EXPLORER

For All One Day Exams

By : Subhash Paul
 THE INSTITUTE
erce kees
en Notes emlegle kejles ngS ye[er KegMeer keer DevegYetefle nes jner nw~ en Notes meYeer One
Day Exam kes hewve& kees Oeeve ceW jKekej yeveeee ieee nw~ Deepe yeoueles ngS One Day hewve& kees

osKeles ngS en Notes, One Day Exam kes DeYeefLe&eeW kes efueS ceooieej meeefyele nesiee~ FmeceW
DeveeJeMeke YecehetCe& meeceeefeeeW mes hejnspe efkeee ieee nw Deewj nj Ske Meyo kees Deehekes efueS Gheeesieer
yeveeves keer keesefMeMe keer ieeer nw~
FmeceW cewhe, ee& Deewj eehe kes peefjS efJe<ee kees Deefle mejue yeveeee ieee nw~ en Notes
keueeme ueskeej kees Supplement kejves kes efueS yeveeee ieee nw~ en mebheeove keee& keueeme ueskeej kes
meeLe efceuekej mebhetCe& neslee nw Deewj en keueeme ueskeej kees megCe kejves kes efueS yeveeee ieee nw~ efyevee
keueeme ueskeej kes en Notes DeOetje nw~
FmeceW yeepee meeceeefeeeW kes meYeer $egefeeW kees otj efkeee ieee nw Deewj Deve ekeej keer $egefeeW
kees megOeejves keer hetjer keesefMeMe keer ieeer nw eefo Fmekes yeeo Yeer keesF& ceeveJeere ee ceMeerveer ieueleer ngF& nes
lees mebmLee #eceeeeLeea nw~
Fmekes Deefleefje en Notes Deehe meYeer kes meneesie mes yevee nw Deewj FmeceW efkemeer Yeer ekeej kee
megPeeJe meowJe mJeerkeee& nw~ mebmLee Deheves e$eeW mes en Gcceero kejlee nw efke e$e Fme Notes kee hetje
Gheeesie kejsiee Deewj mebmLee kes GcceeroeW hej Keje Glejsiee keeeWefke Deehe JeneB he{les nQ peneB mesueskeMeve

Ske efpeo nw~

OeveJeeo

C. Shekhar
(THE INSTITUTE)
 Touching Heights in Education
By Subhash Paul

ekx ,oa iwfrZ dh vo/kkj.kk

pUnzxqIr ekS;Z ds ea=h dkSfVY; us ^^vFkZ'kkL=** uked ekx ds fu;e
viuh iqLrd esa jktuSfrd ,oa vkfFkZd nksuksa fopkj
ekx ds fu;e ds rhu :i gksrs gS&
a
n'kkZ;As

ewY; ekx
vjLrw us viuh Economica esa vFkZ'kkL= dks House
vk; ekx rFkk
Management uke fn;kA

vknh ekx
,M~ e fLeFk dks okLro esa vFkZ 'kkL= dk tud dgk
tkrk gS D;ksaf d bUgksaus vFkZ 'kkL= ds lUnHkZ esa QSys ewY; ekx %
Dx = f (Px, Y, Po, T, W)
gq ;s lHkh fopkjksa dks ladfyr dj ds oSKkfud :i T = QS'ku #fp
viuh iq Lrd 'An Enquiry into the nature and W = Wealth
causes of wealth of nation's' (1776) es a izdkf'kr
fd;kA ekx fdlh fn;s x;s le;] fn;s gq;s ewY; ij
miHkksDrk }kjk [kjhnh x;h ek=k dks ekx dgrs gSAa
,M~e fLeFk us vFkZ'kkL= dks /ku dk foKku dgk* blds
,d ekx o _.kkRed ewY; ekx lEcU/k iznf'kZr djrk
leFkZ vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa dks Dykfldy vFkZ'kkL=h dgk tkrk
gSA ijUrq fuEu oLrqvksa ds lUnHkZ esa ewY;&ekx lEcU/k
gS tSl& s fjdkMks] ekYFkl] ts-ch- ls] ts-,l-fey rFkk
/kukRed gksxkA
bjfoax fQ'kjA
izfr"Bk lwpd oLrq,a
,Me fLeFk dk Je foHkktu o fof'k"Vhdj.k fxQsu oLrq;sa
fjdkMksZ dk & yxku fl)kUr ewY; esa o`f) dk nj rFkk deh dh vk'kk
ekyFkl & tula[;k fl)kUr vKku rFkk Je
ekDlZ & Je dk 'kks"k.k thou fuokZg dh oLrq;sa
ts- ch- ls& ^^vFkZ'kkL= og foKku gS tks /ku dh vk; ekx % miHkksDrk dh vk; rFkk oLrq dh ekx ds
foospuk djrk gSA** chp dykRed lEcU/kA
izk-s okdj& ^^vFkZ'kkL= Kku dh og 'kk[kk gS] tks /ku ls Dx = f (Y)
lacfa /kr gSA** ;g vk; rFkk ekxh x;h oLrq dh fofHkUu ek=kvksa ds
chp lEcU/k fn[kkrk gSA oLrq;sa nks izdkj dh gksrh gS&
ts-,l- fey& ^^vFkZ'kkL= euq"; ls lacfa /kr /ku dk
foKku gSA
d lkekU; oLrq;sa d fuEudksfV dh oLrq
ek'kZy& ^^vFkZ'kkL= /ku ds foKku ds lkFk&lkFk ekuo Y
D
D
dY;k.k dk 'kkL= gSA Y2
^^vkn'kZ foKku Hkh ekurs gSa (Normative Science)" Y2
Y1
jkfcUl& ^^vFkZ'kkL= og foKku gS tks lk/;ksa (Ends) D
Y1
D
rFkk oSdfYid mi;ksx okys lhfer lk/kuksa ds lEcU/k ds D
:i esa ekuo O;ogkj dk v/;;u djrk gSA** O X O
Q1 Q2 Q2 Q1
1932 bZ- jkfcUl dks iqLrd "An Essay on the Nature vkM+h ekx % oLrqvksa dh ekx rFkk vU; oLrqvksa ds ewY;
and Significance of Economics Science" izdkf'kr gqbAZ ds chp QyukRed lEcU/k Dx = f (Po)
bUgksua s vFkZ'kkL= dks pquko dk foKku dgkA LFkkukiUu % ,d olrq ds ewY; esa deh o`f) nwljh
oLrq ds ekx esa deh o`f) yk nsA
mnkgj.kkFkZ % pk; dk ewY; c<+ tk; rks vU; ckrksa ds
lkekU; jgus ij dkQh dh ekx c<+ tk;sxhA
foKku dyk Y
D
pk; dk ewY;

okLrfod (Positive) vkn'kZ (Normative)

D

D;k gS \ D;k gksuk pkfg, \ O X

dkWQh dh ekx

{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (3)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 iwjd oLrq;sa % ,d oLrq ds ewY; esa deh nwljh oLrq ds vf/kd ek=k miHkksx djsxk ftlls mldh lhekUr
ekx esa o`f) yk nsA mi;ksfxrk Hkh fxjsxh vkSj miHkksDrk lUrqyu dh fLFkfr
mnkgj.kkFkZ % isVky
s ds ewY; esa deh gksus ij dkj dh esa cuk jgsxk&
ekx esa o`f)A Y

D Px1 MUm (I)

isVksy@Mhty

Px2 MUm
dk ewY;
P0
P1 Px3 MUm
D
D O X
O Q' Q1' Q2'
Q2 Q 1
dkj dh ekx Px1 (II)
Px2
ekx esa ifjorZu %
Px3
d ekx esa foLrkj rFkk ladqpu ewY; esa deh ekx esa X
O
o`f) ekx esa foLrkj Q Q1 Q 2
fu;ksDykfldy MU n`f"Vdks.k ;k mi;ksfxrk dk
;g ifjorZu ,d gh ekx js[kk ij ikbZ tkrh gSA la[;kRed eki (Cardinal Approach) ek'kZy dk le
Y
lh- m- n`f"Vdks.k
ladqpu mi;ksfxrk dk eokpd eki
E2
P3 (i) fgDl&,ysu dk vuf/keku n`f"Vdks.k
E foLrkj (ii) lseq,ylu dk O;Dr vf/keku n`f"Vdks.k
P1
P2
E2 TU, MU rFkk AU dk laf{kIr fo'ys"k.k
O X Unit U TU AU MU
[k ekx o dk foorZu ekx esa o`f) rFkk izd"kZ.k 1 8 8 8 8
ekx esa deh rFkk fod"kZ.k 2 5 13 6.5 5
3 1 14 4.67 1
4 0 14 3.5 0
Y
D2 D D3 5 1 13 2.6 1
ufr ifjorZu fcUnq rd rks TU c<+rh nj ls c<+rk blds
ewY;

ckn ?kVrh nj ls D;ksfa d MU fxjuk izkjEHk dj nsrh gSA

w
cUn
Zu f
D
jo r
O X if
ek=k TO ufr TU

iw.kZ larfq "V fcUnq

ekx esa o`f) ;k deh ds dkj.k %
O

miHkksDrk dh vk; rFkk lafpr /ku dh ek=k Units 4

#fp] QS'ku rFkk jhfr&fjokt

vk; rFkk /ku dk vleku forj.k MU
iw.kZ larfq "V fcUnq

cktkj esa miHkksDrkvksa dh la[;k

Hkfo"; esa oLrq ds ewY; esa ifjorZu dh vk'kk O
4
MU

tula[;k MU gzkl fu;e % spa vFkZ'kkL=h xkWlus us fn;k LVsuys

eqnzk dh ek=k esa ifjorZu tsoUs l us ewY; fu/kkZj.k esa bldk iz;ksx fd;k vkSj
ek'kZy ds le lhekUr mi;ksfxrk ds vk/kkj ij ekx o ek'kZy us bldk vkSj fodkl fd;kA
dk fuekZ.k ekU;rk;sa %
(1) miHkksx fujUrj gksuk pkfg;sA
miHkksDrk fdlh Hkh oLrq dk ewY; mldh lh- m- ds
(2) oLrq dh izR;sd bdkbZ xq.k] ifjek.kq] Lokn] cukoV
MUx
cjkcj gh nsrk gS blfy, = MUm esa leku gksuh pkfg;sA
Px (3) #fp vknr Hkh fLFkj gks
miHkksDrk vius lUrqf"V dks vf/kdre djuk pkgrk gS (4) ekufld fLFkfr lkekU; gks
blfy, og tSl&
s tSls ewY; esa fxjkoV gksxh oLrq dh (5) oLrq dk ewY; fLFkj gks

(4) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 le lhekUr mi;ksfxrk fu;e % xkWlus dk f}rh; fu;e 2 iw.kZr;k ykspnkj ekx o %
MUx MUy ep =
= = MUm fLFkj gSA ;fn ;fn ewY; esa FkksM+k lk Hkh o`f) dj nh xbZ ek=k dks
Px Py
'kwU; dj ns rks ekx dh yksp iw.kZr;k ykspnkj ikbZ
MUx MUy
> rks miHkksDrk x dk miHkksx c<+k;sxk vkSj tk,xh ;k vuUr ekx dh ykspA
Px Py 3 bdkbZ ekx dh yksp %
y dk fLFkj ;k de djsxk ftlls x dk MU fxjsxk y dk ep = 1
MU c<+xs k tks nksuksa dks cjkcj djsxkA
y
x dh P = 3 y dh P = 2
D
Units MUx MUy
MUx MUy
Px Py 15
ep = 1
1 48 16 (3) 40 20 (1)
2 42 14 (5) 36 18 (2)
3 36 12 (7) 32 16 (4) 10
4 30 10 (9) 28 14 (6)
D
5 18 6 24 12 (8)
6 6 2 20 10 (10) 0 x
7 3 1 10 5 10 15
ekax dh yksp (Elasticity of Demand) : ;fn ewY; esa ifjorZu ds cjkcj gh ek=k esa ifjorZu gks
+ ekax esa % ifjorZu rks ekx dh yksp bdkbZ ds cjkcj gksxh ;g vko';d
ep = oLrqvksa ds lUnHkZ esa ik;k tkrk gSA
ewY; esa % ifjorZu
4 bdkbZ ls vf/kd ykspnkj ekx %
p q ep > 1
p 5 8 Km q y
p 10 6 Km q D
10
ukh ekk q 8
D
iqjkuh ekk q (6 8) 10
ep = = =
ukk ewYk p (10 8) 5
iqjkuk ewYk p
0 x
5 15
2 10
= = + .25% ;fn fdlh oLrq ds ewY; esa FkksM+k lk Hkh ifjorZu mldh
5 5 ekxh xbZ ek=k esa vR;f/kd ifjorZu yk ns rc bl
q p fLFkfr esa ekax dh yksp bdkbZ ls vf/kd ikbZ tk,xh

p q tSlk fd foykflrk dh oLrqvksa ds lUnHkZ esa ns[kk tkrk
gSA
ekax dk fu;e flQZ fn'kk crkrk gS tcfd ekax dh 5 bdkbZ ls de ykspnkj ekx % ewY; ds ifjorzu ds rqyuk
yksp okLrfod izHkko dks crkrk gS blds eq[;r% 5 Hkkx gS&
a esa [kjhnh xbZ ek=k esa de ifjorZu gksrk gSA ,slk
1 iw.kZr;k ykspnkj ekx vfrvko';d oLrqvksa ds lUnHkZ esa ik;k tkrk gSA
2 iw.kZr;k csykspnkj ekx ep < 1
3 bdkbZ ekx dh yksp y D
4 bdkbZ ls vf/kd ekx dh yksp (<1)
10
5 bdkbZ ls de ekx dh yksp (>1)
1 iw.kZr;k csykspnkj ekx % tc ewY; dk izHkko ekx ij 5 ep < 1
fcYdqy u iM+s rc ekx dh yksp iw.kZr;k csykspnkj
gksxhA D
ep = 0 0 x
y 5 10
D y
ep =
8

