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WCDMA UMTS and CDMA 2000
WCDMA UMTS and CDMA 2000
WCDMA UMTS and CDMA 2000
While not an evolutionary upgrade on the airside, it uses the same core network as
the 2G GSM networks deployed worldwide, allowing dual mode mobileoperation
along with GSM/EDGE
The world's first commercial W-CDMA service, FOMA, was launched by NTT
DoCoMo in Japan in 2001.
Elsewhere, W-CDMA deployments are usually marketed under the UMTS brand. W-
CDMA has also been adapted for use in satellite communications on the U.S. Mobile
User Objective System using geosynchronous satellites in place of cell towers.
Codes in W-CDMA
Used for separation of data & control channels from each other in uplink.
Very long- One frame length is of 38400 chips & time period of 10 ms.
The correlation between two codes is low, i.e., they are not fully orthogonal.
Dedicate Channels
Only exist one dedicate channel (DCH). This channels, is used in the uplinkchannel
and the downlink channel. DCH is transmitted to the entire cell.
Small interference
Common Channels
There are seven common transport channels: BCH, FACH, PCH, RACH,CPCH,
DSCH and HS-DSCH.
PCH (Paging Channel) - PCH is one channel for downlink and is transmit to
the entire cell.It carries data relevant to the paging procedure (when the base
station wants toinitiate communication with the terminal)
RACH (Random Access Channel) - RACH is the transport channel for the
uplink, all the cell received this channelbut is probably the collision.It carries
control information from the terminal (such as request to set up aconnection).
DSCH (Downlink Shared Channel) - DSCH is one transport channel for the
downlink and is shared for some usersystem. DSCH is associates with one or
some DCH. This channel is transmittedto all the cell o one part of the cell
using beam forming antennas. It carriesdedicated user data and control
information
Many of the ideas that were incorporated into GSM have been carried over and
enhanced for UMTS. Elements such as the SIM have been transformed into a far
more powerful USIM (Universal SIM). In addition to this, the network has been
designed so that the enhancements employed for GPRS and EDGE can be used for
UMTS. In this way the investment required is kept to a minimum.
A new introduction for UMTS is that there are specifications that allow both
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) modes. The
first modes to be employed are FDD modes where the uplink and downlink are on
different frequencies. The spacing between them is 190 MHz for Band 1 networks
being currently used and rolled out.
However the TDD mode where the uplink and downlink are split in time with the
base stations and then the mobiles transmitting alternately on the same frequency is
particularly suited to a variety of applications. Obviously where spectrum is limited
and paired bands suitably spaced are not available. It also performs well where small
cells are to be used. As a guard time is required between transmit and receive, this will
be smaller when transit times are smaller as a result of the shorter distances being
covered. A further advantage arises from the fact that it is found that far more data is
carried in the downlink as a result of internet surfing, video downloads and the like.
This means that it is often better to allocate more capacity to the downlink. Where
paired spectrum is used this is not possible. However when a TDD system is used it is
possible to alter the balance between downlink and uplink transmissions to
accommodate this imbalance and thereby improve the efficiency. In this way TDD
systems can be highly efficient when used in pico-cells for carrying Internet data. The
TDD systems have not been widely deployed, but this may occur more in the future.
In view of its character, it is often referred to as TD-CDMA (Time Division CDMA).
There are several key areas of 3G UMTS / WCDMA. Within these there are several
key technologies that have been employed to enable UMTS / WCDMA to provide a
leap in performance over its 2G predecessors.
Radio interface: The UMTS radio interface provides the basic definition of
the radio signal. W-CDMA occupies 5 MHz channels and has defined formats
for elements such as synchronisation, power control
UMTS channels: As with any cellular system, different data channels are
required for passing payload data as well as control information and for
enabling the required resources to be allocated. A variety of different data
channels are used to enable these facilities to be
UMTS TDD: There are two methods of providing duplex for 3G UMTS. One
is what is termed frequency division duplex, FDD. This uses two channels
spaced sufficiently apart so that the receiver can receive whilst the transmitter
is also operating. Another method is to use time vision duplex, TDD where
short time blocks are allocated to transmissions in both directions. Using this
method, only a single channel is required
With one of the major aims of UMTS being to be able to carry data, the UMTS
network architecture was designed to enable a considerable improvement in data
performance over that provided for GSM.
