Plumbing & Waste Management- I

Water Supply
MBA-CPM & MBA-CEQS, Semester 2
Services for Built Environment Sector
Anupam Jain
 Water Supply

Water Demands :
A city may have various type of water demands are
following :-
Domestic water demand.
Industrial water demand.
Institutional and commercial water demand.
Demand for public uses.
Fire demand and
Water required to compensate losses in waste
and thefts.

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 Water Supply
Domestic water demand :
This include the water required in residential
building for drinking, cooking, bathing, lawn
sprinkling, gardening, sanitary purposes etc.

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 Water Supply
Minimum Domestic Water Consumption For Indian Towns And Cities With Full Flushing
System As Per IS : 1172-1993
Use Consumption in litres per head per day (l/h/d)
Drinking 5
Cooking 5
Bathing 75
Washing of clothes 25
Washing of utensils 15
Washing & cleaning of house and residences 15
Lawn watering & Gardening 15
Flushing of water closets, etc. 45
Total 200
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 Water Supply
Minimum Domestic Water Consumption For Weaker Sections & LIG Colonies in Small Town
and Cities
Use Consumption in litres per head per day (l/h/d)
Drinking 5
Cooking 5
Bathing 55
Washing of clothes 20
Washing of utensils 10
Washing & cleaning of house and residences 10
Flushing of water closets, etc. 30
Total 135

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 Water Supply
Industrial Water Demand :
It represents the water demand of industries,
which are either existing or are likely to be
started in future, in the city for which water
supply is being planned. This quantity will thus
vary with the number and type of industries
present in the city.

The ordinary per capita consumption on

account of industrial needs of a city is
generally taken as 50 litres/person/day.

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 Water Supply
Institutional and Commercial Water Demand :
The water requirements of institutions, such as hospitals,
hotels, restaurants, schools and colleges, railway stations,
offices, factories etc. should also be assessed and provided
for, in addition to domestic and industrial water demands.

On an average, a per capita demand of 20 litres/head/day is

usually considered to be enough to meet such commercial
and institutional water requirements.

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 Water Supply
Water Demand Of Certain Important Industries
S. No. Name of Industry & Unit od Production or raw Approximate quantity of water
Product Material used required per unit of
production/raw material in kilo
litres.
1 Automobile Vehicle 40
2. Distillery (alcohol) Kilo Litres 122-170
3. Fertilizer Tonne 80-200
4. Leather (Tanned) Tonne 40
5. Paper Tonne 200-400
6. Special Quality Paper Tonne 400-1000
7. Straw Board Tonne 75-100
8. Petroleum refinery Tonne (Crude) 1-2
9. Steel Tonne 200-250
10. Sugar Tonne (crusted cane) 1-2
11. Textile Tonne (goods) 80-140 8
 Water Supply
Water Demand Of Certain Important Industries
S. No. Type of Institution or Commercial Average Water Consumption in litres/head/day
Establishment
1 Offices 45-90
2. Factories :
a). Where bath rooms are provided 45-90
b). Where no bath rooms are provided 30-60
3. School :
a). Day scholars 45-90
b). Residential 135-225
4. Hostels 135-180
5. Hotels 180 (per bed)
6. Restaurants 70 (per seat)
7. Hospitals (including laundry)
a). Number of beds not exceeding 100 340 (per bed)
b). Number of beds exceeding 100 450 (per bed) 9
 Water Supply
Water Demand For Public Uses :
This include the quantity of water required for public utility
purposes, such as watering of public parks, gardening, washing
and sprinkling of roads, use in public fountains, etc.

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 Water Supply
Fire Water Demand :
The quantity of water required for extinguishing
fire should be easily available and kept always
stored in about 100 to 150 metres apart, the
minimum water pressure available at fire
hydrants should be of the 100 to 150 KN/m2 and
should be maintained even after 4 to 5 hours of
constant use of fire hydrant.
Water Required to Compensate Losses in
Thefts and Waste :
This include the water lost in leakage due to bad
plumbing or damaged meters, stolen water due
to unauthorised water connection, and other
losses and wastes.

