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ADC Lab Manual 10EC67
ADC Lab Manual 10EC67
ADC Lab Manual 10EC67
1 D/F
Name : _____________________________________
USN : _____________________________________
Approved by:
Prof. Rajendra
Dept. of ECE
QMP 7.1 D/D
8. Analog and Digital (with TDM) communication link using optical fiber.
10. Measurement of directivity and gain of antennas: Standard dipole (or printed
dB power divider.
Instructions to the Candidates
Student should take prior permission from the concerned faculty before
availing the leave.
Student should come with proper dress code and to be present on time
in the laboratory.
Student will not be permitted to attend the laboratory unless they bring
the practical record fully completed in all respects pertaining to the
experiment conducted in the previous class.
Student will not be permitted to attend the laboratory unless they bring
the observation book fully completed in all respects pertaining to the
experiment to be conducted in present class.
Wherever graphs to be drawn, A-4 size graphs only should be used and
the same should be firmly attached in the practical record.
OBJECTIVES
OUTCOMES
Page
Sl. Name of the Experiment
No. No.
First cycle
06
a) Ring Resonator
2 10
b) Power Divider
Second cycle
12 Directional Coupler 46
Additional Experiments
References
Question Bank
INDEX PAGE
Record Marks
Manual Marks
(Max . 25)
Date
(Max. 10)
(Student)
Signature
Signature
(Faculty)
Sl.
No
Name of the Experiment
Submission of
Conduction Repetition
Record
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Average
10ECL67-Advanced Communication Lab 2015-16
Design:
Let Vc = 5 volts peak-to-peak, Vm =10 volts peak-to-peak, fm = 500 Hz, fc =50 kHz.
Assume hfe= 30, VBEsat= 0.7 volts, VCEsat= 0.3 volts, Ic=1 mA, Ic = Ie.
Vc peak = VCEsat + IeRe
2.5 = 0.3 + (1 m)Re, => Re = 2.2 k
Vm peak = RbIb+VBEsat+IeRe
5 = RbIb + 0.7 + 2.2, where Ib=Ic/hfe
then Rbmax = 63 k , Choose Rb = 22 k
Envelope Detector:
1/fm>RdCd>1/fc, hence 2ms>RdCd>20s
Let RdCd =50/fc=1 ms
Assume Cd=0.01 F, then Rd=100 k
Tabular column:
Apparatus Required:
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram-1.
2. Apply a square wave modulating signal of 500 Hz (1000bits/sec) of 10VP-P
3. Apply a sine wave carrier signal of 50 kHz of 5V peak-to-peak amplitude.
4. Observe ASK waveform at point A.
5. Demodulate the ASK signal using the envelope detector.
6. To find minimum frequency of carrier signal for proper detection:
After Step 5 start reducing the frequency of the sine wave carrier signal from 50 kHz
gradually. At a particular frequency of carrier signal, the demodulated signal does not
tally with the modulating square wave. Note the carrier frequency just before the
mismatch.
Result:
Error = ... ms
Circuit Diagram-2: To
o measure the characteristics of microstrip Ring
Resonator
esonator
(3)
Tabular Column:
Sample calculation:
For the known material:
f1 = 5GHz, h=0.762 mm w=1.836 mm r1 = 3.2
10 09
1 = c/f1 = 3 x 10 / 5 x 10 = 6 cm
eff 1 = 1 = [(3.2 +1) /2] + [(3.2 -1) /2] { [1+(12x0.762/1.836)]-1/2 }
= 2.717
For the unknown material
f2= 4.6 GHz h=0.762 mm w=1.836 mm r2 = ?
10 09
2 = c/f2 = 3 x 10 / 4.6 x 10 = 6. 52 cm
Using the values of 1 and 2 in equation 4 calculate the effective dielectric constant of
the unknown material
1/ 1 = 2/ 2
6/2.712 = 6.52 / 2
2 = 2.947
Using this value in equation (3)
eff 2 = 2 =2.947= [(r +1) /2] + ([(r -1) /2] { [1+(12x0.762/1.836)]-1/2 } )
The effective dielectric constant of the unknown material, r2 =2.59
Result:
Result:
Design:
Let Vc = 5 volts peak-to-peak, Vm =10 volts peak-to-peak, fm = 500 Hz, fc =50 kHz.
Assume hfe= 30, VBEsat= 0.7 volts, VCEsat= 0.3 volts, Ic=1 mA, Ic = Ie.
Vc peak = VCEsat + IeRe
2.5 = 0.3 + (1 m)Re, => Re = 2.2 k
Vm peak = RbIb+VBEsat+IeRe
5 = RbIb + 0.7 + 2.2, where Ib=Ic/hfe
Then Rbmax = 63 k , Choose Rb = 22 k
Envelope Detector:
1/fm>RdCd>1/fc, hence 2ms>RdCd>20s
Let RdCd =50/fc=1 ms
Assume Cd=0.01 F, then Rd=100 k
Tabular Column:
Apparatus Required:
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram-4.