10 ep > 1
Price

ep = 1
5 ep < 1
ep = 0
2 0 x
D x
0
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (5)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 cktkj vYi dky (Short Period) 0&1 o"kZ % bl vof/k esa
le; bruk de jgrk gS fd mRiknu esa o`f) ifjorZu 'khy
iw.kZ izfr;ksxh cktkj % iw.kZ izfr;ksxh cktkj dks le>us lk/kuksa Je] dPpk esa o`f) ds ek/;e ls gksrh gS tcfd
ls iwoZ ge cktkj dks ge igys le> ysrs gSAa cktkj dks fLFkr lk/ku Hkou] e'khu esa ifjorZu ugha gksrkA
ysdj vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa esa fofHkUu er ik, tkrs gSa cktkj dks nks
oxksZa esa ckaVk x;k gS& nh?kZ dky 5 ls vf/kd 15 ls de % bl dky esa le;
1 {ks= ds vk/kkj ij % blds pkj :i gksrs gS& a bruk vf/kd gksrkgS fd ifjorZu'khy lk/kuksa ds lkFk&lkFk
fLFkj lk/kuksa esa Hkh ifjorZu ds ek/;e ls mRiknu dks
(i) LFkkuh; cktkj
lek;ksftr fd;k tk ldrk gS nksuksa lk/ku ifjorZu'khy gksrs
(ii) izkosf'kd ;k {ks=h; cktkj
gSAa
(iii) jk"Vh; cktkj
nh?kZ dky esa larqyu % QeksZa dk lewg gh m|ksx gksrk gS
(iv) vUrjk"Vh; cktkj
m|ksx }kjk fu/kkZfjr ewY; ij QesZa nh?kZ dky esa nh?kZ dkyhu
2 le; ds vk/kkj ij % bl izdkj dk oxhZdj.k vkSlr ykxr o ds U;wure fcUnw ij mRiknu djsx a h tgk
ek'kZy }kjk fd;k x;kA ij mugsa lkekU; ykHk vftZr gksxkA
(i) vfr vYi dkyhu cktkj
vYidky esa QeZ lkekU; ykHk (AR = AC) :
(ii) vYi dkyhu cktkj 1 eghus ls 1 lky rd
(iii) nh?kZ dkyhu cktkj 6 o"kZ & 15 o"kZ rd gkfu AC > AR
(iv) vfr nh?kZ dkyhu cktj vlkekU; ykHk AR > AC
iw.kZ izfr;ksxh cktkj dh fo'ks"krk, & rhuksa fLFkfr;ksa esa gks ldrh gS ysfdu nh?kZ dky esa QeZ
1 srkvksa o fosrkvksa dh vf/kd la[;k ikbZ tkrh gSA flQZ lkekU; ykHk gh vftZr djsxhA
2 oLrqvksa dh ,d:irk vFkkZr~ og lHkh oLrq, le:i gSa ,dkf/kdkj % ,dkf/kdkj dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ vdsyk fosrk
blfy, ijLij iw.kZ LFkkukiUuA gS vFkkZr~ iwfrZ ij fdlh ,d fosrk dk vf/kdkj ;k fu;U=d
3 srk vkSj fosrk dks cktkj lEcU/kh iw.kZ Kku gSA m|ksx ;g iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh iw.kZr% foijhr fLFkfr gSA blds
esa QeksZa dk izo's k rFkk fudklh LorU= :i ls ik;k mRiknd ;k fosrk ,slh oLrq mRikfnr djrk gSA ftldk
tkrk gS blfy, nh?kZ dky esa QesZa lkekU; ykHk dksbZ utnhdh LFkkukiUu u gksA ,dkf/kdkjh oLrq dh iwfrZ
(Normal Profit) vftZr djsx a hA dks fu;fU=r djds ewY; dks ?kVk&c<+k ldrk gSA ,sls esa og
4 mRiknu ds lk/kuksa esa iw.kZ xfr'khyrk ikbZ tkrh gS fofHkUu cktkjksa esa ewY; foHksn Hkh dj ldrk gSA ,sls esa og
vFkkZr~ ,d jkstxkj esa nwljs jkstxkj esa tkus dh fofHkUu cktkjksa esa ewy; foHksn Hkh dj ldrk gSA ewY; foHksn
LorU=rkA ds fy, vko';d gS fd fofHkUu cktkjksa esa ekax dh yksp
5 oLrqvksa dh ifjogu o fo; ykxr dk vkHkko ik;k vyx&vyx gks ;k cktkjksa ds chp bruh i;kZIr nwjh gks
tkrk gSA lds srk lLrs cktkj ls lkeku [kjhn dj egaxs cktkj esa
6 ljdkj }kjk bl ij dksbZ djkjksi.k ;k izfrcU/k ugha cspus esa vlQy gksA ,dkf/kdkj esa vkSlr vk; rFkk lhekUr
yxk;k tkrkA vk; o nksuksa ij ls uhps nkfguh rjQ fxjrs gq, gksrs gSAa
,dkf/kdkj esa larqyu ds fy, nks fof/k;k izpfyr gSA
7 QesZa ewY; Lohdkjd gksrh gSa vkSj ewY; dk fu/kkZj.k
dqy vk; % dqy ykxr& RTC ,dkf/kdkjksa dk ykHk ml
m|ksx }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA QeksZa dk lewg gh m|ksx
fcUnq ij vf/kdre~ gksxk tgk ij dqy vk; vkSj dqy ykxr
dgykrk gSA
dk vUrj T;knk gksA
vkSlr vk; lhekUr vk;& vYi vf/kdkj dky esa ,dkf/kdkj dh lafLFkfr % vYi
(AR) (MR) dky esa ,dkf/kdkjh esa esa ekax ds vuqlkj iwfrZ esa lek;kstu
TR = TR dsoy ifjorZu'khy lk/kuksa Je o dPpk eky esa ifjorZu ds
Q P AR = MR= TRn TRn 1 }kjk gh dj ldrh gSA ,sls esa mls lkekU; ykHk vlkekU;
QP Q
ykHk rFkk gkfu dh fLFkfr gks ldrh gSA
1 10 10 10 10
lkekU; ykHk % tc QeZ dh vkSlr vk;] vkSlr ykxr
2 10 20 10 10
ds cjkcj gks rc mls lkekU; ykHk dh izkfIr gksxh vFkkZr~
3 10 30 10 10
mldh izfr bdkbZ vk; izfr bdkbZ ykxr ds cjkcj gksA
4 10 40 10 10
vlkekU;
vlkekU; ykHk (AR > AC) : tc QeZ dks izkir gksus
okyh izfr bdkbZ vkSlr vk;] izfr bdkbZ ykxr (AC) ls
vkSlr ykxr] lhekUr ykxr vf/kd gks rc mls vlkekU; ykHk dh izkfIr gksxhA
TCn Ten 1 gkfu dh fLF
Q C QC = TC AC fLFkfr (AR < AC) : tc QeZ dks izkIr gksus
MC
okyh ykxr (AC) ls de gks rc mls gkfu dh fLFkfr izkIr
1 20 20 20 20
gksxh gkfu dh fLFkfr esa ;fn ,dkf/kdkjh dks vkSlr
2 15 30 15 10 ifjorZu'khy ykxr (AVC) ls de ewY; izkIr gksxk rks
3 12 36 12 36 ,dkf/kdkjh m|ksx NksMd + j cktkj pyh tk,xhA
4 10 40 10 4 ,dkf/kdkj esa ewY; fu/kkZj.k rFkk ekax dh yksp %
5 12 60 12 20 ,dkf/kdkjh dks nh?kZ dky esa lnSo vlkekU; ykHk izkIr gksrk
6 15 90 15 30 gS og viuh oLrq dk ewY; ekax o ds ml Hkkx esa fu/kkZfjr
7 20 140 20 50 djrk gS tgk ij ekx dh yksp bdkbZ ls vf/kd gksxhA

