400 kpa? (k = 1.33, R =
461 m2 /s2K )
(A) 50.9 m/s (B) 509 m/s
(C) 30.3 m/s (D) 303 m/s
FM 1.13 A liquid has a weight density of 9268 N/m3 and dynamic viscosity of 131.5 N s/m2
FM 1.15 The oil having viscosity of 4.56 # 102 N s/m2 , is contained between two parallel
plates. The bottom plate is fixed and upper plate moves when a force F is
applied. If the distance between the stationary and moving plates is 2.54 mm and
the area of the upper plate is 0.129 m2 , what value of F is required to translate
m2 m
(B) F = :
h2 h D
(A) F = ; h + h2 E VA VA
m m2
m m
(C) F = ; h2 h E VA (D) F = : + 2 D VA
m2 m h h2
FM 1.17 A large movable plate is located between two large fixed plates. Two fluids having
the different viscosities are contained between the plates. If the moving plate has
a velocity of 6 m/sec , what will be the magnitude of the shearing stresses on plate
1 and plate 2 respectively, that act on the fixed plates ?
FM 1.18 A thin flat plate of area A is moved horizontally between two plates, one stationary
and one moving with a constant velocity Vm as shown in figure below. If velocity
of flat plate is Vp and dynamic viscosity of oil is , the force must be applied on
the plate to manage this motion is
V V - Vm
(A) A ; p + p
h2 E
(B) A (Vp - Vm) h2
h1
AVp (V - Vm)
(D) A ; p - p E
V
(C)
h1 h1 h2
FM 1.19 A Newtonian fluid having the specific gravity of 0.91 and Kinematic viscosity of
4 # 104 m2 / sec , flows over a fixed surface. The velocity profile near the surface
FM 1.21 A closed rectangular container is half filled with water at 45cC . If the air in
remaining half section of container is completely escaped. The absolute pressure
in the escaped space at same temperature (saturation pressure of water at 45cC
is9.593 kPa) is
(A) P > Psaturation (B) P < Psaturation
(C) P = Psaturation (D) Not determined
FM 1.22 Consider two parallel plates as shown in figure below. If the fluid is glycerin (
= 1264 kg/m3 , = 1.5 Ns/m2 ) and the distance between plates is 9 mm. What
will be the shear stress required to move the upper plate at V = m s and the
Reynolds number respectively ?
FM 1.23 The velocity profile in a pipe flow is given by u = u ( rn Rn), where r is the
radial distance from the centre. If the viscosity of the fluid is then the drag
force applied by the fluid on the pipe wall in the direction of flow across length L
(A) nu L (B) nu R
(C) 2nu 0 L (D) 2nu 0
FM 1.24 Consider air at 20cC with = 1.8 # 10-5 Pa - s . Its viscosity at 400C by (a) The
Power-law (n=0.7) (b) the sutherland law (S = 110 K) respectively, are
(A) p = . 1 # 10- - s, s = 1. # 10
-
-s
(B) p = . 1 # 10- - s, s = . # 10
-
-s
- -
(C) p = . # 10 - s, s = . 1 # 10 -s
FM 1.25 Consider a block of mass m slides down on an inclined plane of a thin oil film
as shown in figure below. The film contact area is A and its thickness is h . The
terminal velocity V of the block is
gh
(A) U = h sin a (B) U =
gm m sin a
gh sin a gh
(C) U = (D)U =
m m sin a
FM 1.28 Match List I (Properties of fluids) with List II (Definition/ Result) and select the
correct answer using the codes given below :
List-I List-II
a. Ideal fluid 1. Viscosity does not vary with rate of deformation
b. Newtonian fluid 2. Fluid of zero viscosity
c. / 3. Dynamic viscosity
d. Mercury in glass 4. Capillary depression
5. Kinematic viscosity
6. Capillary rise
Codes
a b c d
(A) 1 2 4 6
(B) 1 2 3 4
(C) 2 1 3 6
(D) 2 1 5 4
FM 1.29 Match List I (Fluid properties) with List II (Related terms) and select the correct
answer using the codes given below :
List-I List-II
a. Capillarity 1. Cavitation
b. Vapour pressure 2. Density of water
c. Viscosity 3. Shear forces
d. Specific gravity 4. Surfaces Tension
Codes
a b c d
(A) 1 4 2 3
(B) 1 4 3 2
(C) 4 1 2 3
(D) 4 1 3 2
FM 1.30 The hydrogen bubbles have diameter D - . 1 mm . Assume an air-water
interface at 30cC and surface tension = 0.0712 N/m . What will be the excess
pressure within the bubble ?
(A) 1.42 kPa (B) 2.85 kPa
(C) 28.5 kPa (D) 14.2 kPa
FM 1.31 The surface tension in a rain drop of 3 mm diameter is 7.3 # 102 N/m . The
FM 1.32 A shower head emits a cylindrical water jet of diameter 0.73 mm into air. The
pressure inside the jet is approximately 300 Pa greater than the air pressure.
What will be the surface tension of water ?
(A) 0.0365 N/m (B) 0.73 N/m
(C) 0.365 N/m (D) 0.073 N/m
FM 1.33 A thin wire ring of 6 cm diameter is lifted from a 20cC water surface. How much
lift force is required if = 0.0728 N/m ?
(A) 0.274 N (B) 0.0274 N
(C) 0.137 N (D) 0.0137 N
FM 1.34 A 4 mm diameter glass tube is immersed in water and mercury. The temperature
of the liquid is 20cC and the values of the surface tension of water and mercury
at 20cC in contact with air are 0.0734 N/m and 0.51 N/m, respectively. The
angle of contact for water is zero and that for mercury is 128c. What will be the
capillary effect for water and mercury in millimeters, respectively ?
(A) 4.60, 3.82 (B) 2.35, 7.48
(C) 3.82, 4.60 (D) 7.48, 2.35
FM 1.35 The system shown in figure below is used to estimate the pressure inside the
tank by measuring the height of liquid in the 1 mm diameter tube. The fluid is
at 60cC . What will be the capillary rise if the fluid is (a) water ( = 0.0662 N/m
, = 983 kg/m2 , , 0c) and (b) Mercury ( = 0.47 N/m , = 13500 kg/m3 ,
, 130c) ?
FM 1.36 A glass tube of 4.6 mm diameter is inserted into milk and milk rises upto 3.5
mm in the tube. If the density of milk is 960 kg/m3 and contact angle is 15c, the
surface tension of milk is
(A) 0.2315 N/m (B) 0.025 N/m
(C) 0.0236 N/m (D) 0.02315 N/m
FM 1.37 A liquid film suspended on a rectangle wire frame of one movable side of 12 cm.
What amount of surface tension is required if the movable side of frame is to be
moved with 0.018 N ?
(A) 0.075 N/m (B) 0.00432 N/m
(C) 0.055 N/m (D) 0.75 N/m
FM 1.38 In figure shown, a vertical concentric annulus with outer radius ro and inner
radius ri is lowered into the fluid of surface tension and contact angle < 45c
. If the gap is very narrow, what will be the expression for the capillary rise h in
the annulus gap ?
FM 1.40 The power required at the top surface to maintain this motion is
2 D3 2 D 4
(A) (B)
24h 32h
2 D 4 2 D 2
(C) (D)
4h 16h
FM 1.41 The reduction in power required at the top surface when oil viscosity is 0.0078 Pa s
at 80cC , will be
(A) 5.29 W (B) 67.824 W
(C) 62.533 W (D) No reduction
FM 1.42 A fluid of surface tension = 0.0728 N/m and contact angle = 0c is filled
between 0.75 mm apart two parallel plates as shown in figure. If the density of
fluid is = 998 kg/m3 , the capillary height h will be
(A) 2 mm (B) 10 mm
(C) 20 mm (D) 1 mm
FM 1.43 A 56 kg block slides down on a smooth inclined plate. A gap of 0.1 mm between
the block and plate contains oil having viscosity 0.4 N s/m2 . If the velocity
distribution in the gap is linear and the area of the block in contact with the oil
is 0.4 m2 , the terminal velocity of the block is
(A) 0.03125 m/s (B) 0.3125 m/s
(C) 3.125 m/s (D) 0.03125 mm/s
FM 1.44 Two 50 cm long concentric cylinders are mounted on a shaft. The inner cylinder is
completely submerged in fluid and is rotating at 200 rpm and the outer cylinder
is fixed. The fluid film thickness between two cylinders is 0.12 cm and outer
diameter of the inner cylinder is 20 cm. If the torque transmitted by the shaft to
rotate inner cylinder is 0.8 N, the viscosity of the fluid is
FM 1.45 A layer of water having the viscosity of 1.2 # 103 N s/m2 flows down on inclined
fixed surface with the velocity distribution as given by:
u = y y
U h h
If the velocity of water U = m sec and h = m , what will be the magnitude
of the shearing stress that the water exerts on the fixed surface in N/m2 ?
FM 1.46 A 2.5 mm diameter aluminum sphere ( = 2700 kg/m3 ) falls into an oil of density
875 kg/m3 . If the time to fall 75 cm is 48 s then the oil viscosity is
(A) 0.0589 kg/m s
(B) 0.589 kg/m s
(C) 0.397 kg/m s
(D) 0.0397 kg/m s
FM 1.47 Consider a concentric shaft fixed axially and rotates inside the sleeve. If the shaft
of radius ri rotates at rad/s inside the sleeve of radius r0 and length L and
the applied Torque is T, what will be the relation for the viscosity of the fluid
between shaft and sleeve ?
2T (ri - r0) T( 0 - )
(A) = (B) =
r i L 2 03
T( 0 - ) T( 0 + )
(C) = (D) =
2 3 2 3
FM 1.48 The velocity profile for laminar one-dimensional flow through a circular pipe is
given as u (r) = u max ( r2 R2), where R is the radius of the pipe and r is the
radial distance from the centre of the pipe. If an oil at 40cC flows through a 15 m
long pipe with R = 0.0 m and maximum velocity of u max = m s , what will
be the friction drag force applied by the fluid on inner surface of the pipe when
= 0.0010 kg/m - s ?
FM 1.49 A 1 m diameter cylindrical tank has a length of 5 m long and weight 125 N. If it
is filled with a liquid having a specific weight of 10.9 kN/m3 , the vertical force
required to give the tank an upward acceleration of 2.75 m/ sec2 is
(A) 550 kN (B) 55 N
(C) 5.5 N (D) 55 kN
FM 1.50 A cylindrical rod of diameter D , length L and density s falls due to gravity
inside a tube of diameter Do . The clearance, (Do D) << D is filled with a film
of viscous fluid (, ).The expression for terminal fall velocity would be
D (Do D) rs gD (Do + D)
(A) V = rs g (B) V =
m m
r g (Do D) r gD (D Do)
(C) V = s (D) V = s
m m
FM 1.51 The belt as shown in figure below moves at steady velocity of 2.5 m/s and skims
the top of a tank of oil SAE 30 W ( = 0.29 kg/m -s) at 20cC with L = m ,
b = 0 cm and h = cm . What power P in watts is required to remain belt in
motion ?
FM 1.52 Two balls of Steel and Aluminum can float on water due to surface tension effect.
The density of steel and aluminium balls are to be 7800 kg/m3 and 2700 kg/m3 ,
respectively. Which metal ball would have maximum diameter to float on water
at 20cC and what will be the diameter of that ball when surface tension of water
at 20cC is 0.073 N/m ?
(A) steel, 4.1 mm (B) Aluminium, 2.4 mm
(C) Aluminium, 4.1 mm (D) Steel, 2.4 mm
FM 1.53 For a cone-plate viscometer of radius R = cm , the angle = 3c and the gap is
filled with liquid as shown in figure. If the viscous torque T = . and rotation
rate is 94.2 rad/s, the liquid viscosity will be
FM 1.54 A solid cone of base r0 and initial angular velocity 0 is rotating inside a conical
seat as shown in figure below. If there is no applied torque and air drag is
5r 03 t
(A) = 0 exp ;- 3mh sin (B) = 0 exp ;-
5r 0 t E
3
3mh sin E
5r 04 t 5r 02 t
(C) = 0 exp ;-
3mh sin E
(D) = 0 exp ;-
3mh sin E
FM 1.55 The rotating-cylinder viscometer as shown in figure below shears the fluid in a
narrow clearance R = (r - R) with a linear velocity distribution in the gap. If
the driving torque measured is T and the bottom friction is included then the
expression for is
T (r - R) ( - )
(A) = (B) =
R (L + R ) 2 3 ( + /4)
( - ) ( - )
(C) = (D) =
2 ( + /4)
2
2 3 ( - /4)
FM 1.56 For a 300 mm long sliding lubricated bearing, the viscosity of oil is 0.008 kg/m s
during steady operation at 80cC . The average oil film thickness between the shaft
and journal is 1.2 mm. If shaft of 80 mm diameter is rotated at 750 rpm, the
amount of torque needed to overcome bearing friction would be
(A) 0.0063 N m (B) 0.063 Nm
(C) 0.63 N m (D) 6.3 N m
FM 1.59 A skater of mass m moving at constant speed Vo , suddenly stands stiff with skates
pointed directly forward and allows herself to coast to a stop. If blade length is L
, water film thickness h , water viscosity and blade width is b then how far will
she travel (on two blades) before she stops ?
mLb
(A) x = Vo mh (B) x =
mLb Vo mh
mLb
(C) x = Vo mh (D)x =
mLb Vo mh
FM 1.60 Two thin flat plates are tilted at an angle and placed in a tank of surface
tension and contact angle as shown in figure below. At the free surface of the
liquid in the tank, the distance between two plates are L and width is b into the
paper. What will be the expression for in terms of other variables ?
***********
SOLUTIONS
r
Specific gravity S.G = = =
rwater
FM 1.5 Option (D) is correct.
We have S .G . = # , T = c = ( + )= , patm. = a
Density of gas = S.G. # Density of ater
= 2 # 103 # 1000 = 2 kg/m3
From gas equation p = rRT
= 2 # 287 # 298 = 171 kPa (absolute pressure)
Also pabsolute = patmospheric + pgage
pgage = 171 101 = 70 kPa
(a) He =
pHe
= #( )
=
RHe T #
pair
(b) air = = =
Rair # T #
Then the respective gas weights are
WHe = rHe gv = # # =
Wair = rair gv = # # =
Weight W = m#g = # = N
and Fshear = ts As
= mA s V = ( . ) # ( . # . ) # .
y
#
Fshear = 0.9 N
(F sin 20c + W)
Equation (ii) gives FN = shear
cos 20c
= 0.9 # sin 20c + 150 = 159.95 N
cos 20c
By substituting the value of Fshear and FN in equation (i),we get
F = Fshear cos c + FN sin c
= 0.9 # cos 20c + 159.95 # sin 20c = 55.55 N
T0 293
(b) From the sutherland law
In equilibrium condition
Fx = W sin = t#l# b=
mg sin = t#l
vg sin = t#l m = rV
vg sin = t#l =
g g
# l # h # sin = t # l
= gh sin a ...(i)
From the Newtons law of viscosity, shear stress at the plate ( = 0)
Uy mU
= m c du m = m; U E = ...(ii)
dy y = h h y= h
From equation (i) and (ii), we get
U
= gh sin a
h
g 2 sin a
U =
2m
FM 1.27 Option (A) is correct.
Assuming a linear velocity distribution in the clearance, the force is balanced by
resisting shear stress in the oil.
F = tAwall = b m V l # (pDi L)
DR
mVpDi L
F = ...(i)
R Ri
For the given oil
= rn = ( #r )#n
h = 4 # 0.0734 cos 0c
1000 # 9.81 # 4 # 103
= 7.48 # 103 m = 7.48 mm
Capillary effect for mercury
We have = 960 kg/m3, D = . mm = . # m
3
R = D = 3.8 # 10 = 1.9 # 103 m
2
h = . mm = 0.0025 m, contact angle = 15c
The surface tension of milk
rgRh 3 3
milk = = 960 # 9.81 # 1.9 # 10 # 2.5 # 10
2 cos f 2 # cos 15c
= 0.02315 N/m
We have b = cm , = 0.12 m, F = .
From the surface tension force relation,
s = F = 0.018 = 0.075 N/m
2b 2 # (0.12)
The needle dents the surface downward and the surface tension forces are
upward as shown in figure. Then a vertical force balance gives:
Vertical forces = Weight of needle
2 cos # L = rg p D # L
2 cos = rg pD
2 = rg pD = 0c " cos 0c = 1
Torque dT = rdF = m wr dA
h
mw
T =
h
r dA #
A
The shaft power required at top surface is
mw
Pshaft, top = wT = w #
h A
r dA #
mw
=
h #r
A
dA ...(i)
pmw D
pmw r D = pmw D
2 4
=
h # r dr =
h # : D 32h
r= r=
FM 1.41 Option (C) is correct.
By putting the value in expression of shaft power at top (20cC),
pmw 2 D 4 3.14 # (0.1) # (200) 2 # (0.12) 4
Pshaft, top = =
32h 32 # (0.0012)
= 67.824 W
The power is proportional to viscosity. Thus the power required at 80cC is
m
Pshaft, top, cC = 80cC # Pshaft, top, 20cC
m20cC
= 0.0078 # 67.824 = 5.29 W
0.1
Therefore, the reduction in the required power input at 80cC is
Pshaft, top, cC Pshaft, top, cC = 67.824 5.29
= 62.533 W
FM 1.42 Option (C) is correct
With b the width of the plates into the paper, the capillary forces on each wall
together balance the weight of fluid held above the free surface.
Weight of fluid = Surface tension force
g # ( . ) # h # b = 2 # (sb cos q)
or h = s cos q
rg # ( . )
= 2 # 0.0728 # cos 0c , 0.020 m = 20 mm
998 # 9.81 # (0.00075)
In equilibrium condition
Fx = 0 W sin c = tA
mg sin c = m #V A y = film thickness
y
mgy sin c
V = W = mg
m#A
4
= 10 # 10 # 10 # 0.5 = 0.03125 m/ sec
0.4 # 0.4
FM 1.44 Option (A) is correct.
We have L= cm = m, N = rpm, h = . cm = . m
D = cm, R = = . cm = . m, T = .
Torque transmitted by the shaft
mw pmwR L
T = # R # pRL = ...(i)
h h
and = 2pN = 2 # p # 200 = 20.94 rad/s
60 60
From equation (i),we get
= T # 3h =
0.8 # (0.0012)
2pwR L 2 # 3.14 # 20.94 # (0.075) 3 # 1
= 0.0173 N s/m2
6
= (2700 875) # 9.81 # p # (0.0025) 3 = 1.46 # 104 N
6
Then from equation (i),we get
^1.46 # 104h # 48
= = 0.397 kg/m s
3 # p # (0.0025) # (0.75)
s g # v = ;m V
(Do D) /2 E #
pDL
mVpDL
s g # D # L =
(Do D) /2
r gD (Do D)
V = s
8m
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D = ss
rg
#
=
3mr 0 # 2h sin q 0
2 dt #
5pmr 02 t
= w0 exp ;
3mh sin q E
or
2pwmR 4
=
4DR
pwmR L pwmR
Ttotal = +
DR DR
= T DR
2pwR3 (L + R/4)
T (r R)
=
2pwR3 (L + R/4)
FM 1.56 Option (B) is correct.
We have L= mm = . m, = 0.008 kg/m.s, t film = . mm = . m
D = mm = . m, N = rpm
mw
Torque is given by T = R Area
t film # #
mwR pmwR L
T = pRL = As = pRL
t film # t film
pm ( pN ) # R L
T = = 2N
t film 60
4p2 mNR3 L
T =
60 # t film
pa + s r p pa + s r p pa + s r p
; RT E # 9 D C + ; RT E # 9 D C = ; RT E # 9 D C
P Pa = s
R
The temperature cancels out, and we may clean up and rearrange as follows
pa D + sD = (pa D 23 + 8sD 22) + (pa D 13 + 8sD 12)
The skate bottom and the melted ice are like two parallel plates.
= mV
h
mVLb
F = tA =
h
Using F = ma to find the stopping distance
mVLb
Fx = F = = max = m dV The 2 is for two blades
h dt
Separate and integrate once to find the velocity
V
dV = t mLb dt
V
#o
V mh #
2mLb
or log e :V D = t
Vo mh
2mLb
or V = Vo e mh t
Integrate once again to find distance
2mLb
# Vdt = #
3 3
x = Vo e mh
t
dt
= Vo mh
2mLb
FM 1.60 Option (C) is correct
Consider the right side of the liquid column, the surface tension acts tangent to
the local surface that is along the dashed line at right. This force has magnitude
F = sb as shown. Its vertical component is F cos ( - ) as shown. There are two
plates, therefore the total vertical force on the liquid column is
Fvertical = 2sb cos (q f)
Then the vertical force holds up the entire weight of liquid column between
plates, which is
W = rgbh (L h tan f)
Set W equal to F, we get
2 cos ( - ) = rgbh (L h tan f)
r ( tan f)
or =
2 cos (q f)
***********
FM 2.1 The barometric reading for a wall is given as 511 mmHg at the top and
588.5 mmHg at the bottom. For average air density of 1.18 kg/m3 , the height of
wall is (Hg = 13600 kg/m3)
(A) 205 m (B) 202 m
(C) 210 m (D) 200 m
FM 2.2 A vertical clean glass Piezometer tube has an inside diameter of 4 mm. When
a pressure is applied, water at 26C ( = 9790 N/m3 , = 0.073 N/m , = 0c)
rises into the tube to a height of 23.5 cm. After correcting for surface tension the
applied pressure will be
(A) 147 Pa
(B) 2448 Pa
(C) 2300 Pa
(D) 2154 Pa
FM 2.3 Consider a frictionless piston-cylinder of a gas car as shown in figure. The mass
of piston is 4 kg and cross-sectional area is 35 cm2 . During the compression stroke
of car engine a force of 70 N is exerted on the piston. If the atmospheric pressure
is 105 kPa, the pressure inside the cylinder is
FM 2.4 All fluids in figure shown below are at 20cC . What will be the p between points
A and B ?
air : 12 N/m3
(A) 16 kPa (B) 13.35 kPa
(C) 29.35 kPa (D) 26.17 kPa
FM 2.5 A one-tone load on the hydraulic lift shown in figure is to be raised by pouring oil
into a thin tube. The density of oil is 780 kg/m3 and diameter of hydraulic lift is
1.2 m. The height h , in order to begin to raise the weight should be
(A) 1.34 m
(B) 0.134 m
(C) 1.134 m
(D) 0.1134 m
FM 2.6 A closed cylindrical tank filled with water has a hemispherical dome and is
connected to a piping system shown in figure below. The top part of the piping
system has a liquid of specific gravity 0.7 and the remaining parts of the system
are filled with water. What will be the pressure at point A ?
FM 2.7 Water flows upward in a pipe inclined at 45c as shown in figure below and the
pressure difference between points (1) and (2) in the pipe is 34.4 kPa. What will
be the mercury manometer reading h ?
(A) 20 cm (B) 44 cm
(C) 36 cm (D) 12 cm
FM 2.8 The gage pressure of the air in the water tank shown in figure below is 59Kpa.
The differential height hHg of the mercury column will be(S.G.mercury = 13.6)
(A) 30 cm (B) 36 cm
(C) 13.6 cm (D) 51 cm
FM 2.9 The right leg of the manometer is open to the atmosphere as shown in figure. The
gage pressure in the air gap in the tank is 25.68 kPa. What will be the specific
weight of the oil in N/m3 ?
FM 2.10 An inverted U-tube manometer containing oil having specific gravity of 0.95,
is located between two reservoirs as shown in the figure. The reservoir on the
right, contains water and is open to the atmosphere and the reservoir on the left
contains glycerin is closed and pressurized to 45 kPa . What will be the depth of
water h in the figure ? ( glycerin = . m)
FM 2.11 A water tank is divided into two compartments as shown in figure. An oil with
density oil = 5 .5 kg m is poured into one side and the water level rises a
certain amount on the other side to overcome this effect. The oil does not mix
with water. What will be the final differential height of water shown in figure ?
FM 2.12 A tank contains water ( = 9790 N/m3 ) and immiscible oil at 20cC as shown in
figure below. If the specific weight of oil is 8809 N/m3 , what will be the h ?
(A) 26 cm (B) 20 cm
(C) 10 cm (D) 13 cm
FM 2.14 The U-tube at right has a 1 cm internal diameter and contains a liquid (S.G. =
1.6) as shown in figure below. If 20 cm3 of water ( = 9790 N/m3 ) is poured into
the right-hand leg, what will be the free surface height in each leg at equilibrium ?
FM 2.15 Two compartments A and B of the tank are closed and filled with air and a liquid
shown in figure below. The liquid having the specific gravity of 0.6. If the pressure
gage reads 3.5 kPa and weight of the air is negligible, the manometer reading h
will be
FM 2.16 In figure given below, both ends of the manometer are open to the atmosphere.
The specific gravity of fluid X is
FM 2.17 Consider the closed tank as shown in figure below. All fluids are at 20cC and air
space is pressurized. If the outward net hydrostatic force on the 30 cm by 30 cm
panel at the bottom is 3456 N, the pressure in the air space and the reading h on
the manometer respectively, are (Take oil = 8720 N m3 , gas = 6670N m3 )
FM 2.19 Consider the figure given below. The pressure at A and B are the same as 100
kPa. The water is introduced at A to increase pA upto 230 kPa. If the connecting
tube is uniform 1 cm in diameter and the liquid densities dose not change, what
will be the change in the mercury menisci ( h ) ?
FM 2.20 Consider the flow of water through a pipe as given in figure below. For the given
values, the pressure difference between the pipe pressure and pressure gage is
FM 2.21 The fuel gage for an automobile tank reads proportional to the bottom gage
pressure as shown in figure below. If the tank accidentally contains 3 cm of water
plus gasoline (S.G. = 0.68), how many centimeters h of air remain when the
gage reads full in error ?
FM 2.22 Consider the system shown in figure below. If a change of 0.7 kPa in the pressure
of air causes the glycerin-mercury interface in the right column to drop by 5 mm
in the glycerin (S.G. = 1.26) level in the right column while the pressure in the
glycerin pipe remains constant, the ratio of A2 A1 is
FM 2.23 The sensor A reads 1.5 kPa (gage) as shown in figure below. All fluids are at 20cC
. What will be the elevations Z in meters of liquid levels in the open piezometer
tubes B and C ?
FM 2.25 The containers A and B are cylindrical and are such that pA = pB as shown in
figure below. If the oil-water interface on the right moves up a distance h < h
, the expression for the difference pA pB in terms of h , specific weight, d and
D will be
(A) h 6H O (1 + d 2
2
D2) - oil (1 - d 2 D2)@
(B) h 6H O (1 + d 2
2
D2) + oil (1 - d 2 D2)@
(C) h 6H O (1 - d 2
2
D2) + oil (1 - d 2 D2)@
(D) h 6H O (1 - d 2
2
D2) - oil (1 + d 2 D2)@
FM 2.26 Water initially fills the funnel and its connecting tube as shown in figure. Oil is
poured into the funnel until it reaches a level h > H2 . What will be the rise in the
water level ( 0) in the tube in terms of l with H = D = 0. m and d = 0.03 m ?
FM 2.27 Consider a large cubic ice block floating in sea water. The densities of ice and
seawater are 920 kg/m3 and 1025 kg/m3 , respectively. If the height of ice block
below the surface is 87.5 cm then the height of ice block extends above the surface
of water is
(A) 78 N (B) 85 N
(C) 12 N (D) 20 N
FM 2.29 A 61 cm thick block constructed of wood (S.G. = 0.65) is submerged in water
and has a 75 cm thick metal plate (specific weight = 26.4 kN/m3) attached to the
bottom as shown in figure. What amount of force is required to hold the block in
its original position ?
FM 2.30 A ball of mass 5.0 gm and diameter of 4 cm floats in water at 20cC at a depth
h . If water = 8 kg m3 and air = 1.225 kg m3 , what will be the h at which the
ball float in water ?
(A) 7.3 mm (B) 20 mm
(C) 10 mm (D) 0.73 mm
FM 2.31 The uniform rod (S.G. = 0.636 ) shown in the figure is hinged at B and in static
equilibrium when 2 kg of lead (S.G. = 11.4 ) are attached at its end. What is the
length of the rod ?
FM 2.32 Consider the figure shown below. The cylindrical tank has a 35 cm high cylindrical
insert in the bottom. The pressure at point B is 160 kPa. If the air pressure
outside the tank is neglected, what will be the pressure in the air space and the
force on the top of the insert, respectively ?
(A) D = ; pLhb E
1 3 1 2
(B) D = ; Lhb
E
(S.G. 1) p (S.G. 1)
1 3 1 3
(C) D = ; Lhb
E (D) D = ; Lhb
E
p (S.G. 1) p (S.G. + 1)
FM 2.34 Consider a cylinder (S.G. = 0.6 ) of 1 m in diameter and 0.8 long. If the cylinder
placed to float with its axis vertical in oil (S.G. = 0.85) as shown in figure, would
this cylinder be
FM 2.35 The tank of water in the figure below accelerates to the right with fluid in rigid
body motion. What will be the gage pressure at point A ?
FM 2.36 A 18 cm diameter cane has 18 cm of water, overlaid with 15 cm of oil ( = 891 kg/m3
). It is rotated about the centre in rigid-body motion at 150 rpm as shown in
figure below. What will be the h and maximum fluid pressure ?
FM 2.37 An open tank with diameter D contains water at a depth of H meter when at
rest. As the tank is rotated about its vertical axis, the centre of the fluid surface
is depressed. If water is spilled from the tank, the relation between initial fluid
level and the angular velocity will be
4gH 2gH
(A) = (B) =
R R2
(C) = 1 2gH (D) = 2 gH
R R
FM 2.38 Consider the U-tube fluid in figure below. If the fluid is water at 20cC , what will
be the uniform rotation rate about axis C for the position shown ?
FM 2.39 An inverted hollow cone is pushed into the liquid as shown in figure. If the
temperature of air within the cone remains constant, what will be the expression
for the distance l that the water rises in the cone as a function of depth d and
height H ?
FM 2.40 A conical shape plug is situated at the bottom of a pressurized tank as shown in
figure. The air pressure is 45 kPa and the liquid in the tank has specific gravity
of 2.75. What will be the magnitude of the thrust exerted on the curved surface
of the cone within the tank due to the air pressure and the liquid ?
FM 2.41 A circular gate ABC is hinged at B as shown in figure below. For arbitrary depth
h and gate radius R, the force P just sufficient to keep the gate from opening is
(C) P = p gR (D) P = p gR
FM 2.42 Gate AB as shown in figure is 1.2 m long and 0.8 m wide into the paper. If
atmospheric pressure effects are neglected, the force F on the gate and its center
of pressure position X are
FM 2.43 A water tank with a quarter circle panel at the bottom is shown in figure below.
What will be the horizontal and vertical components of the hydrostatic forces on
the quarter circle panel ?
(A) FH = k , FV = 10 k
(B) FH = 2 k , FV = 10 k
(C) FH = 10 k , FV = 2 k
(D) FH = 10 k , FV = k
FM 2.44 A 122 cm wide gate pivots about the hinge point O as shown in figure. If the
water depth h is 1.6 m, the counter weight W is
(A) 9 kN (B) 0.9 kN
(C) 9.32 kN (D) 90 kN
FM 2.45 A cylindrical tank is shown in figure. The pressure in the air gap is 8000 Pa gage.
If the net hydrostatic force on the annular plane BB is 853 N, the height h and
net hydrostatic force on the bottom of the tank are
FM 2.46 A 3 m long cylinder floats in water and rests against a wall as shown figure below.
What will be the horizontal force that cylinder exerts on the wall at the point of
contact ?
FM 2.47 A water trough of semicircular cross section of radius 0.5 m consists of two
symmetric parts hinged to each other at bottom as shown in figure below. The
two parts are held together by a cable and turn buckle placed every 4.5 m along
the length of the trough. The tension in each cable when the trough is filled to
the rim, is
FM 2.48 A water tank consists of two half cylinders, each weighing 1125 N, bolted together
as shown in figure below. If the end caps are neglected and the diameter of water
tank is 4 m, the force in each bolt is
(A) 54 kN (B) 46 kN
(C) 23 kN (D) 24 kN
FM 2.49 The tank in figure shown below has a 4 cm diameter plug which will pop out if
the hydrostatic force on it reaches 25 N. For 20cC fluids, what will be the reading
h on the manometer when this happens ?
FM 2.50 A quarter circle gate BC as shown in figure, is 6 m long and hinged at C . If the
weight of the gate and friction at the hinge are negligible then the horizontal force
P required to hold the gate stationary, is
FM 2.52 Two square cross-sectional gates hinged at one end to a conduit are used to close
two openings in it and the conduit is connected to an open tank of water as shown
in figure. When the water depth reaches 5 m, it is examine that both gates open
at the same time. If the weight of the vertical gate and friction in the hinges is
negligible, what will be the weight of the horizontal gate and the horizontal force
P , acting on the vertical gate to keep the gates closed until this depth is reached,
respectively ?
