BIOLOGY_SET_1

bry; caphpay; jhtuA;fspy; bghJthf kug[g; bghUs; RNA,

1 ikf;uhd; () (m) = 1/1000 kp.kP (or) 0.0001 fhspgpsthpy; kl;Lk; DNA kug[g; bghUshff;
kp.kPl;lh; fhzg;gLk;.
1 kpy;yp ikf;uhd; (m ) = 10 A (or) 1/1000 bry;ypd; Kf;fpa gFjpg; bghUs; epa{f;spa^;
ikf;uhd; kw;Wk; irl;Blhgpshrk;.
1 Mk;^;l;uhA; (A ) = 1/1000 (or) 1/10 m jhtu bry;ypy; kl;Lk; cs;s bry; cWg;g[
gRA;fzpfk; kw;Wk; bry; Rth;.

bry;iyf; fz;lwpe;jth; uhgh;l; #~f;, 1665 bry; Rth; bry;YByhrhy; MdJ. jhtu

1675 Mk; Mz;L Mz;ld; thd; Y]td; bry;Yf;Fg; ghJfhg;igj; jUfpwJ.

#~f; ghf;Ohpahitf; fz;lwpe;jhh;. gpsh^;kh glyj;jhy; r{Hg;gl;l

bry; bfhs;ifia btspapl;lth; jpBahlh; g[Buhl;Blhgpshrg; bghUBs bry; vdg;gLk;.

^;thd; kw;Wk; B$f;fg; ^;yPld;, 1839 caphpd; mog;gilg; bghUs; vdg;gLtJ

g[Buhl;Blhgpshrk;.
bry; cl;fUitf; fz;lwpe;jth; uhgh;l;
gpbusd;, 1871 (g{f;Fk; jhtuA;fspy; g[Buhl;Blhgpshrj;ij xU TH;kg; bghUs;
vd Kjypy; Twpath; tpy;rd;, 1925
fz;lwpe;jhh;)
g[Buhl;Blhgpshrj;jpy; cs;s ePhpd; rjtPjk;
g[Buhl;Blhgpshrk; fz;lwpe;jth; gh;fpd;$p
75 - 95 %
kw;Wk; Bkhy;, 1840
jhtur; bry;ypy; fhzg;gLk; bry; Rth;
gpsh^;kh glyk; fz;lwpe;jth; rpA;sh; kw;Wk;
nuz;L mLf;Ffshy; MdJ.
epf;fy; rd;
bry;ypd; Kjy; epiyr; Rth; bgf;od;,
epa{f;spBahy^; fz;lwpe;jth; @ghd;lhdh,
bry;YByh^; vd;w bghUshy; MdJ.
1871.
tpyA;F bry;ypd; btsp vy;iyahf
bry;ypd; nU tiffs; a{BfhpBal; kw;Wk;
mike;Js;sJ gpsh^;kh glyk;, (bfhGg;g[
g[BuhBfhpBal;
kw;Wk; g[ujj;jhy; MdJ)
bry; bghJthd mikg;g[
gpsh^;kh glyj;jpd; jokd; 75 A

a[{BfhpBal; bry;

o Bkk;ghL milahj jhtuA;fspy;

fhzg;gLk; vspa bry;
mikg;g[
o cl;fU ciw kw;Wk; cl;fU kzp
ny;iy
caphpdj;jpd; mog;gil kw;Wk; bray; myF
o DNA kw;Wk; RNA irl;Blhgpshrj;jpy;
bry;.
tputp fhzg;gLk;.
Tl;L Ez;Bzhf;fpia totikj;jth; uhgh;l;
o vz;Blhgpshr tiy, Bfhy;if
#~f;.
cWg;g[fs;, gRA;fzpfk;,
Kjy; Kjypy; Ez;Bzhf;fpia o ikl;Blhfhz;hpah kw;Wk; Ez; FkpHpfs;
gad;gLj;jpath; A.V.ypa{td; #~f;, 1673. ny;iy.
^;BfdpA; kpd;dZ Ez;Bzhf;fp xU o v.fh. eh^;lhf;, Mrpy;yBlhhpah, kw;Wk;
bghUspd; Kg;ghpkhzj;ijj; Bjhw;Wtpf;Fk;. v^;brhpah Bfhiy
bry; g[Buhl;Blhgpshrk; kw;Wk; gpsh^;kh
glyj;jhy; MdJ.
 BIOLOGY_SET_1
g[BuhBfhpBal; bry;

o Bkk;ghL mile;j jhtu tpyA;fpy;

fhzg;gLk; bry;
o cl;fU ciw kw;Wk; kzp cz;L
o DNA kw;Wk; RNA FBuhBkhBrhkpy;
fhzg;gLk;
o midj;J bry; cWg;g[fSk; cl;fUtpy;
fhzg;gLk
o v.fh. cah; ndj; jhtuk; kw;Wk;
tpyA;Ffs;

tpyA;F bry; jhtu bry;