(6) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 izfr;ksfxrk rFkk QeksZa dh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij cktkj fjdkMksZ dk ekuuk gS fd Hkwfe ds izR;sd VqdM+s
dk oxhZdj.k % 1926 ls iwoZ iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk rFkk ,dkf/kdkj vyx&vyx moZjdrk okys gSAa izkjEHk esa tula[;k vius
ds vykok cktkj dh vU; n'kkvksa dh vksj fdlh dk /;ku vkl&ikl dh Hkwfe ds ml VqdM+s ij mRiknu djsxh ftldh
ugha x;kA 1926 esa fi;jksa Sraffa us vius vkfFkZd ys[k esa moZjdrk vf/kd gSA og mRiknu vkSlr ykxr ds U;wure
mijksDr nksuksa cktkjksa dh vkykspuk djrs gq, dgk fd
O;ogkfjd trhou esa iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk o ,dkf/kdkj ds LFkku fcUnq ij gksxkA nh?kZdky esa tSl&s tSls tula[;k dh o`f) ds
ijviw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh fLFkfr ik;h tkrh gS bl leL;k dk dkj.k ekax esa o`f) gksxh vf/kd mRiknu djsxkA ;g izf;k
mfpr lek/kku 1933 esa izkQ s slj psEcj yhu dh iqLrd rc rd c<+x s h tc rd lEiw.kZ Hkwfe lekIr ugha gks tkrh
Theory of Monogolistic Compitation rFkk Jherh tkWu vkSj vUr esa ,slh fLFkfr vk,xh tc lcls [kjkc Hkwfe ij
jkWfcUlu dh iqLrd Economics of Impersect compition ds ykxr ds cjkcj mRiknu gksxk tks D izdkj dh Hkwfe ls Li"V
ek/;e ls gqvkA gSA D izdkj dh Hkwfe lhekUr Hkwfe vFkkZr~ yxku jfgr Hkwfe gS
yxku vkSj A izdkj dh Hkwfe vf/k lhekUr (Super Marginal) izdkj
Classical vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa us yxku dh ifjHkk"kk dh gSA
vyx&vyx 'kCnksa esa nh fjdkMksZ ls igys fofy;e isVh us nh?kZ dky esa tula[;k esa o`f) [kk|kUu dh ekax esa o`f)
yxku dks vf/k'ks"k ;k cpk gqvk ds :i esa crk;kA ijUrq ykrh jgsxhA ,sls esa xgu [ksrh izkjEHk dh tk,xhA ftlls
fjdkMksZ us bls O;ofLFkr :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;kA fjdkMksZ ds mRiknd AC (Average Cost) ds U;wure fcUnq ls vkxs c<+rs
vuqlkj ^yxku Hkwfe dh mit dk og Hkkx gS tks Hkwfe ds gq, Hkkx esa mRiknu djsxk D;ksfa d [kk|kUuksa dh ekx ewY;
ekfyd dks Hkwfe ds ekSfyd o vfouk'kh 'kfDr;ksa ds mi;ksx Lrj dks c<+k nsxhA
ds fy, fn;k tkrk gSA**
yxku fuEuor dkj.kksa ls mRiUu gksrk gS& mRiknu Qyu vkSj mlds fu;e
1 Hkwfe dh iwfrZ iw.kZr;k fLFkj ;k iw.kZr;k csykspnkj gSA
2 Hkwfe ds fofHkUu VqdM+s fHkUu&fHkUu moZjk 'kfDr ds gksrs mRiknu dh f;k dks lEiUu djus ds fy, ,d
gSA mRiknd Hkwfe] Je] iwt
a h] lkgl rFkk laxBu tSls 5 lk/kuksa
3 Hkwfe dk dsoy ,d gh iz;ksx gSA dk iz;ksx djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d ia[ks dk mRiknu
djus ds fy, dPpk yksgk] dks;yk tSls dPps eky dh
4 Hkwfe ds cktkj esa iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk gSA vko';drk gksrh gS bls vkxr ;k Inputs dgrs gSAa blds
5 mRiknu esa ekxr mRiknu gzkl fu;e ykxw gSA lg;ksx ls ftl ia[ks dk mRiknu gksxk mls fuxZr ;k
bUgksua s dgk yxku nks dkj.kksa ls mRiUu gksrk gSA Output dgrs gSa ,d mRiknd dk ms'; Inputs dh U;wure
1 nqyZHkrk dk yxku (Scarcity) : mitk Hkwfe dh ek=k ls vf/kd Output izkIr djuk gSA vxrksa rFkk fuxZrksa ds
iwfrZ nqyHkZ gksrh gS vkSj blds izR;sd VqdM=s ij chp bl rduhdh lEcU/k dks mRiknu Qyu dgrs gSAa
mRikndrk leku gksrh gSA tula[;k o`f) ds mRiknu ds fu;e % mRiknu ds rhu fu;e ik, tkrs gSAa
dkj.k Hkwfe dh ekax bruh c<= tk, fd viz;qDr 1 o`f)eku izfrQy dk fu;e (Law of Inoreasing
Hkwfe u jg tk,A QyLo:i vukt dh ekax esa o`f) Return) : ;fn ftl vuqikr esa Inputs vkxrksa esa o`f)
ewY; esa o`f) yk,xhA ewY; esa o`f) vkSlr mRiknu dh tk, mlls vf/kd o`f) mRiknu esa gks fuxZr gks esa
ykxr ls vf/kd gksxhA ewY; vkSj vkSlr ykxr dk gks mls o`f) eku ;k o/kZeku dk fu;e dgrs gSAa
vUrj gh yxku dgyk,xkA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn lk/kuksa dh ek=k nksxquh dj nh
2 HksnkRed yxku % tk, vkSj mRiknu esa o`f) nksxquk ls vf/kd gks tk,A
2 fLFkj izfrQy dk fu;e (Law of Constant Returns) :
Hkwfe dh
ykxr mRiknu yxku ;fn mRiknu ds lk/kuksa dh ek=k ftl vuqikr esa c<+s
Js.kh
ml vuqikr esa mRiknu esa o`f) gks rks bls fLFkj
400 100 = 300
A 100 400 izfrQy dk fu;e dgrs gSAa mnkgj.k ds fy, lk/ku dh
vf/k lhekUr Hkwfe
ek=k nksxquk dj nh tk, rks mRiknu esa Hkh o`f) nksxquh
B 100 300 300 100 = 200
gks tk,A
C 100 200 200 100 = 100
100 100 = 0 10 = f (2)
D 100 100
lhekUr Hkwfe 20 = f (4)
30 = f (6)
3 gzkleku izfrQy dk fu;e (Law of Derreasing
400 Returns) : ftl vuqikr esa lk/kuksa dh ek=k esa o`f) dh
tk, mlls de vuqikr esa mRiknu esa o`f) gksA
300
mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn lk/kuksa dh ek=k nksxquh dj nh
tk, rks mRiknu esa o`f) nksxqus ls de gksA
200 10 = f (2)
100 18 = f (4)
lhekUr
0 A B C D 25 = f (6)
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (7)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 jk"Vh; vk; dh vo/kkj.kk
^^jk"Vh; vk; ls vFkZ fdlh ns'k esa ,d o"kZ ds e/;
mRikfnr lHkh oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa s cktkj&ewY; ds dqy
tksM+ ls gS ftls gzkl ?kVkdj o fons'kh ykHk tksM=dj
fudkyk tkrk gSA**
,d ns'k dh jk"Vh; vk; fuEu ikp izdkj ls izdV dh
tkrh gS&
1- ldy jk"Vh; mRiknu vFkok ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
(Gross National Product or GNP or Gross
Domastic Product)

ldy jk"Vh; mRiknu ls vFkZ ,d o"kZ esa
mRikfnr gksus okyh lHkh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa
ds cktkj&ewY; ds tksM+ ls gSA blesa LFkk;h
lEifk;ksa ij gksus okys gzkl dks ugha ?kVk;k
tkrk gSA

okLro es]a ldy jk"Vh; mRiknu nks vuqekuksa
dks tksM+ gS&
 ns'k esa mRikfnr lHkh olrqvksa ds ewY; ,oa
 fons'kksa ls izkIr 'kq) vk;A

ldy jk"Vh; mRiknu ,oa jk"Vh; vk; esa
vUrj gSA ldy jk"Vh; mRiknu ns'k ds
lEiw.kZ mRiknu gzkl fcuk ?kVk;s gh dk
cktkj&ewY; gksrk gS tcfd jk"Vh; vk; 'kq)
mRiknu gzkl ?kVkus ds ckn gksrk gSA

ldy jk"Vh; mRiknu esa pkyw o"kZ esa mRiUu
oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds ewY; dks gh 'kkfey
fd;k tkrk gSA
2- 'kq) jk"Vh; mRiknu vFkok 'kq) ?kjsyw mRikn
(Net National Product or NNP or Net
Domestic Product)

ldy jk"Vh; mRiknu esa gzkl (depreciation)
?kVkus ds ckn tks 'ks"k jgrk gS] og 'kq)
jk"Vh; mRiknu ;k 'kq) ?kjsyw mRikn dgykrk
gSA xf.krh; :i esa ;g NNP or NDP =
(GNP or GDP Depreciation) gSA
3- jk"Vh; vk; (National Income)

bls ^lk/ku ykxr ij 'kq) jk"Vh; vk;* (Net
National Product Factor Cost) Hkh dgrs gSAa
bldh x.kuk gsrq 'kq) jk"Vh; mRiknu (NNP)
esa ls vizR;{k djksa (Indirect taxes) dks ?kVk
fn;k tkrk gS] fdUrq ljdkj }kjk nh x;h
lgk;rk (Subsidies) tksM+ nh tkrh gSA
4- O;fDrxr vk; ;k ?kjsyw mRiknu
(Personal Income or Net Domestic Product)

;g vk; og vk; gS tks fd okLro esa ns'k dh
turk }kjk ,d fokh; o"kZ esa izkIr dh tkrh
gSA bldh x.kuk fuEu izdkj dh tkrh gS&
O;fDrxr vk; jk"Vh; vk; & [fuxe o
dEifu;ksa ij dj $ dEiuh ds vforfjr ykHk
$ izkWfoMs.V Q.M esa va'knku&ljdkj }kjk
lkekftd lq/kkj ij O;;]A
(8) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
5- O;; ;ksX; vk; (Disposable Income)