FM 2.53 A 5 m high, 6 m wide rectangular gate is hinged at the top edge at A and is
restrained by a fixed ridge at B as shown in figure. What will be the hydrostatic
force exerted on the gate by the 5 m high water and the location of the pressure
centre ?
FM 2.54 A vertical lock gate is 5m wide and separates oil (S.G. = 0.82) levels of 5 m and
3 m, respectively as shown in figure. The moment about the bottom required to
keep the gate stationary is
FM 2.55 A rectangular plate blocks the end of a freshwater channel as shown in figure
below. The plate is hinged about a horizontal axis along its upper edge through a
point A and is restrained from opening by a fixed ridge at point B . If the width
of the plate is b, the force exerted on the plate by the ridge is
(A) 11
30
gh2 b (B) 11
30 gh2 b2
30 gh b
(C) 11 (D) gh2 b
3 11
30
FM 2.56 A weightless gate AB has length L and width b into the paper, is hinged at B .
The liquid level h remains at the top of the gate for any angle as shown in figure
below. An analytic expression for the force P perpendicular to AB , required to
keep the gate in equilibrium is
FM 2.57 The vertical cross section of a closed 6 m long storage tank is shown in the figure.
The tank contains gasoline and the air pressure is 30 kPa . The magnitude of the
resultant force acting on one end of the tank is
FM 2.58 A rigid gate OAB is hinged at O and rests against a rigid support at B as shown
in figure. If the gate is 3 m into the paper, what minimum horizontal force R is
required to hold the gate closed when the weight of the gate and friction at the
hinge are neglected ?
FM 2.59 Uniform body A in the figure has width b into the paper and it is in static equilibrium
when pivoted about hinge O. What is the specific gravity of this body ?
(A) ; 3 + E (B) ; 2 + E
2 3
1 1
(C) ; 3 + E (D) ; 2 + E
2 3
FM 2.60 A cylindrical Mass m , is connected to a 3 m wide rectangular gate as shown in
figure. The height of water level is H . If the friction at the gate hinge and at the
pulley are negligible. The expression for cylindrical Mass m will be
+ ( - 1)E
4 6
- 1) + @ ;
3
(A) ( 2
(B)
4 2
H3 H3
4 ; 2g
+ (H - 1)E
4g : 2
(C) + (H - 1)D (D)
FM 2.61 An air container is placed on the Lake floor as shown in figure. A 5 m diameter
hatch is located on an inclined wall of container and hinged on one edge. The
water surface lies 4 m above the hinge point. Neglecting the weight of the hatch
and friction in the hinge. What will be the minimum air pressure within the
container to open the hatch ? ( = 10.1 kN/m3 )
FM 2.62 What will be the height H (in terms of R) as shown in figure, for which the hydrostatic
force on the rectangular panel is equal to the force on the semicircular panel ?
(A) H = . R (B) H = R
(C) H = . R (D) H = . R
FM 2.63 A closed tank is filled with liquid ( = 10.1 kN/m3) and has a hemispherical dome
as shown in the figure. A U-tube manometer is connected to the tank and filled
with the fluid having the S.G. of 3.0. If the differential manometer reading is
2.1 m, the vertical force of the water on the dome is
SOLUTIONS
We have m piston = g A = cm = # m
patm = a , Fcomp. =
From force balance pA = patm A + W + Fcomp.
W + Fcomp. mg + Fcomp.
Thus p = patm + = patm. +
A A
(4 # 9.81) + 60
= (105) + = 133.5 kPa
(35 # 104) # 1000
FM 2.4 Option (B) is correct.
Applying hydrostatic relation between point A to B:
pA + #( . ) #( . ) #( . )
hHg = 0.36m or 36 cm
Left hand term takes to zero because water tank is open in atmosphere.
pair + gglycerin # . + goil # . g O h + g O # . = 0
p + gglycerin # . + goil # . + g O # .
h = air
gH O
= 62 # 10 + 12.4 # 10 # 0.1 + 0.8 # 1000 # 9.81 # 0.2 + 1000 # 9.81 # 0.6
3 3
1000 # 9.81
h = 7.21 m
Note - If Reservoir is open in the atmosphere then pressure at the surface of tank
takes equal to zero.
p + goil # +g # +g l # + gHg # h p =
Here both the ends are open in the atmosphere. So p = p =
h = 9 # 0.1 + 9.8 # 0.1 + 15.6 # 0.2 = 0.0376 m
133
FM 2.14 Option (C) is correct.
Firstly from figure, the height of water added
v= = p (1) 2 # h
4
h = 25.46 cm
Then at equilibrium, the new system must have 25.46 cm of water on the right
and a 45 cm of liquid is somewhat displaced, so that L is on the right, 0.15 m
on the bottom and 0.3 L on the left side. The bottom pressure is constant.
patm + (1.6 # 0) (0. L) = patm + 0 # (0.2546) + (1.6 # 0) # L
4699.2 15664L = 2492.534 + 15664L
31328L = 2206.67
L = 0.0704 m = 7.04cm
+ g # 3 # 102
h =
gH O g
2
2
= 3.5 # 10 + 13.6 # 1000 # 9.81 # 3 # 10
3
pA + rbr ghbr + rHg ghHg, rgly ghgly, = pA + rbr ghbr + rHg ghHg, rgly ghgly,
pA pA = rHg g (hHg, hHg, ) rgly g (hgly, + hgly, )
p
= S.G. Hg DhHg S.G. gly Dhgly = ...(i)
w g
= S. G.
w
where hHg and hgly are changes in the differential mercury and glycerin column
heights, respectively.
The volume of mercury is constant.
Let piezometer tube B be an arbitrary distance H above the oil glycerin interface.
Apply the hydrostatic formula from point A to B:
1500 + g # + g (1.5 H)
goil (ZB H) = pB =
1500 + 12 # 2.0 + 8720 (1.5 H)
8720 ( B 1 H) = 0
1500 + 24 + (8720 # 1.5) 8720H
8720 B + (8720 # 1) + 8720H = 0
8720 B = 23324
ZB = 2.67 m
Let Piezometer tube C be an arbitrary distance Y above the bottom. Then
1500 + 12 # 2 + 8720 # 1.5 + 12360 (1.0 Y)
12360 ( C Y) = pC = (gage)
1500 + 24 + 13080 + (12360 # 1) 12360Y
12360 C + 12360Y =0
12360 C = 26964
ZC = 2.18 m
FM 2.24 Option (C) is correct.
When the pressure differential of 0.7 kPa occurs in the manometer, the pressure
pA pB is changed to pA pB . The left column falls the distance ( ) and the
right column rises by a distance (b) along the inclined differential manometer.
30 # ( 5790)
= sin1 (0.402) = 23.70c
pA pB = gH O ;L Dh b d l + h DhE
D
g
+ goil ; H O L + h + Dh b d l DhE
goil D
= gH O L + Dh b d l gH O hgH O + DhgH O
D
+ gH O L + gH O h + Dh b d l goil Dhgoil
D
= ;DhgH O + Dh b d l gH OE ;Dhgoil Dh b d l goilE
D D
= Dh ;gH O + b d l gH OE Dh ;goil b d l goilE
D D
or pA pB = Dh =gH O c + d m goil c d mG
D D
FM 2.26 Option (D) is correct.
Since the volume of water must be conserved. So,
d 2 l = p Di 2 H p D 0 2 h
3b 2 l # 2 3b 2 l # 0
...(i)
4
Also from the geometry of the cone
D = Di = D
H H h
Di = D and D = Dh
2 H
Substitute these values in equation (i),
d 2l = p D2 H p Dh 0 2 h
4 3 # 16 # 2 3 # b 2H l # 0
3d 2 l = D H b D l # h 03
2 2
...(ii)
8 H
Put H = D = . m and d = . m in equation (ii), we have
(0.6) 2 # 0.6 2
3 # (0.03) 2 l = b 0.6 l # h 03
8 0.6
(0.6) 3
3 # (0.03) 2 l = h 03
8
h = 0.027 0.0027l = 0.027 (1 0.1l )
h = 0.3 (1 0.1l ) 1/3
In equilibrium, the weight of ice block floating in a fluid is equal to the buoyant
3 3
or 0.02943 = 998 # 9.81 # p # h2 (3 # 0.02 h)
3
+ 1.225 # 9.81 : 4 p # (0.02) 3 p # h2 (3 # 0.02 h)D
3 3
or 0.02943 = 9790 # p # h2 (0.06 h) + 12 93.35 # 105 p h2 (0.06 h)C
3 3
0.02943 = 9790 # p h2 # (0.06 h) + 12 # 3.35 # 105
3
12 # p h2 (0.06 h)
3
0.02943 = 9790 # p h2 (0.06 h) + 4.02 # 104
3
0.02943 = 614.4h2 10239.5h3 + 4.02 # 104
or 10239.5h3 614.4h2 + 0.029028 = 0 gives h , 0.0073m b 7.3 mm
or 12.3 L # L cos 30c + 1.72 # L cos 30c = 19.62 # L cos 30c + 7.9L # L cos 30c
2 2
or 5.3L 2 + 1.5L = 17L + 3.42L2
(5.3 3.42) L2 = (17 1.5) L
1.88L2 = 15.5L
1.88L = 15L
or L = 15.5 = 8.2 , 8 m
1.88
p (S.G. 1) E
FM 2.34 Option (A) is correct.
A vertical force balance gives
(S.G.) oil # vdisplaced = (S.G.) cylinder # vcylinder
or 0.85 # R2 h = 0.6pR2 # 0.8
h = 0.565 m
The point B at h = 0.565 m = 0.282 m above the bottom and the point G at
2 2 2
= 0.8 = 0.4 m above the bottom.
2
= pw r dr = pw # R = pw R
R 2 4
g # g 4g
Since the volume of the fluid in the tank must remain constant. So
vi = v f
R H = pw R
2 4
4g
gH
2 =
R
gH
= = gH
R R
FM 2.38 Option (C) is correct.
Let h be the height of the free surface at the center line.
Then ZB = h + w R B , ZA = h + w R A
#g g
Subtracting the above two equations, we get
ZA ZB = w R A + h 0 h 0 w R B
2 2 2 2
2g 2g
ZA ZB = w ^R A2 R B2 h
2
2g
w2
2 # 9.81 6
0.18 0.10 = (0.1) 2 (0.05) 2@ RB = . m, R A = . m
0.08 = w # 0.0075
2
19.62
2 = 0.08 # 19.62
0.0075
= 209.28 = 14.5 rad/s
or = 2pN = 14.5
60
N = 60 # 14.5 = 138.56 , 139 r.p.m
2#p
FM 2.39 Correct option is (C).
When cone is pushed into the water, the air get compressed.
So, for constant temperature compression of air
pi vi = p f v f ...(i)
where subscript i and f denotes the initial and final states.
Now pi = patm
p f = patm + g # (d l )
vi = p R 2 H
3
VCED = p R 2 (H l ) 2 # (H l )
2
Thus
3H
v f = p b H l l #R2#(H l ) = p b R l # (H l ) 3
2 2
3 H 3 H
Substitute these values in equation (i),
patm # R H = 6patm + g (d l )@ p b R l (H l )
H
patm # H = 6patm + g (d l )@ (H l )
H
patm = 6patm + g (d l )@ # b H l l
H
patm # b H l patm = g (d l )
Hl
d l = atm ;b H l E
p
g Hl
l = d atm ;b H l E
p
g Hl
Substitute patm = 101 kPa and = 9.8 kN/m3
;b H l l E
l = d H
6H (H l ) @
= d
d
From figure tan 30c = 2
1
d = 2 tan 30c = 1.155 m
In equilibrium condition.
FV = 0 FC = pair A + W ...(i)
T # R = FR R c
T = FR c = 10271.5 # sin (32.5c)
= 5518.9 N , 5519 N
= 0.919 m
Thus at mercury-water interface
patm + ( 0) # (H + 0.0 ) 00 # h = patm
or 9790 # (0.919 + 0.02) = 133100h
h = 9790 # 0.939
133100
= 0.069 m = 6.9 cm
FM 2.50 Option (A) is correct.
The FBD of the curved surface is shown below.
For Hemisphere
y = 4R = 4 # 2 = 8 m
3p 3p 3p
x =R=2m
3 3
Now taking the moment about the hinged point C , we get
MC = 0 : FV # x + FH # y = P #
184.82 # 2 + 117.72 # 8
P = 3 3p = 1231.21 + 100 = 111.60 kN
2 2
FM 2.51 Option (C) is correct
The centroid of a semi-circle is at
4R = 4 # 3 , 1.273 m of the bottom, as shown in the sketch
3 3p
below.
= 0.629
( + 1.727)
Then summing moments about B yields the proper support force.
MB = 0
FR = gH O # hC # A = 9810 # (5 + 2) # (4 # 4) - 1098 kN
2
1 3
I 12 # 4 # (4)
The location of FR is yR = XC
+ yC = + 7 = 7.190 m
yC # A 7 # (4 # 4)
For equilibrium condition about hinged point
MH = 0 P# = FR # ( + . )
4 4 4
= 3.9327 # 105 - 393 kN
On the side of the gate where the water measures 3 m, F acts and has an hCG of
1.5 m on the opposite side, F acts with an hCG of 1 m.
F1 = goil # hCG # A1 = 0.82 # 9790 # 1.5 # 3 # 5 = 180625.5N
1
The average pressure on a surface is the pressure at the centroid of the surface.
gh
p =p avg = rgh
center = rg h = r
center
12
bL sin q
3
yCP = h 12
2 #b#L
g # h # Lb L bL # sin q
F b L yCP l f h
# Lb p
or P = =
L L
2 12 # h # b 2 6h
= =
2 2
ghb # 1 bL L sin q l
2
3h ghb
L L sin q D
2 2
=
2
=
4 # : 3h
FM 2.58 Option (B) is correct.
For resultant fluid force, this cross-section is divided into three parts as shown
below.
= 40 # 2 # 4 + 6.67 # 4 # 2 # 4
2
= 320 + 106.72 = 426.72 kN
For Area 3: FR3 = pair # A 3 + ghC 3 A 3
= 40 # 1 # 2 # 4 + 6.67 # 2 # 4 # 1 # 2 # 4
2 3 2
= 160 + 71.15 = 231.15 kN
Total force FR = FR + FR + FR3
= 160 + 426.72 + 231.15 = 817.87 kN - 818 kN
FM 2.59 Option (D) is correct.
The water causes a horizontal and a vertical force on the body as shown:
FH = g R Rb at R above O,
2 3
FV = g p 2 at 4 to the left of O
4 3
These must balance the moment of the body weight W about O.
g 2 gp 2 4 gp
2
2 #b 3 l 4 # b 3p l 4 b 3p l b2l=0
MO = + 4 g
g 3
S.G. body = s = = pR b b R l + R b G = pR b # b R l + R hb G
g 3p 3p
3
3p
;1 + 6 # 4 # p 2 E
4
:1 + 2D
1
s
= =
3p
:1+ 3 D
2
; E
1 + 4
# # 2
2 4 p 2
1 = 2 + 1
or S. G. =
2+ :3 D
3
FM 2.60 Option (C) is correct.
The FBD of the gate and the cylindrical block is shown below.
gH 3
From equation (i), T = 3 gH 2 # H = ...(ii)
2 3#4 8
Again from the FBD of cylindrical block
FV = 0 W = T + FB
gH 3
mg = T + FB = + gv From eq. (ii)
8
gH 3 g
+ g # p (1) 2 (H 1) = :H + p (H 1)D
3
=
8 4 4g 2
FM 2.61 Option (A) is correct.
RH = p R2 H + 2R
3
2 3
H = p RH + 2R
2
2 3
or H p RH R = 0
In the equilibrium condition, the vertical force of the water on the dome is equal
to the force which dome exerts on the water.
FV = 0 FD + W = pA
FD = pA W ...(i)
where FD = force that dome exerts on the fluid and
pA = pressure force at the base of the dome.
Now manometer equation (from the figure) can be written as
pA + ggf # ( . + . ) g O # ( . + . ) p = 0
p = 87 # 103 + 3 # 1000 # 9.81 # 2.1 9810 # 1.2
- 137 kPa
and W = gliquid # ; p b d l E = gliquid # : pd D
FM 3.1 Consider steady flow of water through an axisymmetric nozzle as shown in figure.
Along the centre line, water speed increases parabolically through nozzle from
uin to uout . What will be the expression for center line speed u x from x = to
x=L ?
FM 3.7 The linear couette flow between plates as shown in figure below has velocity
Vy
component as u = , v = . This flow has a stream function but no velocity
h
potential, because
FM 3.8 The velocity potential for a certain inviscid, incompressible flow field is given by
the relation
= 2x2 y b 2 l y3
3
where has the units of m /s when x and y are in meters.
2
2p
FM 3.11 What will be the pressure gradient in N/m3 ?
2x
(A) 9000 (1 x) (B) 9000 (1 + x)
(C) 9000x (D) 900 (1 + x)
FM 3.12 If the pressure at section (1) is 345 kPa, the pressure at section (2) will be
(A) 159 kPa (B) 3315 kPa
(C) 33.15 kPa (D) 331.5 kPa
FM 3.13 The air speed at a given location is 25 m/s and the pressure gradient along the
streamline is 125 N/m3 . If the effect of gravity is negligible and air = 1.2 g m ,
what will be the air speed at a point 0.5 m far along the streamline ?
(A) 22 m/sec. (B) 2.03 m/sec.
(C) 20 m/sec. (D) 23 m/sec.
(C) - EV + V +
2 2
gz
=C (D) EV + V + gz = C
2 2r
FM 3.16 A constant thickness film of viscous liquid flows in laminar motion down a plate
at angle = 30c as shown in figure below. The velocity profile is u = Cy (2h y)
, v = w = . What will be the volume flux per unit width in terms of the specific
weight and viscosity ?
gh gh
(A) vo = (B) vo =
m m
gh gh
(C) vo = (D) vo =
m m
FM 3.18 Air blows along an object as shown in figure. It has two entrances a flat door and
a mounted back door. The wind blows with velocity V across the front door. The
average velocity across the back door is greater than V because of the mound
and it becomes 1.08V0 . If the wind velocity is 6 m/s, what will be the pressure
difference between gate 1 and 2 ?
FM 3.19 The height of the water columns in a piezometer and a pitot tube are measured
to be 45 cm and 50 cm respectively (Both measured from the top surface of the
pipe). Both are tapped into a horizontal water pipe. What will be the velocity at
the center of pipe ?
(A) 17.2 m/s (B) 1.72 m/s
(C) 0.172 m/s (D) 15.6 m/s
FM 3.20 A fire hose nozzle has a diameter of 3 cm. The nozzle must be capable of delivering
at least 0.016 m3 /s . If the nozzle is attached to a 2.5 cm diameter hose, what
pressure must be maintained just upstream of the nozzle to deliver this flow rate ?
(A) 500 kPa (B) 125 Pa
(C) 250 kPa (D) 2.50 kPa
FM 3.21 A large water reservoir of 10 m diameter is filled with water which is open to the
atmosphere. The reservoir has a smooth entrance orifice 2 m below the water
level where the water leaves the reservoir through a 25 m long horizontal pipe
attached to the orifice as shown in figure. If the diameter of orifice is 3 cm, the
maximum discharge rate of water through pipe is
(A) 0.00443 m3 /s (B) 0.443 m2/s
(C) 0.0443 m3/s (D) 4.43 m3/s
FM 3.22 A wind blowing past over a home at 18 m/s. It speeds up as it flows up and over
the roof. If elevation effects are neglected, what will be the pressure difference
between over the roof and inside the home when the speed at the point on the
roof is 26.5 m/s ?
FM 3.23 The water height in an airtight pressurized tank is 20 m. A hose pointing straight
up is connected to the bottom of tank. The gage pressure above the water surface
is 304 kPa . What will be the maximum height to which the water stream could
rise. [The system is at sea level]
FM 3.26 A high pressure liquid jet as shown in figure, can be used to cut various materials.
If the viscous effects are negligible, what will be the pressure and flow rate,
respectively to produce a 104 m diameter water jet with a speed of 700 m/s ?
FM 3.27 What will be the velocity at the downstream of the hose as shown in figure when
all the viscous effects are neglected ?
FM 3.28 Water flows through the pipe contraction as shown in figure. If the difference in
manometer level is 0.2 m, the flow rate vo will be
FM 3.29 An oil at 20cC ( = 870 kg/m3 and = 0.104 kg/m - s ) flows through a 2 m long
straight horizontal pipe. The pressure drop is constant = 800 Pa/m . If Reynolds
number Re D of the flow is to be exactly 1000, the flow rate vo is
(A) 34 m3 /h (B) 3.4 m3 /h
(C) 17 m3 /h (D) 340 m3 /h
FM 3.30 A 0.20 m diameter pipe discharges into a 0.15 m diameter pipe. If they are carrying
0.20 m3/s of water, what will be the difference between their velocity heads ?
(A) 6.37 m (B) 4.47 m
(C) 5.47 m (D) 4.87 m
FM 3.31 Two streams of water from two tanks strikes upon each other as shown in figure.
The point A is the striking point and all the viscous effects are negligible. What
FM 3.32 A liquid ( = 0.002 N - s/m2 , = 1000 kg/m3 ) is forced through the circular tube
of 9 mm diameter as shown in figure. A differential manometer is connected to
the tube to measure the pressure drop along the tube. If the differential reading
h is 6 mm and the flow is laminar, what will be the mean velocity in the tube ?
FM 3.33 Water enters a tank of diameter D , steadily at a mass flow rate of m o in , which is
open to the atmosphere. An orifice of diameter Do with a smooth entrance (i.e. no
losses) is open at the bottom allows water to escape. If the tank is initially empty,
the maximum height that the water will reach in the tank is
mo in o
= = min G
p g rDo G
=
(A) h = (B) h
g rpDo
o o
(C) h = = min G (D) h = ; min E
g rpDo g rpDo
FM 3.35 Water flows through a variable area pipe with a constant flow rate vo as shown in
figure. The viscous effects are negligible and the pressure remains constant throughout
the pipe. If D is the three fourth of the D, what will be the diameter D ?
FM 3.37 A circular stream of water from a spigot is observed to taper from a diameter of
D1 to D2 in a distance of z1 . The expression for flow rate is
FM 3.39 The vent on the tank as shown in figure is closed and the tank is pressurized to
increase the flow rate. What will be the pressure p1 needed to produce twice the
flow rate of that when the vent is open ?
FM 3.42 Oil with specific gravity 0.85 flows in the variable area pipe as shown in figure. If
the viscous effects are negligible, the flow rate of oil in m3 /s will be
m = gH O2
FM 3.43 The water is siphoned from the tank as shown in figure. A water barometer
inserted into the tank and it gives a reading of 9.2 m. If the pressure of the vapor
in the closed end of the barometer equals to the vapor pressure, what will be the
maximum value of h allowed without cavitation occurring ?
FM 3.45 What will be the pressure needed at section (1) to draw the water into section
(2) ?
(A) 0 (B) 2 kPa
(C) 0.02 kPa (D) 0.2 kPa
FM 3.46 The water flows steadily from a large open tank and discharges into the atmosphere
through a 7.6 cm diameter pipe as shown in figure. If the pressure gages at A and
B indicates the same pressure then the diameter of the narrowed section of the
pipe at A, is
FM 3.47 The oil flows steadily from the two tanks as shown in figure. What will be the
water depth hA for tank A ?
(A) 24 m (B) 21 m
(C) 23 m (D) 22 m
FM 3.48 Ethyl alcohol flows through the Venturi meter as shown in figure with a velocity
of 4.5 m/s in the 27.25 cm diameter pipe. If the viscous effects are negligible,
what will be the elevation h of the alcohol in the open tube, connected to the
throat of the Venturi meter ?
FM 3.49 The water flows into the sink at a rate of 1.26 # 104 m3/s as shown in figure.
When the drain is closed, the water will eventually flow through the overflow
drain holes rather than over the edge of the sink. Neglect the viscous effects.
What will be the number of drain holes of 1 cm diameter that are needed to
ensure that the water does not overflow the sink ? (Cc = 0.61)
(A) 2 (B) 5
(C) 3 (D) 4
FM 3.50 The water flows into a large tank at a rate of 0.010 m3/s as shown in figure. The
water leaves the tank through 5 holes in the bottom of the tank, each of which
produces a stream of 20 mm diameter. For steady state operation, the equilibrium
height h will be
FM 3.51 Air at standard conditions ( = 12.0 N/m3) flows through the cylindrical drying
stack as shown in figure. The inclined water filled manometer reading is 20 mm
and viscous effects are neglected. What will be the flow rate ?
FM 3.52 In ideal conditions, the flow rate of seawater through the orifice meter as shown
in figure is to be 19 # 104 m3/s with pressure difference p p = k a . If the
contraction coefficient is 0.63, the diameter of the orifice hole d will be
FM 3.53 A weir of trapezoidal cross section is used to measure the flow rate in a channel
as shown in figure. The flow rate is vo0 , when H = l . What will be the flow rate
when H = 3 l ?
(A) vo = vo (B) vo = vo
(C) vo = vo (D) vo = vo
FM 3.54 The water flows in a 2 m wide rectangular channel as shown in figure, with
up-stream depth of 80 mm. The water surface rises 20 mm as it passes over
the portion where the channel bottom rises 10 mm. If the viscous effects are
negligible, what will be the flow rate through the channel in m3/s ?
FM 3.55 The water flows down uniformly through the slopping ramp as shown in figure
with negligible viscous effects. What will be the depth h2 at the downstream ?
FM 3.56 Water flows under the inclined sluice gate as shown in figure. If the gate is 2.4 m
wide into the paper, the flow rate will be
FM 3.57 A conical plug regulate the air flow from the pipe of diameter 0.33 m as shown in
the figure. The air leaves the edge of the cone with a uniform thickness of 0.02 m.
If viscous effect are negligible and the flow rate is 1 m3/s , the pressure within the
FM 3.59 The water flows over the unit width spillway as shown in figure. If the velocity is
uniform at upstream and downstream and viscous effects are negligible, what will
be the velocity at the downstream ?
***********
SOLUTIONS
r 2r ; b r lE r 2 ;
2 k cos r - b + 2 - k sin + b = 0
b r lE
r;
k cos b + b lE + # ;- k cos b + b lE = 0
r r r
r;
k b + b lE - ;k
b + b lE = 0
r r r
or 0=0
Incompressible continuity equation is satisfied. Hence the flow field will be steady
incompressible.
f x = x + C
2
So
2
The final stream function is thus
= 1 (y2 x2) + 2xy + C
2
FM 3.10 Option (C) is correct.
In Cartesian coordinates the stream function is
2y
u = = y ...(i)
2y
2y
v = = x ...(ii)
2x
By integrating equation (ii), we get
# 2 = # 2x dx
= 2x + f (x) = x2 + f (x)
2
...(iii)
2
differentiate equation (iii) w.r.t. y,
2 ( )
= 0+
2y y
f (x)
= 3y from eq. (i)
dy
Integrating the above equation,
# f (x) = # 3y y or f (x) = y + C
= 9000 :x + x D
2 1
p # 2 0
p = 345 # 103 9000 b1 + 1 l = 345 # 103 9000 # 3
2 2
= 103 # :345 27 D = 331.5 kPa
2
FM 3.13 Option (D) is correct.
2p
We have V= =
sec ,
2x
The equation of motion along the stream line direction is
2p
g sin q = rV2V
2x 2x
If neglect the effect of gravity, then
= rg =
2p
So = rV2V
2x 2x
2V = 125 = 4.06 sec1
2x 25 # 1 . 23
Also V = 2V d x
2x
Substitute 2V = 4.06 sec1 and x = . m
2x
V = 4.06 # 0.5 = 2.03 m/s
So the net air speed will be
V + dV = 25 2.03 = 22.97 - 23 m/s
d
+ d V + g dz = 0
EV
d
EV + d b V l + gdz = 0
Now integrate this equation between point (1) & (2), we get
d
d b 1 V 2 l + gdz = 0
V
# # #
2 2 z 2
EV 2 + 2
1 V 1 z 1
= 7Chy A ; E = Ch Ch = 2 h3
h
2 h Cy
0 0 3
r r h3 gh 3
vo = 2 # # h3 = 1 # # = = g
3 4m 6 m 6m
FM 3.17 Option (D) is correct
The pressure gradients from the Navier-stokes x and y relations :
2p 2 2
cu2u + v2u m = + m e2 u2 + 2 u2 o
2x 2y 2x 2x 2y
2p
or 6- 2xy (- 2y) + (y2 - x2) (- 2x)@ = + m (0 + 0)
2x
2p
= 2r (xy2 + x3)
2x
and similarly for the y-momentum relation
2 2 2
2p
cu2v + v2v m = + m =2 v2 + 2 v2 + 2 v2 G
2x 2y 2y 2x 2y 2z
2p
or 6- 2xy (- 2x) + (y2 - x2) (2y)@ = + m 6 2 + 2 + 0@
2y
2p
= 2r (x2 y + y3) ...(i)
2y
2p 2p
The two gradients and may be integrated to find p (x, y)
2x 2y
x2 y2 x 4
dx y = cons tant = 2r c + m + (y)
2p
p =
2x # 2 4
...(ii)
then differentiate w.r.t. y,
2p df
= 2r (x2 y) +
2y dy
df
or 2r (x2 y + y3) = 2r (x2 y) + from eq. (i)
dy
df
= 2r (x2 y + y3) + 2r (x2 y) = 2ry3
dy
r
or f (y) = y 4 + C ...(iii)
2
From equation (ii) and (iii),we get
r
p = (2x2 y2 + x 4 + y 4) + C = pa
2
At (x, y) = (0, 0) C = pa
Finally, the pressure field for this flow is given by
p = pa r ( x y + x + y )
The application of the Bernoullis equation between points (1) and (2) gives
p1 V12 p 2
+ + z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2 At center line z2 = z1
g 2g rg 2g
p2 - p1 V 12 V 22
=
g 2g
We have D = . cm , D2 = cm , vo = . m s
Applying Bernoullis equation at section (1) & (2),
p1 V 12 p 2
+ + z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
2g g 2g
For horizontal pipe z1 = z2 & at downstream p2 =
p1 V 12 V 22
So + =
2g 2g
g
p1 = [V 2 V 12] ...(i)
2g 2
Now, from continuity equation
vo = A1 V1 = A2 V2
o
V1 = v = p . 1 = . 2m s
A1 ( . # 1 2) 2
o
V2 = v = p . 1 = 22. m s
A2 ( # 1 2) 2
Substitute these values in equation (i), we get
r
p1 = [V 22 V 12] = 1000 [(22.65) 2 (3.62) 2] =
2 2 g
= 249959 - 250 kPa
Consider water level at point (1) and pipe exit at point (2) and applying Bernoulli
equation between (1) and (2)
p1 V 12 p 2
+ + z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
g 2g rg 2g
z1 = V 2 & V2 =
2
2gz1 p1 = p2 = patm, z2 = , V1 =
2g
GATE MCQ Mechanical Engineering (4-volumes)
by NODIA and COMPANY
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GATE Mechanical Engineering in 4 Volume NODIA Demo Ebook Page 103
Now V =
Dp D
= 800 #
]0.1g2 = 1.20 m/s
L# m 2 4 # 8 # 0.104
Then vo = AV = p # (0.1) 2 # 1.20
4
= 0.009425 m3 /s = 0.009425 # 3600 = 34 m3 /h
2g 2g 2g
= 1 [(11.32) 2 (6.37) 2] = 4.47 m
2 # 9.8
FM 3.31 Option (A) is correct.
The water jets strikes at point A as shown in figure. We have to take three
sections (1), A and (2).
Now applying Bernoullis equation at section (2) and A, we get
p2 V 22 p 2
+ + z2 = A + V A + zA
2g g 2g
Here p2 = (Gage), V2 = , VA = , z2 = 1 + h , zA = h
p
Thus z2 = A + zA
g
p
14 + h = A + h
g
pA = 14g ...(i)
Again applying Bernoullis equation at section (A) & (1), we have
pA V A2 p 2
+ + z A = 1 + V 1 + z1
2g g 2g
Here VA = , V1 = , p1 = 1 2 k a , pA = 1 g , zA = h , z1 = 2. m
14
Hence + 0 + h = 172 + 0 + 2.5 m
g
h = 172 + 2.5 14
9.8
= 17.55 + 2.5 14 = 6.05 m
FM 3.32 Option (C) is correct.
8m l
From manometer equation (see figure)
p + gf Dh ggf Dh = p
or p p = Dp = Dh ^ggf gf h = Dh ^g h^rgf rf h
= 0.007 # 9.81 # ^2000 1000h = 68.7 N/m2
b 0.004 l
2
2 # 68.7
Thus V = = 8.59 # 103 m/s
8 # 0.002 # 2
FM 3.33 Option (C) is correct.