The UMTS network architecture can be divided into three main elements:
1. User Equipment (UE): The User Equipment or UE is the name given to what
was previous termed the mobile, or cell phone. The new name was chosen
because the considerably greater functionality that the UE could have. It could
also be anything between a mobile phone used for talking to a data terminal
attached to a computer with no voice capability.
2. Radio Access Network (RAN): The RAN also known as the UMTS Radio
Access Network, UTRAN, is the equivalent of the previous Base Station
Subsystem or BSS in GSM. It provides and manages the air interface for the
overall network.
3. Core Network: The core network provides all the central processing and
management for the system. It is the equivalent of the GSM Network
Switching Subsystem or NSS.
The core network is then the overall entity that interfaces to external networks
including the public phone network and other cellular telecommunications networks.
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User Equipment(UE)
The USIM also contains a short message storage area that allows messages to
stay with the user even when the phone is changed. Similarly "phone book"
numbers and call information of the numbers of incoming and outgoing calls
are stored.
This is the section of the 3G UMTS / WCDMA network that interfaces to both the UE
and the core network.
The 3G UMTS core network architecture is a migration of that used for GSM with
further elements overlaid to enable the additional functionality demanded by UMTS.
In view of the different ways in which data may be carried, the UMTS core network
may be split into two different areas:
Circuit switched elements: These elements are primarily based on the GSM
network entities and carry data in a circuit switched manner, i.e. a permanent
channel for the duration of the call.
Some network elements, particularly those that are associated with registration are
shared by both domains and operate in the same way that they did with GSM.
Circuit switched elements - The circuit switched elements of the UMTS core
network architecture include the following network entities:
Mobile switching centre (MSC): This is essentially the same as that within
GSM, and it manages the circuit switched calls under way.
Packet switched elements - The packet switched elements of the 3G UMTS core
network architecture include the following network entities:
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): As the name implies, this entity was
first developed when GPRS was introduced, and its use has been carried over
into the UMTS network architecture. The SGSN provides a number of
functions within the UMTS network architecture.
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): Like the SGSN, this entity was also
first introduced into the GPRS network. The Gateway GPRS Support Node
(GGSN) is the central element within the UMTS packet switched network. It
handles inter-working between the UMTS packet switched network and
external packet switched networks, and can be considered as a very
sophisticated router. In operation, when the GGSN receives data addressed to
a specific user, it checks if the user is active and then forwards the data to the
SGSN serving the particular UE.
Shared elements - The shared elements of the 3G UMTS core network architecture
include the following network entities:
Home location register (HLR): This database contains all the administrative
information about each subscriber along with their last known location. In this
way, the UMTS network is able to route calls to the relevant RNC / Node B.
When a user switches on their UE, it registers with the network and from this
it is possible to determine which Node B it communicates with so that
incoming calls can be routed appropriately. Even when the UE is not active
(but switched on) it re-registers periodically to ensure that the network (HLR)
is aware of its latest position with their current or last known location on the
network.
Equipment identity register (EIR): The EIR is the entity that decides whether
given UE equipment may be allowed onto the network. Each UE equipment
has a number known as the International Mobile Equipment Identity. This
number, as mentioned above, is installed in the equipment and is checked by
the network during registration.
CDMA2000 is designed to diminish the risks, to protect the investment and toprovide
significant acting to the operators as its nets evolve to offer services 3G.The nets
CDMA2000 are compatible with the nets cdmaOne, that whichprotects the
investments of the operators cdmaOne and it provides a simpleand economic
migration to the following generation. Also, the nets CDMA2000offers improvements
in the voice quality and support for data multimediaservices.
Evolution of Cdma2000
CDMAOne (IS-95A):
CDMA2000:
CDMA2000 1xEV:
CDMA2000 1xEV-DV:
Multi-Carrier Mode
Uplink Spreading and modulation - The uplink spreading is done with Walsh
functions. The uplink code usedfor scrambling a period of 242 -1 chips. And the
access channels have aspecific scrambling code with a period of 215 chips.
The channel on each carrier is spread with Walsh functions using a constantspreading
factor during the connection, it separate channels from the samesource. The spreading
factors for data transmission range from 256 down to4.Downlink modulation
consisting of three carriers. Downlink scrambling ischaracterised by the use of a
single code. MC mode is a synchronised basestation, a single code is used and the
different base station uses the same codewith different phase (512 different phases).
The single carrier bandwidth discussed has often been 1.25 MHz; thebandwidth that
has been defined for a single carrier spectrum mask with 40 dBattenuation for the
power level is 1.48 MHz for the base station transmission.