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Ewert WCNDT Standards 2012 04 PDF
Ewert WCNDT Standards 2012 04 PDF
t@b d
uwe.ewert@bam.de
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 1
Outline
- New standards on Computed Radiography and radiography with Digital
Detector Arrays have been developed and partly published.
- Some key requirements are discussed for the major standard organizations:
ASME, ASTM, EN ISO.
- The proof of minimum image quality by image quality indicators in radiography
is the basis for technical safetyy and contractual agreements
g in industry
y and will
not be changed.
- The essential parameters for optimization and prediction of step hole visibility
are introduced and discussed
discussed.
- Three essential parameters for image quality in Digital Radiology (DR) are:
- Signal to noise ratio (SNR)
- Specific
S ifi contrast
t t (
( eff)
- Basic spatial resolution (SRb).
- Discussion of the requirements for detector qualification and selection.
- Information on the implementation of the essential parameter concept in the new
standard practice EN ISO/DIS 17636-2: NDT of welds RT Part 2: X- and
gamma ray
g y techniques
q with digital
g detectors and in the ASTM E 2033 ((draft: CR
practice) and E 2597 (DDA qualification) and E 2698 (DDA practice).
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 2
Overview of Standards on Digital Industrial Radiology
EN 13068 Radioscopy
EN 14096, ISO 14096 Film Digitization
EN 14784 CR ((2005)) Part 1: Classification of Systems,
y , Part 2: General
Goes to ISO, revision required principles, becomes ISO 16371
ISO 10893-7 (2010) Steel tubes NDT of welds with DDA and (CR)
New ISO/DIS 17636-2 NDT of welds: CR and DDA to substitute EN 1435
New ISO draft: corrosion and Practice with film, CR and DDA for double wall and
wall thickness measurement tangential technique
ASME (BPVC, S.V, XI) CR Radiography (CR) with Phosphor Imaging Plates
ASTM CR (2005) Classification (E 2446-05), Long term stability (E2445-
Revision required 05), Guide (E 2007-10), Practice (E 2033-06)
ASTM DDA (2010) Characterization (E 2597-07), Guide (E 2736-10),
Practice
act ce (E
( 2698-10),
698 0), Long
o g Term
e Stab
Stability
ty ((E 2737-10)
3 0)
ASTM DICONDE (2010) Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication
(data format) Non-destructive Evaluation (DICONDE)
2663 08 E 2699
(E 2663-08, 10 E 2669
2699-10, 10 E 2738
2669-10, 10 E 2767
2738-10, 10 )
2767-10
ASTM E 2422-05, E 2660- Digital reference image catalogues,
April 2012,
10, E 2669-10
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital
light alloy, titaniumRadiology
and steel castings
Basic Requirements for Film Radiography
g y
in all National and International Standards
Mandatory Appendices
I In-Motion Radiography
II R l Ti
Real-Time R
Radioscopic
di i EExamination
i i
III Digital Image Acquisition, Display, and Storage for Radiography and Radioscopy
IV Interpretation, Evaluation, and Disposition of Radiographic and Radioscopic Examination
Test Results Produced by the Digital Image Acquisition and Display Process
V Glossary of Terms for Radiographic Examination
VI Digital Image Acquisition, Display, Interpretation, and Storage of Radiographs for
Nuclear Applications
VII Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings
VIII Radiography
g p y Using
g Phosphor
p Imaging
g g Plate
IX Application of Digital Radiography
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 5
ASME Section V Article 2 Radiographic Examination 2007
W 13
W 12
W 11
W 10
W 09
W 08
W 07
W 06
W 05
W 04
W 02
W 01
CEN wires
ASME requires
q basically y the
minimum IQI-Visibility for digital radiography only!
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 6
Basic Requirements for IQI Visibility of
International Standards in Comparison
y = 17,687x-0,483
y = 15,711x-0,48
Step
p Holes,, ISO/DIS 17636-2,, EN 1435
y = 11,112x-0,505 Plate Holes, ASME BPVC SC V Ar. 2
Plate Holes, ASTM E 1742, E 2104,
on [%]
E 1025
s Resolutio
3,00
ASME SC V V, A.