The Bernoulli equation between water entrance and exit of tank.
pin V in p
+ + zin = out + V out + zout
g g rg g
Since pin = pout = patm , Vin = and zout =
Then V out
2
= zin
2g
Vout = 2gzin
So that the mass flow rate through the orifice
oout = rvoout = rA Vout = r pD #
m gzin
zin = 1 # = 4mout2 G
o 2
2g rpD 0
Setting zin = h max and m
oout = mo in gives the relation for maximum height the water
will reach in the tank.
h max = 1 = 4min2 G
o 2
2g rpD 0
FM 3.34 Option (D) is correct.
First check Reynolds number to determine if flow is laminar or turbulent.
rVD # . # .
Re = = = <
m . #
Thus, flow is laminar and mean velocity is given by
Dp
V =R
2
8m l
p mV 8 # ^1.19 # 103h # 0.15
So that = = = 57.1 N/m2 per m
b 2 l
0.010 2
l R
We have p = constant , D = D
Applying Bernoullis equation
p V p
+ + z = +V + z
g g g
Here p=p, z =
So V 12 V 2 = z
2g
V V = 2gz ...(i)
Flow rate vo = AV = A V
o o o
V = v = v = v
A pD pD
o o vo vo
V = v = pv = =
A D p # ^ Dh pD
Substitute the V & V in equation (i)
c 64v 2 m - c 4v 2 m = c . vo m c .
o 2 o 2 vo m = 2gz
9D D D D
D # gz = 3.51vo 2
A 2 2gz A 2 2gz A2 = D2 2
vo2 = 2 # 21 = 2 # 41 c m
1 c A2 m 1 c D2 m
A1 D1
A1 D1
A 2gz1
vo = 2 # = 4.43A2 z14
1 c D2 m 1 c D2 m
4
D1 D1
P = 5236 = 7.0 hp
746
FM 3.39 Option (B) is correct.
Applying Bernoullis equation at section (1) & (2), when the vent is open.
p1 V 12 p 2
+ + z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2
2g g 2g
Here p1 = p2 = 0 (gage pressure), V1 = 0 , z2 = 0 , z1 = m
Thus, V 22 = 2gz1 = 2 # 9.8 # 3 = 58.8
V2 = 7.67 m/s
To have double the flow rate with the vent closed.
p1 =
Y 0 and V2 = 2 # . = 15. 4 m s . From Bernoullis equation,
+ z1 = V 2
2
p1
2g
p1 (15.34) 2
= 3 = 9
2 # 9.8
p1 = 9 # 9.8 = 88.2 kPa
12 2g 2g 2g
3
V 32 = 2.68 # 10 # 2 # 9.8 = 291.82
12 # 15
V3 = 17.08 m/s
Hence, flow rate vo = A 3 V3 = p ( . )2 # . = . 33 m3 s
Note : Same result is obtained from A2 V2 .
FM 3.45 Option (A) is correct.
Applying Bernoullis equation at section (1) & (3),
2
p1 V 12 p
+ + z1 = 3 + V 3 + z 3
2g g 2g
Here z1 = z 3 (horizontal pipe)
p 3 = (gage pressure)
V1 = V3 (because A1 = A 3 )
p1
Hence = 0 & p1 = 0
FM 3.46 Option (C) is correct.
We have D= . m , pA = pB & p = p 3
Applying Bernoullis equation at section (4) and (2),
p 4 V 42 p 2
+ + z 4 = 2 + V 2 + z2
2g g 2g
AV =A V
2
V = A V = b D l V = b 15.25 l # 4.5 = 10.06 m/s
A D 10.2
and p = g # 1.83 = 1.83g
Substitute these values in equation (i),
p ( ) 1.83g (4.5) 2
+ = + + 0.204
g g 2g
p
= 1.83 + 1.03 + 0.204 5.16 = 2.096 ...(ii)
From figure p = gh
p
= h ...(iii)
On comparing equation (ii) & (iii), we get
h = 2.096 m
2g
V = 2gh & V = 2gh ...(ii)
It is a steady state operation. So, flow rate remains constant.
vo = vo ...(iii)
where vo = 0.01 m3/s
vo = 5A2 V2 = 5 # p D 22 V2
4
From equation (ii) and (iii),
0.01 = 5 # p D 22 # 2gh
4
2gh = 4 # 0.01 = 6.37
5 # 3.14 # (0.02) 2
2gh = (6.37) 2 = 40.57
h = 40.57 = 2.07 m
2 # 9.8
FM 3.51 Option (A) is correct.
A1 2 4
V = 4V1
Substitute these values in equation (i),
p V p ( V)
+ = + +h
g g g
15V 12 = p p h ...(ii)
2g g
The manometer equation can be written as
p + gl + gm # . sin c + g (h l . sin c) = p
p p = 0.02 sin 30c (gm g) + gh = 0.01 (gm g) + gh
p -p g
= 0.01 b m 1l + h ...(iii)
g
p -p
Substitute value of from equation (iii) into equation (ii),
g g
15V 1 = 0.01 b m 1l + h h = 0.01 b m 1l
2
2g g g
0.02g gm
15 b g
V = 1l
Substitute m = . m and = 12.0 N/m3
3
V = 0.0131 # b 9.8 # 10 1l = 10.68
12
= 3.268 m/s
Hence, flow rate vo = A V = p D # V = p # (2) 2 # 3.268
4
= 10.26 m3 /s
We have vo = # m s , p p = a , Cc = .
Applying Bernoullis equation at section (1) & (2),
p1 V 12 p 2
+ + z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2 z1 = z 2
2g g 2g
p1 - p2 V 22 V 12
= ...(i)
2g
From continuity equation
o
V1 = v
A1
=19 # 104 = 19 # 4 = 0.97 m/s
p (5 10 )2 2 25 # 3.14
4# #
Substitute these values in equation (i),
16 # 103 = V 2 (0.97)
2 2
V = 32 + 0.941 = 32.941
V = 5.74 m/s
Hence vo = A V = Cc # p d # V
d = vo = # #
p # Cc V # #
4
d = 6.69 # 10
d = 2.59 # 102 m = 2.59 cm - 2.6 cm
vo = 2 2
2g b 3l l bl + 3l l
vo 3/2
4 4
1 3/2 3l
b l #b 2 l
vo = 2 = 0.466
vo 3 3/2 7l
b4l #b 4 l
vo = 2.15vo0
2g 2g
V 12 [1 0.64] = 0.11 0.08 = 0.03
2 # 9.8
V 12 = 1.63
V1 = 1.28 m/s
Hence, flow rate vo = A1 V1 = ( . # 2) # 1.2
= 0.2048 m /s - 0.205 m3/s
3
p V p
+ + z = +V + z ...(i)
g g g
2g 2g
35V 12 = 1.5
2g
V = 1.5 # 2 # 9.8 = 0.84
35
V - 0.92 m/s
Hence, the flow rate vo = A V = ( . # . ) # . - 3.97 m3/s
p1 (11.7) 2 (31.85) 2
+ +0 = 0+ + 0.25
12 2 # 9.8 2 # 9. 8
p1
= 51.75 + 0.25 6.98 = 45.02
12
p = 45.02 # 12 = 540.24 Pa , 540 Pa
vo2 ; 12 12 E = 2gz1
A 2 A1
2gz1
vo2 =
1 1
A 22 A 12
Substitute the numerical values
vo2 = 2 1# 9.8 # 0.82
4 2
(8.55 # 10 )
(1.45 #1 10 )
3 2
= 16.072 16.072
4 =
136.8 # 10 47.5 # 10
4
89.3 # 10 4
vo2 = 0.18 # 104
or vo = 0.43 # 102 = 0.0043 m3/s
***********
FM 4.1 A 1.5 m3 rigid tank contains air whose density is 1.18 kg/m3 . A high-pressure air
is allowed to enter the tank until the density in the tank rises to 7.20 kg/m3 . The
mass of air that entered the tank is
(A) 10.8 kg (B) 9.03 kg
(C) 1.77 kg (D) 12.57 kg
FM 4.2 The wind blows through a 2.2 m # 3 m garage door with a speed of 1.5 m/s as
shown in figure. What will be the average speed V of the air through the two
0.91 m # 1.22 m windows ?
FM 4.4 Three pipes steadily delivers water at 20cC to a large exit pipe as shown in figure
below. The velocity V = m s and the exit flow rate vo = . m s . If increase
in vo by 20% would increase vo by 10%, the velocities V1, V and V are
(B) V = V = V =
(C) V = V = V =
(D) V = V = V =
FM 4.5 Water at 20cC flows through the piping junction, enters at section 1 with flow
rate of 1.26 # 103 m3 /s as shown in figure below. A portion of the flow is diverted
through the shower-head, which contains 50 holes of 1 mm diameter at section 3.
The average velocity at section 2 is 2.5 m/s. If flow through the shower is uniform
, the exit velocity from the shower head jet is
FM 4.6 An oil having a specific gravity of 0.85 is pumped with a water jet pump as shown
in figure. The water and oil mixture has an average specific gravity of 0.90 and
water flow rate is 0.5 m3/s . What will be the flow rate in m3/s at which the pump
moves oil ?
FM 4.7 Water flowing through an 8 cm diameter pipe enters a porous section as shown in
figure below, which allows a uniform radial velocity Vw through the wall surfaces
for a distance of 1.2 m. If the entrance average velocity is 12 m/s and the exit
velocity is 9 m/s, what will be the Vw in cm/s ?
FM 4.8 Air at the steady rate of 25 m3/min is drawn into a compressor at standard
atmospheric conditions. The compressor pressure ratio, pexit pinlet is 10 to 1 and
through the compressor p n remains constant with n = 1. . If the average
velocity in the compressor discharge pipe is not to exceed 25 m/s, what will be
the minimum discharge pipe diameter ?
(A) 6.4 m (B) 0.0064 m
(C) 0.064 m (D) 0.64 m
FM 4.9 Consider the river flowing towards a sea at mean velocity of 3 m/s with a rate
of 250 m3/s at a location 90 m above the sea surface. The power generation
potential of the entire river at that location is
FM 4.11 The pressure difference between the inlet and the exit of the pump is
(A) 201 kPa (B) 192 kPa
(C) 199 kPa (D) 196 kPa
FM 4.12 What is the mass flow rate in kg/s at which the mass of air in the tank is
increasing ?
(A) 0.65 (B) 0.073
(C) 0.065 (D) 0.73
GATE MCQ Mechanical Engineering (4-volumes)
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FM 4.13 What is the average time rate of change of air density in kg/m3 s within the tank
?
(A) 1.56 (B) 1.30
(C) 0.0130 (D) 0.130
FM 4.14 The pipe flow in shown figure below, fills a cylindrical tank. At time t = 0 , the
water depth in the tank is 65 cm. What will be the time required to fill the
remainder of the tank ?
FM 4.16 Water enters the bottom of the cone as shown in figure at a uniformly increasing
average velocity V = at . If d is very small and h = 0 at t = 0 , the expression for
the water surface rise is
FM 4.17 The velocity distribution is uniform at the entrance of a 0.9 m wide channel with
a velocity V as shown in figure. Further at the downstream the velocity profile
is given by u = y y , where u is in m/s and y is in meter. What will be the
value of V in m/s ?
FM 4.18 A fluid flowing past incompressibly over a flat plate as shown in figure below,
with a uniform inlet profile u = Uo and a exit profile u , U <3 - F , where = Y . What
3
2 o
will be the expression for volume flow rate vo across the top surface of the control
volume ?
(A) vo = Uo bd (B) vo = 5 Uo bd
(C) vo = 3 U bd
o (D) vo = 3 U bdo
FM 4.19 A syringe plunger is moved forward at the steady rate of 10 mm/s and the vaccine
leaks pass the plunger at 0.1 of the volume flow rate, out the needle opening.
The inside diameters of the syringe and the needle are 15 mm and 0.525 mm,
respectively. What will be the average velocity of the needle exit flow ?
FM 4.20 Water flows through a horizontal pipe at a rate of 35 L/s. The pipe diameter is
reduced from 15 cm to 8 cm by a reducer. The pressure difference at the centre
line, between the two sections of pipe is measured to be 30 kPa. If the kinetic
energy correction factors to be 1.05, the irreversible head loss in the reducer is
(A) 5.44 m (B) 6.75 m
(C) 2.379 m (D) 0.675 m
FM 4.21 Consider an incompressible steady flow between two parallel plates as shown in
FM 4.22 A fire hose nozzle is to deliver water that will rise 40 m vertically. What is the
stagnation pressure required at the nozzle inlet if (a) no loss is there (b) a loss of
30 N m/kg is there, respectively ?
(A) 392 kPa, 422 kPa (B) 316 kPa, 294 kPa
(C) 294 kPa, 316 kPa (D) 422 kPa, 392 kPa
FM 4.23 The water level in a tank is 16 m above the ground. A hose is connected to the
bottom of the tank and the Nozzle at the end of the hose is pointed straight up.
The tank is at sea level and water surface is open to the atmosphere. There is a
pump in the line leading from the tank to the Nozzle, which increases the pressure
of water. If the water jet rises to a height of 30 m from the ground, the minimum
pressure rise supplied by the pump to the water line is
FM 4.24 The test section wall in figure shown below contains 12064 holes of 5 mm diameter
each. The suction velocity through each hole is Vr = 4 0 m min and the entrance
velocity V0 = 215 m min . For incompressible steady flow of air at 20cC , what will
be the final velocity Vf ?
FM 4.25 The velocity distribution in an open channel flow is characterise by the relation
V=U y h im s
where U = free-surface velocity, y = perpendicular distance from the channel
bottom in meter and h = depth of the channel in meter.
What is the average velocity of the channel stream as a function of U ?
FM 4.26 Consider a water jet that is deflected by a stationary cone such as shown in figure
below. If the jet velocity and diameter are 30 m/s and 5 cm, respectively and the
jet is deflected by 45c, what amount of force is required to hold the cone against
the water stream ?
FM 4.27 The vane turns water jet completely around as shown in figure below. If the water
has pressure p and temperature T cC , the maximum jet velocity is
2 2
(A) V = ; F
2E (B) V = ; F 2 E
2rpD 2rpD
(D) V = ; 2F 2 E
2 2
(C) V = ; F 2 E
rpD rpD
FM 4.28 A jet of water with velocity V is directed in the positive x direction and it is
deflected by a flat plate. The plate is moving towards the on coming water jet
with velocity 0.5 V. If the jet cross-sectional area is A and a force F is required
to maintain the plate stationary then the magnitude of force required to move the
plate towards the jet, as shown in figure below, is
FM 4.29 Air enters in a jet engine at 20cC and 1 atm, where A1 = m and V1 = m s
and leaves at 1 atm, where A = m and V = 1 m s as shown in figure
below. If the air-fuel ratio is 30: 1, the test stand support reaction Rx will be
FM 4.32 Water at 20cC flows steadily through a reducing pipe bend as shown in figure
below. Known conditions are p1 = k a gage, A1 = 1 cm , p = k a gage,
FM 4.34 Water flows through a reducing section of pipe as shown in figure below. All
fluids are at 20cC . If D1 = 8 cm , D2 = 5 cm , p2 = 1 atm , V2 = 1 m s , and the
manometer reading is h = 58 cm . What will be the horizontal force resisted by
each bolt when number of bolts is 4 ?( Hg = 1 28 N m )
FM 4.35 A water tank is drained through a hole of area Ao with fluid velocity V = gh
as shown in figure below, where h is the depth of water above the hole and the
cylindrical tank have bottom area Ab . Expression for the time to drain the tank
from an initial depth of ho is
(A) t = Ao # ho (B) t = Ab # ho
Ab g Ao g
(C) t = Ab # gho (D) t = Ao # gho
Ao Ab
FM 4.36 Water is pumped from a reservoir as shown in figure. The head loss is known
to be 1.2V 2/2g , where V is the average velocity in the pipe. The relationship
between the pump head and the flow rate is h p = vo , where h p is in the
meters and vo is in m /s . What will be the flow rate vo in m /s ?
3 3
FM 4.37 Water exists to the standard sea-level atmosphere through the split nozzle as
shown in figure below. The weight flow rate at section 2 and 3 is equals to 748
N/s. If D = cm , D2 = D 3 = 0 cm and p = 35 k a (absolute), the force on
the flange bolts at section 1 is
FM 4.38 Water enters a pump impeller radially and leaves the impeller with a tangential
component of absolute velocity of 10 m/s. The impeller exit diameter is 60 mm
and the impeller speed is 1800 rpm. If the stagnation pressure rise across the
impeller is 45 kPa, the loss of available energy across the impeller and the
hydraulic efficiency of the pump respectively, are
(A) 8.7 Nm/kg , 0.597 (B) 11.6 N m/kg , 0.796
(C) 14.5 N m/kg , 0.995 (D) 5.8 N m/kg , 0.398
FM 4.39 The water enters a horizontal, circular cross-sectional, sudden contraction nozzle
at section (1) with a uniformly distributed velocity of 7.5 m/s and a pressure of
517 kPa as shown in figure. The water exits from the nozzle into the atmosphere
at section (2) with the velocity of 30.5 m/s. What will be the axial component of
the anchoring force required to hold the contraction in place ?
FM 4.40 Water is flowing through a U-section pipe as shown in figure below. At flange
(1), flange (2) and Location (3) the pressures are 100 kPa, 50 kPa and 100 kPa,
respectively. If the momentum flux correction factor to be 1.03, the total x and
z forces at the two flanges connecting the pipe are
(A) FRx = 3.11 , FRz = 112 (B) FRx = 3.11 , FRz = 112
(C) FRx = 112 , FRz = 3.11 (D) FRx = 112 , FRz = 3.11
FM 4.41 A nozzle is connected to a vertical pipe and discharges water into the atmosphere
at a rate of 0.01 m3/s as shown in figure. The gage pressure at the flange is
40 kPaand the nozzle has a weight of 200 N. If the volume of water in the nozzle
is 0.012 m3 , what will be the vertical component of the anchoring force required
to hold the nozzle in place ?
FM 4.42 Water at 20cC flows through a 5 cm diameter pipe as shown in figure, which
turns the water flow direction completely around. The pressure at flange 1 is
p1 = 1 5 a (abs), at flange 2 is p2 = 1 a (abs) and mass flow rate is 23.45
kg/s. What will be the total force which flanges must withstand ?
FM 4.44 What is the anchoring force FAy in y -direction, required to hold the bend in place ?
(A) 3251 N (B) 3041 N
(C) 3401 N (D) 341 N
FM 4.45 A liquid jet of velocity Vj and area A j strikes a single 180c bucket on a turbine
wheel rotating at angular velocity as shown in figure below. What will be the
expression for maximum power in terms of , A j and Vj ?
FM 4.46 Consider a free jet of fluid which strikes a wedge as shown in figure. A portion
of the total flow is deflected by 30c and the remainder is not deflected. The
horizontal and vertical components of force needed to hold the wedge stationary
are FH and FV , respectively. If the effect of gravity is neglecting and the fluid
speed remains constant, the force ratio FH FV is
FM 4.47 A liquid jet of velocity Vj and diameter D j strikes a fixed cone of = 60c and
deflects back as a conical sheet at the same velocity. What will be the restraining
force F ?
(A) F = rA j V j (B) F = . rA j V j
(C) F = rA j V j (D) F = rA j V j
FM 4.48 A vertical circular cross section jet of air strikes a conical deflector as shown in
figure. A vertical anchoring force of 0.1 N is required to hold the deflector in the
place. If the magnitude of velocity of the air remains constant and air = . kg m
, what will be the mass of the deflector ?
FM 4.49 The box in figure shown below has three 1.27 cm holes on the right side. The
volume flows of 20cC water from top and bottom hole is votop = vobottom = 2 2 cm s
and from middle is vomiddle = cm s . What will be the force, which this water
flow causes on the box ?
FM 4.50 Water flows through the horizontal tee connection as shown in figure. The flow of
water is considered frictionless, incompressible and one-dimensional. If each pipe
has an inside diameter of 1 m, the x and y components of the force exerted by
the tee on the water respectively, are
FM 4.51 The tank in figure given below has a mass of 51 kg when it is empty and contains
600 L of water at 20cC . Pipes 1 and 2 have area A = 2. # 10 m2 and
vo = 0.0 m s . What should be the scale reading W ?
FM 4.52 Water is flowing in a 0.1 m diameter uniform pipe as shown in figure. The pipe
puts the force on the fluid in the 6 m section. What will be the axial and normal
components of the force, respectively ?
FM 4.53 Water enters in a elbow at diameter D1 = 10 cm , p1 = 233 kPa (gage) and exits
to atmosphere at D2 = 3 cm as shown in figure below. At a weight flow rate of
150 N/s the force on the flange bolts at section 1 is (Neglect the weight of water
and elbow)
FM 4.54 The speed V at the exit and direction of the combined jet respectively, are
(A) 5.36 m/s, 21.5c (B) 2.15 m/s, 8.6c
(C) 4.29 m/s, 17.2c (D) 3.22 m/s, 12.9c
FM 4.55 What is the head loss for a fluid particle flowing from (1) to (3) and from (2) to
(3) ?
(A) 558 N m/s (B) 419 N m/s
(C) 837 N m/s (D) 697 N m/s
FM 4.56 What will be the resisting torque required to hold the rotor stationary ?
(A) 225 N m (B) 150 N m
(C) 200 N m (D) 175 N m
FM 4.57 How fast will be the rotor spin steadily if the resisting torque is reduced to zero ?
FM 4.58 In a pipe flow of water, the distribution of axial direction velocity u is linear from
zero at the wall to maximum of uc at the centerline. What will be the average
velocity u and the kinetic energy coefficient , respectively ?
(A) , 5.4 (B) uc , 1.1
uc
(C) uc , 2.7 (D) 3uc , 8.1
3
FM 4.59 Consider inward flow radial turbine which involves a nozzle angle 1 = 60c and
an inlet rotor tip speed U1 = m s . The absolute velocity leaving the rotor at
section (2) is radial with a magnitude of 12 m/s and the ratio of rotor inlet to
outlet diameters is 1.8. If the fluid is water, what will be the energy transfer per
unit mass of fluid flowing through this turbine ?
FM 4.60 The velocity profile in a turbulent pipe flow may be approximated with the
expression
u = 1 r 1 n
uc a Rk
where u = local velocity in the axial direction, uc = centerline velocity in the axial
direction, R = pipe inner radius from pipe axis, r = local radius from pipe axis
and n = constant.
What will be the kinetic energy coefficient for n = ?
(A) 111.1 (B) 11.1
(C) 0.111 (D) 1.11
FM 4.61 Water flows vertically upward in a circular cross-sectional pipe as shown in figure.
The velocity profile over the cross-sectional area at section (1) is uniform and at
section (2) the velocity profile is characterise by the relation:
V = wc a1 r k k
R
where V = local velocity vector, wc = centerline velocity in the axial direction,
R = pipe radius and r = radius from pipe axis.
What will be the expression for the fluid pressure drop between sections (1) and
(2) ?
***********
SOLUTIONS
5 # p # (0.05) 2
= = 0.00982 m3/s
4
vopool = Vlevel rise # A pool = .
# #
= 0.24 m /min = 0.004 m3/s
3
or 0.05 = V # p #
V# + + = 0.05
V = 0.05 0.00982 0.025
0.00125
= 12.14 , 12 m/s
FM 4.5 Option (C) is correct.
A control volume around sections (1, 2, 3) yields
vo1 = vo2 + vo3 ...(i)
And with V2 = 2. m s , flow rate
vo2 = A2 V2 = 2. # p # ( . 2) 2 = 0.000785 m3 /s
Thus from equation (i),
vo3 = vo1 vo2
= 1.26 # 103 0.785 # 103 = 0.475 # 103 m3 /s
Each hole carries vo3 = 0.000475 = 9.5 106 m3 /s
50 50 #
r1 r1 H O 2
H O 2
vo S G S G = vo S G
vo S G vo S G
vo = =
S G S G S G S G
0.5 (1 0.90)
= = 0.05 = 1 m3/s
0.90 0.85 0.05
FM 4.7 Option (B) is correct
For a suction velocity of Vw , the cylindrical suction surface area
Aw = 2pR # L
= 2 # p # 0.04 # 1.2 = 0.3016 m2
Since for steady flow
vo = vow + vo
or V A = Vw Aw + V A
or 12 # # (0.08) 2 = Vw # + # p #( )
4
or Vw = p # (0.08) 2 (12 9) /0.3016
4
3 p (0.08) 2
= # # = 0.05 m/s = 5 cm/s
4 # 0.3016
FM 4.8 Option (C) is correct.
pexit
We have vo = m min = m s, V = m s, n = . , =
pinlet
It is steady flow process, so mass flow remains constant.
mo =m o
2 A2 V2 = r1 vo1
2 # d 22 V2 = r1 vo1
4
d = 4 r1 vo1 ...(i)
p r2 V2
p
Also = Constant
n
p r n
= b 1l
p r2
1 p n
=b l ...(ii)
2 p
Here p & p denotes the inlet an exit pressures respectively.
Now from equation (i) and (ii), we get
p1 1/n vo1
b l
d = 4
p # p2 # V2
1 1/1.4
b 10 l # 60 # 25
= 4 25
p #
D dh
2
or
4 # dt + (AV) out - (AV) in = 0
D # dh
2
= (rAV) in (rAV) out
4 dt
D # dh = 998 # p # (0.12) 2 # 2.5 998 # p # (0.12) 2 # (1.9)
2
4 dt 4 4
or dh = 998 # p # (0.12) 2 ]2.5 1.9g # 4 2
dt 4 rpD
p
= 998 # # (0.12) # ]2.5 1.9g #
2 4
4 998 # p # (0.75) 2
(0.12) 2 # ]0.6g
= = 0.0154 m/s
(0.75) 2
(1.0 0.65)
t = = 0.35 = 22.73 s - 23 s
0.0154 0.0154
FM 4.15 Option (B) is correct.
Ppump, useful
Since pump =
Ppump, shaft
Ppump, useful = hpump # Ppump, shaft
= 0.82 # 7 = 5.74 hp
Also Puseful = mgz = rvgz o no head loss is there
P
vo = useful = . # . 1 hp = 745.7 W
rgz # . #
= 0.0291 m3/s = 29.1 L/s - 29L/s
d (h tan ) h - d t = 0
dt 9 C
or
Integrate: h3 tan2 = r p d 2 # at 2
3 8
3rpd 2 at 2 3 at 2 d 2 = 3 at 2 d 2 cot2 q
h (t) = = #
8rp tan2 q 8 tan2 q 8
h (t) = : 3 at 2 d 2 cot2 qD
1/3
= Uo bd Uo b b d d l
votop = 3 Uo bd
8
FM 4.19 Option (B) is correct.
The control volume selected for solving this problem is the deforming control
volume. From the principle of conservation of mass,
rA VP + rvo + rvoleak = 0
1. 1 A 2 1.1 d 2
2
= 1 # b 15 l # 10 # 103 = 7.42 m/s
1.1 0.525
FM 4.20 Option (C) is correct.
Let b be the plate width into the paper. Let the control volume enclose the inlet
and outlet. The walls are solid, so no flow through the wall. For incompressible
flow
voout = voin
# ubdz # U bdz
zo zo
or = o
o
# = # U bdz
z zo
az (zo z) bdz o u = az (zo z)
or abz o3 = U bz
o o
6
a = Uo
zo
Now at z = zo , u = u max
= a zo 9zo zo C = az o
or u max = Uo # z o = Uo a = Uo
zo zo
3
= # 6 = 9 cm/s
2
FM 4.21 Option (D) is correct.
y
Also V :n = V :i = U a k
h
Thus for uniformly distributed density, over area A,
h y
# U a k l dy
h
u =
lh
y y
and u =
U # a h k da h k = = .
For a control volume that is fixed and non-deforming, the linear momentum
equation is
#
2 VdV + VV:n dA = F
2t CV CS
# CV /
For steady process 2 VdV = 0
2t CV #
Thus # VV:n dA = / F
CS
CV
V V A = TA ...(i)
Where TA = Tension in rope A .
V = 2gh1 = 2 # 9.8 # 2.5 = 7 m/s
Hence from equation (i),
TA = 7 # 1000 # 7 # 0.01 = 490 N
FM 4.31 Option (D) is correct
For control volume CV , the linear momentum equation can be written as
#
2 V dV + VV:n dA = F
2t CV CS
# CV /
# VV:n dA = / F
CS
CV For steady process
V V A = TB ...(i)
Here V = 2g (h1 + h2) = 2 # 9.8 # (2.5 + 5)
= 12.12 m/s
From principle of conservation of mass
vo = vo
VA =VA ...(ii)
Now from equation (i) and (ii), we get
V V A = TB
TB = 12.12 # 1000 # 7 # 0.01 - 848 N
FM 4.32 Option (D) is correct.
The inlet and exit velocities are
o
V = m = = . m s
rA # #
o
and V = m = = . m s
rA # #
The control volume surrounds the bend and cuts through the flanges.
The force balance is
Fx = Fbolts + p gage # A + p gage # A = m
o u m ou
u = V and u = V
or Fbolts = (250000 # 491 # 10 ) + (20000 # 50 # 104) = mV
4
o 2 mV
o 1
= 12275 + 100 + mo (V2 + V1)
= 12275 + 100 + 108 (21.6 + 2.2) = 14945 , 15 kN
V rV A + V rV A = FAx
FAx = V rV A V rV A
= V r# pD V r# pD
; 45 999
# 10 E
3
= = 0.796
5.66 # 10
FM 4.36 Option (B) is correct
For a control volume around the tank
dt :
d
# dvD + moout = 0
t = Ab ho = Ab ho
Ao g Ao # g
FM 4.37 Option (A) is correct.
hl = 1.2V 2
2
However ...(ii)
2g
and hs = h p = vo ...(iii)
Hence vo = S
2
1 1.2 W
S + + 2000 W
S 2g # b pd 2 l p d
2 2 2 2
2g # b
4 l
2 W
S 4 W
RT 6 + 20
X V1
=S
2
1 1. 2 W
S + + 2000 W
S 2 (9.81) p (0.07) p (0.07) 2 2
2 2
; E 2 (9.81) ; E
W
S 4 4 W
T X
=: D
1/2
26
3441.35 + 4129.62 + 2000
vo = 0.052 m3/s
In this problem we include the nozzle as well as the water at an instant between
sections (1) & (2) in the control volume.
The atmospheric pressure at section (1) & (2) are same and cancelled out.
For steady process, the linear momentum equation in the horizontal direction (
x -direction) # VV:n dA = / F
CS
FRz + 0 = bmo 3 V3 0
FRz = bm o V ...(ii)
o o
Since V = m = m = #
rA r # p # (D ) #p#( . )
= 15.3 m/s
o o
V = m = m = #
rA r p #p#( . )
# # (D )
= 2.80 m/s
o o
and V = m = m = #
rA r p #p#( . )
# # (D )
= 11.3 m/s
Substituting in equation (i) and (ii),
FRx = 100 # p # (0.05) 2 50 # p # (0.1) 2
4 4
1.03 :22 # 2.80 + 30 # 15.3D
1000 1000
= 0.1962 0.3925 0.5362
= 1.125 kN , 1125 N
and FRz = bm
o V = . # . # = 93.11 N
FM 4.41 Option (C) is correct.
The nozzle and the water in the nozzle are included in the control volume at an
instant.
From the linear momentum equation in the vertical direction (y -direction),
mo (V sin c V ) = p A Fy Wnozzle Wwater p A sin c
p = 0 (Gage pressure)
Fy = p A Wnozzle Wwater m
o (V sin cV)
...(i)
From the continuity equation
vo = vo
o o
V = v , V = v
A A
Now equation (i) becomes
o o
Fy = p A Wnozzle (v g) water rvo c v sin c v m
A A
= 40 # 103 # 0.05 200 0.012 # 9810 1000 # 0.01
b 0.02 # 0.707 0.04 l
0.01 0.01
Considering a control volume that contains the bend and the water within the
bend between section (1) & (2).
Applying the linear momentum equation in x -direction,
2A j d 6R (Vj - R) 2@ = 0
d
d 6 @
d R (V - R) = 0
j
R # (Vj - R) # (- R) + (Vj- R) # R =0
R (Vj wR) 6 wR + (Vj wR)@ =0
2wR + Vj wR =0
3wR + Vj =0 ..(i)
V
or R = j
3
Again from equation (i),
d P = 3R (-ve, maxima)
d V
It means, power will be maximum when R = j . Substituting this in the
expression of power.
V V 2 V 4V j2
Hence Pmax = 2rA j # j # bVj j l = 2rA j # j #
3 3 3 9
= 8 rA j V j3
27
FM 4.46 Option (C) is correct.
2t CV # CS
#
2 u dV + uV:n dA = F
x
Taking V:n is + ve for flow out of CV and ve for flow into the CV.
V rV A + V rV A + V cos crV A = FH ...(i)
and V sin crV A = FV ...(ii)
However V = V = V = V . So equation (i) and (ii) becomes
V (A + A cos c - A ) = FH
V A sin c = FV
and by dividing these two equations, we get
FH = A + A cos c A (iii)
FV A sin c
From conservation of mass principle
vo = vo + vo
or A V = A V +A V
A = A +A ...(iv)
Combining equation (iii) and (iv), we get
FH = A + A cos c A A
FV A sin c
A (cos c )
= = 0.27
A sin c
The negative sign indicates that FV is down rather than up as shown in the sketch.