2. Apply square wave modulating signal of 500 Hz (1000bits/sec) of 10 VP-P.
3. Apply a sine wave carrier signal of 50 kHz of 5V peak amplitude.
4. Observe BPSK waveform at point A.
5. Demodulate the BPSK signal using the coherent detector (Adder + Envelope
Detector). The error in the demodulated wave can be minimized by adjusting the
Vref using 10k pot.
Result:
Error = . ms
Circuit Diagram-5: Falcon fiber-optic kit set up for bending loss measurement
EQUIPMENTS:
Apparatus Required:
1. Make connections as shown in circuit diagram5 Connect the power supply cables
with proper polarity to Link-B kit, While connecting this, ensure that the power
supply is OFF.
2. Keep SW9 towards TX1 position for SFH756.
3. Keep Jumpers & SW8 positions as shown. Keep Intensity control pot P2 towards
minimum position. Switch ON the Power Supply.
4. Apply 2Vpp sinusoidal signal of 1 kHz from the function generator to the IN port
of Analog Buffer.
5. Connect the output port Out of Analog Buffer to the port TX IN of Transmitter.
6. Connect the fiber from TX1 to RX2.
7. Observe the detected signal at port ANALOG OUT on oscilloscope. Adjust intensity
to get 2Vpp amplitude at the Analog out. This voltage is V1.
8. Now replace 0.5 meter fiber by 1 meter fiber between same LED and Detector. Do
not disturb any settings. Again take the peak voltage reading and let it be V2.
If is the attenuation of the Fiber then,
dB =(10/L1-L2)log10(V2/V1)
where = dB/Km
L1= Fiber Length for V1
L2= Fiber length for V2
This is for peak wavelength of 660nm
Result:
Attenuation Loss=
Bending Loss=
Sl. No. No. of turns Output Voltage
Numerical Aperture=
Result:
QPSK Waveforms:
Result:
Apparatus Required:
Design:
Let Vc = 5 volts peak-to-peak,
peak, Vm =10 volts peak-to-peak, fm = 500 Hz, fc =50 kHz.
Assume hfe= 30, VBEsat= 0.7 volts, VCEsat= 0.3 volts, Ic=1 mA, Ic = Ie.
Vc peak = VCEsat + IeRe
2.5 = 0.3 + (1 m)Re, => Re = 2.2 k
Vm peak = RbIb+VBEsat+IeRe
5 = RbIb + 0.7 + 2.2, where Ib=Ic/hfe
then Rbmax = 63 k , Choose Rb = 22 k
Envelope Detector:
1/fm>RdCd>1/fc, hence 2ms>RdCd>20s
Let RdCd =50/fc=1 ms
Assume Cd=0.01 F, then Rd=100 k
Tabular Column:
FSK Waveforms:
Result:
Error = ... ms
5.4 k
3.3 k
Design:
Low pass filter:
a) For message signal-1
fc = 1/(2RC)
Let fc = 300 Hz, and C1 = 0.1F.
R1 = 1/(2x300x0.1x10-6)
R1 = 5.305 k 5.4 k
Apparatus Required:
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram-12.
2. Apply a square wave (TTL) carrier signal of 2 kHz (or >2 kHz) of 5V amplitude.
3. Apply m1(t) and m2(t) whose frequencies are f1 (200 Hz, with DC offset) and f2 (400
Hz, with DC offset).
4. Observe TDM waveform at pin number 3 of IC CD4051.
5. Observe the reconstructed message waveforms m1(t) and m2(t) at pin numbers 13
and 14 of 2nd IC CD4051.
6. The ripples in the demodulated signals can be reduced by increasing the order of the
filter or by increasing the carrier frequency.
TDM Waveforms:
Result:
Aim: The aim of this experiment is to establish analog and digital communication link
using optical fiber
Apparatus Required:
Sl No Apparatus Range Quantity
Link B Kit with
1 - 1
power supply
2 Patch chords -
Dual trace
3 20MHz 1
Oscilloscope
4 Fiber cable 1 meter 1
b) DIGITAL LINK
1. Make the connection as shown in the circuit diagram-14, and adjust the jumper &
switch settings as listed below.
2. Switch On the power supply.
3. Connect the OUT port of digital buffer to the port TX IN of transmitter.
4. Connect the fiber to the detector RX1.
5. Observe the detected signal at port TTL OUT on oscilloscope.
6. Press the DIP switch to observe the ON/OFF position of LED.
Result:
Waveform:
c=2a
a=2.54cm
Tabular Column:
Load V max V min VSWR
Horn
Short Circuit
Open Circuit
Match Termination
o = (g x c)
(g2 + c2)
Load X1 X2 g c 0 f0
GHz
Horn
Short Circuit
Open Circuit
Match
Termination
Aim: To measure the frequency, guide wavelength, power and VSWR of a microwave
guide.