A 22,
Thickness
EN 1435-class A and
ISO 17636-class A are
about equivalent
Wall T
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 7
Influence of Image Noise on
Detail Visibility
Intensity
Intensity
Contrast Contrast
Signal Signal
(base material) (base material)
Length Length
Contrast/Noise is high
g Contrast/Noise is low
Signal/Noise is high Signal/Noise is low
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 8
Effect of System Class in Film Radiography
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 10
Noise in Dependence on Exposure Time
Alateral C
Cdepth PT - human perception threshold
PTconst Alateral area of just visible indication
SRb Cdepth mean contrast of just visible indication
- noise of image g ((N))
Rose approach, 1946 SRb basic spatial resolution (effective pixel size)
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 12
Image Quality in Digital Radiology
- the 3 Essential Parameters for Visibility of IQIs -
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 13
Essential Parameters for Calculation of Just
Visible IQI 1 T Hole Diameter
The essential parameters are: eff, SNR and SRb?
} {
Material,
M t i l Exposure time
keV, Source type Tube current, Activity
Scattered radiation Detector efficiency
Screens and filters S
Source-to-Detector
t D t t Distance
Di t
PT 2,8
2 8 for 1T-holes
1T holes ; slightly dependent on
viewing conditions and operator
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 14
Comparison of Calculated and Measured Image Quality
Dependence on tube kV d = PT*/square_root((kV,w) SNR(GV))
Calculated
Berechneteand
undMeasured Image
gemessene Quality
Bildqualitt
0,17
Calculated IQI visibility from measured CNR
W 14
in mm
d
0,15
Diameter of visible wires (digital filter)
Drahtent
SRb = const.
const
IQI eleme
0,11
W 16
ustdes
0,09
di
diameter
t
eterDurchmess
W 17
0,07
Just visible wire diameter and of the just visible1T-hole, 132 mAmin
1 m SDD
determined by 3 operators,
operators with and without image processing
Diame
19 mm Fe
0,05
(high pass filter) UR 1, DynamIx HR
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 kV 240
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 15
Qualification of Imaging Plate Systems by the Visibility of
46, E 747, E 1025)
IQIs and/or EPS calculation from eff, SNR and SRb
EPS Procedure is proposed for CR qualification
in the new ASTM E 2033 draft and the Draft on Practice for the Use of
Computed Radiology for Aerospace Casting Inspections (USA: MAI group)
e ASTM E 74
SRbimage
i
d visible PT
eff SNR E 746
PT depends slightly on operator and viewing conditions
N
New fformula
l
EP
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 16
Example: EPS test with DRR HD CR scanner at
20 m pixel size
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 17
Visibility of EPS holes (E 746)
CNR 0.8
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 18
New Formula for Conversion of SNRN Measurements to
EPS Values and Working Range for CR (ASTM Draft E 2033)
PT is about 2100 for visibility of the 2 T hole of IQIs corr. to ASTM E 1025
EPS by ASTM E 746 with 200 kV, t = 19 mm Fe plate and eff = 0.05 mm-1
PT ' SRbimage
Plateau area defines the EPS
working
ki range ttestplate
l effff SNR
ASTM
PT EPSmax
Level II E 2033 Draft
Level I
EPS = 15%
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 19
Requirements for Digital Detector Arrays
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 20
Qualification of Digital Detector Arrays
- Management of Underperforming Pixels -
6.2.1 Definition and Test of Bad Pixels:
A bad pixel can be corrected if it has at least 5 good neighbors
6 2 1 1 Dead Pixel
6.2.1.1
6.2.1.2 Over Responding Pixel
6.2.1.3 Under Responding Pixel
6.2.1.4 Noisyy Pixel
6.2.1.5 Non-Uniform Pixel
6.2.1.6 Persistence/Lag Pixel
6.2.1.7 Bad Neighborhood Pixel
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 21
Qualification of Digital Detector Arrays
DDAs are qualified by different tests of ASTM E 2597.
Five relevant parameters shall be provided:
Basic spatial resolution (SRb)
Specific Material Thickness Range
Efficiency
Image lag
Contrast sensitivity
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 22
Measurement of Contrast to Noise Ratio in DDA Practice
b ASTM E 2698
by
ASTM E 1025
I CNR = 66.7
7
C = I = 473
Noise = 71
SNR = 155
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 23
Verification of CNRmin for ASTM Standard Practice
ASTM Draft, Practice for the Use of Digital Detector Arrays and Computed
Radiology for Aerospace Casting Inspections and E 2698 Standard
Practice for Radiological Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays
Arrays require
for digital images with DDAs in the 2T IQI hole:
CNRmin 2.5
But CNRmin for all digital images can be described more accurate by the
equation:
10 SR image
CNRmin b
diameterIQI hole
Based on old Rose equation
The ASTM E 2698 value (CNR = 2.5) is optimized for testing of thin objects with
thickness < and typical DDAs in the range of 0.1 mm < SRb < 130 m.