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 Water Supply
Total Requirement Of Water For a Use Demand in L/h/d
Town or a City :
The annual average daily draft in Domestic Use 200
litres/day required by a town can be
Industrial Use 50
worked out by multiplying the
probable number of the persons Commercial use 20
who are going to use the facilities
provided by the scheme, and the Civic or public use 10
annual average daily consumption
of each person( for all uses) called Waste and thefts, etc. 55
per capita demand (q).
Total 365 = per capita demand (q)

Per Capita Demand (q) in litres/day/head = Total yearly water requirement of the city in litres /
365* Design Population

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 Water Supply
Estimate of Demand Load
Estimates of total water supply requirements for
buildings shall be based on the occupant load
consistent with the provisions of water Supply
For residential buildings, the requirements of
water shall be based on the actual number of
occupants; where this information is not
available, the number of occupants for each
residential unit may be based on a family of five.
In making assessment of water supply
requirements of large complexes, the future
occupant load shall be kept in view.
Use may be made of the following methods for
estimating future requirements:
a) demographic method of population
projection,
b) arithmetic progression method,
c) geometrical progression method,
d) method of varying increment or
incremental increase,
e) logistic method,
f) graphical projection method, and
g) graphical comparison method.
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 Water Supply
Storage of Water
In a building, provision is required to
be made for storage of water for the
following reasons:
to provide against interruptions of
the supply caused by repairs to
mains, etc.
to reduce the maximum rate of
demand on the mains;
to tide over periods of intermittent
supply; and
to maintain a storage for the fire
fighting requirement of the building.
The water may be stored either in
overhead tanks (OHT) and/or
underground tanks (UGT).
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 Water Supply
Hot Water System & Equipment's :-
In electric water heating practice for
domestic purposes, the accepted
method is to use storage heaters in
which water is steadily heated up to
a predetermined temperature and
stored until required for use.

In modern hotels and apartment

blocks and service apartments,
centralized storage and distribution
systems are adopted, where other
energy sources such as oil, gas,
solar panels, etc, may be used for
the generation of hot water

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 Water Supply
Types of Hot Water Heaters :
The various types of water heaters used for preparation of hot water
are as follows:
a) Electric Storage Heaters:
1) Non-pressure or open outlet type,
2) Pressure type,
3) Cistern type, and
4) Dual heater type.
b) Gas Water Heaters:
1) Instantaneous type, and
2) Storage type.
c) Solar Heating Systems:
1) Independent roof mounted heating units
2) Centrally banked heated system.
d) Central Hot Water System
1) Oil fired, and
2) Gas fired.
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 Sources of Water, Hydrological Concepts, and
Study of Surface Sources
The various sources of water available on the earth
can be classified into the following two categories :-
A. Surface Sources, such as
i. Ponds & Lakes
ii. Streams & Rivers
iii. Storage reservoirs
iv. Oceans.
B. Sub-surface Sources or underground sources,
such as
i. Springs
ii. Infiltration galleries
iii. Infiltration wells
iv. Wells and tube wells

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Sources of Water, Hydrological Concepts, and
Study of Surface Sources

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 Intake for Collecting Surface Water
The basic function of the
intake structure is to help
in safely withdrawing water
from the source over a
predetermined range of
pool levels and then to
discharge this water into
the withdrawal conduit
(normally called intake
Conduit), through which it
flows up to the water
treatment plant.

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 Intake for Collecting Surface Water
Types of Intakes :
Simple Submerged Intake
A simple submerged intake
consists of a simple concrete
block or a rock filled timber crib
supporting the starting end of the
withdrawal pipe.

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 Intake for Collecting Surface Water
Types of Intakes :
Intake Tower
Intake tower are generally used
on large projects and on rivers or
reservoirs where there are large
fluctuation of water level. There
are two major type of intake
towers:
a) Wet Intake Tower
b) Dry Intake Tower.

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 Intake for Collecting Surface Water
Types of Intakes :

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 Intake for Collecting Surface Water
Types of Intakes :
According to type of source
River Intake
Canal Intake
Reservoir Intake
Lake Intake

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 Conduits for Transporting Water
Conduit for Transporting Water :
The Conduit is used to convey the raw water
after being collected to the city in case the
treatment plant is located within the city, or
transported after treatment in case the
treatment plant is located away from the city.
Type of Conduit :
1. Gravity Conduit.
2. Pressure Conduit.