FM 4.47 Option (D) is correct.
Let the control volume enclose the cone, jet and the sheet. Then
Fx = F = m oout uout m
o in uin = m
o ( Vj cos q) mV
o j
=m o ( Vj cos q Vj )
F = m
o Vj c Vj
=mo bVj Vj l = 3 mV o j = 60c
2
F = 3 rA j Vj # Vj o = rA j Vj
m
2
= 3 rA j V j2 = 1.5rA j V j2
2
FM 4.48 Option (A) is correct.
Using the stationary, non-deforming control volume shown in the figure above to
find the mass of the conical deflector. Applying the linear momentum equation
in the vertical direction,
o ( V + V cos c) = FA Wcone
m
or Wcone = m
o (V V cos c) FA
mcone g = rA V (V V cos c) FA ...(i)
However V = V and A = pD
4g g
p (0.1) 2 # 30 # 630 (30) cos 30c@
= ]1.23g # 0.1
(4) (9.81) (9.81)
= 0.108 kg
FM 4.49 Option (D) is correct.
First we need to compute the velocities through the various holes:
Vtop = Vbottom = # = . m s
p
#( . )
o
Vmiddle = vmiddle = # = . m s
Amiddle p
#( . )
Then make a force balance for a control volume enclosing the box:
Fx = Fbox = m o in uin + m
o top utop uin = Vmiddle and utop = Vtop
or Fbox = rvomiddle # ( Vmiddle) + rvotop Vtop
= 998 # 5663 # 106 # 44.70 + 2 # 998 # 2832 # 106 # 22.35
= 252.63 + 126.34 - 379 N
We can use the x and y components of the linear momentum equation to evaluate
the x and y components of the reaction force exerted by the water on the tee. For
the control volume containing water in the tee gives,
Rx = p A + V rvo = p # pD + V rvo
...(i)
Also vo = V # pD = ( ) # p ( ) = . m s
V = v2 2 =
o (5.288)
Further = 6.733 m/s
pD 2 p (1) 2
4 4
V = v3 =
o (10)
and = 12.73 m/s
p D2 p (1) 2
3
4 4
Because the flow is incompressible and frictionless, we assume that Bernoullis
equation is valid throughout the control volume. Thus
r
p = p + (V V )
2 #6
(6) 2 (12.73) 2@ # 1 = 137 kPa
(999)
= 200 +
1000
r
Also p = p + (V V )
.
From equation (ii), we have
Ry = 195300 # p (1) 2 (137000) # p (1) 2
4 4
+ (6.733 # 999 # 5.288) 12.73 # 999 # 10
= 1.534 # 105 1.076 # 105 + 0.356 # 105 1.272 # 105
- 45800 = 45.8 kN
and the y -direction component of force exerted by the water on the tee is + 45.8 kN
.
FM 4.51 Option (B) is correct
Let the control volume surround the tank, cut through the two jets and slip just
under the tank bottom. The relevant jet velocities are
V =V = v =
o . = . , . m s
A . #
The scale reads force P on the bottom. Then the vertical force balance is
Fz = P Wtank Wwater = m o V m o V =mo ( V )
= P mtank # g gwater # vwater = mVo
or P = mVo + mtank # g + gwater vwater
= rvo # V + mtank # g + gwater vwater
= (998 # 0.0834 # 29.5) + (51 # 9.81) + 9790 # 600
1000
= 2455 + 500 + 5874 = 8829 - 8800 N
Using the control volume shown by broken lines and applying the axial and
normal components of the linear momentum equation.
FN = 0 since there is no momentum flow in the normal direction.
FA = 0 since the flow is assumed fully developed and the net amount
of axial direction momentum flow out of the CV is zero.
So RN W cos q = 0 or RN = W cos q
Now W = gv = gAl = g # pd l
p (0.1) 2 # 6
= (9.8 # 103) # = 462 N
4
and = sin1 2 = 19.5c from figure
6
Then RN = 462 # cos 19.5c = 436 N
For the axial direction
p A + RA + W sin q p A = 0
or RA = p A p A W sin q A =A
= (p1 p2) A W sin q ...(i)
From the manometer readings
p = gh and p = gh
Thus p p = g (h1 h2)
and from equation (i), we get
RA = g (h1 h2) A (W sin 19.5c)
p (0.1) 2
= (9.8 # 103) (3.0 0.5) # (462 # sin 19.5c)
4
= 192.4 154.2 - 38 N
FM 4.53 Option (A) is correct
o (u u ) + m
m o bV V l + m
o (u u ) = m o bV V l ...(iii)
The left hand side of equation (iii) represents the rate of available energy loss in
this fluid flow. Thus rate of available energy loss is
rate of loss = rV A # bV V l + rV A # bV V l
(V 2 V 32) (V 2 V 32)
or = r p ;d 12 V1 # 1 + d 22 V2 # 2 E
4 2 2
(4) 2 (4.29) 2
(0.10) 2 # 4 # ; E
(999 # 3.14)
=
4 ) 2
(6) (4.29)
2 2
+ (0.12) 2 # 6 # ; E
2
= 784.215 # 6 0.0481 + 0.760@
Thus rate of loss - 558 N m/s
To find the torque required to hold the rotor stationary, we use the moment of
momentum torque equation
Tshaft = ( m
o in) (! rin Vq in) + m
oout (! rout Vq out)
Tshaft = mr
o out Vout cos q ...(i)
We note that mo = rvo ...(ii)
and Vout = vo ...(iii)
3Anozzle exit
Combining equation (i),(ii) and (iii), we get
rvo2 rout cos q
Tshaft = ...(iv)
3Anozzle exit
For = 30c, using equation (iv) to get
999 # (0.005) 2 # 0.5 # cos 30c
Tshaft =
3 # (18 # 106)
= 200 N m
FM 4.57 Option (D) is correct.
To determine the rotor angular velocity associated with zero shaft torque, we
again use the moment of momentum torque equation to obtain, this time with
rotation,
Tshaft = mr
o out (Wout cos q Uout) ...(i)
We note that Uout = rout w ...(ii)
and Wout = vo ...(iii)
3Anozzle exit
Combining equation (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
o out c
Tshaft = rvr vo cos q rout w m ...(iv)
Anozzle exit
From equation (iv), we obtain for Tshaft =
= 0.005 # cos 30c = 160 rad/s
6
3 # 18 # 10 # 0.5
FM 4.58 Option (C) is correct.
For this flow, the velocity distribution is linear and thus
u = uc a r k
R
For the average velocity u , we can written as
R
# u# pr dr
u =
pR
#
= uc a r ka r k d a r k
R R R
= 2uc :1 a r k 1 a r k D = 2uc b 1 1 l
2 3 1
2 R 3 R 0 2 3
or u = uc ...(i)
3
For the kinetic energy coefficient , we can written as
R
#u ru
# pr dr # u # a r kda r k
R R
= =
r # pR # u b l u u
0 uc R R
= 54 a1 r k a r k d a r k
#
1 3
0 R R R
= 54 :1 a r k 3r + 3 a r k D r d a r k
#
1 3 2
0 R R R R R
= 54 : r a r k 3 a r k + 3 a r k D d a r k
#
1 4 2 3
0 R R R R R
= 54 :1 a r k 1 a r k 3 a r k + 3 a r k D
2 5 3 4 1
2 R 5 R 3 R 4 R 0
= 54 :1 1 1 + 3 D = 54 = 2.7
2 5 4 20
FM 4.59 Option (A) is correct.
Using the moment of momentum energy equation to evaluate the energy transfer
per unit mass.
wshaft net out = U Vq, ...(i)
The value of V, can be ascertained with the help of the section (1). Velocity
triangle sketched below.
#
V rV :n dA
= A
o #V
m
R
# u
# ru # pr dr # u a r kda r k
R R
= =
r u # pR # u u
uc # r
a Rk
n r r
# a R kda R k
= ...(i)
u
For the average velocity, u ,
R
# ru # pr dr
u =
r # pR
ua r kda r k
R R
= #
= 2uc a1 r k a r k d a r k
#
1 1/n
..(ii)
0 R R R
To facilitate the integrations we make the substitution
= 1 r ..(iii)
R
Thus d = d a r k ..(iv)
R
When r = , = 1 or when r = , =0
R R
And equation (ii) becomes
0
#
1
u = 2uc b n (1 b) db
1
_b n b n + 1i db
0 1 1
= 2uc #
1
1 +1 1+ 0
2
>1
= 2uc b
H
n
bn
+1 1 +1+1
n n 1
= 2uc 9a n n
1 + n 1 + 2n kC
= 2uc = 2n + n n n G
2 2
(n + 1) (2n + 1)
u = 2n2 u ..(v)
(n + 1) (2n + 1) c
Combining equation (i), (iii), (iv) and (v), we obtain
0 3
2u c3 # b n # (1 b) db
= 1
2n 2 3
=(n + 1) (2n + 1) ucG
0
2 # b (1 b) db
3
n
= 1
2n2 3
=(n + 1) (2n + 1)G
2n2 (n + 1) (2n + 1) 3
(3 + n) (3 + 2n)G; E
== ..(vi)
2n2
For n = , equation (vi) gives
For the control volume shown in the figure, the z -component of the momentum
equation is
# wV:n dA = F
CS
z
R
or # prdr = p A p A Rz WW
w rw A + # w rw
r=
where dA = pr dr
With A = A / A , this equation becomes
pr R
p p = Rz + WW rw +
A A A 9wc a R kC r dr
r
#
...(i)
But with x / r
R
R R
# w c a r k r dr = w c
R #
r=
c R + R m r dr
r r
x=
= wc R #
x=
(x x + x ) dx
= w c R :x x + x D = R wc
Thus A = pR , equation (i) becomes
pr
p p = Rz + WW rw + # b R lwc ...(ii)
pR pR pR
We can determine wc in terms of w by using the continuity equation
#
CS
V :n dA = 0 or since = constant
R
Aw = # w dA = # r=
wc 9 r C # pr dr
R
#
1
= 2pwc R2 (x x2) dx
x=0
or R w = 2pwc R2 b 1 l
6
For unit width of flow, application of the horizontal component of the linear
momentum equation to the water in the control volume from section (1) to
section (2) gives,
gh 2 2
Rx + 1 g h 2 = V1 rh1 V1 + V2 rh2 V2 ...(i)
2 2
h 2
where is the hydrostatic force, when width equal to unity.
2
Since the jump occurs over a short distance, we neglect Rx from equation (i). Also
from conservation of mass principle
V2 = V1 h1 ...(ii)
h2
Combining equation (i) and (ii), we get
2
h 1 ;1 - b h2 l E = rV 12 h1 ;bV2 l h2 1E
2 2
2 h1 V1 h1
h2 2 2rV 12 h1 h1 2 h2
;1 b h1 l E = rgh 2 ;b h2 l h1 1E = g
1
2
1 b h2 l = 2V 1 1 1
2
h1 gh1 > h2 H
b h1 l
b1 h1 l
h2
2
h2 h2 2V 1
or b1 h1 lb1 + h1 l = gh1 #
b h1 l
h2
h2 2 2V 12
b h1 l + b h1 l gh1 = 0
h2 ...(iii)
From equation (iii), we obtain
1 ! 1 + 8V 1
2
h2 = gh1
h1 2
h2 = h1 + b h1 l + 2V 1 h1
2 2
or
2 2 g
The other quadratic root is not meaningful.
FM 4.63 Option (D) is correct.
Application of the energy equation to the flow from point A to point B shown in
= V 1 V 2 + g (h1 h2)
2 2
...(iv)
2
Combining equation (ii), (iii) and (iv), we obtain (from previous part of question)
V 12 V 12 b h1 l
2
h2
Jump loss = + g (h1 h2)
2
= V 1 ;1 b h1 l E + g (h1 h2)
2 2
2 h2
gh
= 1 ;b h2 l + h2 E;1 b h1 l E + g (h1 h2)
2 2
from eq. (iii)
4 h1 h1 h2
gh
= 1 ;b h2 l b h2 l # b h1 l + h2 h2 # b h1 l + g (h h2)E
2 2 2 2
4 h1 h1 h2 h1 h1 h2
gh
= 1 ;b h2 l 1 + h2 h1 E + g (h1 h2)
2
4 h1 h1 h 2
gh
= 1 ;h 2 h 1 h2 + h1 h 22 h 13 + g (h h )
3 2
4 h12 h2 E 1 2
g
4h1 h2 6 2
= h 3 h 12 h2 + h1 h 22 h13 + 4h1 h2 (h1 h2)@
g
4h1 h2 6 2
= h 3 h12 h2 + h1 h22 h13 + 4h12 h2 4h1 h22@
g
4h1 h2 6 2
= h 3 h13 + 3h12 h2 3h1 h22@
g
Jump loss = (h h1) 3
4h1 h2 2
***********
y x
FM 5.3 The velocity field of a flow is given by V = i j m s,
(x + y ) (x + y )
where x and y are in meters. The fluid speed along the y -axis and the angle
between velocity vector and x -axis at points (x, y) = (5, 5) respectively, are
(A) 10 m/s, 45c (B) 10 m/s, 45c
(C) 20 m/s, 45c (D) 15 m/s, 45c
FM 5.6 The velocity component of a steady, two dimensional, incompressible flow field
is u = 2x2 4xy . What will be the expression for v as a component of x and y ?
(A) v = 2xy 4y2 + f (x) (B) v = 4xy 2y2 + f (x)
(C) v = 4xy + 2y2 + f (x) (D) v = 2xy + 4y2 + f (x)
FM 5.7 For incompressible fluids the volumetric dilatation rate must be zero. For what
combination of constants a , b, c and e can the velocity components
u = ax + by
GATE Mechanical Engineering in 4 Volume NODIA Demo Ebook Page 173
v = cx + ey
w =0
be used to describe an incompressible flow field ?
(A) a + e = (B) a + b + e =
(C) b + e = (D) a e =
FM 5.9 The viscosity of a body lotion as a function of temperature is listed in table below.
The specific gravity of the body lotion is about 1.5 and is not a strong function
of temperature. The body lotion is squeezed through a small hole of diameter
D = mm in the lid of an inverted jar. The room and the lotion are at T = cC
. Assume that Re must be less than 0.1 for the creeping flow approximation,
the maximum speed of the lotion through the hole such that the flow can be
approximated as creeping flow is
FM 5.10 Two velocity components of a steady incompressible flow field are known as:
u = ax + bxy
v = axz byz2
where a and b are constants, the velocity component w as a function of x, y and
z is
3 3
(A) w = az byz + bz + f (x, y) (B) w = az + byz + bz + f (x, y)
3 3
3 3
(C) w = az byz + bz + f (x, y) (D) w = az byz bz + f (x, y)
3 3
FM 5.11 Consider a certain region of steady flow with the velocity field
V = (u, v) = (ax + b) i + ( ay + cx) j
The flow field is
(A) incompressible only
(B) inviscid only
(C) incompressible and inviscid
(D) neither incompressible nor inviscid
FM 5.12 The velocity in a certain two-dimensional flow field is given by the equation
V = 2xti 2ytj
where the velocity is in m/s when x , y and t are in meter and seconds, respectively.
What will be the magnitude of the velocity and the acceleration respectively at
the point x = y = m at the time t = ?
(A) 8.2 m/s, 0 (B) 0, 5.66 m/s
(C) 8.2 m/s, 4.2 m/s (D) 0, 4.2 m/s
FM 5.13 Consider the following steady, two dimensional, incompressible velocity field
V = (u, v) = (2x + 3) i + ( 2y + 4x2) j
The pressure as a function of x and y is
(A) cannot be found (B) p = r ( x )
(C) p = r ( x ) (D) p = r ( x x y) + m
FM 5.14 Consider the following statements regarding a laminar boundary layer on a flat
plate as shown in figure below
FM 5.16 Air flows parallel to a speed limit sign along the high-way at a speed of V = m s
-5
. The temperature of the air is 25cC ( = 1.849 # 10 kg/m s) and the width
-
w of the sign parallel to the flow direction is 0.45 m . What will be the boundary
layer on the sign ?
(A) laminar
(B) Transitional
(C) Turbulent
(D) Laminar for a while and then becomes transitional
FM 5.17 The water flows through the curved hose as shown in figure with an increasing
speed of V = t m s , where t is in seconds. If t = sec , what will be the resultant
acceleration and its direction, respectively ?
FM 5.18 Air flows into the region between two parallel circular disks from a pipe as shown in
figure. The fluid velocity in the gap between the disks is given by V = V R r , where
R is the radius of the disk, r is the radial coordinate and V is the fluid velocity at
the edge of the disk. If V = . m s , the acceleration at r = . m will be
FM 5.19 A hydraulic jump is a rather sudden change in depth of a liquid layer as it flows
in an open channel as shown in figure. The liquid depth changes from z to z in a
relatively short distance with a corresponding changes in velocity from V = m s
to V = m s and l = . m . What will be the average acceleration of the liquid
as it flows across the hydraulic jump ?
FM 5.20 A nozzle is used to accelerate the fluid from V to V in a linear fashion. If the flow
is constant with V = m s at x = and V = m s at x = m , what will be
the local and the convective acceleration, respectively ?
(A) 128 (2x + 1) i , 0 (B) 0, 96 (2x 1) i
(C) 96 (2x 1) i , 0 (D) 0, 128 (2x + 1) i
FM 5.21 Oil flows past a sphere with an upstream velocity of 24 m/s as shown in figure.
The speed of the fluid along the front part of the sphere is V = V0 sin q . If
the radius of the sphere is 0.20 m, the streamwise and normal components of
acceleration at point A in m/s2 respectively, are
FM 5.22 The fluid velocity changes from 7 m/s at point A to 19 m/s at point B along the
x -axis as shown in figure. The velocity is a linear function of distance along the
streamline. If the flow is steady, what will be the acceleration at point C ?
FM 5.24 A fluid flows steadily along the stream line as shown in figure. What is the angle
between the acceleration and the stream line at point A ?
FM 5.25 The velocity field for a steady two-dimensional incompressible flow in the xy
-plane is given by V = (u, v) = V hy i + 0j . The flow is
(A) Clockwise, Rotational (B) Counter clockwise, Rotational
(C) Irrotational (D) Not determined
FM 5.26 What is the expression for the vorticity of the flow field described by
V = x yi xy j
(A) (x2 + y2) k (B) (x2 + y2) i
(C) (x2 y2) j (D) (x2 + y2) k
FM 5.30 Consider a uniform flow in the positive x direction combined with a free vortex
located at the origin of the coordinate system. If the streamline = 0 passes
through the point x = and y = , what will be the equation of this streamline ?
(A) sin = ln 4 (B) sin = ln (4r)
2U 2rU
ln r (D) sin = ln _ 14 i
2rU ^ 4 h
(C) sin =
2 U
FM 5.31 A two-dimensional flow field given by the relation
V = ^2x2 y + x h i + ^2xy2 + y + 1h j
where the velocity is in m/s when x and y are in meters. What is the angular
rotation of a fluid element located at (x, y) = (0.5 m, 1.0 m) ?
(A) 0.56j rad/s (B) 0.75j rad/s
(C) 0.75k rad/s (D) 0.75i rad/s
FM 5.35 The streamlines in a two dimensional flow field are all concentric circles as shown
in figure below. The velocity is given by the equation v = r where is the
angular velocity of the rotating mass of fluid. What will be the circulation around
the path ABCD ?
FM 5.36 A steady, two-dimensional flow field in the xy -plane has the following stream
function
= 2x2 + 5xy + 3y2
The flow field is
(A) continuous (B) compressible
(C) incompressible (D) not determined
FM 5.38 The expression for the stream function for this flow is
(A) = Vy + C (B) = Vx + C
(C) = Vy - C (D) = Vx - C
FM 5.39 The 2 is a horizontal line at y = . m and the value of along the x -axis
is zero. If V = m s , the volume flow rate per unit width between these two
streamlines is
(A) 5 m3 /s (B) 10 m3/s
(C) 10 m2/s (D) 5 m2/s
FM 5.41 The velocity distribution for two dimensional flow of a viscous fluid between wide
parallel plates is parabolic and it is given by
u = Uc : a k D
y
h
The corresponding stream function and velocity potential respectively, are
(A) = Uc y : - a k D + C , Not possible
y
h
(B) = Uc y :x - a k D + C , = y - xy
y
h
(C) Not possible, = Uc y : - a k D + C
y
h
(D) = y - xy , = Uc y :x - a k D + C
y
h
FM 5.42 Consider fully developed Couette flow as shown in figure, with top plate moving
and bottom plate stationary. The velocity field for above steady, incompressible
and two dimensional flow in the xy -plane is given by
y
V = (u, v) = aV k i + 0j
h
If stream function = 0 along the bottom wall of the channel, the value of
stream function along the top wall is
FM 5.48 A reverse flow region may develop by water in the region just downstream of a
sluice gate as shown in figure. The velocity profile is to be consist of two uniform
regions, one with velocity 3 m/s and the other with velocity 0.9 m/s. If the
channel is 6.1 m wide, what will be the net flow rate of water across the portion
of the control surface at section (2) ?
FM 5.49 A fluid having a viscosity of 0.003 Ns/m2 flowing with an average velocity of
100 mm/s in a 2 mm diameter tube. What will be the magnitude of the wall
shearing stress ( rz ) ?
(A) 1.5 Pa (B) 1.20 Pa
(C) 0.8 Pa (D) 1.0 Pa
FM 5.53 The magnitude of the shearing stress acting on the bottom plate is
(A) 50 N/m2 (B) 75 N/m2
(C) 60 N/m2 (D) 45 N/m2
FM 5.54 Consider the following statements regarding the DAlemberts paradox with the
irrotational flow approximation:
(a) The pressure drag force on any non-lifting body of any shape immersed in a
uniform stream is zero.
(b) The aerodynamic drag force on any lifting body on any shape immersed in
a uniform stream is zero.
(c) The aerodynamic drag force on any non-lifting body of any shape immersed
in a uniform stream is zero.
(d) The aerodynamic drag force on any non-lifting body of any shape immersed
in a non-uniform stream is zero.
Which of the statement given above is correct.
(A) only c (B) b and c
(C) a and d (D) only a
FM 5.55 The two dimensional velocity field for an incompressible, Newtonian fluid is
described by the relation V = ^12xy2 6x3h i + ^18x2 y 4y3h j where the velocity
has units of m/s when x and y are in meters. If pressure at point x = 0. m
, y = .0 m is 6 kPa and the fluid is glycerin at 20c C ( = 1.50 N-s/m2 ), the
stresses xx , yy and xy at this point respectively, are
(A) 6.02 kPa , 5.98 kPa , 45.0 kPa
(B) 45 kPa, 6.02 kPa , 5.98 kPa
(C) 5.98 kPa, 6.02 kPa , 45 kPa
(D) 5.98 kPa , 6.02 kPa , 45 Pa
FM 5.56 The stream function for the flow of a non-viscous, incompressible fluid in the
vicinity of a corner as shown in figure is given by the equation
= 2r 4/3 sin 4 q
3
What will be the expression for the pressure gradient along the boundary = 3/4
?
2p 2p r
(A) = rr (B) =
2r 2r r
2p 2p r
(C) = r (D) =
2r r 2r r
FM 5.57 A wire of diameter d is stretched along the centerline of a pipe of diameter D .
For a given pressure drop per unit length of pipe and d = . , by how much the
D
pressure of the wire does reduce the flow rate ?
(A) 31.95% (B) 42.6%
(C) 53.25% (D) 63.9%
FM 5.58 An object having the general shape of a half-body is placed in a stream of fluid
and at a great distance upstream the velocity is U as shown in figure below. If the
body forces are neglected and the fluid is nonviscous and incompressible, What
will be the pressure difference between the stagnation point and point A in terms
of U and fluid density ?
FM 5.59 A viscous fluid is contained between two long concentric cylinders. Assuming
that the flow between the cylinders is approximately the same as the laminar
flow between two infinite parallel plates. The inner cylinder is fixed. What is the
expression for the torque required to rotate the outer cylinder with an angular
velocity in terms of the geometry of the system, viscosity of the fluid, and
angular velocity ?
r o4 wl 2pr o3 mwl
(A) T = 2p (B) T =
r 1
r o
i
ro ri
3
(C) T = 2pr o wl (D) T = 2pro wr l
ri ro 1r i
o
FM 5.60 A bearing is lubricated with an oil having a viscosity of 0.2 N s/m2 through
which a vertical shaft passes as shown in figure below. If the flow characteristics
in the gap between the shaft and bearing are the same as those for laminar flow
between infinite parallel plates with zero pressure gradient in the direction of
flow. What will be the torque required to overcome viscous resistance when the
shaft is turning at 80 rev/ min ?
FM 5.61 A drop of water in a rain cloud has a diameter of 45 m . The air temperature is
25cC and its pressure is standard atmospheric pressure. How fast does the air
have to move vertically so that the drop will remain suspended in air ?
-
( air = . # g m - s)
(A) 0.00596 m/s (B) 0.0596 m/s
(C) 0.596 m/s (D) 5.96 m/s
FM 5.62 A viscous, incompressible fluid flows between the two infinite, vertical, parallel
plates as shown in figure. If the flow is laminar, steady and uniform, what will be
the expression for the pressure gradient in the direction of flow in terms of mean
velocity by using the Navier Stokes equations ?
2p mV 2p mV
(A) = rg (B) = + rg
2y h 2y h
2p mV 2p mV
(C) = + rg (D) = rg
2y h 2y h
FM 5.63 The velocity distribution for free vortex flow in a horizontal, two-dimensional
bend through which an ideal fluid flows can be approximated is shown in figure.
What will be the discharge (per unit width normal to plane of paper) through
the channel ?
Dp
(A) q = C (B) q = C rDp
r
Dp r
(C) q = C (D) q = C
r Dp
***********
SOLUTIONS
v = y z , 2v = , 2v = yz , 2v = y , 2v =
2x 2y 2z 2t
w = yz , 2w = , 2w = z , 2w = yz , 2w =
2x 2y 2z 2t
The acceleration components ax , ay and az are
ax = 2u + u2u + v2u + w2u
2t 2x 2y 2z
= 0 + x2 y # 2xy + y2 z # x2 + ( yz2) # 0
= 2x3 y2 + x2 y2 z
At (2, 1, 3) ax = 2 # 23 # 12 + 12 # 3 # 22 = 16 + 12 = 28
2v = 2 axz byz = bz
2y 2y
Now equation (i) becomes
2w = a by + bz
2z
Integrate the above equation, we get
w = az byz + bz + f (x, y)
Also u = 2#2#0 = 0
v = 2 # 2 # 0 = 0
So that V =0
and a = (4i 4j) m/s2
a = ^4h2 + ^ 4h2 = 5.66 m/s2
2p 2p
Since !
2y2x 2x2y
Hence these are not equal, the given velocity distribution is not an exact solution of
Navier-stokes equation. Thus we are unable to calculate a steady, incompressible,
two-dimensional pressure field with the given velocity field.
FM 5.14 Option (B) is correct.
(a) False : If the Reynolds number at a given x location were to increase, all else
being equal, viscous forces would decrease in magnitude relative to inertial forces,
u = C x+C ...(ii)
Now applying the boundary conditions on equation (ii) to find out the values of
the constants C and C .
At x = , u = s , which gives
C =7
At x = . ,u= s , which gives
19 = C1 # .1 +
C1 = 12 = 120
0.1
Now equation (ii) becomes
u = (120x + 7) m/s
2u = 120 sec1
2x
and from equation (i) a = (120x + 7) # 120i m/s
At point C , x = . m
Hence a = (120 # 0.05 + 7) # 120i = 1560i m/s2
(3) 2
a = n + 3 # 3s = 3n + 9s m/s2 ...(i)
3
Thus = 2 ^wx i + wy j + wz k h
= 2 :^0 h i + ^0 h j + 2 ^ y x h kD =^x + y h k
1 2 2
dx = dy
y x
x dx = y dy
Integrating both the sides, we get
x3 = y + C
3
3 3
x +y = C
Since z = 1 c2v 2u m
2 2x 2y
2v = 2y2 and 2u = x
2x 2y
So that z = 1 ^2y2 2x2h = y2 x2
2
At x = 0. m and y = .0 m
z = ^1.0h2 ^0.5h2 = 0.75 rad/s
Thus = 0.75k rad/s
(Since for a two-dimensional flow field x = y = 0 )
FM 5.32 Option (D) is correct.
Volumetric dilatation rate = 2u + 2v + 2w
2x 2y 2z
Thus, for velocity components given
Volumetric dilatation rate = 2x + ^x + z h + ^ 3x z h = 0
This result indicates that there is no change in the volume of a fluid element as
Circulation #
= n V : ds
ABCD
= # v bdq + # v dr + # v adq + # v dr
q r q r ...(i)
AB BC CD DA
= wb ^q q h + wa ^q q h
or = w ^q2 q1h^b2 a2h = wTq ^b2 a2h
2y 2f
Similarly v = = = xy
2x 2y
and integrate with respect to x to obtain
# d = # 6xydx
or = 3x2 y + f2 ^y h ...(ii)
To satisfy both equation (i) and (ii), we get
= 3x2 y y3 + C
Where C is an arbitrary constant. Since the streamline = 0 passes through
the origin (x = , y = ), it follows that C = and
= 3x2 y y3
FM 5.38 Option (A) is correct.
From the definition of stream function.
2y
u = =V ...(i)
2y
Integrating with respect to y ,
= Vy + g (x) ...(ii)
2y
And v = = 2 Vy + g (x) = 2 g (x)
2x 2x 2x
Here v = , for given velocity field.
Thus 2 g (x) = 0
2x
Integrate with respect to x , we get
g (x) = C
Hence equation (ii) becomes
= Vy + C
FM 5.39 Option (D) is correct.
From answer of previous part
= Vy + C
At y = , = 0 gives (along x -axis)
C =0
= Vy
Then at y = 0 = Vy =
Now at y = . 2 = 10 # 0.5 = 5 m2/s
Hence Volume flow rate per unit width between 2 and 0 is
vo = y y = 5 0 = 5 m2/s
2 0
w
FM 5.40 Option (C) is correct.
From the definition of stream function,
2y
u = = . cos a
2y
By integrating with respect to y
= 2.5y cos a + g (x) ...(i)
Now differentiate with respect to x
2
=2 g x
2x 2x
And v = 2.5 sin a = 2 [g (x)]
2x
Now integrate above equation with respect to x ,
g x = 2.5x sin a + C
By substituting the value of g x in equation (i)
= 2.5y cos a 2.5x sin a + C
= 2.5 [y cos a x sin a] + C
FM 5.41 Option (A) is correct.
From the definition of the stream function
2y
= Uc : a k D
y
u =
2y h
and integrate with respect to y to obtain
d = Uc : a k D dy
y
# # h
= Uc ;y E + f ^x h
y
or
h
2y
Since v = = , is not a function of x
2x
= Uc y : a k D + C
y
So that
h
Where C is an arbitrary constant.
To evaluate the velocity potential, let
2f
= Uc : a k D
y
u =
2x h
and integrate with respect to x to obtain
d = Uc : a k D dx
y
# # h
= Uc :x a k x D + f ^y h
y
or
h
2f U xy 2f ^y h
However v = = = c +
2y h 2y
and this relationship cannot be satisfied for all values of x and y . Thus, there
is not a velocity potential that describes this flow (The flow is not irrotational).
FM 5.42 Option (C) is correct.
From the definition of stream function ()
2y V
u = = y ...(i)
2y h
Integrating with respect to y ,
= V + g (x) = V y2 + g (x)
y
...(ii)
h 2h
2y
And v = = 2 : V y + g (x)D
2x 2x h
v = 2 g (x)
2x
Since v = 0 for given velocity field. Then
v = 0 = 2 [g (x)]
2x
Integrate with respect to x
g x =C
Substituting in equation (ii), stream function becomes
= V y2 + C
2h
Now by limiting conditions on , = 0 at y = (the bottom wall)
0 = 0+C
C =0
Thus = V y2
2h
Now stream function along the top wall, y = h is
top = V # h2 = Vh
2h 2
FM 5.43 Option (C) is correct.
We have = 3x 2 y y 3
Thus vo = yB yA
At B x = and y = m
So that B = 3 ^0 h2 # 1 ^1 h3 = 1 m3 /s (per unit width)
At A x = m and y =
So that A = 3 ^1 h2 # 0 ^0 h3 = 0
Hence vo = yB = m s (per unit width)
The negative sign indicates that the flow is from right to left as we look from A
to B .
vo = 1 m3 /s (In magnitude)
FM 5.44 Option (B) is correct.
From the definition of the stream function, for cylindrical polar coordinates,
2y 2
vr = and v =-
r 2q 2r
So that for the velocity distribution given
d
= Ar + Br cos q ...(i)
r d
2
And = Br sin q ...(ii)
2r
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2
FM 5.48 Option (C) is correct
By the principle of control volume.
vonet = voa vob = Va Aa Vb Ab
= 3 # (0.37 # 6.1) 0.9 # (0.55 # 6.1) = 3.75 m3/s
FM 5.49 Option (B) is correct.
