BEHAVIORAL ARCHITECTURE

LIVING PATTERNS

The patterns of exchange in our bodies are the same as those in a tree, a watershed,
an ecosystem, or an economy. Understanding the patterns of how one of these systems
works, we understand how all of them work, and how to work with them. This is why
patterns are powerful: they enable us to understand and work in very different media
and across vastly different scales.

Living (biological) systems work differently than purely physical systems. Being based
on exchange rather than action and reaction they can only be understood as flows.

Flows are understandable only as patterns.

ARCHETYPAL

The concept of an archetype /rktap/ is found in areas relating to behavior, modern

psychological theory, and literary analysis.

- consisting a model (real or ideal) or pattern; original.

- representing or constituting an original type after which other similar things are patterned

- a statement, pattern of behavior, or prototype which other statements, patterns of

behavior, and objects copy or emulate;

ARCHETYPAL ACTIVITIES

It can be defined as common, repetitive activities, which are reasonably predictable given a
particular set of circumstances.
For ex. A social gathering or meeting (the actual purpose may vary but the activities remain the
same )

ARCHETYPAL SPACES

Archetypal spaces are commonly associated with the performance of the archetypal activities.

And archetypal spaces are defined by the archetypal geometry.

For ex. Open squares, districts, clusters, streets etc

DESIGNING FOR PATTERNS & ACTIVITIES

PATTERNS

Patterns refer primarily to individual movement

Patterns suggests knowledge of the roles to be played by each person and the sequence
associated with it.

For ex. In a restaurant a guest has the role of a patron, whereas the manager has a different
role, likewise the other persons.

ACTIVITIES

Activities refer to group movement

A series of patterns performed by the particular role players form the activities.

Patterns are interweaving, bringing together all the players to function as a group in pre
determined ways

So the group patterns are referred to as an activity.

For ex. A group of people in a political meeting, gathering

PLANNING OF PUBLIC SPACES

In the planning of public spaces, the building should act as a social servant in the broadest
sense. It should anticipate behavior and provide for it. It should be flexible where social activities
are flexible and efficient where social activities are set.

The following factors should be considered in planning of these spaces

- identifying the social activities the building houses

- the degree of flexibility suggested by each activity
 - the house rules that prevail or should prevail
- the background and goals of the participants

UNIT 2

ROOM USE

Where the same available space in a room can be modified accordingly to get many
arrangements (furniture & other interior objects)

GEOMETRY AND MEANING

The configurations of a city/town/rural areas can be defined in terms of geometrical constraints.

Even though they communicate cultural data through the design.
For ex. A court design today is based on the same geometric constraints as the court design in
roman times.

If the cultural overlay (elements) is ignored, the building can be categorized by its essential
geometric components.

HIDDEN BEHAVIORAL ASSUMPTIONS

In planning of space for human occupancy, conventionally grid patterns are followed, but the
same grid pattern in hexagonal configuration does not facilitate the provision of linking corridors
to each cell.

Whereas the xx yy axis repetitive grid allows for corridors connecting every inhabited room
with every inhabited room. the necessity for such connections is the hidden dimension.

The dimensions and size of the grid patterns can be changed according to the space and it amy
vary. But the basic configuration is derived from the single xx-yy axis.

The next hidden necessity is placing the occupants adjacent to the exterior windows.
The room adjacencies, bypass, and the geometry are the critical factors.

ADJACENCIES

The linking of the corridors to the various built spaces may be termed as adjacencies. Based on
the configurations it may be classified as
1. pass-through adjacency
2. side by side adjacency
3. by-pass adjacency
4. entrance adjacencies

VERTICAL BYPASS

Its a process of passing through different spaces/floors while connecting of different spaces/
floors along the vertical adjacencies by the user in a built space.
For ex. elevator in an high rise apartment

HORIZONTAL BYPASS

The process of passing through different spaces/rooms while connecting of different

spaces/rooms along the horizontal adjacencies by the user in a built space.

For ex. a connecting corridor in an airport

DESIGN OF BUILDING SUB-SYSTEMS

1subsystem - a system that is part of some larger system

.
system, a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole;

Buildings are geometric forms of enclosure for human occupancy.

human occupancy within buildings is based on repetitive activity.

For ex. interpersonal office functions are repeated endlessly in a business organization

A series of systems programs have been developed in the early stages to construct a system of
building components.
Some of the building components like partitions, air conditioning ductwork, lighting, walls,
heating, ventilation, etc.

Design of subsystems developed through four stages :

1. establishing user requirements

2. establishing performance standards based on these requirements
3. integrating the components into a coordinated building system
4. testing the components to be certain they satisfied performance specifications

SUB SYSTEM COMPATIBILITY MATRIX

it is the compatibility chart showing the relation between the major elements of structure,
heating, ventilation and cooling, ceiling lighting system etc. within a building system.

The building components can be categorized as

1. structure oriented components (for ex. struc. Columns, beams, slabs, etc)
2. services oriented components (for ex. lighting, air conditioning, plumbing etc)
3. inter services oriented components (between the services components)

so the degree of changeability of the components had to conform with the configuration of the
structural members.

GEOMETRY OF SPACES
The configurations of the spaces designed can be defined in geometric terms. the cultural
elements of the area is overlaid over the geometrical patterns with detail and scale.