Procedure:
1. Set up the microwave bench as shown in circuit diagram-15.
2. With Reflector voltage in maximum position and beam voltage in minimum
position switch on the Klystron power supply (Both main and HT switch) wait until
current reaches 10 to 12mA.
3. Observe the signal at the output of the detector if it is not a square wave then
reduce the reflector voltage until a square wave signal is obtained.
4. Observe the standing wave pattern on SWG (Slotted Wave Guide), note the
maximum and minimum voltage levels of the standing wave pattern of the
connected load.
5. Note the positions of any 2 consecutive minima X1 and X2 (or maxima); twice the
difference between these will give the guide wavelength g.
Result:
g = fo =.
Yagi Yagi
Antenna Antenna
Tabulation:
Procedure:
1. Set up the system as shown in circuit diagram-16 for a standard dipole antenna.
2. Keeping the voltage at minimum, switch on the power the supply.
3. Vary the power supply voltage and check the output for different VCO frequencies.
The frequency at which the output becomes maximum is the resonant frequency.
4. At the resonant frequency, adjust the distance between the transmitting and receiving
antennas using the formula S=2d2 /
where d is the broader dimension of the antenna.
5. Keeping both the antennas in line of sight (0 at the turn table), tabulate the output
(Et)
6. Rotate the turn table in clock-wise and anti clock-wise for different angles of
deflection and tabulate the output for every angle(Er).
7. Plot a graph of angle vs. output.
8. Find the half power beam width (HPBW) from the points where the power becomes
half (3 dB points or 0.707 V Points)
9. Calculate Directivity and gain of the antenna by using the formula.
10. Repeat the experiment for a patch antenna and a yagi antenna.
D=41253 / (HPBW)2
RESULT:
Transmission
Input port P1
port P2
(a) (b)
Tabulation:
I/P at O/P at O/P at O/P at Insertion Isolation Coupling directivity
port 1 port 2 port 3 port 4 loss factor
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
Note: The coupled and Isolated ports of branch line Directional Coupler are
respectively Isolated and Coupled ports in Parallel line Directional Coupler
Result:
Aim: To study the liberalized a law PCM coding, analog to digital conversion, the reverse
process and the filtering characteristics of the CODEC chip 145502.
Components required:
Sl No Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Power supply - 1
2 Link B Kit - 1
3 Patch cords -
Function
4 1MHz 1
generator
Dual Trace 20MHz
5 1
Oscilloscope
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram-18. Connect the power supply
cables with proper polarity to Link B kit. While connecting this, ensure that the
power supply is OFF.
2. Now voice communication can be done between the audio channels using
telephone headset.
3. Observe the effect on the voice signal at various test points.
4. Keep the switch SW6 towards SINE IN position.
5. Feed a sinusoidal signal of 1KHz and the amplitude up to 2Vpp to SINE 1 and
SINE 2 input terminals. This gives an analog input to both the CODECs.
6. Observe the reconstructed waveform at OUT post of CODEC 1 RX and at OUT post
for CODEC II RX as shown PCM waveform. Compare both the applied input and
the reconstructed signal on the oscilloscope.
7. Observe the signal changes at various test points.
8. Vary the input signal frequency in steps and simultaneously observe the output
signal. Measure the amplitude of the output signal for each input frequency.
9. Find the frequency reading after which the response of the codec drops. This
gives the bandwidth of the codec.
10. Since it works for audio range we should get bandwidth around 3.4KHz.
PCM Waveforms:
Result:
Circuit diagram:
22 K
Additional Experiment 1:
Aim: To design a circuit for generating flat top samples and to verify Sampling theorem.
Procedure:
1. Rig up the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Apply a low frequency sine wave as the message signal say 100Hz (Apply dc
offset).
3. Apply a high frequency square wave as the carrier signal.
4. Without connecting the capacitor observe the output at pin no 2, the samples are
naturally sampled.
5. Now check the output for different cases by applying the signals at different
frequencies and verify the Nyquist rate.
6. Now connect the capacitor in the circuit and get the sample and hold samples and
flat top sampled output.
7. Connect the sampled output as a input to the demodulator input and reconstruct
the original message signal.
Waveforms:
Result:
Block Diagram:
Tabular column:
V in Volts I in mA
Additional Experiment 2:
GUNN DIODE
Result :
References
1. Simon Haykin, Digital Communications, John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
2. K. N. Hari Bhat and D. Ganesh Rao, Digital Communications, Pearson , 3rd
edition.
3. K. Sam Shanmugam, An introduction to Analog and Digital Communication,
John Wiley India Pvt. Ltd, 2008.