bldk rkRi;Z gS turk ds ikl og 'kq) vk;
gS] ftls turk O;; djus dks rRij gSA ,slh
vk; dh x.kuk ds fy, O;fDrxr vk; esa ls
O;fDrxr izR;{k djksa dks ?kVk fn;k tkrk gSA
uksV %
Hkkjr dh jk"Vh; vk; dk izFke vkadyu 1867&68
esa nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA
orZeku esa Hkkjr ljdkj dk dsUnzh; lkaf[;dh
laxBu (CSO) Hkkjr dh jk"Vh; vk; dh x.kuk
djrk gSA
Hkkjr dh jk"Vh; vk; esa {ks=okj ;ksxnku %
1- izkFkfed {ks=
f"k] okfudh] eRL;] [kuu
2- f}rh;d {ks=
fuekZ.k ,oa fofuekZ.k
3- r`rh;d {ks=
O;kikj] ifjogu] lapkj] cSd a ] chek] okLrfod tk;nkn]
lkekftd lkeqnkf;d ,oa oS;fDrd lsok,A
;kst ukdky ds 53 o"kksZ a ds ckn jk"Vh ; vk; esa
izkFkfed {ks= dk ;ksxnku de gqvk gS rFkk
f}rh;d ,oa r` rh;d {ks=ksa dk ;ksxnku c<+k gSA
orZeku esa r` rh;d {ks= lokZf /kd] mlds ckn
f}rh; {ks= vkS j fQj izkFkfed {ks= dk ;ksxnku
gSA
jk"Vh; tux.kuk&2011 ds lEcU/k esa
jk"Vh; tux.kuk&2011 Hkkjr dh 15oha 1872 bZ- ls
izk jEHk ,oa Lora= Hkkjr dh 7oha tux.kuk gSA 31 ekpZ ]
2011 dks ^gekjh tux.kuk gekjk Hkfo";* (Our Census
Out Future) 'kh"kZd okD; ds lkFk tux.kuk 2011 ds
vuafre vkad M+k sa dks x`g lfpo th-
th-ds- fiYyS dh mifLFkfr
esa egkiath;d o tux.kuk vk;q Dr (Registrar General
and Census Commissioner) lh- lh- pUnz ekSf y us tkjh
fd;kA tux.kuk dk dk;Z nks pj.kksa esa lEiUu fd;k
x;kA izFke pj.k esa x`g lwphdj.k ,oa vkoklh;
tux.kuk (House listing & Housing Census) ddk dk;Z
1 vizS y ls 30 flrEcj] 2010 ds e/; fd;k x;kA tcfd
nwl js pj.k esa tula[ ;k iz x.ku (Population
Enumeration) dk dk;Z 9 Qjojh] 2011 ls 28 Qjojh]
2011 ds e/; dh x;hA lanHkZ frfFk (Reference Date) 1
ekpZ ] 2011 dh e/; jkf= (0.00 Hours) gSA cQZ &vo:)
(Snow-bound) {ks= ks a tEew d'ehj] fgekpy iz ns 'k vkS j
mkjk[k.M ds dq N {ks= dh tux.kuk ds iz x.ku dk
dk;Z 11 flrEcj ls 30 flrEcj] 2010 ds chp fd;k
x;k ftldh lanHkZ frfFk 1 vDVwcj] 2010 dh e/; jkf=
(0.00 Hours) jghA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
 Touching Heights in Education
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk % egRoiw.kZ rF;
jk"Vh; vk;
o"kZ 2011&12 ds fy, ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) esa
2004&05 dh dherksa ij o`f) nj dk vfxze vuqeku
6.9% dk yxk;k x;k gSA
11oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (200712) ds nkSjku 9% okf"kZd
fodkl dk y{; fu/kkZfjr fd;kx;k Fkk] fdUrq miknku
ykxr ij ldy jk"Vh; mRikn 2004&05 dh dherksa
ij o`f) dk okLrfod vuqeku 7.9% dk gSA
pkyw ewY; Lrj ij 2010&11 esa izfr O;fDr vk; 53331
#i, vkdfyr dh xbZ gS] tcfd 2011&12 ds fy,
vfxze vuqeku 60972 #i, dk yxk;k x;k gSA
fo'o fodkl fjiksVZ 2011 ds vuqlkj o"kZ 2009 esa Hkkjr
dh izfr O;fDr vk; 1180 MkWyj FkhA
dsUnzh; lkaf[;dh; laxBu ds Rofjr vuqekuksa ds vuqlkj
2004&05 ewY; Lrj ij 2010&11 esa Hkkjr esa ^lk/ku
ykxr ij 'kq) jk"Vh; mRikn* vFkkZr~ jk"Vh; vk; (Net
National Product at Factor Cost or National Income)
4268715 djksM+ #i, vuqekfur fd;k x;k gSA
2009&10 dh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj pkyw dherksa ij
lokZf/kd izfr O;fDr vk; 132719 #i, okyk jkT;
xksok gSA
2009&10 dh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj pkyw dherksa ij izfr
O;fDr vk; 120912 #i, okyk dsUnz'kkflr izn's k
p.Mhx<+ gSA
fokh; o"kZ 2009&10 esa ns'k esa vkfFkZd o`f) nj 4% ls
5% ds chp jgus dk iwokZuqeku fo'o cSd a ] ADB o
OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development) vkfn us O;Dr fd;k FkkA IMF us 2010
ds nkSjku Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh vkfFkZd o`f) nj
9.7% vkdfyr dh FkhA o"kZ 2011 ds fy, 7.75% dh
vuqekfur dh xbZ gS] tcfd o"kZ 2012 esa lEHkkfor o`f)
nj dk iwokZuqeku 7.5% dk yxk;k x;k gSA
o"kZ 2010&11 ds nkSjku GDP esa f"k] m|ksx rFkk lsok
{ks= dk ;ksxnku e'k% 14.5%, 27.8% rFkk 57.7%
vuqekfur gSA vkfFkZd leh{kk 2011&12 ds vuqlkj
2011&12 ds vfxze vuqekuksa esa f"k vkSj lEc) {ks= dk
fgLlk 2004&05 dh dherksa ij GDP dk 13.9%
vuqekfur fd;k x;k gS] tcfd m|ksx rFkk lsok {ks= dk
fgLlk e'k% 27 izfr'kr rFkk 59 izfr'kr jgk gSA
f"k
Hkkjr dh eq[; [kk| Qly pkoy gSA
o"kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj ns'k esa yxHkx 52%
yksxksa dks f"k {ks= esa jkstxkj feyk gqvkA o"kZ 2011&12
ds nkSjku GDP esa f"k {ks= dk va'k 13.9% vuqekfur
fd;k x;k FkkA izkFkfed {ks= esa dsoy f"k dk fgLlk
12.3% okfudh vkSj efRL;dh dk fgLlk e'k% 1.5%
rFkk 0.7% gSA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
By : Subhash Paul
o"kZ 2010&11 ds vuqekuksa esa [kk|kUu mRiknu dk
244.78 fe- Vu dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k Fkk] tcfd
2011&12 ds r`rh; vfxze vuqeku 252.56 fefy;u Vu
gSA
ns'k esa gfjr kfUr 1960 ds n'kd ds e/; (200607)
ls izkjEHk gqbZ ekuh tkrh gSA
gfjr kfUr ds ifj.kkeLo:i dqy [kk|kUu mRiknu esa xsgw
dk Hkkx dkQh c<+ x;k gS] pkoy dk Hkkx yxHkx fLFkj jgk
gS] tcfd eksVs vukt o nkyksa ds Hkkx ?kVs gSAa
f"k {ks= dh vkSlr fodkl nj 2007&08 esa 5.8%,
2008&09 esa () 0.1%, 2009&10 esa 0.4% rFkk o"kZ
2010&11 esa 7% vuqekfur dh xbZ gSA 11oha ;kstuk dh
yf{kr okf"kZd vkSlr 4% dh nj izkIr djus ds fy,
2011&12 esa 8.5% dh o`f) nj izkIr djus dh
vko';drk Fkh] fdUrq ;g nj 2.5% gh vuqekfur dh
xbZ gSA
o"kZ 2010 esa [kk|kUuksa dh izfr O;fDr miyC/krk 438.6
xzke izfr fnu Fkh ftlesa 31.6 xzke nkysa o 407 xzke
vukt FkkA
Hkkjr esa mRikfnr fryguksa esa 9 izeq[k frygu gS& a
ewxQyh] ljlksa vkSj rksfj;k] lks;kchu] lwjteq[kh] fry
(Sesamum), vj.Mh (Castor), ukbtj (Niger), vylh
(Linseed) vkSj dqlqEc (Safflower)A
Hkkjr esa lks;kchu dk lokZf/kd mRiknu e/; e/; izn's k esa
gksrk gSA
miyC/k vkdM+ksa ds vuqlkj fo'o esa phuh dk lokZf/kd
mRiknu czkthy esa o lokZf/kd [kir Hkkjr esa gksrh gSA
Hkkjr esa xsgw dk lokZf/kd mRiknu mkj izn's k esa gksrk
gSA nwljs o rhljs LFkku ij e'k% iatkc o gfj;k.kk
gSA
pkoy dk lokZf/kd /kd mRiknu djus okyk jkT; i- i- caxky
gSA nwljs o rhljs LFkku ij e'k% mkj izn's k o iatkc
gSA
eksVs vukt dk lokZf/kd mRiknu jktLFkku esa gksrk gSA
nwljs o rhljs LFkku ij e'k% egkjk"V vkSj dukZVd
gSA
nkyksa dk lokZf/kd mRiknu e/; izn's k esa gksrk gSA nwljs
o rhljs LFkku ij e'k% mkj izn's k o jktLFkku gSA
dqy fryguksa dk lokZf/kd mRiknd jkT; xqtjkr gSA
e/; izn's k vkSj jktLFkku e'k% nwljs vkSj rhljs LFkku
ij gSAa
dkyh pk; ds mRiknu ,oa miHkksx esa Hkkjr dk fo'o esa
izFke LFkku gSA
Hkkjr fo'o esa pk; dk lcls cM+ cM+k mRiknd vkSj
miHkksDrk ns'k gS vkSj ;gk fo'o mRiknu dk 27%
mRiknu vkSj fo'o O;kikj dk 13% O;kikj gksrk gSA
pk; dk fu;kZr ?kjsyw mRiknu dk yxHkx 20% gSA
(9)
 ukfj;y ds mRiknu] miHkksx rFkk fu;kZr esa Hkkjr dk
fo'o esa igyk LFkku gS] tcfd izfr gsDVs;j mRikndrk
ds ekeys esa eSfDldks dk igyk LFkku gSA Hkkjr dk izfr
gsDVs;j ukfj;y mRiknu esa pkSFkk LFkku gSA
fo'o ds dqy dkWQh mRiknu ds 4.0 izfr'kr Hkkx dk
mRiknu Hkkjr esa gksrk gS rFkk Hkkjr dk NBok LFkku gSA
Hkkjr esa dkWQh ds dqy mRiknu dk 56.5% dsoy
dukZVd jkT; esa gksrk gSA
Hkkjr 2010 esa izkfrd jcM+ ds fo'o mRiknu esa 8.2%
fgLls ds lkFk pkSFkk lcls cM+k mRiknu ns'k gSa rFkk
nwljk lcls cM+k miHkksDrk cudj mHkjk gSA
2009&10 ds vkdM+ksa ds vuqlkj ns'k esa jcM+ dh izfr
gsDVs;j mRikndrk 1143 fdxzk- gS] t'ksfd fo'o esa
lokZf/kd gSA dsjy jcM+ mRiknd jkT;ksa esa izeq[k gSA
tgk ns'k dk 90% jcM+ mRiknu gksrk gSA fo'o esa jcM+
mRiknu esa FkkbyS.M dk izFke LFkku gSA izkfrd jcM+
ds fy, ns'k dh ekx dk yxHkx 97% ?kjsyw mRiknu ls
iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA 2011&12 esa izkfrd jcM+ mRiknu
9.77 yk[k Vu vuqekfur gSA
1998 ls Hkkjr fo'o dk igyk lcls cM+k nw/k mRiknd
jk"V gks x;k gSA 1950&51 esa Hkkjr esa nw/k dk mRiknu
17 fefy;u Vu Fkk] tks 2010&11 esa 121.8 fefy;u Vu
gks x;kA
1950&2011 dh vof/k esa Hkkjr esa nw/k dh izfr O;fDr
miyfC/k 124 xzke izfrfnu ls c<+dj 281 xzke izfrfnu
gks xbZ gS] tcfd U;wure vko';drk 211 xzke izfrfnu
gSA iatkc esa izfr O;fDr nw/k dh miyC/krk lokZf/kd
800 xzke gSA fo'o esa nw/k dh izfr O;fDr miyC/krk 265
xzke izfrfnu izfr O;fDr vuqekfur dh xbZ gSA blh
vof/k esa v.Mksa dh izfr O;fDr miyfC/k 10 izfro"kZ ls
c<+dj 42 izfro"kZ gks xbZ gSA
c`gn~ Qly chek ;kstuk (Comprehensive Crop
Insurance Scheme) vizSy 1985 esa izkjEHk dh xbZ FkhA
jch 1999&2000 ls bl ;kstuk dh txg jk"Vh; f"k
chek ;kstuk izkjEHk dh xbZ gSA
tuojh 2012 esa dsUnzh; ewy; esa okLrfod LVkWd xsgw
dk 25.68 fefy;u Vu rFkk pkoy dk 29.72 fefy;u
Vu Fkk] tks muds U;wure cQj LVkWd ekud e'k%
11.2 fe- Vu rFkk 13.8 fe- Vu ls vf/kd FkkA
Hkkjr fo'o esa lfCt;ksa dk lcls cM+k mRiknd jk"V
vkSj Qyksa dk nwljk lcls cM+k mRiknd jk"V gSA
Hkkjr fo'o esa eNyh dk rhljk lcls cM+k mRiknd
vkSj eRL; ikyu dk nwljk lcls cM+k mRiknd ns'k gSa
efRL;dh {ks= ns'k esa 11 yk[k ls vf/kd yksxksa dks
jkstxkj iznku djrk gSA
Qjojh] 2004 esa ljdkj us jk"Vh; "kd vk;ksx xfBr
fd;k FkkA
f"k dks laLFkkxr _.kksa ds izokg esa lcls cM+k fgLlk
61% okf.kfT;d cSd a ksa dk] mlds ckn lgdkjh cSd a ij gh fuHkZj djrk gSA dikl mRiknu ds ekeys esa
(28%) rFkk {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSda (11%) gSA o"kZ 2011&12
ds nkSjku 475000 djksM+ #i, ds f"k _.k ds y{; ds
fo#) okLrfod _.k forj.k uoEcj 2011 rd 294023
djksM+ #i, dk jgk gSA
(10) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
fo'o esa rEckdw dk lcls cM+s mRiknd o miHkksDrk
jk"V phu esa 1 ebZ] 1997 ls lkoZtfud LFkkuka ij
/kweziku fuf"k) fd;k gqvk gSA
mkj izn's k esa QyksRiknu esa kfUr ykus ds fy, jkT;
dk igyk m|ku 'kks/k dsUnz eFkqjk esa LFkkfir fd;k
tk,xkA
v.Mksa ds mRiknu esa Hkkjr dk fo'o esa ikpok LFkku gSA
;gk izfr o"kZ yxHkx 63 vjc v.Mksa dk mRiknu gksrk
gSA v.Mk mRimnu esa fo'o ds igys rhu jk"V e'k%
vejhdk] phu dk czkthy gSA
fo'o esa vQhe dk lokZf/kd mRiknu vQxkfuLrku esa
gksrk gS] tgk 'ks"k fo'o dh rhu xquk vQhe mRiUu
gksrh gSA
fdlkuksa dks viuh mit dk csgrj ewy; izkIr gksus rd
mit dks jksdus esa l{ke cukus ds fy, dkWiksZj's ku cSd
a
}kjk ^kWi ,xzhdYpj izkM s ~;wl yksu* uked ,d f"k
_.k ;kstuk 1 vizSy] 2005 dks izkjEHk dh xbZ FkhA
m|ksx
vkS|ksfxd mRiknu lwpdkad dk vk/kkj o"kZ 1993&94 ls
cnydj twu 2011 esa 2004&05 dj fn;k x;k gSA
1993&94 ds vk/kkj o"kZ okys lwpdkad esa dsoy 538
mRiknksa dk lekos'k Fkk] fdUrq u, 1993&94 vk/kkj o"kZ
okys lwpdkad esa 682 mRiknksa dk lekos'k gSA
682 mRiknksa okys u, vkS|ksfxd mRiknu lwpdkad esa
fofuekZ.kh {ks= ls 620] [kuu {ks= ls 61 rFkk fo|qr~ {ks=
ls 1 mRikn dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA
lw{e vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa (Micro Enterprises) ds fy,
fuos'k dh lhek 25 yk[k #i, fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ gSA
y?kq vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa esa mu bdkb;ksa dks lfEefyr
fd;k tkrk gS] ftuesa IykaV o e'khujh esa fofu;ksx 5
djksM+ #i, rd fu/kkZfjr gSA e/;e m|e okyh bdkb;ksa
ds kfy, ;g lhek 5 djksM+ #i, ls vf/kd rFkk 10
djksM+ #i, rd j[kh xbZ gSA
lsok {ks= esa vf/kdre 10 yk[k #i, rd ds fuos'k dh
bdkbZ gh lw{e mie (Micro Enterprises) ds :i esa
j[kh xbZ gS] tcfd y?kq mie bdkbZ ds fy, ;g
fuos'k lhek 10 yk[k #i, ls 2 djksM+ #i, rFkk e/;e
mie bdkbZ ds fy, 2 djksM+ #i, ls 5 djksM+ #i,