If the cultural overlay is eliminated, the building can be categorized by its essential geometric
components.
Ex. drottingham palace.
The domed structure in the palace at each ends linked to courts and culminating in the center
linear building.
The open landscape uses symmetry in its design which makes the view of the adjoining palace
look interesting.
The open space landscape enables for limited or controlled activities but not allowing for large
group activities.

Cities are defined by its underlying grids.

SOCIAL ORGANISATION OF BUILDINGS

The social organization of buildings can be classified broadly into four groups, reflecting the
social complexity and the role that architecture plays in supporting this complexity.
The more complex social functions that hold people in time require more complex architectural
environments.

GROUP 1 BUILDINGS

Office buildings
public spaces

following are the characteristics,

1. they operate as allocation and exterior symbol within the community
2. they operate as an interior symbol between occupants, placing major tenants on upper
floors and at corners.
3. They allow for variable subdivision of interior spaces so that various businesses can freely
subdivide for their needs.
Group 1 buildings have a relatively minor effect on the social organization.

GROUP 2 BUILDINGS

Schools
Hotels
Motels
Restaurants
Stores
Factories
Airports
Churches/temples
Clinics
Short term clinics

They are the type of buildings where there is a direct contact between people in two different
roles. The role of a served occupant, and the role of a service occupant.
Group 2 buildings are integrally involved in supporting the social functions the buildings were
designed to produce, occupants, both service and served are free to leave on a daily basis.
The influence of the building is a strong but not necessarily an overriding influence on the lives
of either group.

GROUP 3 BUILDINGS

Long term hospitals

Psychiatric centers
Geriatric centers
Orphanages
Homes for retarded
Homes for the blind
Ships in port
Prep schools
Detention homes
Jails
Prisons

Like the group 2 buildings, group 3 buildings are also well established double track circulation
and activity spaces.
but more fundamentally they operate on a 24 hour basis for the served role and on daily
basis for the service role.

Architecture in these instances has considerable influence in supporting the social organization
of the institution and thereby influencing the lives of the occupants served.

GROUP 4 BUILDINGS

Lighthouse
Remote post
Monastery
Superport
Ship at sea
Spacecraft
Space station

They are the types of buildings where the service and served members of the group are both
isolated from the rest of the society for extended lengths of time.

BEHAVIORAL ASSUMPTIONS IN PLANNING OF NEW TOWNS AND NEIGHBOURHOOD

Two main factors categorize the major reasons towards the new town development.

1. Recognized decrease in the quality of life in existing cities

2. Major changes in existing cities are extremely expensive

The format of new towns can be characterized as follows :

1. Large acreage development

2. Development of arterial roadway connections with adjoining cities
3. Separation of industrial from residential and commercial areas
4. Development of neighborhoods and greenbelt pedestrian paths
5. Village centers to serve one or more neighborhoods
6. Town centers of higher density to serve one or more neighborhoods
7. Public transportation connecting the neighborhood center with the town center, either by
bus or by subways

BORROWED SPACE

A concept of integrating the people and facilities for built in activities.

PLANNING OF PUBLIC SPACES

The public space plays a key role in the urban structure and city life, becoming a
privileged element in order to promote territorial cohesion. It thus becomes possible to
think of public space as an element able to promote continuity and order the territory,
but also with a natural ability to create and maintain strong local centrality,
environmental quality, economic competitiveness and sense of citizenship.

IDENTIFICATION PARAMETERS OF THE PUBLIC SPACES ARE AS FOLLOWS

1. GREEN SPACES
a) RURAL GREEN AREAS
b) LEISURE GREEN AREAS

2. SQUARES
a) Meeting places
b) Confluence areas

(In geography, a confluence is the meeting of two or more bodies of water.

it refers either to the point where atributary joins a larger river, called the main
stem, or where two streams meet to become the source of a river )

3. ROAD NETWORKS
a) Primary roads roads that ensure the distribution of major circulation
flows as well as the entrance and exits of the city
b) Secondary roads - Roads which ensure the circulation and distribution
of
the inner city as well as the routing of flows to the
primary distribution routes.
 c) Local roads structuring streets in the neighbourhood, with some flow
capacity but where the main element is already the pedestrian.

Public spaces to be planned in a network logic, and not as isolated

elements.

the planning of the public spaces network

should be based on four types of indicators, which allow not only to study
and evaluate the network features, but also to be the base line for the
definition of guiding principles to act at the level of the existing structure.

The four types of indicators mentioned are presented in the table below

1. Mobility/ accessibility/ connectivity

2. Land uses/ activities
3. Social dynamics
4. Comfort/ safety

Through these indicators it is possible to evaluate the urban structure and plan /
design the public spaces in a way that they can be part of a coherent and
cohesive network.

some principles that can guide the integrated planning of the citys network of
public spaces, having, as primary goal, the construction of a cohesive and
coherent territory:

>Promote the formal continuity of the flows circulation (road network, pedestrian
network, railroad network, cycling, etc.);

>Promote the continuity of important natural structures and ecologic corridors

(waterlines, large green areas, etc.);

>Create relations of functional complementarity through the existing land uses /

activities;

>Generate social dynamics that minimize phenomena of social exclusion and

marginalization;
>Generate socio economical dynamics capable of regenerate a degraded area
of the city