1. bry; Rth; ny;iy bry; Rth; cz;L
2. gRA;fzpfk; gRA;fzpfk; cz;L
ny;iy
3. Ez; FkpHpfs; Ez;FkpHpfs;
rpwpaJ bghpaJ
4. brd;l;BuhBrhk; brd;l;BuhBrhk;
cz;L ny;iy
5. Bfhy;if cWg;g[ Bfhy;if cWg;g[
ed;whf tsh;r;rp ed;whf tsh;r;rp
bgw;Ws;sJ bgwtpy;iy

tpyA;F bry;ypd; gzpfs;

g[w mLf;Fr; bry; - ghJfhj;jy;
ghy; bry; (Sex Cell) - ndg;bgUf;fk;
euk;g[r; bry; - bjhL czh;r;rp
jirr; bry; - RUA;Fjy;

jhtur; bry;ypd; gzpfs;

g[wj; Bjhy; bry; - ghJfhj;jy;
Bth;j; J]tp - cwpq;Rjy;
iryk; - ePiuf; flj;Jjy;
g[Bshak; - czitf; flj;Jjy;
bry; gphpjy;
 BIOLOGY_SET_1
tifghl;oay; / FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; - mikg;g[,
tiffs;, $Pd; kw;Wk; $PBdhk;, kug[ tiuglk;,
jpOh; khw;wk;. / RNA mikg;g[k; mjd;
tiffSk; - goahf;fk;, bkhHpahf;fk;.