rd j[kh xbZ gSA
orZeku le; esa xqtjkr jkT; esa 112 lwrh oL= feysa gS]a
ftuesa ls vdsys vgenkckn esa 66 feysa gSAa bls iwoZ dk
oksLVu dgk tkrk gSA egkjk"V jkT; esa 104 feysa gS]a
ftuesa ls 54 feysa vdsys eqEcbZ esa gSAa eqEcbZ dks lwrh
oL=ksa dh jkt/kkuh (Cottonopolis) dgk tkrk gSA
dkuiqj 'kgj esa lwrh oL= dh 10 feysa gS]a ftls mkj
Hkkjr dk ekupsLVj dgk tkrk gSA
lwrh oL= m|ksx eq[;r% dikl lQsn lksuk dh iwfrZ
Hkkjr fo'o esa pkSFks LFkku ij gS vkSj dikl ds vUrxZr
{ks=Qy {ks= dh n`f"V ls izFke LFkku ij igqp x;k gSA
ns'k esa dqy dikl mRiknu dh 40% [kir ljdkjh
feyksa esa gh gksrh gSA ns'k esa dikl dk mRiknu xqtjkr
esa lcls vf/kd gksrk gSA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
 y?kq vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa dh la[;k 2006&07 esa 128.4
yk[k Fkh] ftuesa ls 20.32 yk[k iathr rFkk 108.12
yk[k viathr FkhA
vkS|ksfxd ,oa fokh; iqufuZekZ.k cksMZ (BIFR) dh LFkkiuk
chekj vkS|ksfxd dEiuh vf/kfu;e 1985 ds vUrxZr dh
xbZ FkhA cksMZ us 15 ebZ] 1987 ls dk;Z djuk izkjEHk dj
fn;k FkkA
ljdkj us y?kq m|ksx {ks= dh fok lEcU/kh ,oa #X.krk
lEcU/kh leL;kvksa ds ewy;kadu ds fy, uk;d lfefr
dk xBu fd;k Fkk] ftlus flrEcj 1992 esa viuh
fjiksVZ izLrqr dh FkhA
o"kZ 2007&08 esa GDP vkSj jkstxkj esa i;ZVu dk
;ksxnku e'k% 5.92% vkSj 9.24% FkkA
orZeku esa fuEufyf[kr 3 m|ksxksa dks lkoZtfud {ks= ds
fy, vkjf{kr j[kk x;k gSA (1) ijek.kq tkZ] (2) jsy
ifjogu] (3) ijek.kq tkZ dh vuqlp w h esa fufnZ"V
[kfutA 9 ebZ] 2001 ds eaf=e.Myh; fu.kZ; ds vuqlkj
ljdkj us lqj{kk mRiknu ds {ks= esa futh {ks= ds izo's k
dh vuqefr iznku dj nh gS] ftlds fy, dEiuh dks
j{kk ea=ky; ls ykblsUl ysuk gksrk gSA
orZeku esa fuEufyf[kr 5 m|ksxksa dks vfuok;Z ykblsUl
dh ifjf/k esa j[kk x;k gSa (1) ,YdksgkWy;qDr is;ksa dk
vklou o e|hdj.k (Distillation and brewing of
alcoholic drinks), (2) rEckdw ds flxkj o flxjsV rFkk
rS;kj rEckdw ds vU; fodYi] (3) bysDVkWfud]
,;jksLisl o j{kk midj.k lHkh izdkj ds] (4)
fn;klykb;ksa lfgr vkS|ksfxd foLQksVd] (5) [krjukd
jlk;u (Hazardous Chemicals)A
y?kq m|ksx {ks= esa fuekZ.k ds fy, iw.kZr;k vkjf{kr enksa
dh dqy la[;k 13 ekpZ] 2007 dks 114 jg xbZ FkhA 79
enksa dks 5 Qjojh] 2008 dh ,d vf/klwpuk ds rgr~
vukjf{kr fd;k x;k Fkk] ftuds QyLo:i ;g la[;k
?kVdj 35 jg xbZ FkhA vDVwcj 2008 esa 14 enksa dks
vukjf{kr dj fn;k x;k FkkA vr% vDVwcj] 2008 esa
budh la[;k ?kVdj ek= 21 jg xbZ FkhA
flMch (SIDBI) }kjk vizSy 2004 ls 10000 djksM+ #i,
dh y?kq ,oa e/;e m|e (SME) fuf/k dk izpkyu
vkjEHk dj fn;k x;k gSa
sfMV fyaDM dSihVy lfClMh Ldhe ds rgr~ 29
flrEcj] 2005 ls y?kq m|ksx {ks= ds fy, _.k lhek
40 yk[k #i, ls c<+kdj 1 djksM+ #i, dj nh gS rFkk
blesa lfClMh dh nj 12% ls c<+kdj 15% dj nh gSA
ns'k ds dqy fofufeZr vkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa yxHkx 45
izfr'kr mRiknu y?kq m|ksx {ks= dk gSA ns'k ds dqy
fu;kZrksa esa yxHkx 35 izfr'kr Hkkx y?kq m|ksx {ks= dk
gSa
tgk rd ykblsUl dk iz'u gS y?kq m|ksx {ks= dks vc
iw.kZ:i ls fofu;fU=r (Deregulated) dj fn;k x;k gSa
tkiku ds lg;ksx ls xqMx + ko ftys ds euslj xko esa
,d vkn'kZ vkS|ksfxd Vkmuf'ki (Industrial Model
Township) LFkkfir fd;k tk jgk gSA bl ij 1998
djksM+ #i, dh ykxr dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k gSA
Hkkjr esa Mhty batu cukus dk igyk dkj[kkuk 1932
esa lrkjk egkjk"V esa [kksyk x;kA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
Hkkjr esa lkbfdysa cukus dk igyk dkj[kkuk 1938 esa
dksydkrk dydkk esa [kksyk x;kA lkbfdyksa ds
mRiknu esa Hkkjr dk vc fo'o esa rhljk LFkku gSA
izfro"kZ yxHkx 90 yk[k lkbfdyksa dk mRiknu Hkkjr esa
gksrk gSA
i;ZVu
Hkkjr i;ZVu fodkl fuxe dh LFkkiuk ,d lkoZtfud
{ks= ds mie ds :i esa 1 vDVwcj] 1966 dks dh xbZ
FkhA
i;ZVu fo'o dk lcls cM+k fu;kZr m|ksx gSA dqy fo'o
fu;kZr esa i;ZVu dk fgLlk 12.2% rFkk oSf'od jkstxkj
esa 8.1% gSA
i;ZVu foHkkx izpkyujr~ gksVyksa dk LVkj iz.kkyh ds
vUrxZr 6 Jsf.k;ks]a 1 LVkj ls 5 LVkj MhyDl rd rFkk
gky gh esa pkyw dh xbZ gSfjVst gksVy js.kh esa oxhZdj.k
djrk gSA
1950 ls igys fufeZr gosfy;ks]a nqxks]Za fdyksa vkSj fuokl
LFkkuksa esa izpkyujr~ gksVyksa ds fy, gSfjVst gksVy dh
,d ubZ oxhZdj.k Js.kh izkjEHk dh xbZ gSA
fnYyh] vkxjk o t;iqj dh rtZ ij psUubZ] caxykSj o
f=osUnze dks i;ZVu dh n`f"V ls ^xksYMu Vkb,axy* ds
:i esa fodflr djus dk fopkj dsUnz ljdkj ds
fopkjk/khu gSA
ns'k esa i;ZVu dks c<+kok nsus ds ms'; ls fons'kh
i;ZVdksa gsrq ^vkxeu ohlk* (Visa on Arrival) ;kstuk
izkjEHk dh xbZ gSA
Hkkjr vkus okyh fons'kh i;ZVdksa esa vf/kdka'k if'peh
;wjksi (31%), mkjh vejhdk (18%) o nf{k.kh ,f'k;k
(27.4%) ls vkrs gSAa
o"kZ 2006 esa fo'o i;ZVu esa Hkkjr dk fgLlk yxHkx
0.53% jgk FkkA
vk;kr fu;kZr
oSf'od oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa ds O;kikj esa Hkkjr ds
fons'kh O;kikj dk va'k 2004 esa 1.0% Fkk] tks 2010 esa
1.5% gks x;kA tuojh&twu 2011 esa ;g c<+dj 1.9%
gks x;kA
fu;kZrksa gsrq lqn`<+ vk/kkfjr lajpuk miyC/k djkus ds
ms'; ls izFke ^VsM ikWbUV* dh LFkkiuk ubZ fnYyh esa
16 vxLr] 1994 dks dh xbZ FkhA
Nkhlx<+ esa igys lkWVos;j VsDuksykWth ikdZ dh
LFkkiuk jk;iqj ftys esa fHkykbZ esa dh xbZ gSA bldk
mn~?kkVu 28 Qjojh] 2002 dks fd;kx;k FkkA ;g ns'k
dk 25ok lkWVos;j VsDuksykWth ikdZ FkkA
vizSy&fnlEcj] 2011 esa Hkkjr ds isVkfs y;e vk;kr
73.734 vjc MkWyj ds jgs gSAa o"kZ 2011&12 ds nkSjku
isVkfs y;e] rsy vkSj Lusgd ds vk;kr 155.6 fcfy;u
MkWyj ds jgs gSAa
nkyksa ds mRiknu esa Hkkjr dk fo'o esa igyk LFkku gksus
ds ckotwn izfro"kZ yxHkx 20 yk[k Vu nkyksa dk
vk;kr fd;k tkrk gSA
'kq) fons'kh eqnzk miktZu esa lokZf/kd ;ksxnku diM+k
m|ksx dk gS] D;ksfa d blds fu;kZrksa ds fy, vk;krksa ij
fuHkZjrk cgqr de gSA
(11)
 O;fDrxr jk"Vksa dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr dk lokZf/kd fons'kh
O;kikj la;qDr jkT; vejhdk ds lkFk gSA
vejhdk ds lkFk Hkkjr dk O;kikj 'ks"k vf/kdka'kr% Hkkjr
ds i{k esa gh jgrk gSA
o"kZ 1994&95 esa #i, dks pkyw [kkrs esa iw.kZ ifjorZuh;
?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;kA
Hkkjr ds gLrf'kYi jRu ,oa vkHkw"k.k ds vfrfjDr dk
lokZf/kd fu;kZr vejhdk dks fd;k tkrk gSA
ns'k ds fu;kZrksa esa o`f) ykus ds fy, ^VkjxsV Iyl*
uked ,d ubZ ;kstuk 2005&06 ds nkSjku vkjEHk dh
xbZ Fkh] ftls 2006&07 ds ctV esa lekIr dj fn;k
x;k FkkA
o"kZ 2010&11 dh fu;kZr lajpuk esa ftl lewgksa dh
fgLlsnkjh Fkh& izkFkfed mRiknu f"k] v;Ld vkSj
[kfut 13.9%, fofufeZr oLrq, 68%, isVkfs y;e dPpk
rsy mRikn dks;yk lfgr 16.8% rFkk vU; 1.2%A
o"kZ 2010&11 esa Hkkjr dk eq[; O;kikfjd lk>snkj
la;qDr jkT; vejhdk Fkk ftldh fu;kZr esa fgLlsnkjh
11.9% Fkh rFkk dqy vk;kr esa fgLlsnkjh 5.1% FkhA
vUrjkZ"Vh; eqnzk dks"k ds izdk'ku] fo'o vkfFkZd ifjn`';
vizSy 2009 ds vuqlkj o"kZ 2008 ds nkSjku Hkkjr ds
pkyw [kkrs dk 'ks"k GDP ds& 2.8% vuqekfur fd;kx;k
Fkk] tcfd phu (10%), :l (6.1%), fQyhihUl
(2.1%), flaxkiqj (25.7%) vkfn ns'kksa esa ;g vkf/kD; ds
:i esa FkkA
11 flrEcj] 2001 dh ?kVuk ds ckn vejhdk uq
lqij&301 o Lis'ky&301 lwfp;ksa ds iqufuZjh{k.k esa Hkkjr
dks nksuksa gh fuxjkuh lwfw p;ksa esa ckgj dj fn;k Fkk]
fdUrq gky esa gh Hkkjr dk uke la;q jkT; vejhdh
O;kikj izfrfuf/k (USTR) dh 15 ns'kksa dh ml lwph esa
'kkfey fd;k x;k gS ftUgsa izkFkfedrk ds lkFk fuxjkuh
okyh lwph (Priority Watch List) esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k
gSA bldk dkj.k Lis'ky&301 ds izko/kku ds vuqlkj
O;oLFkk dk vHkko crk;k x;k gSA
ifjogu ,oa nwjlapkj
Hkkjr esa izFke jsyxkM+h eqEcbZ ls Fkk.ks rd 34 fdeh- dh
nwjh rd 1853 esa pykbZ xbZ FkhA
Hkkjr esa jsyos LVs'kuksa dh la[;k 31 ekpZ] 2009 dks
7030 FkhA
Hkkjr esa jsyos 17 {ks=ksa (Zones) esa foHkkftr gS] ftlesa
ls mkjh {ks= eq[;rk& ubZ fnYyh dk :V fdyksehVj
lcls vf/kd vf/kd gSA
Hkkjrh; jsyos rhu izdkj dh ykbuksa dk iz;ksx djrh gSA
;s gS&
a czkWM xst 1]676 feeh-] ehVj xst 1]000 feeh-
rFkk uSjksa xst 762 feeh- o 610 feeh-A Hkkjr ds dqy
jsy usVodZ 64015 :V fdeh- esa czkWM xst 52808 :V
fdeh-] ehVj xst 8473 :V fdeh- vkSj uSjks xst
2734 :V fdeh- dk jsyekxZ gSA
o"kZ 2006&07 dks jsyos ctV esa eqLdku ds lkFk lsok
o"kZ ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k] cfd o"kZ 2007&08 dks
LoPNrk o"kZ ds :i esa euk;k x;k FkkA
jk"Vh; jktekxksZa dh yEckbZ dqy lM+d ekxZ dk 2
izfr'kr ls Hkh de gS] fdUrq bu ij dqy lM+d
;krk;kr dk 40 izfr'kr vkokxeu gksrk gSA
(12) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
orZeku esa ;k=h ;krk;kr esa lM+d ;krk;kr dk fgLlk
yxHkx 85 izfr'kr rFkk eky <qykbZ ;krk;kr esa yxHkx
70 izfr'kr gSA
jkT;ksa esa lM+d ekxZ dh yEckbZ esa izFke LFkku egkjk"V
dk gSA
fo'o dk lcls cM+k ;k=h foeku ,;j cl A380 gS]
tks izn'kZu ds fy, 6&9 ebZ] 2007 ds nkSjku Hkkjr esa
jgkA ;g izn'kZu mM+ku fdaxfQ'kj ,;jykbUl }kjk
izk;ksftr FkhA
vUrjkZ"Vh; foeku lsok,a ,;j bf.M;k }kjk iznku dh
tkrh gS]a tcfd bf.M;k ,;jykbUl ?kjsyw foeku lsok
iznku djus okyh eq[; ,tsUlh gSA bf.M;u ,;jykbUl
19 iM+kslh jk"Vksa ds fy, Hkh foeku lsok lapkfyr djrh
gSAa
,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSd a dh lgk;rk ls psUubZ ds fudV
,d ^u;k ,Uuksj cUnjxkg* (New Ennore Port) LFkkfir
fd;k x;k gSA
Hkkjr esa eksVj okguksa dk lokZf/kd fu;kZr ^tokgjyky
usg: cUnjxkg* (J.N. Port) ls fd;k tkrk gSA
vkfFkZd fu;kstu
Hkkjr esa fu;kstu dh vko';drk ds lanHkZ esa ,d iqLrd
'Planned Economy for India' Hkkjr ds fy, fu;ksftr
vFkZO;oLFkk lu~ 1934 esa izdkf'kr gqbZ FkhA bl iqLrd
ds ys[kd lj ,e- fo'os'ojS;k FksA
Hkkjr esa fu;kstu dh vko';drk o lEHkkouk ij fopkj
djus ds fy, Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; dkaxzsl us 1938 esa ,d
^jk"Vh; fu;kstu lfefr* dk xBu fd;k FkkA ia-
tokgjyky usg: bl lfefr ds v/;{k FksA
eqEcbZ ds vkB izeq[k m|ksxifr;ksa }kjk 1944 esa ,d
;kstuk izLrqr dh xbZ] tks ^ckWEcs Iyku* dgykrh gSA
rnqijkUr 1944 esa gh Jh eUukjk;.k }kjk ^xka/khoknh
;kstuk*] 1945 esa Jfed usrk ,e- ,u- jk; }kjk ^tu
;kstuk* (People's Plan) rFkk 1950 esa t;izdk'k ukjk;.k
}kjk ^loksZn; ;kstuk* izLrqr dh xbZA
Hkkjr esa ;kstuk vk;ksx dk xBu 15 ekpZ] 1950 dks ,d
xSj&lkafof/kd rFkk ijke'kZnk=h fudk; ds :i esa fd;k x;kA
Hkkjr ds iz/kkuea=h ;kstuk vk;ksx ds insu v/;{k gSAa
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa ^;kstuk vk;ksx* ds xBu ds fy,
dksbZ mYys[k ugha gSA
jk"Vh; fodkl ifj"kn~ dk xBu 6 vxLr] 1952 dks
fd;k x;k FkkA
Hkkjr dh igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 1 vizSy] 1951 ls
izkjEHk gqbZA
1 vizSy] 2007 ls X;kjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk izkjEHk dh
xbZ FkhA
rhljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 1961&66 rFkk ;kSFkh iapo"khZ;
;kstuk 1969&74 ds chp rhu o"kZ dh vof/k dks ;kstuk
vodk'k (Plan Holiday) dh vof/k dgk tkrk gSA bl
vof/k esa rhu ,do"khZ; ;kstuk,a f;kfUor dh xbZA
ikpoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 1974&79 dks turk ikVhZ dh
ljdkj }kjk vius fu/kkZfjr le; ls ,d o"kZ iwoZ gh
lekIr ?kksf"kr djds NBh ;kstuk 1978&83 ykxw dh
xbZ Fkh] ftls iqu% cny fn;k x;k FkkA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
 1978&83 ds fy, cukbZ xbZ NBh ;kstuk dks vuojr~
;kstuk (Rolling Plan) dk uke fn;k x;k FkkA