Shearing stress rz = m b2vr + 2vz l
2z 2r
For Poiseuille flow in a tube vr = .
Therefore rz = m2vz
2r
Since vz = v ma : a r k D
R
And v ma = V , where V is the mean velocity.
It follows that 2vz = Vr
2r R
Thus, at the wall (r = R ),
mV
^rz hwall = R
b l # b dx
h h
voAB = # vdA = # x=
v # b # dx =
h
#
V hx x
V b hx x h
bhx l = : D
h
= Vb
h
# x
h
= V b b h h l = V b # h = 2 V0 bh
h h 3
FM 5.52 Option (B) is correct.
The volume flow rate per unit width between two parallel plates is given by
Tp
q = 2h
3
3m l
Tp
For h = = # m , = 0.38 N-s/m2 and = # m
l
2 # ^2 # 103h3 # ^30 # 103h
q = = 4.21 # 104 m2 /s
3 # 0.38
FM 5.53 Option (C) is correct.
The shearing stress acting on the bottom plate is
yx = m c2u + 2v m ...(i)
2y 2x
Since velocity profile between two fixed, parallel plates is parabolic in nature
and it is given by
2p 2
2m2x ^
u = 1 y h2h and v =
2u = 1 2p 2y ,
2m2x ^ h
It follow that 2v =
2y 2x
2p
2x ^ h
and from (i), yx = y
2p Tp
At the bottom plate y = h and since =
2x l
l ^ h ^ # h#^ # h
Tp
Hence yx = h =
So that V = vr b q = p l = r
Since 2V = 8 r2/3
2r 9
It follows from equation (i) that
2p 64r
= r b 8 r1/3 lb 8 r2/3 l =
2r 3 9 27r1/3
FM 5.57 Option (B) is correct.
The volume flow rate for axial flow in the annular space between two fixed
concentric pipes is given by
pDp 4 (r 2 r i2) 2
8ml > ln a r0 k H
vo = r 0 r i4 0
ri
which can be written as
Z 2 2_
] : 1 a ri k D b
pr Dp
4
r0
1 a ri k +
4
vo = 0 [ ` ...(i)
8m l ro
ln a ri k b
] r0
\ a
Since ri = d , equation (i) can also be written as
r D Z _
] ;1 b d l2 2 b
E
pr 4 Dp ] D b
1 b d l +
4
vo = 0 [ ` ...(ii)
8m l ] D d
] ln b D l b
b
\ a
For d = . , equation (ii) gives
D
61 (0.1) @
2 2
pr 04 Dp
v =
o *1 (0.1) + 4
4 = 0.574
8ml ln (0.1)
Thus, for the same p the flow rate is reduced by
% reduction in vo = (1 0.574) # 100 = 42.6%
b ^p qh
and r =
sin q
At point A, =p
2
bap p k
= pb or
2 b =2
So that rA = ...(iii)
sin p 2 rA p
2
Substitution of equation (iii) into equation (ii) yields
VA = U b + + l =
p 2
and therefore from equation (i), we get
pstag = pA + rU b + l = pA + . rU
p
Thus pstag pA = 0.703rU 2
y
In the gap u =U Where U = ri w and b is the gap width.
b
mU
Also = m du =
dy b
Thus from equation (i),
T = 2pr i2 b mU l l = 2pr i3 mw l
b b
= 2p b 0.075 l ^0.2h # 2p # 80 #
3
0.160 = 0.355 N m
2 60 ^0.25 # 103h
V = D [rdrop rair ] # g
2
18m
where drop = rwater = g m
At 25cC air =
p
= . = . g m
RT . #
air = 1.849 # 105 kg/m s
(45 # 106)
Hence V = # [1000 1.184] # 9.81
18 (1.849 # 105)
= 0.0596 m/s
FM 5.62 Option (D) is correct.
With the coordinate system shown u = , w = and from the continuity equation
2v 2y = . Thus, from the y -component of the Navier-stokes equations with
gy = g ,
2p
0 = rg + m2v ...(i)
2y 2x
Since the pressure is not a function of x , equation (i) can be written as
d v = pl Where pl = 2p + rg and integrated to obtain
dx m 2y
dv = pl x + C ...(ii)
dx m
From symmetry dv = 0 at x = 0 . So that C = 0 . Integration of equation (ii)
dx
yields
pl x
v = +C
m
Since at x = ! h , v = 0 it follows that C = ^h h and therefore
pl
m
pl 2
2m ^
v = x h h
2
The flow rate per unit width in the z -direction can be expressed as
^x h h dx = m
h h pl plh
q = vdx =
h
# h m #
Thus, with V (mean velocity) given by the equation
q plh2
V = = 1
2h 3 m
2p mV
It follows that = rg
2y h
FM 5.63 Option (C) is correct.
For free vortex v = K where K = constant
r
So that v A = K and v B = K
a b
From the Bernoulli equation at section A and B ,
pA v A p
+ = B + v qB For horizontal pipe z = z
g g g
g
or Tp = pB pA = 1 ^v q2A v q2B h = 1 rK 2 b 12 12 l ...(i)
2g 2 a b
b b
Since q = #
a
v q dr = K #
a
dr = K ln b
r a
q
or K =
ln b
a
q2
Thus from (i), Tp = 1 r 1 1
2b 2 2 l
2 b a b
b ln a l
Tp
q = 2 ln b # b 12 12 l
1/2
or
a a b r
Tp
Therefore q =C Where C = ln b # b l
r a a b
***********
FM 6.1 Consider a fully developed laminar pipe flow. If the pipe diameter is reduced by
half while the flow rate and pipe length are held constant, the head loss will be
(A) Increase by a factor of 2 (B) Increase by a factor of 4
(C) Increase by a factor of 16 (D) Remains same.
FM 6.2 Consider a flow through a 15 m long horizontal pipe at the laminar transition
point. The fluid is oil with = 890 kg/m3 and = 0.07 kg/m -s . If the power
delivered to the flow is 1 hp, the flow rate will be
(A) 2420 cm3 /s (B) 4840 cm3 /s
(C) 3630 cm3 /s (D) 484 cm3 /s
FM 6.3 Glycerin at 40cC with = 1252 kg/m3 and = 0.27 kg/m -s is flowing through a
5 cm diameter horizontal smooth pipe with an average velocity of 3.5 m/s. What
will be the pressure drop per unit length of the pipe ?
(A) 121 kPa (B) 1.21 kPa
(C) 12.1 kPa (D) 0.121 kPa
FM 6.8 The piston shown in figure below is pushed steadily by a force F , which causes
flow rate of vo = cm s through the needle. If fluid has = 900 kg/m3 and
= 0.002 kg/m -s , the force F will be
FM 6.9 A compressor that draws in air ( = 1.149 kg/m3, = 1.802 # 10-5 kg/m - s) from
the outside, through an 12 m long, 20 cm diameter duct. The compressor takes in
air at a rate of 0.27 m3/s . If the friction factor is to be 0.0211, the useful power
used by the compressor to overcome the frictional losses in the duct is
(Disregarding any minor losses)
FM 6.10 In fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe, the velocity at 0.5 (midway
between the wall surface and the center-line) is
(A) 2 max (B) 0.5 max
(C) 0.75 max (D) Not changed
(where u max is the maximum velocity)
FM 6.11 The velocity profile in fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe of inner
radius R = cm in m/s is given by
2
u (r) = 4 c1 2 m
The maximum velocity in the pipe and the volume flow rate respectively, are
(A) 4 m/s, 0.01005 m3 /s (B) 0.01005 m/s, 4 m3 /s
(C) 0.01005 m3/s, 4 m/s (D) 4 m3/s, 0.01005 m/s
FM 6.12 Consider a flow between two smooth parallel horizontal plates of 3 cm apart. If
the fluid is SAE 10 oil and V = m s ^ = 870 kg/m3 and = 0.104 kg/msh, the
head loss per meter is
(A) 0.430 m/m (B) 0.487 m/m
(C) 0.325 m/m (D) 0.163 m/m
FM 6.13 Consider laminar flow of a fluid through a rectangular concrete channel with the
smooth surfaces of friction factor (f = 58/ Re). If the average velocity of the fluid
is doubled, the change in the head loss of fluid in percentage is (Assume the flow
regime remains same)
(A) Decrease by 50% (B) Increase by 50%
(C) Increase by 100% (D) Decrease by 100%
FM 6.14 Water at 20c C flows from a tank by the pressurized air at a rate of 60 m3 /h as
shown in figure below. If coefficient of friction f = 0.01 , what gage pressure p1
is needed to drive the pipe flow ?
FM 6.16 Oil with a density of 850 kg/m3 and kinematic viscosity of 6 # 104 m2/s flows in
a 5 mm diameter and 40 m long horizontal pipe, from a storage tank open to the
atmosphere. If the height of the liquid level above the center of the pipe is 3 m
and the flow is fully developed laminar, the flow rate of oil through the pipe is
(A) 1.88 # 106 m3/s (B) 1.88 # 104 m3/s
(C) 1.88 # 107 m3/s (D) 1.88 # 108 m3/s
FM 6.17 A fluid flows through two horizontal pipes of equal length which are connected
together to form a pipe of length 2l . The flow is fully developed laminar and the
pressure drop for the first pipe is 1.44 times greater than for the second pipe. If
the diameter of the first pipe is D , the diameter D of the second pipe is
(A) 1.64D (B) 1.37D
(C) 1.095D (D) 1.92D
FM 6.18 A capillary viscometer measures the time of t = seconds required for a 8 cm3
of water at 20c C to flow through a D diameter glass tube as shown in figure
below. If L = 1 cm , l = cm and flow is laminar with no entrance and exit
losses, the capillary diameter D will be (Take = 0.001 kg/m -s )
FM 6.19 Oil with = 894 kg/m3 and = 2.33 kg/m -s , flows at 0.5 m/s through 300 m
long and 40 cm diameter cast iron pipe. Neglect minor losses. The pumping
power required to overcome the pressure losses, is
(A) 0.45 kW (B) 5.0 kW
(C) 45 kW (D) 4.5 kW
FM 6.20 SAE 30 oil at 20c C ^ = 0.29 kg/m-s , = 891 kg/m3h flows upward in a 3 cm
diameter pipe through a pump from A to B at a rate of 3 kg/s as shown in figure
below. At 100% efficiency, what pump power is required ?
FM 6.21 Oil with = 910 kg/m3 and = 0.01 kg/m -s flows through a 1.2 m- diameter
pipe at a rate of 3 m3 /s . The pressure drop along the pipe and friction factor are
7.6 MPa and 0.0157 respectively. If the pump is 88% efficient, the power required
and the length of the pipe respectively, are
(A) 26 MW, 136.5 km (B) 19.5 MW, 182 km
(C) 19.5 MW, 136.5 km (D) 26 MW, 182 km
FM 6.22 The pump adds 25 kW to the water as shown in figure and causes a flow rate of
0.04 m3/s . For either case f = . and neglect minor losses. What will be the
flow rate expected when the pump is removed from the system ?
FM 6.23 Consider the pitot-static pressure arrangement as shown in figure below. Air at
20c C is flowing through the pitot tube ^ = 1.2 kg/m3 , = 1.8 # 10-5 kg/m -sh and
the manometer fluid is colored water at 20c C ^ = 998 kg/m3 , = 0.001 kg/m -sh
. If the friction factor of the flow is f = . and Vavg = . VCL , the pipe volume
flow rate and the wall shear stress respectively, are
FM 6.24 Glycerin at 20cC ( = 1260 kg/m3 , = 1.50 N - s/m2 ) flows upward in a vertical
75 mm diameter pipe with a centerline velocity of 1.0 m/s. The head loss and
pressure drop in a 10 m length of the pipe respectively, are
(A) 8.2 m, 225 kPa (B) 0.11 m, 125 kPa
(C) 6.75 m, 207 kPa (D) 3.43 m, 166 kPa
FM 6.25 If the pipe is horizontal, the flow rate of oil through pipe is
(A) 1.62 # 105 m3 /s (B) 162 # 105 m3 /s
(C) 16.2 # 105 m3 /s (D) 162 # 104 m3 /s
FM 6.26 The flow rate of oil through the pipe, if the pipe is inclined at 8c upward from
the horizontal, is
(A) 100 # 105 m3/s (B) 1.00 # 105 m3/s
(C) 0.10 # 105 m3/s (D) 10.0 # 105 m3/s
FM 6.27 Consider two types of drinking straws, one with a square cross-sectional shape
and the other type the typical round shape. The amount of material in each
straw and the length of the perimeter of the cross section of each shape are same
. Assume the drink is viscous enough to ensure laminar flow and neglect gravity.
What is the ratio of the flow rates _ vvoo i through the straws for a given pressure
round
square
FM 6.28 Water flows from tank A to tank B with the valve closed as shown in figure. If
the friction factor is 0.02 for all pipes and all minor losses are neglected, what
will be the flow rate into tank B when the valve is opened to allow water to flow
into tank C also ?
FM 6.29 Water at 20c C flows through a multiple parallel-plate passages heat exchanger
as shown in figure below. The available pressure drop is 2 kPa and plate walls are
hydraulically smooth. If the desired total flow rate is 0.25 m3 /s , the appropriate
number of passages are ^ f = 0.0 8h
FM 6.30 Oil at 20cC ( = 888.1 kg/m3, = 0.8374 kg/m -s) is flowing through a vertical
glass funnel as shown in figure. The funnel consists of 20 cm high cylindrical
reservoir and a 1 cm diameter, 20 cm high pipe. The funnel is always maintained
full by the addition of oil from the tank. Neglect entrance losses. What will be
the ratio of the actual flow rate through the funnel to the maximum flow rate for
the Frictionless case ?
FM 6.31 Water at 20c C flows upward through an inclined 6 cm diameter pipe at 4 m/s is
shown in figure. A mercury manometer has a reading of h = 13 mm . The pipe
length between points (1) and (2) is 5 m and point (2) is 3 m higher than point
(1). What will be the friction factor of the flow ?
FM 6.32 Viscous oil (S.G. = 0. , = 0.10 Pa - s ) flows from tank A to tank B through the
six rectangular slots as shown in figure below. If minor losses are negligible and
the total flow rate is 30 mm3 /s , the pressure in tank A will be (Take f = 32 0 )
FM 6.33 A 2 mm diameter and 20 cm long straw delivers the water at 10c C with a rate
of 3 cm3 /s . If the flow is vertically up, what will be the axial pressure gradient
2p 2x ?(Take = 1.307 # 10-3 kg/m -s , = 1000 kg/m3 )
(A) 2 kPa/m (B) 10 kPa/m
(C) 4 kPa/m (D) 20 kPa/m
FM 6.34 A tank of water has a 1.5 cm diameter hole at the bottom, where water discharges
to the atmosphere. The water level is 3 m above the outlet. Disregarding the
effect of the kinetic energy correction factor. If the entrance of the hole is sharp
edged, the flow rate of water through the hole is (loss coefficient KL for sharp-
edged = 0.5 )
(A) 1.11 # 103 m3/s (B) 111 # 103 m3/s
(C) 11.1 # 103 m3/s (D) 0.111 # 103 m3/s
FM 6.35 Water at a rate of 0.04 m3/s , flows in a 0.12 m diameter pipe that contains a
sudden contraction to a 0.06 m diameter pipe. If the loss coefficient KL = . ,
the pressure drop across the contraction section is
(A) 99.75 kPa (B) 33 kPa
(C) 166.25 kPa (D) 133 kPa
FM 6.36 The water pipe system shown in figure below consists of 1200 m long cast-iron
^f = . h pipe of 5 cm diameter, two 45c and four 90 c flanged long-radius
elbows, a fully open flanged globe valve and a sharp exit into a reservoir. The
minor losses coefficient for the pipe system is as follows
if (a) the bend is a flanged smooth bend and (b) the bend is miter bend without
vanes ?
(A) 8.08 L/s, 4.78 L/s (B) 4.78 L/s, 6.03 L/s
(C) 6.03 L/s, 4.78 L/s (D) 8.08 L/s, 6.03 L/s
FM 6.39 A 4.5 m diameter tank is initially filled with water 2 m above the centre of
a sharp edged 15 cm diameter orifice. The tank water surface is open to the
atmosphere and the orifice drains to the atmosphere. Neglecting the effect of the
kinetic energy correction factor. The time required to empty the tank is (loss
coefficient for sharp edge KL = 0. )
FM 6.45 Air at 20cC ( = 1.204 kg/m3) flows at high speed through a venturi-meter
monitored by a water manometer as shown in figure below. If h = cm , what
will be the maximum mass flow rate of air that venturi can measure ? (Take
discharge coefficient Cd = . )
FM 6.46 Consider the flow of air at high speed through a venturi monitored by a mercury
manometer ^Hg = g m h as shown in figure below. Discharge coefficient
Cd and Expansion factor Y for this flow are 0.985 and 0.76 respectively. The
upstream conditions are 150 kPa and 353 K. If h = cm , the mass flow rate for
flow to be compressible is
FM 6.47 Ethanol at 20c C ^ = 789 kg/m3 , = 0.0012 kg/m -sh flows through a 5 cm
diameter smooth pipe at a rate of 7 m3 /hr . Three piezometer tubes are installed
as shown in figure below. If the pipe contains a thin plate orifice of diameter
d = cm , the piezometer levels h and h will be ^Take K = 1.5 and f = . h
(A) h = . m , h = . m (B) h = . m, h = . m
(C) h = . m , h = . m (D) h = . m, h = . m
FM 6.48 Consider the parallel-pipe system as shown in figure below. The SAE 10 oil at
20c C ^ = 870 kg/m3 and = 0.104 kg/m -sh is flowing laminarly through the
pipe system with pressure drop p p = a . What will be the total flow rate
between 1 and 2 ?
FM 6.49 Consider the parallel-pipe system of two identical length and material pipe as
shown in figure below. The diameter of pipe A is half of the diameter of pipe B
. If the friction factor to be same in both case and disregarding minor losses, the
flow rates in pipes A and B would be
FM 6.52 For the Series -Parallel system of pipes shown in figure below, each pipe is 8 cm
diameter cast iron ( f , 0.0022 ) and the pressure drop p1 p2 = 7 0 Pa . If the
minor losses are neglected, what will be the resulting flow rate for water at 20c C
?
FM 6.53 Water at 80cC ( = 3.65 # 10-7 m2 /s ) flows with an average velocity of 2 m/s
through a 120 mm diameter pipe. If the pipe wall roughness is small enough so
that it does not protrude through the laminar sublayer and the pipe is to be
considered as smooth ( f = . ), what will be the largest roughness allowed to
classify this pipe as smooth ?
(A) 23.1 mm
(B) 0.0231 mm
(C) 0.00231 mm
(D) 0.231 mm
FM 6.54 The three water-filled tanks are connected by pipes as shown in figure. If minor
losses are neglected, the flow rate in m3 /s in each pipe is
(A) vo = . , vo = . , vo = .
(B) vo = . , vo = . , vo = .
(C) vo = . , vo = . , vo = .
(D) vo = . , vo = . , vo = .
FM 6.55 A highly viscous liquid flows under the action of gravity from a large container
through a small diameter pipe in laminar flow as shown in figure below.
Disregarding entrance effects and velocity heads, the variation of fluid depth in
the tank with time, is
FM 6.57 An oil (S G = and = 2.2 # 10-4 m2/s ) flows at a rate of 4 # 104 m3/s
through a vertical pipe as shown in figure. The manometer reading h will be
FM 6.58 The water velocity at several locations along a cross section of 5 cm radius pipe
is given in table below.
r cm Vm s
0 6.4
1 6.1
2 5.2
3 4.4
4 2.0
5 0.0
FM 6.59 Oil ( = 8900 N/m3 , = 0.10 N - s/m2 ) flows through a 23 mm diameter horizontal
tube as shown in figure. A differential U-tube manometer is used to measure the
pressure drop along the tube. What will be the range of h for laminar flow ?
FM 6.60 The water at 20cC flows from the tank as shown figure below, through the 3 cm
long horizontal plastic pipe attached to the bottom of the tank. What time it
will take to empty the tank completely, assuming the entrance to the pipe is well-
rounded with negligible loss ? (Take the friction factor of the pipe to be 0.022.)
***********
SOLUTIONS
hL = f L V = LV = LV
D g e D g VD n D g
= nLV = n L v
o vo
D D g D g > pD H
V=
pD
= nLvo
g pD
where = Kinematic viscosity
L = Pipe Length
D = Diameter of pipe
vo = Volume flow rate
If diameter of pipe is reduced by half, then D = D
2
So that hL = nLvo = nLvo = 16h
# L
gp b l
D g p D
Hence Reducing the pipe diameter by half increase the head loss by a factor of
16.
FM 6.2 Option (B) is correct.
For laminar flow at transition point
rVd
Re = = 2300
m
or 890 # Vd = 2300 & Vd = # . = 0.181 m2 /s ...(i)
Power 1 hp = 745.7 W = vo # Dp laminar
mLV
745.7 = AV # Dp = a p # d # V k # c m
d
2
745.7 = 8p # mLV 2 = 8p # 0.07 # 15 # b 0.181 l
d
or 745.7 = . 6 &d = . 6
d .
d = 0.034 m
rVD
Re = = 1252 # 3.5 # 0.05 = 811.5
m 0.27
Re = 811.5 < 2300
Hence the flow is laminar and friction factor for this Re is
f = 64 = 64 = 0.07887
Re 811.5
Then the pressure drop per unit length (L = 1 m)
rV 1252 # (3.5) 2
p L = f L # = 0.0788 # 1 # 1
# 1000
D 0.05 2
= 12.1 kPa
= f# Lvo
p gD
0.01573 # 16 # 45 # (8 # 103) 2
hL = = 36.59 m , 36.6 m
2 # p2 # 9.81 # (0.04) 5
FM 6.5 Option (C) is correct.
Pressure drop is given by
rV r o
p = f # L # = f # L # #; v E
D D pD
r o Lrvo
= f# L # # v = f#
D pD pD
16 45 999.1 # (8 # 103) 2
p = 0.01573 # # #
2 # p2 # (0.04) 5 # 1000
= 358.3 kPa - 359 kPa
Hence the power requirements to overcome this pressure drop is
Ppump = voDp = # #
= 2.87 kW , 3 kW
FM 6.6 Option (A) is correct.
The Wall shear stress in the fully-developed region is defined as
p p p 6 26000 4tw
= 4 = =
L fully developed 2 2 d
or w = 26000 # d = 26000 # 0.05 = 162.5 Pa , 163 Pa
4#2 8
FM 6.7 Option (D) is correct.
The overall head loss for z =
Dp
hf = = = . m
rg # .
The overall friction factor is defined as
g
foverall = h f overall # d # = 11.2 # b 0.05 lb 2 # 92.81 l
L V 6 10
= 0.0183
or
p
= 32 # 0.002 # 0.015 # 3.06 +
]3.06g2
g 900 # 9.81 # ]0.00025g2 2 # 9.81
= 5.32 + 0.48 = 5.8 m
Then F = Dp # A piston = r # g # . # p ] . g
u = 4 m/s
Now the volume flow rate
vo = Vavg Ac = Vavg # pR
Since Vavg = u max = 4 = 2.00 m/s
2 2
Hence vo = 2 # p # (0.04) 2 = 0.010048 m3 /s b 0.01005 m3 /s
FM 6.12 Option (C) is correct.
The half-distance between plates is called h, then Hydraulic diameter
Dh = 4A = 4h = 4 # 1.5 = 6 cm
perimeter
rVDh # . # . =
Re D = = (Laminar flow)
h
m .
For laminar flow between two parallel horizontal plates, the head loss and Pressure
drop per meter flow is given by
mVL ] . g# . #
p = = #
h ] . g
= 2773.33 Pa/m - 2770 Pa/m
Dp
Hence hf = = = . m m
rg . #
FM 6.13 Option (C) is correct.
The friction factor of given channel
rVDH
f = 58 where Re = DH = Hydraulic diameter
Re m
= #m L V = 29 mLV
rVDH # #
DH g rgDH2
If the average velocity is doubled, then
V = 2V
mL # V mLV
= =
rgD H G
Hence hL = = 2hL
rgD H 1
The energy equation between points (1) (the tank) and (2) (the open jet) :
p1 2
V2
+ + 1 = 0 + pipe + 80 + h f
g 2g 2g 2g
p1 V2
or = pipe + 80 + h f 10 ...(i)
g 2g
2
L V pipe ^ + + h . 2
where h f = f D # 2g = . 1 # . #2
# . 1
, 170 m
then from equation (i),
p ]8.49g2
= + 80 + 170 10
g 2 # 9.81
] g
or p = rg ; + + E
#
]8.49g2
= 998 # 9.81 # ; + 80 + 170 10E
2 # 9.81
= 2385659 , 2.38 MPa
FM 6.15 Option (C) is correct.
Assume all the flow goes through the seven 2 cm tubes. Thus each tube takes
one - seventh of the flow rate :
o
V = v = , . m s
A ,tubes # p #] . g
rVd
Re = = . # . # . = (Turbulent flow)
m . #
r
#] . g
Hence p = f L # V = . .
d # . #
= 269.32 , 270 Pa
FM 6.16 Option (D) is correct.
The pressure at the bottom of the tank is
p D 4 Dp
For laminar flow vo =
128ml
where vo = vo and p - = . p -
p D 4 Dp 1 2 pD 34 Dp2 3
Thus vo = = vo3 = D =D
128ml 128ml
Dp
D = Dc
Dp m
or = D( . ) = .
0.5 # p # (0.4) 2
= # 69.9 = 4.39 , 4.5 kW
4
FM 6.20 Option (D) is correct.
The pipe velocity
o
V = m = = . m s
rA # p #] . g
rVD # . # .
Check Re d = = = (Laminar flow)
m .
Apply the steady flow energy equation between A and B
pA V A p
+ + zA = B + V B + zB + h f h p
g g rg g
or 500000 = 180000 + 15 + h h VA = VB = V and zA = 0
f p
891 # 9.81 891 # 9.81
h f hp = 500000 180000 15
891 # 9.81 891 # 9.81
or h f h p = 21.61 m
Where hf =
mLV
= # # ] g +] g # = 140.4 m
rgd # #] g
Now hp = h f
= 140.4 21.16 = 119.2 m
The pump power is then given by
P = rgvho p = mgh
o p = 3 # 9.81 # 119.2
= 3508 - 3500 Watts or 3.5 kW
FM 6.21 Option (D) is correct.
The flow rate gives the velocity and Reynolds number
= . m
o
V = v =
p
#] . g
A s
rVd # . # . =
Re d = = (turbulent flow)
m .
r
Since p = f L V
d
or 7600000 = 0.0157 # L # b 910 l # ]2.65g2
1.2 2
L = 181800 m - 182 km
voDp
Hence P = = # = . # Watts = 26 MW
h .
FM 6.22 Correct option is (A).
Also h p = Po = 2 #1 = . m
gv ( . # 1 ) # .
Hence h = 133.2 63.7 = 69.5 m
rVD # #
Thus Re = = = <
m
The flow is laminar.
(Dp gl sin q) D 2
So that V = Where = 90c
32ml
mlV
p = + gl sin 90c = 1
D
= 32 # 1.50 # 10 # 0.5 + 9.81 # 1260 # 10 = g
(0.075) 2
- 1.66 # 105 Pa = 166 kPa
Also, applying Bernoullis equation at section (1) and (2),
p1 V 12 p 2
+ + z1 = 2 + V 2 + z 2 + h L
2g g 2g
With p1 = p2 + Dp , V1 = V2 , z2 z1 = l
Dp
hL = l = 1. # 1 1 = 3.43 m
g . 1 # 12
FM 6.25 Option (A) is correct.
Flow rate can be determined from
Dp pD 4
vo =
128mL
Since p = p1 - p2 = 145 98 = 47 kPa
47000 # p # (0.015) 4
Hence vo = = 1.62 # 105 m3/s
128 # 0.24 # 15
FM 6.26 Option (B) is correct.
For uphill flow with an inclination of 8c,
(Dp rgL sin q) pD 4
vouphill =
128mL
[47000 (876 # 9.81 # 15 # sin 8c)] # p (0.015) 4
=
128 # 0.24 # 15
= 1.00 # 105 m3/s
FM 6.27 Option (D) is correct.
p 1 = Dp 2
So hL = hL1 2
p = h L
2 2
f1 l1 # V 1 = f2 l2 # V 2
Dh1
2g Dh 2g 2
2
where l1 = l2 , Dh = D and Dh = A2 = a =a
1 2
perimeter 2 a
f1 V 12 f V2
Thus = 2 2 ...(i)
D a
Since the perimeters are equal
D = 4a Therefore a = p D ...(ii)
V Dh V D
and Re h = =
1
n n
= pV D
V Dh V a
Re h = = from equation (ii)
2
n n n
Thus, from equation (i)
V 56.9 V 2
bV D l b pV2 D l
2
= 4n or V = V
D pD
4
Also vo = A V = p D # V
and vo = A V = a V = p D V
p
D2 V1
So that vo = 4
= 4 V1 = 4 # 1.441 = 1.83
vo D V2 p V2 p
p2
16
2
voround = 1.83vosquare
pD = p#
vo = V #A = V # #
pA V A p
+ + zA = B + V B + zB + f l # V
g g g Dh g
with zA = zB , pB = , VA = VB =
pA = f b l lb l rV
Dh
= 3250 # 0.6 # 1 # 850 # (1.67 # 103) 2
0.0015 2
- 1540 N/m2 = 1.54 kPa
FM 6.33 Option (D) is correct.
For water at 10c C : = 1000 kg/m3 = 1.307 # 10-3 kg/ms
rVD rD vo = vorD o o
Re = = V= v = v
m m # A m # pD A pD
rvo # # #
Re = = = 1462 (Laminar flow)
mpD . #
#p# .
mLvo # . #
# . # #
Thus hf = =
prgD p# # . #] . g
, 0.204 m
The axial pressure gradient if the flow is vertically up
p rg ^h f + Dz h 1000 # 9.81 # ^0.204 + 0.2h
= = z = L
L L 0.2
= 19816 Pa/m , 20 kPa/m
FM 6.34 Option (A) is correct.
z = a2 V 2 + hL = a2 V 2 + KL V2 hL = KL # V
2 2 2
2g 2g 2g g
2gz1
V =
a2 + KL
Since 2 = 1, then volume flow rate becomes
2gz1
vo = V Ac = pD hole #
2
4 1 + KL
Substituting the numerical values, we get
p (0.015) 2
vo = # #
2 # 9.81 # 3 = 1.11 103 m3/s
#
4 1 + 0.5
z = a2 V 2 + hL = a2 V 2 + KL V 2
2 2 2
So hL = KL V
2g 2g 2g g
2gz1
V =
a2 + KL
Then the flow rate becomes.
2gz1
vo = A pipe # V = pD
2
4 a2 + KL
(a) For Flanged smooth bend (KL = 0.3)
p (0.03) 2
vo = # #
2 # 9.81 # 5
4 1.05 + 0.3
= 0.00603 m3/s = 6.03 L/s
(b) For Miter bend without vanes (KL = 1.1)
p (0.03) 2
vo = # #
2 # 9.81 # 5
4 1.05 + 1.1
= 0.00478 m3/s = 4.78 L/s
p = p + r : a V a V ghLD
The average discharge velocity through the orifice at any given time at any
2gz
time, in general V =
1 + KL
We denote the diameter of the orifice by Do and the diameter of tank by D .
The amount of water flows through the orifice during a time interval dt is
o = pD o
2
2gz
dvo = vdt dt ...(i)
4 1 + KL
and the decrease in the volume of water in the tank
dv = Area ( dz) = pD dz
2
...(ii)
4
From mass conservation, equation (i) must be equal to equation (ii)
D o2 2gz
dt = pD dz
2
( ve sign shows decrease in volume)
4 1 + KL 4
dt = D + KL (z) dz
Do g
Then the draining time is
t
+ KL
#
dt = D #
f
(z) dz
t= Do g z=
+ KL + KL
g 6 # @
t f = D z = D # ( )
Do Do g #
=D # + KL = D # + KL
Do g # Do g
V = bD l # V
d
V = v = . # = . m s
o
Ac p#( . )
Substituting in equation (i)
;b d l # V E V ;b d l E V
D D
Dp Dp
hL = =
rw g g rw g g
;b 30 l 1E # 1.27
50 4 2
hL = 14600
998 # 9.81 2 # 9.81
= 1.49 0.5521 = 0.9379 , 0.940 m
0.00557 = 0.0074 h
h = b 0.00557 l = 0.57 m = 57 cm
2
or
0.0074
FM 6.45 Option (B) is correct.
The pressure drop across the venturi-meter is
p = p p = rw gh rair gh
r
= (rw rair ) gh = rair b w 1l gh
rair
rw
gh b l # rair
(p p ) rair
Then flow rate vo = Ao Cd = Ao Cd
rair ( b ) rair ( b )
r
gh b w l
rair
= Ao Cd
( b )
p d 2 p # (0.06) 2
where Ao = = = 0.002827 m2
4 4
and =d = = .