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 24
BAM 5, 8mm steel
FujiFilm IX25
SNRN ~ 265
DDA Technology
provides better image
Best (slowest) NDT film quality than film with a
special
spec a ca
calibration
b at o
procedure!
PerkinElmer 1620
SNRN ~ 1500
Magn. = 3.5
DDA exposure
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 25
Requirements of ISO/DIS 17636-2
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 26
Key Technologies for Film Replacement
Computed Radiography (CR) with storage
phosphor imaging plates
CR DDA
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 27
New Standard Proposal
EN ISO 17636-2
17636 2
Radiographic testing of welds with digital detectors.
Most important parameters that are regulated by this standard:
I. Minimum score for wire type or step-hole type Image Quality
Indicators (IQIs) in function of test technique (similar to ASME)
II. Maximum image unsharpness requirements (SRb = Basic Spatial
Resolution, determined using a duplex wire gauge)
III. Choice of tube voltage or gamma source in function of object
composition, penetrated thickness and detector
IV Minimum normalized Signal
IV. Signal-to-Noise
to Noise ratio (SNRN) requirements
Determine SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) and SRb
Anti-scatter filter type
yp & thickness
Source-to-Detector Distance requirements
New testing geometries
V. New compensation principles
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 28
Minimum IQI score for wire type or step-hole
type IQI
IQI scores taken
from EN1435
Potential Issues
Same requirements
q for
wire type and step hole
IQIs as in EN 1435 and
ISO 19232-3
New
N exceptions
ti ffor
isotopes for double
wall inspections
10 mm < w 25 mm :
1 wire or step-hole
value less for Ir192
5 mm < w 12 mm:
1 wire or step-hole
step hole
value less for Se75
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 29
Selection of X-Ray Tube Voltage and Influence of eff
Compensation principle I:
Image Quality = f (eff SNR)
Diagram on selection
Di l ti off
maximum tube voltage
applies for film only (ISO
17636)
April 2012,
Ewert et al. StandardsHigher SNRRadiology
in Digital N requirements than in EN14784-2
New European standard proposal ISO 17636-2
Maximum detector or image unsharpness (SRb)
0.030
0.030
0 040
0.040
0.040
0.063
iSRb 12 utotal
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 33
Compensation Principle (II)
Compensation Principle II
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards
Compensation forin Digital
Higher Radiology by Increased SNR
Unsharpness
New European standard proposal
ISO/DIS 17636-2
Example : new compensation principle II
Interesting for detectors with higher unsharpness
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 35
Conclusions
New standards were developer for digital industrial radiography for detector qualification, quality
assurance and standard practices.
Image quality depends on the essential parameters: (specific) contrast eff, achieved SNR and
basic spatial resolution SRb.
For practical application further parameters have been included for DDAs, as contrast sensitivity,
efficiency, image lag and material thickness range.
SNR and EPS improve with exposure time but they are limited by a maximum achievable SNRmax
value which is limited by the design of the imaging plate (fixed pattern noise) or DDA calibration.
The operator increases the contrast sensitivity by the exposure time and tube current up to a
certain EPS p
plateau,, which defines the recommended g grey
y value working
g range
g for CR ((ASTM E
2033, new draft).
DDAs achieve a significant better contrast sensitivity with correct detector calibration than film
radiography. The prove of image quality requires CNR measurements (ASTM practice E 2798).
New standard practices have been developed for CR and Radiography with DDAs. Basic
requirements are defined by EPS, SNR, SRb and CNR depending on the technology.
ISO/DIS 17636-2 defines additionally compensation principles for the standard practice and
minimum requirements for wire and step hole IQIs
IQIs.
3 compensation principles (3rd one for DDAs only) are described in the standard.
ISO/DIS 17636-2 defines minimum requirements for detector SRb, depending on the material
thickness to inspect
inspect.
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 36
Acknowledgement www.filmfree.eu.com
European Projects:
FilmFree
FilmFree
with 33 Partners, 11 countries
2005 2009
HEDRad
High Energy Digital Radiography
2009 2011
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 37
End
t@b d
uwe.ewert@bam.de
April 2012,
Ewert et al. Standards in Digital Radiology 38