1980 esa dkaxzsl ds dsUnz esa iqu% lkk:<+ gksus ij dkaxzsl
ljdkj us 1978&83 dh ;kstuk ds LFkku ij ubZ NBh
iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 1980&85 ykxw dh FkhA
vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk Hkh nks o"kZ foyEc ls izkjEHk gqbAZ
lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 1985&90 31 ekpZ] 1990 dks
viuh iw.kZ le;kof/k ds ckn lekIr gks xbZ FkhA
la'kksf/kr uoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 1997&2002 ds nkSjku
(GDP) esa vkSlr okf"kZd o`f) nj dk la'kksf/kr y{;
6.5% j[kk x;k FkkA
nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 2002&07 esa 7.9 izfr'kr okf"kZd
fodkl nj izkIr djus dk y{; fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k Fkk]
fdUrq 7.7% izkfIr dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k FkkA
ukSoha ;kstuk ds izeq[k ms'; Fks % i;kZIr mRiknd
jkstxkj iSnk djuk] ewY;ksa esa LFkkf;Ro j[krs gq, vkfFkZd
fodkl dh xfr dks rst djuk] lekt ds detksj oxksZa
ds fy, Hkkstu ,oa iks"k.k lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djuk] LoPN
is;ty] izkFkfed LokLF;] lkoZHkkSfed izkFkfed f'k{kk ,oa
vkokl tSlh ewyHkwr&U;wure lsok,a iznku djuk]
tula[;k o`f) dh nj dks fu;fU=r djuk rFkk
vkRefuHkZjrk izkIr djus ds iz;klksa dks lqn`<+ djukA
nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds nkSjku o`f)eku iwth mRikn
vuqikr (ICOR) 4.3 jgk ftls X;kjgoha ;kstuk ds fy,
4.1 yf{kr fd;k x;k FkkA
vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds nkSjku pkyw [kkrs dk ?kkVk
th-Mh-ih- cktkj ewY; ij ds 1.6 izfr'kr rd j[kus dk
y{; Fkk] fdUrq okLro esa ;g 1.1 izfr'kr jgkA
Hkkjr dh 12oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 2012&17 ds
n`f"Vdks.k i= (Approach Paper) dks ;kstuk vk;ksx dh
20 vxLr] 2011 dh iw.kZ cSBd esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k
FkkA
12oha ;kstuk esa 9% okf"kZd o`f) nj dk y{; n`f"Vdks.k
i= esa izLrkfor fd;k x;k gSA oSf'od fLFkfr esa lq/kkj
gksus ij bls 9.5% rd c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA
jktLo
2012&13 ds ctV ds vuqlkj dsUnz ljdkj dks izkIr
gksus okys dj&jktLo esa lokZf/kd ;ksxnku fuxe dj
(21%) dk gSA
2005&06 ds ctV esa /kkjk 88 lekIr djds bl oxZ dh
NwVksa dks /kkjk 80C esa lfEefyr djds vf/kdre 1 yk[k
rd dh cprksa dks lh/ks dj&;ksX; vk; esa ls ?kVk,
tkus dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ Fkh ftls vkxkeh 2006&07]
2007&08] 2008&09 rFkk 2009&10 esa Hkh ykxw fd;k
x;k FkkA o"kZ 2010&11 ds ctV esa bl jkf'k ds
vfrfjDr 20]000 #i, ds djeqDr bUkLVDpj ckW.M esa
fuos'k dh NwV Hkh ns nh xbZ FkhA vr% ;g jkf'k c<+dj
1.20 yk[k #i, gks xbZ FkhA bls o"kZ 211&12 ds fy,
Hkh ctV esa eku fy;k x;k FkkA o"kZ 2012&13 ds ctV
esa 20]000 #i, dh jkf'k dks lekIr djds 80C ds rgr~
100000 #i, dh jkf'k dks gh j[kk x;k gSA
2005&06 ds ctV esa osruHkksfx;ksa dks feyus okyh
ekud dVkSrh lekIr dj nh xbZ FkhA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
eq[; ctV 2012&13 % fofHkUu ?kkVs GDP ds % :i esa
?kkVk 2011-12 (RE) 2012-13 (BE)
jktLo ?kkVk 4.4% 3.4%
jktdks"kh; ?kkVk 5.9% 5.1%
izkFkfed ?kkVk 2.8% 1.9%
o"kZ 2012&13 ds ctV esa lsok dj dh nj 12% dj nh
xbZ gSA
2012&13 ds ctV esa lqj{kk gsrq 193407 djksM+ #i, dk
izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA
dsUnz dks lokZf/kd fuoy (Net) jktLo dh izkfIr lhek
'kqYdksa ls gksrh gSA lhek 'kqYd ls izkIr jktLo dk
cVokjk jkT;ksa dks ugha djuk gksrk gSA
fok vk;ksx dk xBu jk"Vifr }kjk lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn
280 ds rgr~ fd;k tkrk gSa
Lora=rk izkfIr ds i'pkr~ vc rd dqy 13 fok vk;ksx
xfBr fd, tk pqds gSAa
13osa fok vk;ksx dh flQkfj'ksa 2010&15 rd dh vof/k
ds fy, dh xbZ gSA
13osa fok vk;ksx dk xBu uoEcj] 2007 esa fd;k x;k
FkkA fot; dsydj dks 13osa fok vk;ksx dk v/;{k
cuk;k x;kA vk;ksx us viuh flQjf'ksa ljdkj dks 30
fnlEcj] 2010 dks izLrqr dh FkhA bls ljdkj us 25
Qjojh] 2010 dks yksd lHkk esa is'k fd;k FkkA
dj <kps esa lq/kkj ds fy, lq/kkj nsus gsrq ^psyS;k lfefr*
dkxBu vxLr 1991 esa fd;k x;k FkkA
psyS;k lfefr us xSj&"kdksa dh 25 gtkj #i, ls
vf/kd dh okf"kZd f"k vk; ij vk;dj yxkus dh
laLrqfr dh FkhA
Hkkjr dk ck _.k tks ekpZ 1992 ds vUr esa GDP dk
41% Fkk] ekpZ 2011 ds vUr esa GDP dk 17.8% gksus
dk vuqeku gSA
xjhch] csjkstxkjh ,oa jkstxkjijd dk;Ze
Hkkjr esa xjhch dk vkdyu i;kZI r ek=k esa tkZ
miHkksx u dj ikus dh {kerk ds vk/kkj ij fd;k
tkrk gSA ml O;fDr dks fu/kZ urk dh js[kk ls uhps
ekuk tkrk gS] tks xzk eh.k {ks=ksa esa iz frfnu 2400
dS yksjh o 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa 2100 dS yksjh Hkkst u izkIr
djus esa vleFkZ gSA
lqj's k rsna qydj lfefr us fu/kZurk js[kk ds fu/kkZj.k gsrq
mi;ksx O;; dks vf/kdkj ekuk gS ftlds vuqlkj
2004&05 esa ns'k esa 27% ds LFkku ij 37% tula[;k
dks fu/kZurk js[kk ls uhps ekuk gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ;g
vuqikr 41.8% ik;k x;k gS] tks igys 28.3% vkdfyr
fd;k x;k FkkA
;kstuk vk;ksx ds lnL; MkW- vfHkthr lsu ds v/;;u
ds vuqlkj 2004&05 ls 2009&10 ds nkSjku ikp o"kksaZ esa
ns'k esa fu/kZurk vuqikr (Poverty Ratio) esa tgk deh
vkbZ] ogha fu/kZuksa dh la[;k esa o`f) gqbZ gSA o"kZ
2004&05 esa ns'k dh dqy 100 djksM+ tula[;k esa 37
djksM+ yksx fu/kZu Fks] tcfd 2009&10 esa 121 djksM+ dh
tula[;k esa fu/kZuksa dh la[;k 38.5 djksM+ vkdfyr dh
xbZ gSA bl izdkj 2004&05 esa fu/kZurk vuqikr 37.2%
Fkk] tcfd 2009&10 esa ;g 32% jg x;kA
(13)
 fu/kZ u rk js [ kk ds vkdyu ds fy, nks iz d kj dh fjtoZ cSda vkWQ bf.M;k Hkkjr dk dsUnzh; cSd a (Central
iz ' ukoyh dk mi;ks x NSSO ds 61os a p ds Bank) gSA bldh LFkkiuk 1 vizSy] 1935 dks dh xbZ
vUrxZ r fd;k x;k gS A bues a ,d ;w u hQkW e Z fjdkW y FkhA bldk eq[;ky; eqEcbZ esa gSA fjtoZ cSd a dk
ihfj,M (URP) ds miHkks x O;; ij vk/kkfjr gS ] jk"Vh;dj.k 1 tuojh] 1949 dks fd;k x;k FkkA MkW- Mh-
tcfd nw l jh feDlM fjdkW y ihfj,M (MRP) lqCckjko RBI ds orZeku xouZj gSAa
miHkks x vk/kkfjr gS A ns'k ds 14 cM+s O;kikfjd cSd a ksa dk jk"Vh;dj.k 19
URP vk/kkfjr vkdM+ksa esa fu/kZurk dh fLFkfr dh rqyuk tqykbZ] 1969 dks fd;k x;k FkkA ckn esa 15 vizSy] 1980
1993&94 ds vkdM+ksa ls dh tk ldrh gS] tcfd MRP dks 6 vU; O;kikfjd cSd a ksa dk jk"Vh;dj.k fd;k x;kA
vkdM+ksa dh rqyuk 1999&2000 ds vkdM+ksa ls dh tk flrEcj] 1993 esa U;w cSd a vkWQ bf.M;k dk foy; iatkc
ldrh gSA us'kuy cSd a esa dj fn, tkus ds ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k esa
URP vkdM+ksa ds vuqlkj jkT;ksa esa fu/kZuksa dh lokZf/kd jk"Vh;r okf.kfT;d cSd a ksa dh la[;k 20 ls ?kVdj 19
la[;k 5-90 djksM+ mkj izn's k esa gSA gh jg xbZA
fu/kZuksa dh fujis{k la[;k ds ekeys esa mkj izn's k dk 19 tqykbZ] 1969 dks mu cSd a ksa dk jk"Vh;dj.k fd;k
LFkku tgk lcls ij gS] ogha fu/kZurk vuqikr ds x;k Fkk] ftuds ikl dqy tek,a (Deposits) 50 djksM+
ekeys esa dqy tula[;k esa fu/kZu tula[;k dk #i, ls vf/kd dh FkhA 15 vizSy] 1980 dks 200 djksM+
izfr'kr vksfM'kk (46.4%) dk LFkku loksZPp gSA #i, ls vf/kd dh tekvksa okys cSd a ksa dk jk"Vh;dj.k
fo'o cSd a dh ^fo'o fodkl lwpd* 'kh"kZd ls izdkf'kr fd;k x;kA
fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj fo'o esa fu/kZu yksxksa dh lokZf/kd vuqlfw pr O;kikfjd cSd a mu cSd a ksa dks dgk tkrk gSA
la[;k Hkkjr esa gSA fo'o dh 1.3 vjc fu/kZu tula[;k ftudk uke 1934 ds fjtoZ cSd a vf/kfu;e dh nwljh
dk lokZf/kd 36% Hkkx Hkkjr esa gSA bu fu/kZuksa dh vk; vuqlp w h esa lfEefyr dj fy;k x;k gSA
1 MkWyj izfrfnu ls de gSA twu 2011 ds vUr rd dh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj ns'k esa
2001 dh tux.kuk ds vfUre vkdM+ksa ds vuqlkj ns'k esa vuqlfw pr okf.kfT;d cSd a ksa dh 'kk[kkvksa dh dqy la[;k
dk;Z lgHkkfxrk nj (Work Participation Rate) vFkkZr~ 90775 Fkh] ftlesa ls xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dk izfr'kr 37.2 gSA
dqy tula[;k ds izfr'kr ds :i esa dqy Jfed 39.1 {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd a ksa dh LFkkiuk 1975 ls dh xbZA
izfr'kr FkhA flfDde vkSj xksvk dks NksMd + j ns'k ds lHkh jkT;ksa esa
2001 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj iq#"kksa esa dk;Z lgHkkfxrk {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd a dk;Zjr gSAa budh dqy la[;k 196 ls
nj 51.7 izfr'kr rFkk efgykvksa esa 25.6 izfr'kr FkhA ?kVdj 31 ekpZ] 2006 dks 133 jg xbZ FkhA 31 vxLr]
3 fnlEcj] 2005 dks tokgjyky usg: jk"Vh; xzkeh.k 2006 rd 134 {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd a ksa (RRBs) dks feykdj
fjU;wcy fe'ku izkjEHk fd;k x;kA 42 u, cSd a xfBr fd, x, gSAa bu cSd a ksa dks 16 jkT;ksa
esa 18 cSda ksa us izk;ksftr fd;k gSA vc RRBs dh la[;k
o"kZ 2009&10 ds ctV esa 50% ls vf/kd vuqlfw pr 196 ls ?kVdj 82 jg xbZ gSA foy; izf;k vHkh tkjh
tkfr dh tula[;k okys xkoksa ds fy, iz/kkuea=h vkn'kZ gSA orZeku esa ;g la[;k 31 gSA
xko ;kstuk ?kksf"kr dh xbZ FkhA efgyk lk{kjrk ds fy,
jk"Vh; efgyk lk{kjrk fe'ku dh ?kks"k.kk Hkh 2009&10 y?kq vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa ds fy, fok O;oLFkk djus ds
ds ctV esa dh xbZ FkhA ms'; ls 2 vizSy] 1990 dks Hkkjrh; y?kq vkS|ksfxd
fodkl cSd a (Small Industrial Development Bank of
eqnzk] cSfa dax ,oa iwth cktkj IndiaSIDBI) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA bldk eq[;ky;
y[ku esa gSA
;wjksih; cSfa dax iz.kkyh ij vk/kkfjr ns'k esa igyk cSd a
,tsDts.Mj ,.M dEiuh }kjk lu~ 1770 esa dksydkrk Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd iqfuekZ.k cSd a (Industrial
dydkk esa ^cSd a vkWQ fgUnqLrku* uke ls izkjaHk fd;k Reconstrution Bank of IndiaIRBI) dh LFkkiuk 20
x;k FkkA ;g cSd a lQy u gks ldkA ekpZ] 1985 dks dh xbZ FhkA bldk eq[; ms'; #X.k
ljdkj ds fokh; lg;ksx ls futh va'k/kkfj;ksa }kjk rFkk cUn iM+h vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa ds iqufekZ.k gsrq fok
1806 esa cS ad vkWQ caxky] 1840 esa cSad vkWQ ckWEcs miyC/k djkuk gSA bl cSd a dk eq[;ky; dksydkrk esa
rFkk 1843 esa cSad vkWQ enzkl dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA gSA
;g rhuksa cS ad iz slhMsUlh cS ad dgykrs FksA iz slhMsUlh Hkkjr esa lkekU; chek (General Insurance) O;olk; dk
cS adksa dks 1862 rd dkxth uksV fuxZeu dk jk"Vh;dj.k 1971 esa fd;k x;k rFkk Hkkjrh; lkekU;
vf/kdkj Hkh izkIr FkkA chek fuxe (General Insurance Corporation of India)
dh LFkkiuk uoEcj 1972 esa dh xbZ FkhA
1921 esa rhuksa izslhMsUlh cSda ksa dks feykdj bEihfj;y
cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA Hkkjrh; lkekU; chek fuxe ds vUrxZr 4 lgk;d
1 tqykbZ] 1955 dks bEihfj;y cSd a dk vkaf'kd dEifu;k dk;Zjr~ gSAa buds uke bl izdkj gS& a (1)
jk"Vh;dj.k djds mldk uke LVsV cSd a vkWQ bf.M;k us'kuy ba';ksjUs l dEiuh fy- (2) U;w bf.M;k ,';ksjUs l
dj fn;k x;kA orZeku esa LVsV cSd a ns'k dk lcls cM+k dEiuh fy- (3) vksfj,UVy ba';ksjUs l dEiuh fy- rFkk
(4) ;wukbVsM bf.M;kba';ksjsUl dEiuh fy-A
O;kikfjd cSd a gSA
iw.kZ:i ls igyk Hkkjrh; cSd a ^iatkc us'kuy cSd a * FkkA Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe (Life Insurance Corporation
of India) dh LFkkiuk 1 flrEcj] 1956 dks dh xbZ FkhA
bldh LFkkiuk 1894 esa dh xbZ FkhA