D
2 # 9.81 # 0.4 b 1000 1l
1.204
Thus vo = 0.002827 # 0.98 #
61 ]0.40g4@
= 0.2265 m3/s
Then the maximum mass flow rate that venturi-meter can measure is
mo = rvo = 1.204 # 0.2265 = 0.273 kg/s
FM 6.46 Option (A) is correct.
The upstream density is
p
1 = = = . m
RT #
and =d = =
D
The pressure difference measured by the mercury manometer
p p = ^rHg rair h gh = ] g #
p = 49200 Pa
Now the compressive venturi formula thus predicts :
r ^p p h
mo = Cd YAt #
b
2 # 1.48 ]49200g
= 0.985 # 0.76 # 9 p # 0.042C #
1 b2l
4 4
3
= 0.40 kg/s
= .
o
V = v = # = . m s
A pD p #] . g
Vt = v = .
o # , .
Also m s
At p #] . g
For = d = = . and K = . , the head loss across the office is
D
] . g
h = h h = K # V t = . # ;
# . E
= . m
g
Hence h = 0.58 + h1 = 0.58 + 1 = 1.58 m
Then the piezometer change between (2) and (3) is due to friction loss
2
h 3 h2 = h f = f # L # V = 0.023 # 5 #
]0.99g2 = 0.115 m
D 2g 0.05 2 # 9.81
or h 3 = 0.115 + h2 = 1.58 + 0.115 = 1.695 , 1.7 m
FM 6.48 Option (D) is correct.
hL = f L cV m = f # L # vo
D g D g # > pD H
= 8f # L 2# v5
o o2
= f# L # v #
D pD # g p gD
p hL # g
2
Thus vo = #D
2.5
8fL
When the pipe length, friction factor and head loss is constant, the flow rate
becomes proportional to the D in parallel connection.
vo = kD . k = constant of proportionality
Let diameter of pipe B = DB and diameter of pipe A = DA .
Therefore voB = k DB .
voA = k DA . = k . DB . DA = DB gi en
voA = 0.177 # k (DB) 2.5 = 0.177 # voB
Hence the flow rate of pipe A is decreased by a factor of 0.177.
FM 6.50 Option (A) is correct.
For parallel pipe system the head losses are the same for each pipe
8fL vo2 8fL vo2 8fL vo2
h f = 2 1 51 = 2 2 52 = 2 3 53
p gd 1 p gd 2 p gd 1
vo1 + vo + vo = 0.056 m /s
3
...(i)
= c f L # V A m + c f L # V B m = c f L # V B m + c f L # VC m
d g A d g C d g B d g C
2 2
+ b 0.022 # 150 #
b l 2 l
750000 = 0.022 250 ...(i)
998 # 0.08 # 2 0.08
2 2
+ b 0.022 # 150 #
b l 2 l
and 750000 = 0.022 100 ...(ii)
998 # 0.08 # 2 0.08
From equation (i) and (ii),
751.50 = 34.375 2 + 20.625 2
...(iii)
751.50 = 13.75 2 + 20.625 2
...(iv)
From equation (iii) and (iv),
751.50 20.625 # ]5.35g2
V A = 751.50 20.625 #
2
=
34.375 34.375
VA = 2.16 m/s
751.50 20.625 # ]5.35g2
and VB =
13.75
VB = 3.42 m/s
Now for parallel pipe A and B ,
voAB = voA + voB
voAB = VA AA + VB AB = ^VA + VB h A DA = DB
= ^2.16 + 3.42h # p # ]0.08g2
4
= 0.0280 m3 /s
And for Pipe in series
voAB = voC = . m s
Hence the total volume flow rate
vo = voAB = voC = 0.0280 m3 /s
- 101 m3 /hr
u =c
2 1/2
m since p = f l # V
8 D
0.0125 # (2) 2 1/2
Hence u =; E = 0.0791 m/s
8
5 (3.65 # 107)
and from eq (i), s = = 2.31 # 105 m = 0.0231 mm
0.0791
If the roughness element is smaller than 0.0231 mm it lies within the laminar
sublayer.
4 dt
Now equation (i) becomes
2 2
h = 12 nL # pD # dh = 32nLD dh
g pd dt gd dt
dt = nLD dh
# h
gd
Integrating from t = when h = H to t = t when h = h
t = nLD n b H l
gd h
FM 6.56 Option (B) is correct.
o
V = v = # = . m s
A p
#( . )
rVD VD #
So that Re = = = = < =
m n #
The flow is laminar and flow rate is given by ( = 90c)
p (Dp gl ) D 4 lvo
vo = or p = p - p = + l ...(i)
128ml D
Thus = S. G. # g = . # . = . m
Where m = S.G. m g = . # . = . m
and h = h + l h or h + h = h + l
Thus p p = Dp = g (h + h ) gm h = (gm g) h + gl
...(iii)
Combine equation (ii) and (iii), we get
111.9 = (12.74 8.53) h + 8.53 # 4
or h = 18.5 m
Note: Since h < , the manometer is displaced in the direction opposite that
shown in the original figure.
FM 6.58 Option (B) is correct.
The divided cross section of the pipe into 1 cm thick annual regions is shown in
table.
The flow rate is to be determined by using midpoint velocity values for each
section. Therefore
vo = #V
Ac
avg dAc = Vavg p r out r in
VD
For laminar flow Re # 2100 or #
Thus the minimum h is h = (no flow) and the maximum h is for Re = 2100 .
b 9.81 l # V # 0.023
8900
2100 =
0.1
=
g
or V = 10.06 m/s
For the flowing fluid, Bernoullis equation gives
p V p
+ + z = +V + z + f l V z =z
g g g D g
and V = V = V
Thus p p = f# l V #g
D g
(i)
And for laminar flow
f = 64 or f = = .
Re
From equation (i),
. ( . )
p = p p = . # . # #
# .
= 30439 N/m2
From manometer equation, we get
p + goil (H + h) S.G. g h goil H = p
p = p - p = (S.G. gH O g) h 2
or h = 30439 = 0.510 m
(7 # 9800 8900)
Hence 0 # h # 0.510 m
FM 6.60 Option (C) is correct.
We take point (1) at free surface of the tank and point (2) at the reference level at
exit. By applying energy equation for a control volume between these two points
2 2
p1 p
+ 1 V 1 + z1 + h pump = 2 + a2 V 2 + z2 + hturbine + hL
g 2g rg 2g
Since p1 = p2 = patm , z2 = , hturbine = , and V1 ,
2
z1 = a2 V 2 + hL
2
hL = f L # V 2
2g D 2g
z1 = a2 V 2 + f L # V 2
2 2
So
2g D 2g
2gz1 2gz
V2 = = 2 = 1
a2 + ^ fL/D h 1 + ^ fL/D h
where z is the water height relative to the center of the orifice at that time.
Now, the flow rate of water through the pipe during a time interval dt is
o = Ac # V dt = pD o #
dvo = vdt
gz
+ ^ fL Do h
dt
4 # 1 + ^ fL/Do h 4
+ ^ fL Do h
dt = D dz
Do gz
+ ^ fL Do h
= D # z dz
Do g
By integrating above equation from t = when z = z to t = t f when z =
(completely drained tank)
+ ^ fL Do h
t
#
dt = D # #
f
z dz
t= D o g z=z
t f = D # + ^ fL Do h z
Do g
z
=D # z $ ^ fL Do h.
Do g
Substituting the numerical values, we get
tf =
]10g2 2 # 2 b1 + 0.022 # 25 l
2 # 0.03
(0.03)
9.81
= 311965 seconds , 86.6 hours
***********
FM 7.1 The resultant force of 400 N is acting on a body at angle of 30c with the direction
of flow as shown in figure below. What will be the drag and the lift forces acting
on the body, respectively ?
FM 7.7 The top surface of the passenger bus is 4.0 m wide and 8 m long and the bus
is moving at a velocity of 19.5 m/s. If the outdoor air is 1.184 kg/m3 dense and
kinematic viscosity of air is 1.562 # 105 m2 /s , the drag force acting on the top
surface of the bus is
(A) 22 N (B) 20 N
(C) 21 N (D) 42 N
FM 7.8 A 6 m/s stream of SAE 30 oil at 20cC ( = 891 kg/m3 and = 0.29 kg/m - s )
is past over a thin flat plate of 55 by 110 cm. If the stream is parallel to the long
side, the total friction drag is
(A) 30 N (b) 362 N
(C) 181 N (D) 60 N
FM 7.10 If the bicyclist has a frontal area of 0.4 m2 and a drag coefficient of 0.9 in the
racing position, the terminal velocity of the bicyclist is
(A) 34 km/h (B) 229 km/h
(C) 73 km/h (D) 106 km/h
FM 7.11 In a laminar boundary flow the net drag on one side of the two plates having the
cross section l # l parallel to the free stream as shown in figure, is FD . What
will be the drag (in terms of FD ) on the same two plates when they are connected
together as indicated in figure ?
FM 7.12 For a laminar flow of a fluid over a flat plate if the free-stream velocity of the fluid
is doubled, the drag force on the plate is (Assume the flow to remain laminar)
(A) FD = . 3FD 1
(B) FD = FD1
(C) FD = . 3FD
1
(D) FD = 1.1 9FD 1
FM 7.13 Wind storms sometimes blow off empty containers of trailer tracks. The dimensions
of one type of container are as shown in figure below and the air density is
1.1 kg/m3 .What amount of minimum wind velocity normal to the side of the
container would be required to blow off the container ? (CD = . )
FM 7.14 A 15 m long and 3.4 m wide railway wagon is shown in figure. If the weight of
the wagon is 250 kN, the wind velocity necessary to blow over the wagon is (
CD = . )
FM 7.15 A 50 mm diameter solid plastic sphere is dropped into water at 20cC . If the
density of sphere is 1150 kg/m3 , the terminal velocity of the sphere in water is (
CD = . )
(A) 4.43 m/s (B) 0.443 m/s
(C) 0.0443 m/s (D) 44.3 m/s
FM 7.17 A dust particle of density 1800 kg/m3 is unsettled during high winds and rise to
a height of 350 m. It takes 43 min to fall back to the ground in still air at 1 atm
and 15cC . If stokes law is applicable, what will be the diameter and velocity of
the dust particle, respectively ? (air = 1.802 # 10-5 kg/m -s)
(A) 0.05 mm, 8.14 m/s (B) 0.05 mm, 0.136 m/s
(C) 0.5 mm, 8.14 m/s (D) 0.5 mm, 0.136 m/s
FM 7.18 A parachutist jumps from a plane, using an 8.5 m diameter parachute in the
standard atmosphere. The total mass of parachutist and parachute is 135 kg. If
fully open parachute is in quasi steady motion, the time to fall from 2000 m (
air = 1. kg m ) to sea level ( air = 1. kg m ) will be (take CD = 1. )
FM 7.20 A helium-filled balloon at 20cC and 1 atm is connected with a string of negligible
weight and drag as shown in figure below. The diameter is 50 cm and the balloon
material weighs 0.2 N, not including the helium. If the helium pressure is 120 kPa
and the tilt angle = 87.3c, the airstream velocity U will be (take CD = . and
RHe = kg )
FM 7.21 A shortwave radio antenna is constructed from circular tubing as shown in figure.
If the wind is blowing with 100 km/hr , the wind force on the antenna is(Take
CD = . )
FM 7.22 A fully loaded 400 ton of jet airplane takes off at a speed of 250 km/h. Assume each
passenger with luggage is 140 kg and the wing and flap settings air maintained
the same. The take off speed when the airplane has 150 empty seats, is
(A) 243.5 km/h (B) 24.3 km/h
(C) 257 km/h (D) 25.7 km/h
FM 7.23 Wind is blowing across the 6 mm diameter wire of transmission line at a speed
of 40 km/h. The drag force exerted on the wire, when air is at 1 atm and 15cC is
55 N. What will be the length of the wire ?( = 1.47 # 10-5 m2 /s and CD = 1.0 )
(A) 1.21 m (B) 121 m
(C) 12.1 m (D) 0.121 m
FM 7.25 The required power to maintain a constant cruising speed of 300 km/h for a
cruising drag coefficient of 0.035, is
(A) 186 kW (B) 37.2 kW
(C) 372 kW (D) 18.6 kW
FM 7.26 Two bike racer rides at 30 km/hr through still air. The second racer drafts
closely behind the first racer rather than riding alongside. If any forces other
than aerodynamic drag is neglected, what percentage will be the power required
to overcome aerodynamic drag for the second racer ? (Take CD = 0. ND
and
CD = 0.50 )
D
FM 7.27 A building is approximately 87.5 m wide and 154 m tall. If the velocity profile
against the building is a typical profile for an urban area as shown in figure and
the wind speed halfway up the building is 20 m/s, what will be the drag on the
building ? (Take CD = 1. )
FM 7.28 For the triangular two-dimensional object as shown in figure, the lift and drag
coefficients based on formal area respectively, are (Neglect the shear forces).
FM 7.29 The drag forces acting on the signboard and 2 poles respectively, are
(A) 18.06 kN, 136 N (B) 180.6 kN, 13.6 N
(C) 136 N, 18.06 kN (D) 180.6 kN, Zero
FM 7.30 What will be the minimum length L of the concrete block for the panel to resist
the winds ?
(A) 18.5 m (B) 37.1 m
(C) 8.5 m (D) 3.71 m
FM 7.32 The car is driven 60000 km in a year and the overall efficiency of the engine is
28%. If the density, unit price and heating value of gasoline to be 0.75 kg/L, Rs.
25/L and 42000 kJ/kg, respectively, the increase in the annual fuel cost of car
due to this sign is
(A) No increment (B) Rs. 2225/year
(C) Rs. 12225/year (D) Rs. 1225/year
FM 7.33 A ship is encrusted with tide, the ship requires 7000 hp to overcome friction drag
when moving in seawater ( = 1025 kg/m3 and = 0.00107 kg/m - s ) at 20cC
. The ship is 150 m long and has a wetted area of 5000 m2 and neglecting the
wave drag. How fast would the ship move with the same power if the surface were
smooth ?
(A) 11 m/s (B) 5.5 m/s
(C) 22 m/s (D) 1.1 m/s
FM 7.34 A 2 m diameter and 40 m high pole is subjected to 22 m/s storm winds at sea
level ( = 1.225 kg/m3 and = 1.78 # 10-5 kg/m-s ). What is the estimated wind-
induced bending moment about the bottom of the pole ? (take CD = . )
(A) 760 kNm (B) 380 kNm
(C) 95 kNm (D) 190 kNm
FM 7.35 A small airplane of 10.2 m2 wing area and 6.22 kN of weight has the cruising
speed of 210 km/hr. If the engine delivers 150 kW at this speed and 60% of this
power is lost in propeller and to overcome body resistance, what will be the drag
coefficient of the wing ?
FM 7.39 An 0.80 m diameter, 1.2 m high garbage can is found tipped over in the morning
due to high winds velocity of 135 km/h during the night. If the air density is to
be 1.25 kg/m3 and the drag coefficient of the can to be 0.7, what will be the mass
of the can ?
(A) 90 kg (B) 443 kg
(C) 180 kg (D) 886 kg
FM 7.40 A tractor-trailer truck has drag area CD A = m without the deflector and
CD A = .7 m with the deflector added. Its rolling resistance is 112 N for each
m/s of speed. If the truck moves at 24.5 m/s, how much power is reduced due to
deflector added ?
(A) 17% (B) No Reduction
(C) 4.25% (D) 8.5%
FM 7.42 What power is required for take off at the same speed ?
(A) 187 kW (B) 505 kW
(C) 168 kW (D) 280 kW
FM 7.44 Water droplets of 0.06 m diameter fall through the air under standard sea-
level conditions ( = 1.789 # 10-5 N-s/m2 ). If the drops do not evaporate and
the Reynolds number is less than unity, what will be the falling velocity of the
droplets ?
(A) 1.10 # 105 m/s (B) 1.10 # 104 m/s
(C) 1.10 # 106 m/s (D) 1.10 # 107 m/s
FM 7.45 A water boat is moving through water ( = 999.1 kg/m2, = 1.138 # 10-3 kg/m -s)
at 15cC with speeds up to 30 km/h. The bottom surface of the boat assume to be
a 1 m wide, 3 m long flat surface. The friction drag exerted on the boat by water
and power needed to overcome it respectively, are
(A) 26.23 N, 2.186 kW (B) 262.3 W, 2.186 kN
(C) 262.3 N, 2.186 kW (D) 26.23 kW, 2.186 kN
FM 7.46 A smooth flat plate of cross section 6 m # 4 m is placed in water with an upstream
velocity of U = . m s . If the flow is laminar, what will be the boundary layer
thickness and the wall shear stress respectively at the trailing edge of the plate ?(
= 1.12 # 10-6 m2 /s )
(A) 0.0137 m, 0.0380 N/m2 (B) 0.0183 m, 0.0506 N/m2
(C) 0.183 m, 0.632 N/m2 (D) 0.0229 m , 0.0632 N/m2
FM 7.47 Water at 20cC and 1 atm ( = 998 kg/m3 , = 0.001 kg/m-s ) flows past a thin
flat plate with 20 m/s. What will be the distance x from the leading edge at
which the boundary layer thickness will be 1 mm ?
(A) 0.00442 m (B) 0.442 m
4
(C) 4.42 # 10 m (d) 0.0442 m
FM 7.48 Standard air ( = 1.562 # 10-5 m2/s, = 1.184 kg/m3) flows steadily past over a
flat plate with a velocity of 8 m/s. At approximately what location will the flow
become turbulent and the boundary layer thickness at that location, respectively
?
(A) 0.0678 cm, 0.976 m (B) 0.678 cm, 0.976 m
(C) 0.0976 m, 0.678 cm (D) 0.976 m, 0.678 cm
FM 7.49 A 1.22 # 2.44 m sheet of plywood is put on a roof rack of a car as shown in
figure below. The car speed is 15.5 m/s and the sheet is perfectly aligned with
the airflow. What will be the boundary layer thickness at the end and the drag
respectively, if the flow remains laminar ?
FM 7.51 The pivot of a wind turbine with two hollow hemispherical cups is stuck as a
result of some malfunction as shown in figure below. If the diameter of cups is
8 cm and centre to center distance is 50 cm. The maximum torque applied on the
pivot for a wind speed of 15 m/s and air density of 1.25 kg/m3 , is (CD, convex = .
and CD, concave = . )
FM 7.52 Two 7.35 cm diameter base balls weighs 145 g each are connected to a rod of
7 mm diameter and 56 cm long as shown in figure below. At sea-level standard
air and including the drag of the rod, what power is required to keep the system
spinning at 42 rad/s ? (CD, ball = . , CD, rod = . )
FM 7.53 An iceberg ( = 1026 kg/m3 ) floats with approximately 1/7 of its volume in the
air as shown in figure. If the wind velocity is U and the water is stationary, the
speed at which the wind forces the iceberg through the water, is
(A) Ub = . U
(B) Ub = . U
(C) Ub = . U
(D) Ub = . U
FM 7.54 A thin hinged rod of negligible weight and drag is used to connect two different
size steel (S.G. = . ) balls as shown in figure. A stop is used to restrict the
counter clockwise rotation. What will be the sea-level air velocity U for which the
rod will first begin to rotate clockwise ?(CDa = CDb = . )
(A) 50 m/s
(B) 64.5 m/s
(C) 73 m/s
(D) 57 m/s
(A) 1.91
(B) 1.43
(C) 2.4
(D) 0.95
FM 7.56 A rotary mixer consists of two 1 m long half-tubes rotating around a central arm
as shown in figure below. The fluid is water at 20cC and the maximum driving
power available is 20 kW. What is the maximum rotation speed in rpm ? (
CD = 2.3 )
(A) 148
(B) 206
(C) 74
(D) 103
FM 7.57 A flag of 2 m by 2.5 m is attached to the top of a 20 m tall and 0.12 m diameter
flag pole. What will be the moment needed at the base of the pole to keep it in
place in a 20 m/s wind ?(CD flag = 0.0 , CD, pole = 1.2 )
(A) 11194 N m
(B) 6716 N m
(C) 895 N m
(D) 8955 N m
FM 7.58 A thin sheet of fiber board weighs 90 N and lies on a rooftop as shown in the
figure. Ambient air at 20cC and 1 atm at 33 m/s is generates enough friction to
dislodge the board. What will be the coefficient of solid friction between board
and roof ?
FM 7.59 A fan consists of five blades of cross section 0.80 m # 0.10 m which rotates at
100 rpm. If blades are act as flat plates, the torque needed to overcome the
friction on the blades will be ( = 1.46 # 10-5 m2 /s )
(A) 0.438 Nm (B) 43.8 N m
(C) 4.38 N m (D) 0.0438 N m
***********
SOLUTIONS
1 = 998 # 0.25 # d
0.001
or d = 0.001 # 1 = 4 # 106 m = 4 m
998 # 0.25
FM 7.5 Option (B) is correct.
Friction drag FF = 1 rU 2CDf A where CDf = . = .
2 el Ul
n
and A = bl where b = p ate width .
= 0.074 1742
6 1/5 = 0.002772
(9.987 # 10 ) 9.987 # 106
Then the drag force acting on the surface becomes
rV . #( . )
FD = C f A = . #( # )#
= 19.97 , 20 N
V = # FD = 2 # 194
r # A # CD 1.25 # 0.45 # 1.1
= 25.04 m/s , 90 km/h
V = # mtotal # g # sin q
CD # A # r
= 2 # 95 # 9.81 # sin 12c
0.9 # 0.4 # 1.25
= 29.3 m/s , 106 km/h
FM 7.11 Option (A) is correct.
For case (a):
Drag force FD = 1 rU 2 CD A where CD = . = . and A = l
2 Re l Ul
n
Thus FD = 1 rU 2 # 1.328 n # l 2 = 0.664rU 3/2 # n l 3/2 ...(i)
2 Ul
For case (b):
FDl = 1 rU 2 CD A Where CD = . and A = ( l) # l = l
2 U# l
n
Thus FDl = 1 rU 2 # 1.328 n # l 2 = 1 (0.664rU 3/2 n l 3/2)
2 2Ul 2
By comparing equation (i) and (ii), we see that
FDl = 1 FD = 0.707FD
2
FM 7.12 Option (A) is correct.
For a laminar flow over a flat plate,
rV
FD = C f A # where C f = . .
e
rV 2
= 1.328 # A #
Re0.5 2
rV
= . . #A# Re = VL
n
b n l
VL
L
.
where k = . A n . = constant
L
Now for Initial condition
FD = kV
If the free stream velocity of fluid is doubled, i.e.
V = 2V1
Then FD = k (V ) = k ( V ) = . k (V ) = . FD
FD = 2.83FD 1
V = # FD = #
CD # A # rair . #( # )#( . )
= 50.3 m/s , 50 m/s
= 50.3 # 3.6 , 181 km/h
FM 7.14 Option (A) is correct.
2.55FD = 0.75W
0.75 # (250 # 103)
Hence FD = = 7.35 # 10 4 N
2.55
Where FD = 1 CD rU 2A
2
2 # (7.35 # 10 4) 1/2
;1.9 # 1.23 # 3.4 # 15E
or U = FD = = 35 m/s
C D rA
FM 7.15 Option (B) is correct.
f V
CD # A # = rs gv rf gv
f V
C D # D # = (rs rf ) g pD
3
6
r
CD # V = : s D #
gD
rf
r
4gD b s 1l
rf
V =
3CD
4 # 9.8 # (0.05) # b 1150 1l
1000
= = 0.443 m/s
3 # 0. 5
FM 7.16 Option (A) is correct.
Summing forces along the roadway gives
W sin = FD + FRolling
r
= CD A # # V + Croll # V
6
Substituting these values in equation (i), we get
3VD = rs gv rf gv = (rs rf ) g # pD
mV
D =
g (rs rf )
where = 1.802 # 105 kg/m s
V = 0.136 m/s
s = density of dust particle = 1800 kg/m3
f = density of air at 1 atm and 15cC
=
p
= . = . kg
RT . #
The sphere should hang, so that string tension balances the resultant of drag and
net weight.
rV rV p
Drag force FD = CD # # A = CD # # D
- 180 N
W = (m # g)
V = W = mg
rC L A rC L A
When the airplane is fully loaded, then
Mass m = 400 ton = 400000 kg and
Velocity V = 250 km/h
Now, when 150 seats are empty, Mass of airplane
m = m1 (150 # 1 0) = 400000 21000 = 379000 kg
and Velocity is V
When the density, lift coefficient and wing area remain constant, the ratio of the
velocities of the under-loaded and fully loaded aircraft becomes
V = 2 (m2 # g) /rCL A mg
= = m
V1 2 (m1 # g) /rCL A m1 g m1
V = V1 # m
m1
Substituting the numerical values, we get
V = 250 # 379000 = 243.34 km/h
400000
, 243.5 km/h
FM 7.23 Option (B) is correct.
For given parameter, the Reynolds number
0
b . l # (0.00 )
Re = VD = = .5 5 # 10
n 1. 0 # 105
The drag coefficient corresponding to this value of Re = 4.535 # 103
CD = 1.0
Then, the drag force becomes
rV rV
FD = CD # A # = CD # (L # D) #
3.6
So 55 = 1.0 # L # 0.006 #
2
L = 2 # 55
2
1.0 # 0.006 # 1.225 # b 40 l
3.6
= 121.22 , 121 m
FM 7.24 Option (B) is correct.
An aircraft will takeoff when lift equals the total weight.
rV
W = FL = CL A
V = W = m#g
= # # .
rC L A rC L A . 5# . 5#
= 57.6 m/s or 207 km/h
And wind loading
Floading = FL = W = # . = 5. m
A A
, 916 N/m2
FM 7.25 Option (C) is correct.
When the aircraft is cruising steadily constant altitude, the net force acting on
the aircraft is zero and thus thrust provided by the engine must be equal to the
drag force.
rV . 5#( . )
FD = CD A = . 5# #
= 4466.1 N or 4.466 kN
And the power required is to be
P = Thrust # velocity = FD # V
= 4.466 # (300/3.6) , 372 kW
FM 7.26 Option (A) is correct.
PND = power when not drafting
= UFD = U # CD rU A = CD rU A
ND ND ND
Thus, PND PD = CD CD = . .5
ND D
PND CD .ND
154
= 1 rC D
2 #
y=0
(3.52y0.4) 2 # (87.5) dy
154
= 1 # 1.23 # 1.3 # (3.52) 2 # 87.5
2 #
0
y0.8 dy
Hence FD = 1.7 b 1 rU 2 l lb
2
1.7 # 1 rU 2 # lb
or CD = FD = 2 = 1.70
1 rU 2 A 1 rU 2 lb
2 2
Because of symmetry of the object, FL =
or CL = FL =0
1 rU 2 A
2
FM 7.29 Option (A) is correct.
The drag force acting on the sign,
rV
FD, sign = CD # A #
1.30 # (150/3.6) 2
= 2.0 # (4 # 2) #
2
= 18056 N or 18.06 kN
The drag force acting on the pole,
rV
FD, pole = CD # A #
1.30 # (150/3.6) 2
= 0.3 # (0.05 # 4) # = 68 N
2
rU 2
= = 0.0311/7 #
2 # G#
A U CD =
(ReL) ReL
rU 2
rUL
= = 0.031 1/7 # # AG # U ReL =
(rUL/m) 2 m
or CD =
Pwing
= #( # )
= .
rU A #b
. # l# .
FM 7.36 Option (B) is correct.
The rolling resistance of the Automobile
FRR = CRR # Wauto = CRR # mauto # g
= 0.04 # 950 # 9.81 = 372.8 N , 373 N
The speed at which the rolling resistance is equal to aerodynamic drag is obtained
by setting.
FD = FRR
V
CD # A # = 373
V = # = 373 # 2
CD # A # r 0 . 32 # 1.8 # 1.2
= 32.85 m/s , 118 km/h
FM 7.37 Option (A) is correct.
The power need to overcome drag and rolling resistance is the product of the sum
rV
= CD # A # + FRR V
2
0.3456V 3 + 373V = 80000 ...(i)
The solution of equation (i) gives
V = 55.56 m/s , 200 km/h
FM 7.38 Option (A) is correct.
rV
Drag force FD = CD # A #
4
= density of air at 10cC and 100 kPa
=
p
= 00 = . kg m
RT 0. 8 # 8
and V = 150 km/h = 150 m/s
3. 6
p # (0.5) 2
1.23 # b 150 l # 1
2
Thus FD = 1.1 # #
4 3. 6 2
= 230.72 N - 231 N
Now the bending moment at the bottom of pipe
Mbottom = FD # (length of pipe + adius of circular antenna)
= 231 # (2.5 + 0.25) = 635.25 N m
, 635 N m
FM 7.39 Option (A) is correct.
When the garbage can is first tipped, the edge on the wind-loaded side of the can
will be off the ground and thus all the reaction forces from the ground will act
on the other side. Taking the moment about on axis passing through the contact
point.
Mcontact = 0 FD # H = W#D
C A rV # H
W = FD # H = D # #
D D#
Where A = Frontal area = 1.2 # 0.8
= 1.25 kg/m3
V = 135 km/h = 135 = 37.5 m/s
3.6
D = 0.8 m and H = 1.2 m
0.7 # (1.2 # 0.8) # 1.25 # (37.5) 2 # 1.2
Thus W =
2 # 0. 8
= 885.93 , 886 N
r
FD = CD # #V #A
Which is less than the critical Reynolds Number (Re = 5 # 105), Therefore the
flow is laminar. Then
C f = 1.328
0.5 =
1.328 = 0.002347
Re L (3.201 # 105) 0.5
rV
and FD = C f # A #
18m
Since Re >> 2 # 10 , then the flow is turbulent over the entire surface and
5
friction coefficient is
C f = 0.074
1/5 =
0.074 = 0.00252
Re (2.2 # 107) 1/5
rV
Now Drag force FD = C f A #
999.1 # (30/3.6) 2
= 0.00252 # (1 # 3) #
2
= 262.3 N
and Power needed to overcome it
P = FD # V = 262.3 # (30/3.6)
= 2185.9 W , 2.186 kW
FM 7.46 Option (B) is correct.
Laminar flat plate boundary layer thickness is given by the relation
nx = 5 (1.12 # 106) x
=5 = 7.48 # 103 x m
U 0.5
rm
And w = 0.332U 3/2 =
x
1.25 # (110/3.6) 2
= 8.84 # = 5158 N
2
Now, the total resistance forces on the trunk is
Ftotal = FD + Fbearing + Frolling
And the power required to overcome these forces is to be,
P = Ftotal # V
= (FD + Fbearing + Frolling) # V
1
= 7 # 1.25 # V 2 = 4.375V 22
2
CD A = m
2
GATE MCQ Mechanical Engineering (4-volumes)
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GATE Mechanical Engineering in 4 Volume NODIA Demo Ebook Page 283
The maximum torque occurs when the cups are normal to the wind since the
length of the moment arm is maximum.
Then the drag force of each cup in this position is
rV
Convex side FD = CD # A #
Subscript a and w denotes the portion of the iceberg in the air and in the water
respectively.
We have va = 1 v and vw = v where v = volume of the iceberg
7
For steady motion FDa = FDw
Where FDa = 1 CDa ra (U Ub) 2 Aa and FDw = CDw rw U b Aw
2
with Ub = speed of the iceberg
Thus 1 C (U - U ) 2 A = 1 C r U 2 A
2 Da a b a
2 Dw w b w
(U Ub) C r A r A
or = Dw w w = w w Assume CDa = CDw ...(i)
Ub CDa ra Aa ra Aa
If D is a characteristic length, then v - D and A - D
1v
= D a3 or Da = b l
3
Hence va
= 7
vw 6 v Dw Dw
7
b Dw l b l
So that Aa = Da =
Aw
Thus from equation (i),
(U Ub)
= 1026 # (6) 2/3 = 2754.29 - 2760
Ub 1.23
U Ub = 2760 = 52.5
Ub
or U = 53.5 & U = 0.0187U
b
Ub
FM 7.54 Option (B) is correct.