4. John D. Krauss, Antennas and Wave Propagation, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill
International edition, 2010.
5. Annapurna Das, Sisir K. Das, Microwave Engineering, Tata McGraw-Hill
Education, 2nd edition, 2000
Question Bank
1. Design and simulate an ASK system to transmit digital data using a suitable carrier.
Demodulate the ASK signal with the help of suitable circuit. Determine the minimum
frequency of carrier for proper detection.
2. Design and simulate the working of FSK with a suitable circuit for _____ Hz and __
Hz carrier signals. Demodulate the FSK signal with the help of suitable circuit.
3. Design and simulate the working of BPSK modulated signal for a given carrier signal
of ______ Hz. Demodulate the BPSK signal to recover the digital data.
4. Design and simulate the working of TDM for PAM signals with _____ Hz and _____
Hz message signals. Also demultiplex the message signals.
5. Conduct a suitable experiment using slotted line carriage to obtain the following for
the given load. a) g and o b) VSWR
6. Conduct a suitable experiment using fiber optic trainer kit to determine the numerical
aperture of the optical fiber.
8. With the help of suitable circuit demonstrate the working of DPSK encoder and
Decoder for the specified input stream and carrier frequency simulate the same in
software.
9. With the help of a suitable circuit demonstrate the working of QPSK modulator and
demodulator.
10. Conduct an experiment using fiber optic trainer kit to establish analog link with TDM.
11. Conduct an experiment using fiber optic trainer kit to establish digital link and
measure the following: a) Attenuation, b) Bending loss and c) Numerical aperture.
12. Conduct an experiment to obtain the radiation pattern of micro strip patch antenna.
Also calculate the directivity and gain of the antenna.
13. Conduct an experiment to obtain radiation pattern of micro strip dipole antenna. Also
calculate the directivity and gain of the antenna.
14. Conduct an experiment to obtain radiation pattern of micro strip yagi antenna. Also
calculate the directivity and gain of the antenna.
15. Conduct an experiment on a given micro strip directional coupler to determine the
following: a) Isolation b) Coupling factor c) Insertion Loss
16. Conduct an experiment on a given micro strip power divider to determine the
following: a) Isolation b) Coupling factor
17. Conduct an experiment to find the characteristics of micro strip ring resonator. Also
calculate the dielectric constant of the given dielectric material.
18. Conduct an experiment using fiber optic trainer kit to establish digital link for the
realization of PCM technique.
Introduction to LabVIEW
LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) is a system-design
platform and development environment for a visual programming
language from National Instruments. Originally released for the Apple Macintosh in 1986,
LabVIEW is commonly used for data acquisition, instrument control, and industrial
automation on a variety of platforms including Microsoft Windows, various versions
of UNIX, Linux and Mac OS X. The latest version of LabVIEW is LabVIEW 2014.
Like C, JAVA, the LabVIEW software is known as G language. Its interfacing is GUI
(Graphical User Interfacing) i.e. the complete program is represented in block diagrams
instead of having syntaxes.
Benefits
1. Interfacing to Devices
A key feature of LabVIEW is the extensive support for interfacing to devices such
as instruments, cameras, and other devices. Users can interface hardware by
either writing direct bus commands (USB, GPIB, Serial...) or using high-level,
device-specific drivers that provide native LabVIEW function nodes for controlling
the device.
2. Code Compilation
In terms of performance, LabVIEW includes a compiler that produces native code
for the CPU platform. The graphical code is translated into executable machine
code by interpreting the syntax and by compilation.
3. Large Libraries
Many libraries with a large number of functions for data acquisition, signal
generation, mathematics, statistics, signal conditioning, analysis, etc., along with
numerous graphical interface elements are provided in several LabVIEW package
options. The number of advanced mathematic blocks for functions such as
integration, filters, and other specialized capabilities usually associated with data
capture from hardware sensors is immense.
4. Code re-use
The fully modular character of LabVIEW code allows code reuse without
modifications: as long as the data types of input and output are consistent so
they are interchangeable.
5. Parallel Programming
LabVIEW is an inherently concurrent language, so it is very easy to program
multiple tasks that are performed in parallel by means of multithreading. This is,
for instance, easily done by drawing two or more parallel while loops.
FUNCTIONS IN LabVIEW
2. Instrument Control
Automate data collection
Control multiple instruments
Analyze and display signals
5. Academic Teaching
Apply an interactive, hands-on approach to learning
Combine algorithm design with real-world data measurements
Increase application performance with multicore processing
6. Prototyping
SDR algorithm prototyping
LTE and 802.11 development frameworks
Single design environment for FPGAs
Steps to Create VI in LabVIEW
3. Create your front panel with your necessary controls and indicators.
4. Place the appropriate blocks on block diagram pannel to perform the required
operation.
5. Create the block diagram according to the circuit requirement.
6. Run the VI and view the results in front panel.