jhtuA;fis tifg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
tpjpKiwfisf; bfhz;l gphpt[ tifghL
vdg;gLk;.
lhf;rhdkp vd;w brhy; fpBuf;fr;
brhw;fspypUe;J cUthdJ.
xj;j gz;g[fspd; mog;gilapy; jhtuA;fis
xGA;fhd Kiwapy; thpirg;gLj;JtJ
tifghl;od; mog;gil Behf;fkhFk;.
1753 y; ^;tPld; ehl;ilr; Brh;e;j fBuhy^;
ypd;Bda^; vd;gth; ^;gP^p^; gpshz;;lhuk;
vd;w E]iy btspapl;lhh;.
ypd;Bda^; jhtuA;fis 24 tFg;g[fshfg;
gphpj;Js;shh;.
ypd;Bda^pd; tifghL ndg;bgUf;f
tifghL vdg;gLk;.
rhh;y^; lhh;tpd; tifghL ghpzhkf;
bfhs;ifapid mog;gilahff; bfhz;lJ.
mlhy;@g; vA;sh; kw;Wk; fhh;y; gpuhz;ly;
vd;gth;fs; kug[ tHp tifghl;oid
btspapl;ldh;.
ghpBrhjid tifghl;oaiy capUs;s jhtuj;
bjhifapd; Kiwghl;oay; vd
tiuaWf;fyhk;.
ghpBrhjid tifghl;oay; vd;w brhw;fis
g[Hf;fj;jpw;F bfhz;L te;jth;fs; Bfk;g; kw;Wk;
fpy;yp, 1943.
nUbrhy; bgahpLk; Kiwia
mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; fh^;gh;L gh#pd;, 1623.
nUbrhy; bgahpLk; Kiwia Kjy; Kjypy;
jdJ ^;gPrp^; gpshz;lhuk; vd;w E]ypy;
gad;gLj;jpath; ypd;Bda^;.
Ie;jhtJ mfpy cyf jhtutpay; Tl;lk;
eilbgw;w nlk; nA;fpyhe;J, 1930.
12 tJ mfpy cyf jhtutpay; Tl;lk;
eilbgw;w nlk; bydpd;fpuhl;, Brhtpaj; u&;ah,
1975.
mfpy cyf jhtutpay; bgah; R{l;Lr; rl;lk;
(International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature ICBN ) 1978 Kjy;
eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
g[jpjhf bgah; R{l;lg;gl;l jhtuj;jpd;
Kjd;ikahd tpsf;fk; nyj;jPd; bkhHpapy;
bkhHpbgah;g;g[ bra;ag;gl;oUf;f Btz;Lk;.
 Bjrpa kw;Wk; rh;tBjr b#h;BghpaA;fs; #p^;Blhd; my;yhj g[ujA;fshy; MdJ.
(TNPSC - 07)
(i) mur jhtutpay; Bjhl;l b#h;Bghpak; - fpa{, FBuhBkhBrhkpd; Edpg;gFjp OByhkpah;
yz;ld;, nA;fpyhe;J. vdg;gLk;. (TNPSC)
(ii) ne;jpa jhtutpay; Bjhl;l b#h;Bghpak; - a{Bfhpahof; FBuhBkhBrhkpy; DNA, RNA ,
bfhy;fj;jh, ne;jpah #p^;Blhd; kw;Wk; #p^;Blhd; my;yhj
(iii) ne;jpa jhtutpay; b#h;Bghpak; - g[ujA;fSld; fhy;rpak;, kf;dPrpak; Bghd;w
Bfhak;g[j;J]h;, jkpH;ehL. cByhf madpfSk; cs;sd.
(iv) khepyf; fy;Y]hp b#h;Bghpak; - brd;id
(v) bug;gpbel; b#h;Bghpak; - jpUr;rp
FBuhBkhBrhk; tiffs;
FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; brd;l;Buhkpahpd;
miktplj;jpd; mog;gilapy; ehd;F
FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; kw;Wk; $Pd;fs;
tifg;gLk;. mit
$Pd;fis jd;dfj;Bj bfhz;Ls;s mikg;g[fBs
FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; vdg;gLk;
FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; cl;fUtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
FBuhBkhBrhk; vd;d bgaiu mwpKfk; bra;jth;
thy;lah;.
vy;yh caphpdA;fspYk; FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; cs;sd.
ghf;Ohpahtpy; cs;s FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; tl;l FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; cly; gz;g[fspd;
totpy; my;yJ ePs; totpy; cs;sd. mog;gilapy; cly; FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; kw;Wk;
nd FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; vd nuz;L tifgLk;.
FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; kdpj og;sha;L bry;ypy; 44 cly;
$Pd;fs; ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; mog;gil myFfs;. FBuhBkhBrhk;fSk;, nuz;L nd
mit xU jiyKiwapypUe;J kw;bwhU FBuhBkhBrhk;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
jiyKiwf;F flj;jg;gLfpd;wd. kdpjh;fspy; Mz; ndj;jpy; xy kw;Wk; bgz;
FBuhBkhBrhk;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l ePs; thpirapy; ndj;jpy; xx FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; ghy;
$Pd;fs; mike;Js;sd. eph;zaj;jpy; gA;F bfhs;fpd;wd.
$Pd;fis jd;dfj;Bj bfhz;Ls;s mikg;g[fBs
FBuhBkhBrhk;fs;. mrhjhuz / rpwg;g[ tif FBuhBkhBrhk;fs;
FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; DNA kw;Wk; g[ujA;fshy; B FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; (r{g;gh; epa{khp (k) Jiz
Mdit. (TNPSC) FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; ) kw;Wk; lg[s; kpdpl;^;
FBuhBkhBrhk; vd;w bgaiu mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; Mfpait mrhjhuz FBuhBkhBrhk;fSf;F
thy;Blah;, 1888. cjhuzk; MFk;.
ghf;Ohpahtpy; cs;s FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; tl;l mrhjhuz FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; jhtuA;fspy;
my;yJ ePs; totpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. bghJthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. v.fh.
a{f;BfhpBal;Lfspy; ePs; tot FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; kf;fhr;Brhsk;.
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. lg[s; kpdpl;^; FBuhBkhBrhkpy; brd;l;Buhkpah;
FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; $Pd;fisf; bfhz;Ls;sd kw;Wk; OByhkpah; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. nit
vd;gij Kjy; Kjypy; cWjp bra;jth; gphpl;$^;, g[w;W bry;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1916. mstpy; bghpa FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; nuhl;r&
bkl;lhBg^; epiyapy; FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; vdg;gLk;. (a{BfhpBal;
bjspthf g[yg;gLk;. caphpdA;fspd; rpy rpwg;ghd jpRf;fspy;
kiwKfg;gFg;g[ kw;Wk; Fd;wy; gFg;gpy; Kf;fpa fhzg;gLfpd;wd )
gA;F tfpg;gJ ifdl;BlhBfhh;. nuhl;r& FBuhBkhBrhk;fs; ghypOd;
ifdl;BlhBfhh; g[ujj;jhy; MdJ. FBuhBkhBrhk; kw;Wk; tpsf;F J]hpif
FBuhBkhBrhkpy; cs;s FBuhBkl;od; DNA, RNA FBuhBkhBrhk; vd nuz;L tifg;gLk;.
mog;gil g[ujA;fshd #p^;Blhd; kw;Wk;