For sea-level air, take = 1.225 kg/m3 and = 1.78 # 10-5 kg/m-s . Let a
and b denote the large and small balls, respectively. The rod begins to rotate
clockwise when the moments of drag and weight are balanced. The moment
equation is
Mo = Fa # . sin c Wa # . cos c
Fb . sin c + Wb . cos c =
or Fa Fb = Wa Wb
or CDa # # U # D a - CDb # # U # D b
= (S.G.) # rwater # g a p D a3 p D b3 k
6 6
or # # U 2 # 6CDa # D a2 - CDb # D b2@ = p # S.G. # rwater # g 6D a3 D b3@
4 2 6
or 1 # CDa # # # U 2 6D a2 - D b2@ = p # S.G. # rwater # g # 6D a3 D b3@
8 6
or 1 # 0.47 # # 1.225 # U 2 # 7]0.02g2 - ]0.01g2A
8
= 7.86 # 999 # 9.8 # p # 7]0.02g 3 ]0.01g 3A
6
6.78 # 105 U 2 = 0.282
U = 4160
U = 4160 , 64.5 m/s
where p = rU for # #
2
and = 1 rU 2 :1 6 qD for 0 # #
2 p 2
i.e. p = 1 rU 2 if = 0 , p = rU if =
2 2
p
Thus # p cos d = rU # cos qdq= rU
p
sin q p
p
= rU ...(ii)
p/2
and # p cos d = 12 rU # 2
0
:1 p qD cos qdq
6
p/2
= 1 rU 2 :sin q 6 (cos q + q sin q)D
2 p 0
2 6 p
= rU ;1 a k b lE
1 6
2 p 2 p
= 1 rU 2 : 6 2D ...(iii)
2 p
Thus from equation (i), (ii) and (iii), we have
p
FD = 2br #p cos qdq = 2br ;1 rU 2 b 6 2 l + rU 2E
0 2 p
= 1 rU 2 b 12br l
2 p
2 rU # ^ p h
1 2 12br
So that CD = FD = FD =
2 rU A 2 rU # (2rb) 2 rU # (2br)
1 2 1 2 1 2
= 6 = 1.91
p
FM 7.56 Option (C) is correct.
Consider a strip of half tube of width dr as shown in figure below. The
local velocity is U = wr and the strip frontal area is Ddr . The total torque
(2 tubes) is
R R r
T = 2 # rdF = 2 # r 9CD (wr) 2 Ddr C
0 0 2#
r R
= 2 # CD # # w 2 # D # r3 dr
2 0
= CD # r # w 2 # D # R = 1 CD # r # w 2 D # R 4
4
or T = 1 # 2.3 # 998 # w 2 # (0.075) # (1.0) 4 = 43.04 w 2
4
Power P = T#w
20000 = 43.04 w 2 # w
3 = 20000 = 464.7
43.04
= 7.75 rad/s
or = 7.75 # 60 , 74 rpm
2p
FM 7.57 Option (D) is correct.
Where l = 2 m , l2 = 2. m , D = . 2 m and b2 = 2 m .
FD = 1 CD ArU 2 = 1 CD rU 2 # l1 D1
2 2
and FD = 1 CD rU 2 l2 b2
2
= 1 # 0.08 # 1.23 # (20) 2 # (2.5 # 2) = 98.4 N ...(iii)
2
By combining equation (i), (ii) and (iii), we obtain
M = 20 # 708.5 + b 20 2 l # 98.4 = 7085 + 1869.6
2 2
= 8954.6 N m - 8955 N m
F = # tw dA = # aC f r u k # dA w = C f #
#u
x x
x2
0.027 r 2 .
= # ;(rUx/m) 1/7 E # 2 u # b # dx Cf =
(rUx m)
x1
x2
# c 0.0272brU m 1/7
2
= m # b rU l # x1/7 dx and dA = b # dx
x1
0.027brU 2 m 1/7 7 x 6/7 x
=c m b l : D
2
3 # rU # 6 x 1
or Re l = Ul = wLl = # # = #
n
1
n #
Thus, at all point on the blade Re x < Re x = 5 # 105 and the flow is laminar.
cr
= 0.0438 N m
***********
FM 8.2 Water flows in a 3 m wide rectangular channel with a flow rate of 60 m3/s . If the
flow is to be critical, the maximum depth is
(A) 2.58 m (B) 4.30 m
(C) 3.44 m (D) 6.88 m
FM 8.3 Water flows critically through a 4 m wide rectangular channel with an average
velocity of 5 m/s. The flow rate of water is
(A) 51 m3/s (B) 25.5 m3/s
(C) 12.75 m3/s (D) 5 m3/s
FM 8.4 The ratio of Froude numbers on either side of a hydraulic jump are related by
y y
(A) b l (B) b l
y y
y y
(C) b l (D) b l
y y
FM 8.5 Water ( = 999.7 kg/m3, = 1.307 # 10-3 kg/m -s) in a half-full 4 m diameter
circular channel flows at an average velocity of 2.5 m/s. What will be the hydraulic
radius and flow regime ?
(A) 1 m, supercritical (B) 1 m, critical
(C) 2 m, supercritical (D) 1 m, subcritical
FM 8.7 Air flows on the surface of a tank at a speed of 2 m/s. How fast would these air
waves travel respectively if (a) the tank is in an elevator accelerating upward at
a rate of 4 m/s2 , (b) the tank accelerates horizontally at a rate of 9.81 m/s2 and
(c)the tank is aboard the orbiting Space Shuttle ?
(A) 0, 2.37 m/s, 2.38 m/s
(B) 2.37 m/s, 2.38 m/s, 0
(C) 2.38 m/s, 2.37 m/s, 0
(D) 2.37 m/s, 0, 2.38 m/s
GATE Mechanical Engineering in 4 Volume NODIA Demo Ebook Page 290
FM 8.8 Water flows through a 2 m wide rectangular channel with a manning coefficient
of n = . If the water is 1 m deep and the bottom slope of channel is 0.0105,
the rate of discharge of the channel in uniform flow is
(A) 10.76 m3/s (B) 6.03 m3/s
(C) 27.11 m3/s (D) 5.56 m3/s
FM 8.9 Water flows in a V-shaped channel (n = 0.013) section as shown in figure below.
The bottom slope of channel is 0.008727. For a flow depth of 2 m at the centre,
the discharge rate in uniform flow is
FM 8.11 Water flows through two identical channels with square cross sections of 5 m # 5 m
. Now the two channels are combined to form a single 10 m wide channel and the
flow rate is adjusted so that the flow depth remains constant at 5 m. What will
be the percent change in flow rate as a result of combining the channels ?
(A) 50% increase (B) 31% decrease
(C) 31% increase (D) No change
FM 8.13 Consider a uniform flow in a fine gravel-lined (n = 0.02) rectangular channel with
a flow area of 3.6 m2 and a bottom slope of 0.002. For a depth-to-width ratio
y b = 0. , the channel should be classified as
(A) Mild (B) Critical
(C) Steep (D) Not determined
FM 8.14 All surfaces of a rectangular channel as shown in figure, are of the same material.
By what percent is the flow rate reduced because of the addition of the thin
center board ?
FM 8.15 Three uniform pipes of diameter D join to form one pipe of diameter D and each
pipe flows half-full. If the Manning coefficient n and the slope are the same for
all of the pipes, what will be the diameter D ?
(A) D = .32D (B) D = .36D
(C) D = . D (D) D = . 9D
FM 8.16 The flow rate in the asphalt-lined (n = 0.016) channel shown in figure below is to
be 120 m3/s . What will be the elevation drop of the channel per km ?
FM 8.17 A steel painted ^n = . h rectangular channel flow, creates a 50c full wedge like
wave as shown in figure below. If the depth is 35 cm, the critical depth will be
FM 8.18 A viscous oil (S.G. = . ) flows down with an average velocity of 50 mm/s
through a wide plate at a uniform depth of 8 mm as shown in figure. If the plate
is on a 3c hill, the average shear stress between the oil and the plate will be
FM 8.19 The channel shown in figure is built on a slope of 2 m/km and depth is y = m
. If the surface are smooth concrete lined (n = . ) except for the diagonal
surface, which is gravel with n = . , the flow rate will be
(A) 0c (B) 2c
(C) 1c (D) 0.01706c
FM 8.21 Consider a trapezoidal aqueduct as shown in figure below, carries a normal flow
of 60 m3 /s . For clay tile ^n = . h surfaces, the required elevation drop in
m/km will be
FM 8.22 A Trapezoidal channel with brick lining (n = 0.015) as shown in figure, has a
bottom slope of 0.057. What will be the flow rate of water through the channel ?
FM 8.23 A trapezoidal channel with a bottom width of 1.5 m and sides with a slope of
1 : 1 is lined with clean earth (n = 0.022) and is to drain water at uniform rate of
10 m3/s to a distance of 2 km. If it is necessary to keep the flow depth below 1 m
, the required elevation drop is
FM 8.24 A channel lined with placed wood is to be carry water at a flow rate of 2 m3/s
on a slope of 10 m/800 m . The channel cross section can be either a right angle
triangle or a rectangle with a cross section twice as wide as its depth. Which
would require less wood ?
(A) Triangle (B) Rectangle
(C) Not defined (D) Both requires equal amount
FM 8.27 A clay tile ^n = 0.01 h channel is laid out on a 1 : 1400 slope and has a V-shape with
an included angle of 90c as shown in figure below. If the flow rate is 11.35 m3 /s ,
what will the normal depth y ?
(A) 20 m (B) 4 m
(C) 2 m (D) 0.2 m
FM 8.28 Water flows in a partially filled 1 m internal diameter circular channel made
of finished concrete (n = 0.012). For a flow depth of 0.25 m at the center with
bottom slope of 0.002, the flow rate is
(A) 1.59 m3/s (B) 0.159 m3/s
(C) 15.9 m3/s (D) 0.0159 m3/s
FM 8.29 A storm drain constructed of brickwork ^n = 0.015h has the cross section as
shown in figure below. If it laid on a slope of 1.5 m/km, the normal discharge
when the water level passes through the center of the circle is
FM 8.30 In flood stage a natural channel often consists of a deep main channel plus
two flood plains as shown in figure below. If the channel has the slope 1 : 2640
everywhere and main channel with clean-earth ^n = . h and the sides are
heavy brush, what will be the total flow rate ?
FM 8.32 Two identical channels, one of rectangular bottom width b and one circular
of diameter D with identical flow rates, bottom slopes and surface linings are
considered. For the flow height of b in rectangular channel and the half full
circular channel, the relation between b and D is
(A) b = . D
(B) b = . D
(C) b = . D
(D) b = . D
FM 8.34 Water flows in a equilateral triangular cross section channel as shown in figure.
For a given Manning coefficient n and channel slope, the depth that give the
maximum flow rate will be
(A) y = . h (B) y = . h
(C) y = . h (D) y = . h
FM 8.35 What will be the flow depth, velocity and Froude number before the jump ?
(A) y = . m, V = . m s, Fr = .
(B) y = . m, V = . m s, Fr = .
(C) y = . m, V = . m s, Fr = .
(D) y = . m, V = . m s, Fr = .
FM 8.36 The flow depth, velocity and Froude Number after the jump are
(A) y = m, V = m s, Fr =
(B) y = m, V = m s, Fr =
(C) y = m, V = m s, Fr =
(D) y = m, V = m s, Fr =
FM 8.41 Consider a triangular flume as shown in figure, is built to carry the flow rate vo
at a depth of 0.90 m . If the flume is to be able to carry up to twice its flow rate
vo = vo , what will be the freeboard length l ?
FM 8.42 For the triangular channel as shown in figure, what will be the angle for the
best hydraulic cross section (i.e. minimum area A for a given flow rate) ?
FM 8.43 The water depths upstream and downstream of a hydraulic jump are 0.3 and
1.2 m, respectively. If the channel is 50 m wide, the upstream velocity and the
power dissipated, respectively are
(A) 5.42 m/s, 401 kW (B) 4.06 m/s, 301 kW
(C) 6.77 m/s, 502kW (D) 2.71 m/s, 202 kW
FM 8.44 A flow through a wide channel undergoes a hydraulic jump from 40 cm to 140 cm
, the percent dissipation will be
(A) 50% (B) 46%
(C) 25% (D) 23%
FM 8.45 A hydraulic jump occurs at the base of a spillway of a dam as shown in figure. If
the spillway is 100 m wide, the head loss and power dissipated by the hydraulic
jump respectively, are
FM 8.46 During a hydraulic jump in a 10 m wide channel, the flow depth increases from
0.5 m to 4 m. The water flows at a rate of 70 m3/s . What will be the mechanical
power wasted during this jump ?
(A) 4.35 kW (B) 43.5 MW
(C) 43.5 kW (D) 4.35 MW
FM 8.47 A hydraulic jump occurs in a wide horizontal channel at a flow depth of 0.35 m
and an average velocity of 12 m/s, the head loss associated with hydraulic jump is
(A) 1.972 m (B) 9.13 m
(C) 4.56 m (D) 0.271 m
FM 8.50 Consider a channel contraction section as shown in figure below, often called
a venturi flume. The losses are neglected and the flow is one-dimensional and
subcritical. If b1 = m , b = m , y1 = 1.9 m and y = 1.5 m , what will be the flow
rate ?
FM 8.51 A sluice gate is used to control the flow rate of water in a 5 m wide channel. For
flow depth of 1.0 m upstream and 0.50 m downstream from the gate, the flow rate
of water and downstream Froude number respectively, are
FM 8.52 Water flows in a 0.8 m wide rectangular channel at a depth of 0.25 m and discharge
at a rate of 0.7 m3/s . If the character of flow is to change, the specific energy and
the alternate flow depth of water respectively, are
(A) 0.874 m, 0.815 m (B) 1.5 m, 0.815 m
(C) 0.0874 m, 8.15 m (D) 1.5 m, 8.15 m
FM 8.54 Water is flowing over a 42 cm high bump at a upstream velocity of 2.5 m/s in a
wide channel. If the flow depth is 1.2 m, will the flow be chocked over the bump ?
FM 8.55 Water flowing in a horizontal open channel with a velocity of 8 m/s and flow
depth of 1 m, encounters a 20 cm high bump. What will be the change in water
surface level over the bump ?
(A) Remains same (B) Increase of 0.23 m
(C) Decrease of 0.23 m (D) Increase of 0.03 m
FM 8.56 A sharp crested triangular weir with a notch angle of 60c is constructed 0.5 m
above the bottom of a 3 m wide channel as shown in figure below. If the flow
depth upstream from the weir is 1.5 m, the flow rate of water through the channel
is (Take discharge coefficient Cd = . )
FM 8.57 A 100c notch angle sharp crested triangular weir is installed to measure the
discharge rate of water in a open-channel. If the notch angle of weir is reduced by
half, the percentage change in flow rate is (Assume the head of weir and discharge
coefficient remain unchanged)
(A) 39.1% reduction
(B) 60.9% reduction
(C) 39.1% increment
(D) No change
FM 8.58 Consider the water flow under a sluice gate with free outflow. The gate is raised
to a gap of 40 cm and the upstream flow depth is measured to be 2.4 m. The flow
depth and the downstream velocity per unit width are (Cd = . )
(A) y = . m, V = . m s
(B) y = . m, V = . m s
(C) y = . m, V = . m s
(D) y = . m, V = . m s
FM 8.59 Water is flowing into a channel as shown in figure below under the sluice gate with
a 6 m wide and 0.5 m high opening at the bottom. If the flow depth upstream is
5 m and flow depth downstream from the gate is measured to be 2.5 m, the rate
of discharge through the gate is (Take discharge coefficient Cd = . )
FM 8.60 Water flows over a 4 m wide and 1.5 m high broad-crested weir as shown figure
below. The free-surface well upstream of the weir is at a height of 0.5 m above
the surface of the weir. The flow rate in the channel and the minimum depth of
the water above the weir block respectively, are
FM 8.61 A 1.1 m high sharp crested rectangular weir is used to measured the flow rate
of water in a 6 m wide rectangular channel. If the head above the weir crest is
0.60 m upstream from the weir, the flow rate of water is
(A) 18.35 m3 /s (B) 2.174 m3 /s
(C) 5.33 m3 /s (D) 8.234 m3 /s
FM 8.62 What will be the flow rate per unit width q , over a broad-crested weir that is
2.0 m tall and the head H is 0.50 m ?
(A) 0.0350 m3 /s (B) 0.350 m2 /s
(C) 0.350 m3 /s (D) 3.50 m2 /s
FM 8.63 Water flows over the rectangular sharp crested weir in a wide channel, which is
lined with unfinished concrete (n = . ) with a bottom slope of 2 m/300 m as
shown in figure. What will be the downstream depth and will it be possible to
produce a hydraulic jump in the channel downstream of the weir ?
***********
SOLUTIONS
Which is greater than critical value of 500. Therefore, the flow is turbulent.
Now the Froude number is
Fr = V = = .
gy . # 0.
Which is greater than 1, therefore the flow is supercritical.
FM 8.2 Option (C) is correct
We have
o
V = v = 0 = 0 where y = depth
A #y y
0 y
Also Fr = V = = .
gy 6 . 1 # y@ 1 y
For critical flow Fr = 1.
Thus y = (6.39) 2/3 = 3.44 m
or Fr2 = V gy V
= #
gy1
Fr1 V1 gy1 V1 # gy
y1 o y y1 y
=V # = v # o1 # = b 1l
V1 y y v y y
FM 8.5 Option (D) is correct.
The hydraulic radius is
Ac ^pR h R
Rh = = = Circular channel is half full
perimeter pR
= 2 = 1m
2
When calculating the Froude number, the hydraulic radius should be used.
For non-rectangular channel hydraulic depth is defined as the ratio of the flow
area to top width.
pR 2
yh = Ac = 2 = pR = p # 2 = p = 1.570 m
Top width 2R 4 4 2
Now Froude number
Fr = V = . = .
gyh . # .
Since Fr = 0.637 < 1, therefore the flow is subcritical.
FM 8.6 Option (A) is correct.
Since c = gy
It follows that the tank depth is
y =c = = m
g
If the tank accelerates upward with acceleration a , the effective acceleration of
gravity is
geff = g + a = + = m s
Thus c = geff y = # = m s
If the tank accelerates horizontally with acceleration a , the effective acceleration
is
geff = g +a = + = m s
Thus c = 13.87 # 0.408 = 2.38 m/s
In orbit geff = 0 (weightless). So c =
FM 8.8 Option (A) is correct.
The flow area, wetted perimeter and hydraulic radius of this channel are
Ac = b # y = # = m
perimeter = b + y = + # = m
and Rh = Ac = = . m
p
Now from Manning equation, flow rate
vo = a Ac R h S
n
= 1 # 2 # (0.5) 2/3 # (0.0105) 1/2 = 10.76 m3/s
0.012
FM 8.9 Option (B) is correct.
The flow area, wetted perimeter and Hydraulic radius of the channel are
Flow area Ac = 2h # h = 2 # 2 # 2 = 4 m2
2 2
Wetted perimeter = 2# h = 2# 2 = 4 2 m
sin 45c sin 45c
Hydraulic Radius Rh = Ac = 4 = 1 = 0.7071 m
perimeter 4 2 2
Hence, Discharge rate vo = a Ac (Rh) # S
n
= 1 # 4 # (0.7071) 2/3 # (0.008727) 1/2
0.013
= 22.8 m3/s
FM 8.10 Option (D) is correct
For a half-full channel, A = pR , perimeter = pR , Rh = R and b = R .
The volume flow rate is
vo = VA = . # p R
We denote the flow conditions for two separate channels by subscript 1 and the
conditions for the combined wide channel by subscript 2.
The Manning coefficient, channel slope and the flow area Ac remain constant, the
flow rate in case 2 can be expressed in terms of flow rate in case 1 as
vo2 = (a/n) Ac R h S 2 = Rh 2/3 = Ac /perimeter2
2/3 1/2 2/3
; E ; perimeter2 E
perimeter1 2/3
= G =
2 2 2 2
For condition 1:
perimeter1 = 6 # 5 = 30 cm
For condition 2:
perimeter 2 = 4 # 5 = 20 cm
Substituting these values, we get
vo2 = 30 2/3 = 1.31 (31% increase)
vo1 :20 D
FM 8.12 Option (C) is correct.
The hydraulic radius
Rh = A = 3 # 1 = 0.6 m
perimeter 3 + 1 + 1
For finished concrete, flow rate (From Mannings formula)
vo1 = 1 AR h2 3 S 1 2 = 1 # 3 # ( . ) 2 3 # ( . 1 ) 1 2 = 6.65 m3/s
n . 12
Also for asphalt
vo2 = 1 AR h2 3 S 1 2 = 1 # 3 # ( . ) 2 3 # ( . 1 ) 1 2 = 5 m3/s
n . 1
Percentage reduction
= 6.65 5 # 100 = 25%
6.65
FM 8.13 Option (A) is correct.
The flow area, wetted perimeter and hydraulic radius for this flow are
Ac = y # b = 3. m2 ...(i)
perimeter = 2y + b
y
Since = 0.4 & y = 0.4b ...(ii)
b
From equation (i) and (ii),
0.4 # b # b = 3.6
0.4b2 = 3.6
b2 = 3.6 = 9
0.4
b = 3m
y = 0.4 # 3 = 1.2 m
and Perimeter = 2 # 1.2 + 3 = 5.4 m
And hydraulic radius Rh = Ac = 3.6 = 0.6667 m
perimeter 5.4
Thus the flow rate vo = a Ac Rh S
n
= 1 # 3.6 # (0.6667) 2/3 # (0.002) 1/2 = 6.14 m3/s
0.02
Hence, the critical depth is
o
yc = = v G = = G = 0.753 m
gb #] g
Since y > yc, the channel at these flow condition is classified as mild and the flow
is subcritical.
FM 8.14 Option (C) is correct.
From mannings equation, the flow rate
vo = a AR h S a = , if S.I. units are used.
n
Without the center board
A = bb b l = b and perimeter = b + b2 + b2 = 2b
b2
And Rh = A = 2 =b
Perimeter 2b 4
A = b b l and perimeter = b2 + b2 + b2 =
2
3b
Where
2 2
b 2
b2l
And Rh = =b
b
3b l 6
2
vowith = 2 a b b l b b l S 01/2
2 2/3
Thus ...(iii)
n 2 6
Dividing equation (iii) by (i) to obtain
2b b l # b b l
2 2/3
vowith = 2 6
= 0.763
vowithout b 2
b 2/3
b 2 l#b4l
or 100 76.3 = 23.7% reduction
FM 8.15 Option (C) is correct.
After joining the three pipes, the net flow rate (vo) becomes
vo = 3vo1 ..(i)
Where vo = a AR h S and vo = a A R h S
n n
With n = n , S = S , A = pD .
pD2
Rh = A = 8 =D
Perimeter pD 4
2
p D2
and Rh = A 1
= 8
1
= D1
Perimeter1 pD 4
2 1
Thus from equation (i), we get
AR h = 3A1 R h21/3
D2 D 2/3 = 3 p (D ) 2 D1 2/3
1 #b
8 # b 4 l # 8 4 l
Hence D = 3 (D1) 8/3 or D = D
So that Rh = A = y = 8 # 103 m
perimeter
and S = sin 3c
Thus w = 8330 # 8 # 103 # sin 3c = 3.49 N/m2
FM 8.19 Option (D) is correct.
Rh = A1 = 1.50 = 0.475 m
Perimeter1 3.16
and A = 3 # 1.5 = 4.5 m2 ,
Perimeter 2 = 0.5 + 3 + 1.5 = 5 m
Rh = A2 = 4.5 = 0.90 m
Perimeter2 5
Hence from equation (i), we get
vo = 1 1.50 # (0.475) 2/3 # (0.002) 1/2
0.025 #
+ 1 # 4.5 # (0.90) 2/3 # (0.002) 1/2
0.012
or vo - 17.3 m3/s
The flow area, wetted perimeter and hydraulic radius of the channel are
b + b + 2y 1.5 + 1.5 + 2 # 1 1 = 2.5 m2
Ac = #y = #
2 2
perimeter = b + y +y = + # ] g +] g = m
Rh = Ac = 2.5 = 0.5776 m
perimeter 4.328
From Mannings equation
vo = a Ac R h S
n
10 = 1 # 2.5 # (0.5776) 2/3 # S 01/2
0.022
S 0 = 0.0161
Therefore the elevation drop z across a pipe length of L = m is
z = S 0 L = 0.0161 # 2000 = 32.2 m
FM 8.24 Option (D) is correct
From mannings equation, the flow rate is
vo = a AR h S 01 ...(i)
n
Let subscript t and r denotes the triangle cross-section and the rectangular cross-
section respectively.
2y r2 1
So that Rhr = = yr
4yr 2
Also At = 1 (2yt) yt = y t2 , Perimetert = 2 ( 2 yt)
2
y
So that Rht = t
2 2
Thus from equation (ii),
2y r2 b 1 yr l = y t c 1 yt m ,
2/3
2
1.26 y r8/3 = 0.5 y t8/3
yr = 0.707yt
The amount of wood is proportional to the wetted perimeter.
perimeter1 = 3 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 6 m
Ac
Rh = = 6 = 1m
1
perimeter1 6
1
Ac = 10 # 1 = 10 m2
perimeter2 = 10 + 1 = 11 m
Ac
Rh = = 10 = 0.909 m
2
perimeter 2 11
Applying the Manning equation to each subsection, the total flow rate through
the channel becomes
vototal = vo1 + vo
= a # Ac R h S 1 + a # Ac R h S 1
n1 1 1
n
= a #= + c # h G # S1
Ac # R h
1
A 1
R
n1 n
6 (1) 2/3 10 # (0.909) 2/3
= 1 #; # + E # (0.00873) 1/2
0.020 0.050
= 45.56 m3 /s
FM 8.26 Option (D) is correct.
For entire channel
Ac = Ac + Ac = 1 + = 1 m
1
perimeter = 2y cosec q
2
y y
and Rh = A = cos q = cos 45c
perimeter 2 2 2
Thus vo = 1 AR h S 1
n
y
11.35 = 1 # y 2 cot 45c # a cos 45ck # b 1 l
2/3 1/2
or
0.014 2 400
11.35 = 1.7857 y 8/3
y = 11.35 = 6.356
1.7857
Rh = A = = . m
y +b . +
540 # ]3.52g2/3 # b 1 l
1/2
So vo = 1
0.075 # 2640
= 324.26 m3 /s , 325 m3 /s
Thus vototal = vo + vo
= 345 + 2 # 325
= 995 , 1000 m3 /s
= 0.423 m
And AC = 1 # ^0.423 + 1h # 0.5 = 0.356 m2
2
gAC
Since VC =
b
g A o g A o
or VC = # C or v = # C VC = v
b AC b AC
A g ( . ) # .
or vo = C # =
b .
vo = 1.046 m3 /s
perimeter = 1 + 0.577 + 0.577 = 2.15 m 0.5 = 0.577
sin 60c
Rh = A = 0.356 = 0.165 m
perimeter 2.15
Now the critical slope, from the Mannings formula is
n g A ( . ) # . # .
SC = # # C =
b Rh . #] . g
, 0.0205
Rh = Ac = b =b
2
perimeter 3b 3
8 2
Rh = Ac =D
perimeter 4
= a S # pD
n #
Setting the flow rates in the flow channels are equal, we get
vocir. = vorect.
a D = a #S # b
] g ] g
S
n# #
# n
D 8/3
= b 2/3
8/3
8 # ]4g2/3 ]3g
b = p # ]3g2/3
3/8
=
8 # ]4g2/3 G
= 0.655
D
b = 0.655D
FM 8.33 Option (C) is correct.
yR =
cos = =
R
= cos1 (0.5) = 60c = 60 # p = p radian
180 3
and = p f = p p = 2p = 120c
3 3
Flow area Ac = R q n q o q
Flow rate vo = a AR h2 S 1 2
n
From figure l = 2h , b = 2 (h y) , l = y
tan 60c tan c s sin c
Area A = 1 lh 1 b (h y) = 1 [h2 (h y) 2]
2 2 tan 60c
or A = 1 [2hy y2]
tan 60c
y
= l + 2ls = 2 b h
tan c sin c l
and Perimeter +
A 2hy y2
Thus Rh = =
Perimeter y
2 ah +
cos 60c k
2
a 1 2hy y 2
>2ah + H
Therefore vo = # (2hy y )2
S1 2
n tan c y
cos c k
o
For the maximum flow rate dv = , which is equivalent to dF = , where
dy dy
(2hy y2) 5/3
F y /
(y + h cos 60c) 2/3
By differentiation and simplification this gives
5 (y + h cos 60c) (h y) (2hy y 2) = 0
or 4y 2 + (5h cos 60c 3h) y 5h2 cos 60c = 0
Which can be written as
y 2 y
8a k a k 5 = 0
h h
y 1 ! 1 + 4 (8 # 5)
So that = = 0.731 or + 0.856
h 16
The negative root has no physical meaning.
Thus y = 0.856h
FM 8.35 Option (C) is correct.
For depth ratio of 10 and the discharge coefficient for underflow is Cd = 0. , the
discharge rate through the slice gate
vo = Cd ba gy1
y1
Since = 10
a
y
a = 1 = 5 = 0.5
10 10
Thus vo = 0.58 # 1 # 0.5 # 2 # 9.81 # 5 = 2.872 m3 /s
For wide channels, hydraulic radius is the flow depth Rh = y . Then from
Mannings equation
vo = a # Ac R h S 01
n
2.872 = 1 # (b # y2) # (y2) 2/3 # [tan (0.23c)] 1/2
0.012
2.872 = 1 # 1 # y2 # y22/3 # (0.004) 1/2
0.012
y2 = 2.872 # 0.012 = 0.545
1 # (0.004) 1/2
y2 = (0.545) 3/5 = 0.6947 m
Now, flow velocity and Froude number before the jump are
o
V2 = v = 2.872 = .1 m s
by2 1 # 0. 7
Fr2 = V2 = .1 = 1. 8
gy2 .81 # 0. 7
FM 8.36 Option (D) is correct.
For after the jump condition, flow depth
y = 0.5y2 ( 1 + 1 + 8Fr22 )
= 0.5 # 0.6947 # ( 1 + 1 + 8 # (1.584) 2 = 1.25 m
V = 2 # V2 = 0. 7
y
Velocity .1 = 2.3 m/s
y 1. 2 #
Froude Number Fr 3 = V = 2. 0 = 0. 7
gy .81 # 1.2
2 #6
or 6 =1 1 + 8Fr 12 1@
4
3 = 1 + 8Fr 12 1
16 = 1 + 8Fr 12
or Fr1 = 1.37
Thus V = Fr1 # gy1 = 1.37 # 9.81 # 4 = 8.58 m/s , 8.6 m/s
FM 8.38 Option (D) is correct.
The bore moves at speed V and induced a velocity V behind it. If viewed in a
frame fixed to the wave as above, the downstream V = V DV .
= . # = . m s
Vy
Since V =
y
Thus V = V V = 8.6 5.73 = 2.87 m/s
FM 8.39 Option (B) is correct
For an observer moving to the left with speed Vw = m s the flow appears as
shown below.
A2 y 22
Rh = = = 0.354y2
perimeter 2 2 2 y2
Hence with n = n and S = S
vo = y ( . y) #S
n # #
. S
or vo = y ..(ii)
n
From equation (i) and (ii) with vo = vo , we obtain
0.500y 28/3 = 2 # 0.377
or y = 1.167 m
However y . = l sin c
y2 0.9 1.167 0.9
So that l = = = 0.378 m
sin 45c sin 45c
FM 8.42 Option (D) is correct.
Flow rate vo = a AR h S or with a , n , S constant
n
dvo = aS ;R dA + A b l R dRh E ...(i)
d n h
dq h
dq
o
Thus for a given flow rate dv = and for the minimum area dA =
d d
equation (i) gives
dRh = 0
d
Also Rh = A
perimeter
2 #6
140 = 1 1 + 8Fr 12 1@
40
7 = 1 + 8Fr 12 1
or 8 = 1 + 8Fr 12
64 = 1 + 8Fr 12
Fr 12 = 63 = 7.875
8
or Fr1 , 2.81
Since V = Fr1 gy1 = 2.81 # 9.81 # 0.4 = 5.56 m/s
And E = y +V = + = m
g #
^y2 y1h3 ]1.4 0.4g 3
Thus hf = = = 0.45 m
4y1 y2 4 # 0. 4 # 1. 4
Therefore percentage dissipation
h
= f = , 23%
E
FM 8.45 Option (B) is correct.
From the depth ratio
y
= 1 7 1 + 1 + 8Fr 2 A
1
y 2
3.6 = 1 7 1 + 1 + 8Fr 2 A
1
0.9 2
or Fr1 = 3.16
But Fr1 = V
gy
V = 3.16 59.81 # 0.9? 1/2 = 9.39 m/s
Thus vo = A V = by V = # . # . = 845 m3/s
hL = y = + Fr ' b l 1G
y y
And
y y
(3.16) 2
= (0.9) =1 3.6 + '1 b 0.9 l 1G = 1.51 m
2
0.9 2 3.6
The power dissipated is given by
P = gvhoL
= 9.80 # 845 # 1.51 = 12500 kN m/s
= 12500 kW = 12.5 MW
FM 8.46 Option (D) is correct.
The average velocities before and after the jump are
o
V = v = = m s
b#y # .
o
V = v = = . m s
b#y #
( ) ( . )
Head loss hL = y y + V V = ( . ) ( ) +
g # .
= 6.33 m
The mass flow rate of water is
m o = rvo = # = g s
Then the dissipated mechanical power becomes
Pmechanicl = mg
o # hL = 70000 # 9.81 # 6.33
= 4346811 W - 4.35 MW
2g
(12) 2 (1.384) 2
(0.35 3.035) +
2 # 9.81
hL = 2.685 + 7.242 = 4.56 m
FM 8.48 Option (A) is correct.