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 Conduits for Transporting Water
Conduit for Transporting Water :
1. Gravity Conduit : Gravity conduit
are those conduit in which the
water flows under the mere action
of Gravity.

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 Conduits for Transporting Water
Conduit for Transporting Water :
Aqueducts: Aqueducts is the name
given to the closed conduit constructed
with masonry and used for conveying
water from source to the treatment plant
or point of distribution.

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Conveyance of Water

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 Conduits for Transporting Water
Conduit for Transporting Water:
Flumes: These are open Channels supported above
the ground over trestles etc.. Flumes are usually used
for conveying water across valleys and minor low lying
areas or over drains and other obstruction coming in
the way. Flumes may be constructed with R.C.C, wood
or metal. The common section are rectangular and
circular.

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 Conduits for Transporting Water
Conduit for Transporting Water:
1. Pressure Conduit: In pressure
conduit, which are closed conduits
and as such no air can enter into
them, the water flows under
pressure above the atmospheric
pressure.

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 Conduits for Transporting Water
Conduit for Transporting Water:
Pipes: These are circular conduits, in which water flows
under pressure. These are made of various materials like
cast Iron, wrought Iron, steel, cement Concrete, asbestos,
cement, timber, etc.

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 Conduits for Transporting Water
Following types of pipes are
commonly Used
Cast Iron Pipes
Wrought Iron pipes
Steel Pipes
Concrete Pipes
Cement lined Cast Iron Pipes
Plastic or PVC pipes
Asbestos cement pipes
Copper and lead pipes
Wooden pipes
Vitrified Clay pipes

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 Pumps for Lifting Water
Pumps for Lifting Water : The function of
the pump is to lift the water or any fluid at
higher elevation or higher pressure. In
water works pumps are required under the
following circumstances.
In a water supply scheme, pumps are
required at one or more of the following
stages:
To lift the water at the source, when the
water cannot flow by gravity into the
mains.
To lift the water at the treatment plant, if
sufficient natural slope is not available.
To lift the water after the treatment, so
as to force the water into the distributing
mains.
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 Pumps for Lifting Water
Type of Pumps:
There are various type of pumps, but two type
which the hydraulic engineers generally encounter,
are:
1. Roto-dynamic pump : a roto-dynamic pump
has a wheel or a rotating element which
rotates the water in a casing, and thus
imparting energy to the water. Such a pump
may be of the following two type :
a) Centrifugal Pump
b) Axial-Flow Pump
2. Displacement Pump : A displacement pump
work on the principle of mechanical inducing
vacuum in a chamber, thereby drawing in a
volume of water which is then mechanically
displaced and forced out of the chamber. Such
a pump may be of the following two type :
a) The Reciprocating Pump
b) The Rotary Type Pump
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 Pumps for Lifting Water

Centrifugal Pumps:
These pumps work on the principle of
centrifugal force, therefore, they are
called centrifugal pumps. The water which
enters inside the pump is revolved at high
speed by means of impeller and is thrown
to the periphery by the centrifugal force.

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 Pumps for Lifting Water

Axial Pumps :

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 Pumps for Lifting Water
Reciprocating Pump
Reciprocating pumps may be of the following types
Simple hand-operated reciprocating pump
Power operated deep well reciprocating pump
Single-acting reciprocating pump
Double-acting reciprocating pump

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 Pumps for Lifting Water
Rotary Pump
(a) Rotary pumps with gear
(b) Rotary pumps with cams
The revolving blades fit closely in the
casing and push the water by their
displacement. The blades revolve in a
downward direction at the Centre and the
water is carried upward around the side of
the casing. In this way the water is pushed
through the discharge pipe and partial
vacuum is created on the suction side.
The intensity of vacuum mainly depends
on the tightness of the parts.

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 Quality Control of Municipal and Industrial water
Supply
Quality Control of Municipal and Industrial Water Supply :
Pure water is chemical compound with each of its molecule (the
smallest unit of a compound) containing two hydrogen atoms and
one oxygen atom, and nothing else (H2O being the formula of
water).