(14) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 ns'k esa f"k ,oa xzk eh.k fodkl dsf y, fok O;oLFkk
djus gsrq f'k[kj laLFkk ukckMZ (NABARD
National Bank for Agricultural and Rural
Development) gSA ukckMZ dh LFkkiuk 12 tq ykbZ ]
1982 dks dh xbZ FkhA
lqfo/kktud 'krksZa ij vkokl fok miyC/k djkus ds
ms'; ls jk"Vh; vkokl cSd a (National Housing Bank
NHB) dh LFkkiuk ,d f'k[kj laLFkk ds :i esa tqykbZ
1988 esa dh xbZ FkhA
vk;kr&fu;kZr ds fy, fokk O;oLFkk gsrq ns'k esa f'k[kj
laLFkk fu;kZr&vk;kr cSd a (EXIM Bank) gSA bldh
LFkkiuk 1 tuojh] 1982 dks dh xbZ FkhA
Hkkjr esa lgdkjh cSd a ksa dk laxBu f=Lrjh; gSA jkT;
Lrj ij jkT; lgdkjh cSd a ] ftyk Lrj ij ftyk
lgdkjh cSd a vFkok dsUnzh; lgdkjh cSd a rFkk LFkkuh;
Lrj ij izkFkfed lgdkjh lfefr;k dk;Z djrh gSAa
lgdkjh cSd a ksa esa jkT; lgdkjh cSd a ksa dks gh fjtoZ cSd a
ls iqufoZk izkIr djus dh lqfo/kk izkIr gSAa
RBI us ,d gtkj #i, dk uksV 22 o"kksZa ds vUrjky ds
ckn 9 vDVwcj] 2000 dks tkjh fd;k FkkA
cSd
a nj og nj gS ftl ij dsUnzh; cSd a ] cSd
a ksa ds izFke
Js.kh ds fcyksa dh iqudZVkSrh (Rediscount) djrk gSA
Hkkjr esa 17 vizSy] 2012 ls cSd a nj 9.0 izfr'kr gSA
[kqys cktkj dh f;kvksa ds vUrxZr ns'k dk dsUnzh; cSd
ekU;rk izkIr ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;ksa dk ;&fo; [kqys
cktkj esa djrk gSA
ujflage lfefr us viuh flQkfj'kksa esa lkafof/kd rjyrk
vuqikr dk ml le; ds 38.5 izfr'kr ls /khjs&/khjs
?kVkdj vxys ikp o"kksZa esa 25 izfr'kr rd ykus dh
laLrqfr dh FkhA
ujflage lfefr dh flQkfj'kksa esa ns'k esa cSd a ksa dk <kpk
pkj Lrjh; djus] futh {ks= esa u, cSd a [kksyus dh
vuqefr nsu]s cSd a ksa dks 'kk[kk foLrkj esa LorU=rk nsu]s
Hkfo'; esa vkSj cSd a ksa dk jk"Vh;dj.k u djus] fj;k;rh
C;kt njksa dh O;oLFkk lekIr djus vkfn dh flQkfj'ksa
'kkfey FkhaA
cSd
a ksa esa xzkgd lsok lq/kkjus gsrq lq>ko nsus ds fy,
xksbiksfj;k lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k FkkA bl lfefr
us viuh fjiksVZ 5 fnlEcj] 1991 dks ljdkj dks izLrqr
dj nh FkhA
'ks;j ?kksVkys dh tkp gsrq fjtoZ cSd a }kjk vizSy 1992
esa tkudhjeu lfefr dk xBu fd;k FkkA
fuos'kdksa ds fgrksa dh lqj{kk o iwth cktkj ds leqfpr
fofu;eu ds ms'; ls Hkkjrh; izfrHkwfr ,oa fofue; cksMZ
(Securities and Exchange Board of IndiaSEBI) dh
LFkkiuk vizSy] 1988 esa dh xbZ FkhA 30 tuojh] 1992
dks jk"Vifr ds ,d v/;kns'k }kjk bls oS/kkfud ntkZ
iznku fd;k x;kA
1970&71 ls Hkkjr esa eqnzk vkiwfrZ dh eki ds fy, M1,
M2, M3 rFkk M4 dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
M1 ds vUrxZr yksxksa ds ikl udn eqnzk] cSd a ksa ds ikl
ekx tek,a rFkkfjtoZ cSd a ds ikl vU; tek,a 'kkfey
dh tkrh gSAa
M2 dh x.kuk ds fy, M1 esa Mkd?kjksa ds ikl cpr
cSd
a esa tek,a (Saving Deposits with the Post Offices)
tksM+h tkrh gSA
M3 Kkr djus ds fy, M1 esa cSd a ksa dh lkof/k tek,a
(Time Deposits with Banks) tksM+ nh tkrh gSA
M4 eqnzk vkiwfrZ dk lcls foLr`r eki gSA blesa M3 ds
lkFk&lkFk Mkd?kjksa dh leLr tek,a lfEefyr gksrh gSAa
ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;ksa dk f}rh;d cktkj fodflr djus
ds ms'; ls ebZ 1994 esa Hkkjrh; izfrHkwfr O;kikj fuxe
(Securities Trading Corporation of IndiaSTCI) dk
xBu fd;k x;kA
'ks;j ewY;ksa esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dks csgrj rjhds ls
iznf'kZr djus gsrq eqEcbZ 'ks;j cktkj us 27 ebZ] 1994 ls
nks u, 'ks;j ewy; lwpdkad ch-,l-bZ-&200 rFkk MkWyDs l
(Dollex) pkyw fd, FksA BSE200 dk gh MkWyj ewY; esa
vU; lwpdkad MkWyDs l dgykrk gSA bu lwpdkadksa dk
vk/kkj o"kZ 1989&90 gSA BSE200 esa 200 pquhank
dEifu;ksa ds 'ks;jksa dk lekos'k fd;k x;k gSA
vksoj nh dkm.Vj ,DlpsUt vkWQ bf.M;k (OTCEI) us
vusd lwphc) 'ks;jksa ,oa _.ki=ksa ds lkFk ebZ 1993 ls
dk;Z djuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA ;g eqEcbZ esa fLFkr gSa
fnYyh LVkWd ,Dlpst a (DSE) us vkWuykbu Vsf Max (DOTs)
ds ckn ,d vR;k/kqfud cSd a vkWfQl VsfMax flLVe izkjEHk
a fd;k gS] ftldh lgk;rk ls vc 'ks;j nykyksa dks LVkWd
,Dlpsat fLFkr vius dk;kZy; ls gh dkjksckj djuk
vko';d ugha gSA 'ks;j nyky vius ?kjksa ls ;k vius
dk;kZy;ksa ls gh dEI;wVjhr VSAT usVodZ dh lgk;rk
ls 'ks;jksa dk ;&fo; dj ldrs gSAa
jk"Vh; LVkWd ,Dlpst a us vizSy 1996 esa NSE100 ds
LFkku ij u;k 'ks;j ewY; lwpdkad NSE50 ykp fd;k FkkA
blesa 50 dEifu;ksa ds 'k;j gh lfEefyr fd, x, gSAa
sfMV jsfVax ,tsUlh ^ffly* (CRISIL) }kjk 500
pquhank dEifu;ksa ds 'ks;j ewY;ksa ij vk/kkfjr ,d 'ks;j
ewY; lwpdkad (CRISIL - 500) dh 'kq:vkr 18 tuojh]
1996 ls dh xbZ gSA bldk vk/kkj o"kZ 1994 gSA
10 ekpZ] 2012 ls CRR dks 4.75% dj fn;k x;k gSA
17 vizSy] 2012 ls jsiks nj dks 8.0% dj fn;k x;k gSA
jsiks nj og nj gS ftl ij okf.kfT;d cSad RBI ls
vYidkyhu jkf'k;k izkIr djrs gSa] tcfd fjolZ jsiks jsV og
nj gS] ftl ij okf.kfT;d cSad viuh Qkyrw] rjyrk
vYidky ds fy, fjtoZ cSd a ds ikl tek j[krs gSa
17 vizSy] 2012 ls fjolZ jsiks nj dks 7.0% dj fn;k
x;k gSA
ekpZ 2008 ds vUr esa lkoZtfud {ks= ds lHkh cSd a ksa dh
ldy xSj&fu"iknu ifjlEifk;k (NPA) 62510 djksM+
#i, Fkha] tcfd 'kq) xSj&fu"iknu ifjlEifk;k 34420
djksM+ #i, FkhaA
fons'kh eqnzk ds ok;nk dkjksckj ds fy, ;wukbVsM LVkWd
,Dlpst a vkWQ bf.M;k fy- (USEIL) uke ls pkSFkk
cktkj dh vuqefr lsch us Qjojh] 2009 esa iznku dj
nh xbZ o blls igys dk;Zjr~ rhu LVkWd ,Dlpst a gS& a
jk"Vh; LVkWd ,Dlpst a (NSE), cEcbZ LVkWd ,Dlpst a
(BSE) rFkk eYVh deksfMVh ,Dlpst a ds LVkWd ,Dlpst a
(MCX-SX)