Flow depth before the sluice gate is
y =V #y = = m
V . #
Now Froude number after the jump
Fr 3 = V = = .
gy . #
Then flow depth y is
y = 0.5y 3 [ 1 + 1 + 8Fr 32 ]
= 0.5 # 3 # 8 1 + 1 + 8 # (0.7373) 2 B
= 1.97 m
FM 8.49 Option (B) is correct.
Energy dissipation ratio is defined as the ratio of head loss to the energy dissipated.
Dissipation ratio = hL ...(i)
Es
Now, velocity before the jump
y
V = #V = = 6.092 m/s
y . #
Head loss due to jump
hL = y y + V V = +
g #
= 0.0460 m
Specific energy before the jump is
Es = y + V = +
] g = m
g #
Substituting values in equation (i), we get
Dissipation ratio = hL = = 0.0119
Es
FM 8.50 Option (B) is correct
Applying the Continuity and Energy equations to eliminate V
Continuity : vo = V y b = V y b ...(i)
Energy: E = y +V = y +V ...(ii)
g g
Combining equation (i) and (ii) to eliminate V .
V = 2g (y1 y2) + V 12
y2 b2 2
= 2g (y1 y2) + V 22 # c
y1 b 1 m
from eq. (i)
yb
V = c
y b mG
= 2g (y1 y2)
R V1
S 2g ^y1 y2h W 2
V =S
y2 b2 2 W
SS )1 c y1 b1 m 3 WW
T X
g ^y y h
or vo = V y b = > H
"b y b y ,
vo = = 2 G , 9.9 m /s
2 3
] g #] g
2 2
1. 5 2
] g #] g
3 2
1 . 9
FM 8.51 Option (C) is correct.
When frictional effects are negligible and the flow section is horizontal, the specific
energy remains constant.
Es = Es
y +V = y +V
g g
y + vo =y + vo o
V= v
g # (b # y ) g # (b # y ) by
Es = y + vo
gb y
( )
1.224 = y + = y + 0. 04
# .8 # #y y
1.224y 2 = y + 0. 04
2
y . 4y + 0. 04 = 0
By solving above equation
y = 1.03 m
Now the critical depth of flow
o ] g
yc = e v o == G = 0.742 m
gb #] g
FM 8.54 Option (B) is correct.
The upstream Froude number and critical depth are
Fr1 = V = . = .
gy . # .
(V by )
G =; g E
o y V
and yc = = v G = =
gb gb
]1.2g2 # ]2.5g2 1/3
=; E = 0.972 m
9.81
Since Fr11, the flow is subcritical and the flow depth decreases over the bump.
The upstream over the bump and critical specific energies are
( . )
Es = y + V = ( . ) + = . m
g # .
Es = Es Dzb = . . = . m
Ec = 3 # yc = 3 # 0.972 = 1.46 m
2 2
It is show that Es < Ec . That is specific energy of the fluid decreases below
the level of energy at the critical point, which is minimum energy and this is
impossible. Therefore, the flow at specified conditions cannot exist. The flow is
choked.
FM 8.55 Option (B) is correct.
Ec = 3 # yc = 3 # 1.868 = 2.802 m
2 2
The flow depth (y2) over the bump is determined from
y (Es Dzb) y + V y = 0
g
y Es y + V y = 0
g
] g
y #y + #] g = 0
#
y y + =0
By solving above equation, the physically meaningful root of this equation is
determined to be y = 1.03 m
Therefore, there is a rise of y y + Dzb = 1.03 1 + 0.2 = 0.23 m
FM 8.56 Option (C) is correct.
The discharge rate of water through the channel is
vo = 8 Cd # 2g tan b q l # H 5/2
15 2
Where H = Heigh f weir = 1.5 0.5 = 1 m
Thus vo = 8 # 0.60 # 2 # 9.81 # tan b 60c l # ]1g5/2
15 2
= 0.818 m3 /s
FM 8.57 Option (B) is correct.
The discharge rate through the triangular weir is
vo = 8 # Cd # tan b q l # 2g # H 5/2
15 2
For constant Cd and H , discharge depends on tan b l
2
Therefore vo c = k # tan b l
remains constant.
Es = Es
vo .
Since Es = y + = . + = 2.421 m
g b#y # . # # .
and Es = y + vo = .
g b#y
.
Thus 2.421 = y +
# . # #y
Solving above equation y = 0.238 m for flow depth as the physically meaningful
root (positive and less than 2.4 m).
And downstream velocity
o o
V = v = v = . = 6.55 m/s
Ac by # .
FM 8.59 Option (D) is correct.
The depth ratio y a and the contraction coefficient y a for this flow are
= . =
y y
= 5 = 10 and
a 0.5 a .
The discharge coefficient corresponding to these values of (y1 /a) and (y2 /a) is
determined from a experimental graph between Cd and (y1 /a, y2 /a) is Cd = . .
Then the discharge rate becomes
vo = Cd ba gy = . # # . # # . #
= 14.3 m3/s
FM 8.60 Option (C) is correct.
For broad- crested weir, the flow rate is given by the relation
vo = Cwb b g b l H where Cwb = Broad crested weir coefficient
The condition H Hw < is satisfied. Since 0.60/1.1 = 0.55, then the water flow
rate through the channel
vo = 2 # 0.6469 # 2 # 9.81 # 6 # (0.6) 3/2 = 5.33 m3 /s
3
FM 8.62 Option (B) is correct.
# g #b l # H
We have
o
q =v = .
b
b Hw l
+ H
Thus q = 0.65
# (9.81) 1/2
# b 3l #
2 3/2 (0.5) 3/2
b1 + 20..05 l
1/2
= 0.350 m2/s
FM 8.63 Option (D) is correct.
For rectangular sharp crested weir, flow rate is
vo = 2 Cwr 2g bH 3/2 where Cwr = rectangular weir coefficient
3
And Cwr = 0.611 + 0.075 b H l
Hw
H = 3 2.2 = 0.8 m and Hw = .
Thus vo = 2 ;0.611 + 0.075 # b 0.8 lE # 62 # 9.81@ 1/2 b (0.8) 3/2
3 2.2
= 1.349b m3/s
V = v = v = . b= .
o o
...(i)
A by by y
For uniform flow (From mannings formula)
vo = a AR h S where a =
n
S = 2 = 0.00667
300
Also for a wide channel
A = by and perimeter1 = 2y1 + b
A1 by1
So that Rh = = . y1 if b >> y
perimeter1 (2y1 + b)
Thus with n = .
vo = 1.349b = 1 by (y ) 2/3 (0.00667) 1/2
0.014 # 1 # 1 #
or y = 0.415 m
Now from equation (i),
V = 1.349 = 3.25 m/s
0.415
So that Fr1 = V = . = 1.61
gy 6. # . @
Since Fr1 > 1, it is possible to produce a jump.
***********
FM 9.1 Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below
List-I List-II
P. Wind mills 1. Dynamic pump
Q. Fans 2. Positive-Displacement turbine
R. Water-meters 3. Positive-Displacement Pump
S. Heart 4. Dynamic turbine
Codes :
P Q R S
(A) 2 3 4 1
(B) 1 4 3 2
(C) 4 1 2 3
(D) 3 2 1 4
FM 9.2 Match List I (Machines) with List II (Features) and select the correct answer
using the codes given below :
List-I List-II
P. Steam Engine 1. Velocity compounding
Q. Impulse turbine 2. Diagram factor
R. Reaction turbine 3. Continuous pressure drop.
S. Centrifugal compressor 4. Isentropic efficiency
Codes
P Q R S
(A) 3 4 2 1
(B) 2 1 3 4
(C) 2 4 3 1
(D) 3 1 2 4
FM 9.3 A water pump increases the pressure of the water passing through it. The flow is
assumed to be incompressible. If outer diameter (Dout) is less than inlet diameter
(Din), how will average water speeds Vout and Vin change across the pump ?
(A) Vout = Vin (B) Vout 1Vin
(C) Vout 2Vin (D) None of these
rates.
(4) At pumps free delivery, the pump efficiency is zero.
Which of the above is/are TRUE ?
(A) 1, 2 and 3 (B) 2 and 3
(C) 1 and 4 (D) 2, 3 and 4
FM 9.5 Water at 20cC is delivered by a pump with 1500 L/min against a pressure rise of
270 kN/m2 . The driving motor supplies 9 kW of power. If the change in kinetic
and potential energies are negligible, the overall efficiency of the pump is
(A) 68% (B) 50%
(C) 71% (D) 75%
FM 9.6 A pump delivers 18.0 L/ min. of water at a net head of 1.6 m at its best efficiency
point. If the maximum pump efficiency is 70% , the power (bhp) required to run
the pump is
(A) 403 W (B) 6.72 W
(C) 3.3 W (D) 197 W
FM 9.7 A centrifugal pump delivers 125 m3/h of water at 20cC when the brake horsepower
is 22 and the efficiency is 71% . The pressure rise in kPa, is
(A) 345 (B) 333
(C) 405 (D) 33.3
FM 9.8 Consider a pump runs at 880 rpm to deliver water at 20cC with 35 m3/ min of
flow rate through the system as shown in figure below. If the pipe has 20 cm
diameter and is made of commercial steel (f = 0.0144), what will be the pump
head ?
(A) 55 m (B) 58 m
(C) 63 m (D) 48 m
FM 9.9 Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below :
List-I List-II
P. Draft tube 1. Kinetic Energy
Q. Pumps 2. Momentum Exchange
R. Impulse-Turbine 3. Diffuser
S. Reaction-Turbine 4. Pressure-rise
Codes :
P Q R S
(A) 3 4 1 2
(B) 4 3 2 1
(C) 2 1 4 3
(D) 1 4 3 2
FM 9.10 Consider the following statements :
A water turbine governor
1. helps in starting and shutting down the turbo unit.
2. controls the speed of turbine set to match it with the hydroelectric system.
3. sets the amount of load, which a turbine unit has to carry.
Which of these statements are correct ?
(A) 1 and 2 (B) 2 and 3
(C) 1, 2 and 3 (D) 1 and 3
FM 9.13 If the full-scale turbine is required to work under a head of 30 m and to run at
428 rpm, then a quarter-scale turbine model tested under a head of 10 m must
run at
(A) 988 rpm (B) 143 rpm
(C) 341 rpm (D) 428 rpm
FM 9.15 A pump delivers water at a rate of 3 m3/s when operating at a speed of 60 rad/s
against a head of 20 m. Which type of pump is this ?
(A) Radial-flow pump (B) Axial-flow pump
(C) None of these (D) Mixed-flow pump
FM 9.18 Which one of the following relation is true for dimensionless parameters of two
dynamically similar pumps ?
/4 o /2 /4 o /2
(A) DB = DA # b HA l # c voB m (B) DB = DA # b HB l # c voB m
HB vA HA vA
/2 o /4 /4 o /2
(C) DB = DA # b HA l # c voB m (D) DB = DA # b HA l # c voA m
HB vA HB vB
FM 9.19 Which of the following relation is true for specific speed of turbine and specific
speed of the pump ?
(A) NSP = NST (B) NST = NSP # hturbine
(C) NST = NSP (D) NST = NSP # hturbine
hturbine
FM 9.20 Which of the following water turbines do not require a draft tube ?
(A) Propeller turbine (B) Pelton turbine
(C) Kaplan turbine (D) Francis turbine
FM 9.21 A pump delivers 0.0003 m3/s of water at a net head of 1.6 m at its best efficiency
point. A motor that spins at 1200 rpm is available. If pump is modified by
attaching different motor, for which the rpm is half that of the original pump.
The ratio of specific speed of both the cases will be
FM 9.22 Performance data for a very small (D = 8.25 cm) model water turbine, operating
with an available head of 15 m are as follows :
vo m h 18.7 18.7 18.3 16.7 11.5
rpm 0 500 1500 2500 3500
0 14% 38% 65% 11%
It is desired to use a geometrically similar turbine to serve where the available
head and flow rate are 46 m and 0.19 m3/s respectively. What will be the most
efficient horsepower ?
(A) 5 hp (B) 37 hp
(C) 74 hp (D) 462 hp
FM 9.23 Consider a hydroelectric power plant operates under the conditions as shown in
figure. The head loss associated with flow from the water level upstream of the
dam, section (1), to the turbine discharge at atmospheric pressure, section (2),
is 20 m. How much power is transferred from the water to the turbine blades ?
FM 9.24 Consider the test pump as shown in the figure below. The data are :
FM 9.25 A liquid (S.G = 0.9) flows through the pump with the flow rate 7.57 # 103 m3 /s .
The pressure gage at (1) indicates a vacuum of 95 mm of mercury and the pressure
gage at (2) indicates a pressure of 80 kPa as shown in figure. If z2 z1 = 0.5 m ,
what will be the actual head rise across the pump ?
FM 9.26 If the efficiency of the pump is 70%, how much power is being supplied to the
pump ?
(A) 2.07 kW
(B) 1.55 kW
(C) 1.1 kW
(D) 4.14 kW
FM 9.28 A liquid is pumped from an open reservoir through a 0.1 m diameter vertical pipe
into another open reservoir as shown in figure. A valve is located in the pipe and
the minor loss coefficient for the valve, as a function of the valve setting is shown
in figure by the equation ha = 52.0 1.01 # 10 vo2 with ha in meters when vo is in
m3/s . The fluid levels in the two tanks remain constant. If the friction factor for
the pipe is f = 0.02 and all minor losses, except for the valve are negligible, what
will be the flow rate when the valve is fully open (KL = 1) ?
FM 9.29 Consider a hydraulic turbine which provided with 4.25 m3/s of water at 415 kPa
. A vacuum gage in the turbine discharge 3 m below the turbine inlet center line
reads 250 mm Hg vacuum. The supply and discharge pipe inside diameters are
identically 800 mm. If the turbine shaft output power is 1100 kW , the power loss
through the turbine is
(A) 697.5 kW
(B) 930 kW
(C) 465 kW
(D) 1162.5 kW
FM 9.30 Water moves horizontally through a pump at a rate of 0.02 m3/s . At the upstream
of the pump the pipe diameter and the pressure are 90 mm and 120 kPa,
respectively and at the downstream of the pump the pipe diameter and the
pressure are 30 mm and 400 kPa, respectively. If the loss in energy across the
pump due to fluid friction effects is 170 N m/kg , the hydraulic efficiency of the
pump is
(A) 0.399 (B) 0.879
(C) 0.799 (D) 0.599
FM 9.31 For a given jet speed, volume flow rate, turning angle and wheel radius, the
maximum shaft power produced by a Pelton wheel occurs when
(A) the turbine bucket moves at same the jet speed.
(B) the turbine bucket moves at double the jet speed.
(C) the turbine bucket moves at half the jet speed.
(D) the turbine bucket moves at quarter the jet speed.
FM 9.32 Water flows from the head water through the penstock of a Pelton wheel turbine
as shown in figure. The effective friction factor for the penstock and control valves
is same as 0.032. If the diameter of the jet is 0.20 m, the maximum power output
will be
FM 9.36 A centrifugal pump rotates at 1000 rpm. Water enters the impeller normal to
the blades (1 = 0c) and exits at an angle of 35c from radial (2 = 35c). The
inlet radius is r = cm , at which the blade width b = cm . The outlet radius
is r = cm , at which the blade width b = cm . The volume flow rate and
pump efficiency are 0.0573 m3 /s and 76% respectively. What will be the net
head produced by this pump and required brake horsepower, respectively ? (
water = . kg m )
(A) 4.87 m, 27320 W (B) 4.87 m, 20763 W
(C) 1.55 m, 6583 W (D) 1.55 m, 8662 W
FM 9.37 Air flows across the rotor as shown in figure below. The magnitude of the absolute
velocity increases from 15 m/s to 25 m/s and the absolute velocity at the inlet is
in the direction shown. If the fluid puts zero torque on the rotor and air is to be
incompressible, the direction of the absolute velocity at the outlet will be
absolute velocities are as indicated in figure. If the magnitude of the shaft power
is 1800 N m/s , the angular velocity and the mass flow rate respectively, are
(A) 215 rpm, 67.3 kg/s (B) 286 rpm , 89.7 kg/s
(C) 357 rpm , 112.12 kg/s (D) 250 rpm , 76.8 kg/s
FM 9.41 The front and side views of a centrifugal pump rotor or impeller are shown in
figure below. The flow entering the rotor blade row is essentially radial as viewed
from a stationary frame. If the pump delivers 200 L/s of water and the blade
exit angle is 35c from the tangential direction, what will be the power required
associated with flow leaving at the blade angle ?
FM 9.42 What will be the torque needed to hold the manifold stationary ?
(A) 5.06 N m (B) 3.04 N m
(C) 4.05 N m (D) 6.1 N m
FM 9.43 If the resisting torque is negligible, what would be the angular velocity of the
manifold ?
(A) 1.705 rev/s (B) 17.05 rev/s
(C) 1.278 rev/s (D) 12.78 rev/s
FM 9.45 The power output and required net head respectively, are
(A) 299.6 MW, 73.9 m (B) 246 MW, 73.9 m
(C) 246 MW, 90.0 m (D) 299.6 MW, 90.0 m
FM 9.46 An inward-flow radial turbine involves a nozzle angle 1 = 60c and an inlet rotor
tip speed U1 = m s as shown figure below. The ratio of rotor inlet to outlet
diameters is 2.0. The absolute velocity leaving the rotor at section (2) is radial
with a magnitude of 6 m/s. If the fluid is water, the energy transfer per unit mass
of fluid flowing through this turbine is
FM 9.47 An axial flow fan has a blade-tip diameter of 1 m and a root diameter of 80 cm and
it operates in sea-level air at 1200 rpm. The inlet angles are 1 = 55c and 1 = 30c
FM 9.48 The average radius of a pelton wheel is 1.80 m. A jet of velocity 100 m/s is strikes
to bucket from a nozzle of 10.0 cm exit diameter. The turning angle of bucket
is = 165c. If wheel rotates at 270 rpm and the efficiency of the turbine is 82
percent, the output shaft power in MW is
(A) 9.67 (B) 0.0547
(C) 5.47 (D) 3.16
FM 9.49 An idealized radial turbine is shown in figure below. The absolute flow enters at
25c with the blade angles as shown. The flow rate is 480 m3/min of water at 20cC
. If the blade thickness is constant at 20 cm, the theoretical power developed at
100% efficiency will be
FM 9.50 An inward flow radial turbine involves a nozzle angle of 60c and an inlet rotor
tip speed of 9 m/s as shown in figure. The radial component of velocity remain
constant at 6 m/s through the rotor and the flow leaving the rotor at section (2)
is without angular momentum. The ratio of rotor inlet to outlet diameters is 2.0.
If the flowing fluid is air and the static pressure drop across the rotor is 0.07 kPa
, the loss of available energy across the rotor and the rotor efficiency respectively,
are
FM 9.51 The velocity triangles for water flow through a radial pump rotor are as shown in
figure below. What will be the energy added to each unit mass (kg) of water as
it flows through the rotor ?
FM 9.53 Consider a hydraulic turbine runner as shown in figure. Relative to the rotating
runner, water enters at section (1) ( radius r 1 = 1. m ) at an angle of 100c from
the tangential direction and leaves at section (2) ( radius r 2 = . m ) at an
angle of 50c from the tangential direction. The blade height at sections (1) and
(2) is 0.45 m each and the volume flow rate through the turbine is 30 m3/s . The
runner speed is 130 rpm in the direction shown. What will be the shaft power
developed ?
***********
SOLUTIONS
Pideal = rgHvo
= 998 # 9.81 # 1.6 # 18 18 L/ min. = 18 m3/s
60 # 100 60 # 1000
= 4.7 W
Hence, the actual power (bhp) is
bhp = Pideal # hpump = 4.7 # 0.70 = 3.3 W
FM 9.7 Option (B) is correct.
For water at 20cC , take = 998 kg/m3 . The power relation is
rgvH
o
P =
h
998 # 9.81 # b 125 l # H
3600
or (22 # 745.7) = 22 hp = 22 # 745.7 W
0.71
H = 22 # 745.7 # 0.71 # 3600 , 34 m
998 # 9.81 # 125
Pressure rise p = rgH = # . # = 332873 Pa - 333 kPa
FM 9.8 Option (B) is correct.
The energy equation for the system.
H pump = Dz + f L V
d g
o
Velocity V = v = , . m s
A p
#( . )
(18.6) 2
Thus H pump = 11 4 + 0.0144 # 20 + 12 + 8 #
0.2 2 # 9.81
, 58 m
FM 9.9 Option (A) is correct.
P. Draft tube 3. Diffuser
Q. Pumps 4. Pressure rise
R. Impulse-Turbine 1. Kinetic Energy
S. Reaction-Turbine 2. Momentum Exchange
FM 9.10 Option (C) is correct.
1. True : Turbine govern helps in starting and shutting down the turbo unit.
2. True : Turbine governor controls the speed of turbine set to match it with
the hydroelectric system.
3. True : Governor sets the amount of load, which a turbine unit has to carry.
FM 9.11 Option (C) is correct.
For water at 20cC take = 998 kg/m3 . Each arm takes 7 m3/h .
vo
Vrel = 2 = 3 = 38.7 m/s (At max power)
Aexit p )2
#( .
u = wR = 1 Vrel = 1 .3 m s
2
or 0.18 = 19.35
r
= B a wB k # b DB l
bhpB
For net Power
bhpA rA wA DA
P. True : Rotation rate appears with an exponent of 1 in the affinity law for
capacity. Thus, the change is linear.
Q. False : Rotation rate appears with an exponent of 2 in the affinity law for
net head. Thus, if r.p.m is doubled, the net head increases by a factor of 4.
R. False : Rotation rate appears with an exponent of 3 in the affinity law for
shaft power. Thus, if r.p.m is doubled, the shaft power increase by a factor
of 8.
S. True : rotation rate appears with an exponent of 3 in the affinity law for shaft
power. Thus if r.p.m is doubled, the shaft power increases by factor of 8.
Ns = 60 # 3 = 1.98
69.81 # 20@3/4
For Ns = , the pump is a mixed-flow pump.
FM 9.16 Option (D) is correct.
Since the turbine (B) is dynamically similar to the turbine (A).
So, at the best efficiency point, from scaling laws.
DB = DA # HB # b NA l = ( . ) # #b l = 2.073 m
HA NB
.
and voB = voA # b NB lb DB l = #b l # b . l = 342 m /s
3
NA DA
r
bhpB = bhpA # b B l # b NB l b DB l
3 5
and
rA NA DA
3 5
= 132 # b 998 l # b 240 l # b 2.073 l = 340.71 , 341 MW
998 300 1.5
FM 9.17 Option (B) is correct.
For similarity the model pump operate at the same flow coefficient, so that
c v m =c v m
o o
D m wD p
where the subscript (m ) refers to the model and (p) to the prototype. Thus,
vom = wm # c Dm m vop
wp Dp
and with m = p , Dm D p = , and vop = . m s ,
vom = 1 # b 1 l # 4.1 = 0.0328 m3/s
3
We get
5
gha gha
Also c 2 2m =c 2 2m
D m w D p
ha = p # b wm l # c Dm m # ha
g
So that
gm
m
wp Dp p
voA = voB
A D A wB D B
wA voB
b DA l =
DB ...(ii)
wB # voA
From equation (i) and (ii), we get
voB
b DA l =
DB HA DB
# #
HB DA voA
voB o
or DB = DA # b HA l # c voB m
b DA l = HB # vo
DB HA
A H B vA
FM 9.19 Option (B) is correct.
Pump specific speed : NSP = wv 3/4
o1/2
...(i)
(gH )
w (bhp) 1/2
Turbine specific speed: NST = ...(ii)
(gH) 5/4 # r1/2
Dividing and multiplying equation (ii) by vo ,
w (bhp) 1/2 vo1/2
NST = 1/2 # 1/2
(gH ) # r
5/4
vo
(bhp) 1/2
NST = = wv 3/4 G # 1/2
o1/2
By Rearranging,
(gH) r # vo1/2 # (gH ) 1/2
b p
NST = NSP # c o m = NSP # hturbine From eq (i)
rvgH
= turbine and v 3/4 = NSP
bhp o1/2
where o
vgH (gH)
FM 9.20 Option (B) is correct.
Since draft tube is used only in reaction turbines. The propeller turbine, Kaplan
turbine and Francis turbine are of reaction type, but Pelton turbine is a impulse
turbine.
FM 9.21 Option (B) is correct.
At homologous points, the affinity laws are used to estimate the operating
conditions. Let the original pump be A and modified pump be B .
voB = voA # wB # b DB l = . # = . #
m s
wA DA
Here DB = DA , NB = NA and = 2N
60
pN B
and HB = HA # a wB k # b DB l = HA # e o #( )
wA DA pN A
= HA # b NB l = . # b l = . m
NA
Now, the ratio of specific speeds
NSA = wA voA
1/2
(gHB) 3/4 wA voA 1/2 HB 3/4
# =
w # c vB
o m # b HA l
NSB (gHA) 3/ 4
wB # voB
1/2
B
= 2pNA # 60 # c voA m # b HB l
o 1/2 3/4
60 2p N B vB HA
o
= NA # c voA m # b HB l = .
c . # m
#b . l
# #
NB vB HA
NSA = 1
NSB
CH =
gHm
= . # = .
b l #^ . h
Nm D
CP = Pm = = .
rN m D #b l #( . )
Now enter new data for geometrically similar turbine
Cvo = 0.198 = vt 3 = 0.19 3
o
Nt D t Nt # D t
or Nt # D t = 0.19 = 0.96 ...(i)
0.198
= . #
gHt
CH = 12.45 =
Nt # Dt Nt # Dt
or N t # D t = 9.81 # 46 = 36.25 ..(ii)
12.45
From equation (i) and (ii)
Nt = . and N t # D t = 36.25
Dt
.
or c D m # D t = 36.25
t
( . )
# D t = 36.25
Dt
(0.96) 2
Dt = = 0.02542
36.25
or Dt = 0.399 b 0.40 m and
Nt = . = . = rps
Dt ( . )
Then Pt = CP # r # N t # D t
= 1.6 # 998 # (15) 3 # (0.40) 5 = 55185 W
or Pt = 55185 = 74 hp
745.7
FM 9.23 Option (C) is correct.
For flow from section (1) to section (2), energy equation gives
p2 V 22 p 2
+ + gz2 = 1 + V 1 + gz1 + wshaft net in loss
2 r 2
Since p2 = p1 = patm , V1 = and wshaft net out = wshaft net in
2
wshaft net out = g (z1 z2) V 2 loss ...(i)
2
For power, we multiply equation (i) by the mass flow rate m o to get
2
Pshaft net out = mg o (z1 z2) m oV 2 m o loss
2
o z z rvoV rvo
Pshaft net out = rvg o = rvo
m
V = v = p .
o
and = . s
A #( . )
V = v = p .
o
= . s
A #( . )
p p
So, the head is H = +V + z V z
g g g g
(5.79) 2 (1.00) 2
= 66661 + + 0.65 13332 0
8909 2 # 9.81 8909 2 # 9.81
= 11.3 m
Therefore input power
gvH
o #( . )# .
Pinput = = = 1525 W
h .
FM 9.25 Option (C) is correct.
The head rise gained by fluid flowing through a pump is
p p
ha = + z z +V V ...(i)
g g
V = v = .p #
o
Since = . m s
A ( . )
From continuity equation
VA =VA
V =Vb l = . #( ) = . m s
p V p
+ + z + hp = + V + z + f l V ...(i)
g g g D g
where p = p = , V = , V = m s , z = m , and z =
Thus,equation (i) becomes
z + h p = V 2 b1 + f l l
2
2g D
(3) 2
1 + 0.0152 # b 0.05 lF 3 = 25.3 m
2 # 9.81 <
200
hp =
Hence, Power gained by fluid
P = gvh
o p
= (9.731 # 103) # p (0.05) 2 # 3 # 25.3
4
= 1.45 # 103 = 1.45 kW
Power gained by fluid
and Power supplied to fluid =
Efficiency
= 1.45 = 2.07 kW
0.7
FM 9.27 Option (D) is correct.
p p
We have NPSH = s + V s v ...(i)
g g g
where ps and Vs refer to the pressure and velocity at the pump inlet, respectively.
p V p
Also, + + z = s + V s + zs + h L
g g g
So that with p = patm , V = , zs = and hL =
patm p
+ z = s + Vs ...(ii)
g g
and therefore from equation (i) and (ii), the available NPSH is
p p
NPSH A = atm + z v ..(iii)
g g
With z positive (since pump is below reservoir) and hL = .
Thus, from equation (ii) with patm. = Pa
3 (7.376 # 103)
NPSH A = 101 # 10 3 + 3 = 12.6 m
9.731 # 10 (9.731 # 103)
FM 9.28 Option (C) is correct.
h p = 33 + ;1.0 + 0.02 # 30 E # V
2
...(iii)
0.1 2 # 9.81
o vo
and with V = v =
A p ( .1) 2
where p = p = , z = ,z = and V =
Hence z = z +V + f l V ...(ii)
g D g
Also A V = AV or D 2V = p D 2V
4 1 1 4
That is V = bD l V = b . l V = . V
D .
So that equation (ii) becomes.
V 12 1 + 0.032 # b 1020 l (0.0494) 2E
2 # 9.81 ;
975 = 250 +
0.9
or V = 114.3 m/s
Hence vo = A V = p ( . ) # . = .59 m s
2
= 23400 kW = 23.4 MW
FM 9.33 Option (B) is correct.
Since the power output of the pelton wheel is
Pshaft = rvU
o (U V ) ( cos b)
So the maximum power output occurs with = 180c and U = V .
Thus, P = rvoV (In magnitude)
shaft ...(i)
We have V1 = c D m V Therefore,
D1
h = V 1 ;1 + f l D 14 E or V 1 = h
2 4 2
From (ii),
2g DD 2g
<1 + fl D 15 F
4
D
and equation (i) gives
rvgh
o rg # p D 12 V1 h
Pshaft = = 4 ...(iii)
l
c1 + f 5 D 1 m c1 + f l 5 D 14 m
4
1/2
D D
2gh
but from (ii), V = ...(iv)
c1 + f l 5 D 14 m
1/2
D
For this problem f , l , D , and h are constants; D is variable
Thus, from equation (iii) and (iv)
Pshaft = KD 12 where K = const. and C = const. = f # l
(1 + CD 1 )
4 3/2
D
Note : Pshaft = as D " and as D "3. To find the D that gives maximum
dPshaft
power over all, set =
dD
b 2 l KD 1
3 2
dPshaft
= 2KD
4 3/2 + 4 5/2 # 4CD 1 = 0
1 3
dD (1 + CD 1 ) (1 + CD 1 )
2KD1 3CD 14
or 4 3/2 =1 G=0
(1 + CD 1 ) (1 + CD 14)
1 + CD 14 = 3CD 14 & D =
C
Thus, D = 1 = D
l 1/4 l 1/4
b 2 # f # D5 l b2 # f # D l
FM 9.34 Option (C) is correct.
H = V1 + f l V
2 2
Thus ...(i)
2g D 2g
But A V = AV or D 12 V1 = p D2 V
4 4
So that V = bD l V
D
From previous part, the maximum power occurs if D =
b f# l l
D
D
or bD l = 1
D 2#f# l
D
So that `V = 1 V2
b 2f D
l l 1
or V 12 = 2 H
2g 3
FM 9.35 Option (C) is correct.
For water, take = 998 kg/m3
u = wr = b p
# l # . = 9.90 m/s
Here 2 = 30c, 1 = 90c
Also, P = wT
So that =P = = 30 # b 1 l # 60 = 286 rpm
T 2p
FM 9.39 Option (D) is correct.
Thus, V = U Vr
tan c
with Vr = vo = 0.20 = 7.07 m/s
2pr 2 b2 2p # 0.15 # 0.03
GATE MCQ Mechanical Engineering (4-volumes)
by NODIA and COMPANY
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= 348 kW
FM 9.42 Option (C) is correct.
From the moment of momentum equation, the shaft torque
T =m
o (r Vq r Vq )
For this continuously distributed outflow with V = , it becomes.
T =2 # rV dmo q
o= .
where V = m s and dm # r # ( ) dr
0.4
Thus, T =2 #
r = 0.1
r # 3 # 0.003 # 999 # (3) dr
T = :53.9 r D = 4.05 N m
2 0.4
or
2 0.1
FM 9.43 Option (A) is correct.
With T =2 # rV dmo = 0
q ...(i)
where o = rWh dr =
dm # #( . ) dr = 8.99 dr and
2 3 0.1
o b l
Vn2 = v = = 8 = 5.31 m/s
A2 2p # r2 # b2 2p # 1.2 # 0.2
o o
Vn1 = v = v = = 7.96 m/s
A1 2 p r1 b1 2p # . # . 2
From these we can compute the tangential velocities at each section.
u2 = wr2 = # b 2p l # 1.2 = 10.1 m/s
u1 = wr1 = 2p
# # . = 6.70 m/s
Also p s = p p + r V V
or r =U = = .
r U
Thus Vr = 16 = 32 m/s
0. 5
So that V = Vr # tan c = ( ) tan c = . m s
From eq. (i), wshaft = 16 # 16 8 # ( 18.5) = 404 m2/s2 = 404 N m/kg
***********