Characteristics of Water : The raw or treated water can be

checked and analyzed by studying and testing their physical,
chemical, and microscopical characteristics, as explained below:

a) Physical Characteristics : Physical analysis of water is

carried out in order to determine the physical characteristics
of water. This includes tests for determining turbidity, colour,
taste or odour, temperature, specific Conductivity, etc

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 Quality Control of Municipal and Industrial water
Supply
Turbidity: If a large amount of suspended
matter such as clay, silt or some other
finely divided organic material are present
in water, it will appear to be muddy or
cloudy or turbid in appearance. The
turbidity depends upon the finesse and
concentration of particles present in
water. The turbidity is measured be a
turbidity rod or by a turbidimeter with
optical observations, and is expressed as
the amount of suspended matter in mg/l
or ppm.

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 Quality Control of Municipal and Industrial water
Supply
Colour: Dissolved organic matter from decaying
vegetation or some inorganic materials, such as
coloured soils, etc., may impart colour to the
water.

Taste & Odour: The Dissolved organic

materials or the inorganic salts, or the dissolved
gases may impart taste and odour to the water

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 Quality Control of Municipal and Industrial water
Supply
Temperature: Testing the temperature of water has usually
significant in the sense that it is not usually possible to give any
treatment to control the temperature of water. For the potable
waters, temperature of about 10*C are highly desirable, while
temperature above 25*C are considered objectionable.

Specific Conductivity of Water: Electrical conductivity of water

is a measure of waters ability to conduct electricity. Pure water
is a poor conductor of electricity ; but it shows significant
conductivity when ions of dissolved salts are present in it.

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WATER PURIFICATION

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 Purification of Water Supplies
Purification of water Supplies:
The available raw waters must be treated and purified
before they can be supplied to the general public for their
domestic, industrial or any other uses.

Methods of purifications of water :

i. Screening
ii. Plain sedimentation
iii. Filtration
iv. Disinfection
v. Aeration
vi. Softening
vii. Miscellaneous treatments, such as fluoridation,
recarbonation liming, desalination, etc.

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 Purification of Water Supplies
Screening
Course and Fine Screening: Screens
are generally provided in front of the
pumps or the intake works, so as to
exclude the large sized particles, such as
debris, animals, trees, branches, bushes,
ice, etc. Course screen (generally called
trash racks) are sometimes placed in front
of the fine screens.
Fixed bar type Screen.
Movable bar type Screens or travelling
bar screen: are often used for fine
screens for passing the water coming out
from the coarse screens.

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 Purification of Water Supplies
Plain Sedimentation: Most of the suspended
impurities present in water do have a specific
gravity greater than of water (i.e. 1.0). In still
water, these impurities will, therefore, tend to
settle down under gravity, although in normal
raw supplies, they remain in suspension,
because of the turbulence in water. Hence, as
soon as the turbulence is retarded by offering
storage to the water, these impurities tend to
settle down at the bottom of the tank, offering
such storage. This is the principle behind
sedimentation.

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 Purification of Water Supplies
Filtration: To remove or to reduce the remaining
impurities still further, and to produce potable and
palatable water, the water is filtered through the
beds of fine granular materials, such as sands,
etc. The process of passing the water through the
bed of such granular materials (called filters) is
known as Filtration. Two types of filters commonly
used :
a) The slow sand gravity filters
b) The rapid sand gravity filters

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 Purification of Water Supplies
Disinfection or Sterilisation: The Filtered water, may,
normally contains some harmful disease producing
bacteria in it. These bacteria must be killed in order to
make the water safe for drinking. The chemicals used
for killing these bacteria are known as disinfectants,
and the process is known as disinfection or sterilisation.
Minor Methods of Disinfection :
Boiling of water.
Treatment with excess lime
Treatment with ozone
Treatment with iodine and bromine
Treatment with ultra-violet rays.
Treatment with potassium permanganate
Treatment with silver, called Electro-katadyn
process.

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 Purification of Water Supplies

Water Softening: The reduction or

removal of hardness from water is
known as water softening.

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 Purification of Water Supplies

Miscellaneous Treatments :
Aeration.
Treatment with activated carbon.
Treatment with copper sulphate.
Treatment with Oxidation agents,
etc.

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 Thanks

ajain@ricssbe.edu.in

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