{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (15)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 tula[;k
2011 dh tux.kuk ds vkdM+ksa ds vuqlkj 1 ekpZ] 2011
dks lw;ksZn; ds le; Hkkjr dh dqy tula[;k 121.02
djksM+ FkhA
mDr tula[;k esa iq#"k tula[;k 62.37 djksM+ rFkk L=h
tula[;k 58.65 djksM+ FkhA
2001 dh tula[;k dh rqyuk esa 2011 esa tula[;k esa
dqy 18.15 djksM+ O;fDr;ksa dh o`f) gqbZA bl izdkj
2001&2011 ds n'kd esa tula[;k esa 17.64 izfr'kr dh
o`f) gqbZA
jkT;ksa esa lokZf/kd n'kd o`f) nj es?kky; esa 27-82
izfr'kr jgh] tcfd U;wure uxkyS.M esa 0.47
izfr'kr jghA
2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa L=h&iq#"k
vuqikr 940 efgyk,a izfr gtkj iq#"k jgkA jkT;ksa esa
izfr gtkj iq#"kksa ij efgykvksa dh lokZf/kd la[;k dsjy
esa 1084 efgyk,a izfr gtkj iq#"k rFkk lcls de
gfj;k.kk esa 877 efgyk,a izfr gtkj iq#"k jghA
2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj ns'k esa tula[;k dk
?kuRo 382 O;fDr izfr oxZ fdyksehVj FkkA
jkT;ksa esa lokZf/kd ?kuRo fcgkj esa 1102 O;fDr izfr oxZ
fdeh- rFkk lcls de v#.kkpy izn's k esa 17 O;fDr
izfr oxZ fdeh- jgkA
dsUnz'kkflr {ks=ksa esa lokZf/kd ?kuRo fnYyh esa 11297
O;fDr izfr oxZ fdeh- rFkk lcls de v.Meku
fudksckj }hilewg esa 46 O;fDr izfr oxZ fdeh- FkkA
lokZf/kd lk{kjrk dsjy esa 93-91 izfr'kr rFkk lcls
de fcgkj esa 63-82 izfr'kr ikbZ xbZA
efgykvksa esa lokZf/kd lk{kjrk dsjy esa 91-98 izfr'kr
rFkk lcls de jktLFkku esa 52-66 izfr'kr ikbZ xbZA
ns'k esa vc rd iw.kZ lk{kj ?kksf"kr fd;k tkus okyk
,dek= jkT; dsjy gSA
2001 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj ns'k esa vuqlfw pr tkfr
dh tula[;k 16-66 djksM+ dqy tula[;k dk 16-2
izfr'kr rFkk vuqlfw pr tutkfr dh tula[;k 8-43
djksM+ dqy tula[;k dk 8-2 izfr'kr FkhA
Hkkjr esa igyh ckj tux.kuk dk dk;Z 1872 esa gqvk Fkk]
fdUrq og tux.kuk fu;fer ugha FkhA 10 o"khZ;
vUrjky okyh igyh fu;fer o vf[ky Hkkjrh;
tux.kuk 1881 esa lEiUu gqbAZ rc ls izfr nl o"kZ ckn
tux.kuk dh tkrh gSA
25 flrEcj] 2002 dks gfj;k.kk ljdkj us ^nsoh:id
;kstuk* izkjEHk dhA bl ;kstuk dk ms'; jkT; esa
tula[;k fu;a=.k ds lkFk&lkFk fyaxkuqikr (Sex Ratio)
esa vk jgh fxjkoV dks jksduk gSA
izeq[k fcUnq %
(i) 1991&2001 esa fgUnw tula[;k o`f) 20% tcfd
lokZf/kd o`f) eqfLye oxZ esa 29.3%
(ii) lokZf/kd lk{kjrk tSu leqnk; 94.1% U;wure
lk{kjrk eqfLye leqnk; 59.1%
(16) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
(iii) lokZf/kd efgyk lk{kjrk tSu leqnk; 90.6%
U;wure efgyk lk{kjrk eqfLye leqnk; 50.1%
(iv) lokZf/kd fyaxkuqikr bZlkbZ leqnk; 1009 efgyk
izfr 1000 iq#"k
U;wure fyaxkuqikr fl[k leqnk; 893 efgyk izfr
1000 iq#"k
la;qDr jk"V la?k ds tula[;k izHkkx dh ,d rktk
fjiksVZ ^fjohtu vkWQ n oYMZ ikWiqy's ku izkl
s isDVl* ds
vuqlkj fo'o dh dqy tula[;k o"kZ 2009 rd 6.83
vjc Fkh] 31 vDVwcj] 2011 dks ;g 7 vjc ds vkdM+s
dks ikj dj xbZ FkhA lu~ 2050 rd fo'o tula[;k
9.18 vjc gks tk,xhA blh vof/k esa tgk fodflr ns'kksa
dh tula[;k 1.28 vjc ds Lrj ij gh cus jgus dk
vkdyu gSA ogha fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa tula[;k dk
orZeku Lrj 5.6 vjc ls c<+dj 7.9 vjc rd igqpus
dk vuqeku gSA
fofo/k
dsUnz ljdkj dh xqMx + ko ds fudV ,d lSVy s kbV sV
flVh (Satellite Freight City) fodflr djus dh ;kstuk
gSA blls Qwyks]a lfCt;ksa tSlh 'kh?kz u"V gksus okyh
oLrqvksa (Perishable Goods) ds Rofjr fu;kZr dks
izkRs lkgu feysxkA blds fy, pksek xk esa yxHkx 250
,dM+ Hkwfe dk vf/kxzg.k Hkh fd;k tk pqdk gSA
lfCt;ksa ds mRiknu esa Hkkjr dk fo'o esa igyk LFkku
gSA
vke vkSj dsys ds mRiknu esa Hkkjr dk fo'o esa igyk
LFkku gSA
Hkkjr esa euhvkWMZj iz.kkyh dh 'kq:vkr loZiFz ke 1880
bZ- esa gqbZ FkhA
Hkkjr esa igyk Mkd fVdV 1854 bZ- esa djkph esa tkjh
fd;k x;kA
Hkkjr esa Mkd?kj cpr cSd a 1882 bZ- esa izkjEHk dh xbZA
Hkkjr dk izFke iw.kZr% dEI;wVjhr (Fully
Computerised) Mkd?kj ubZ fnYyh esa LFkkfir fd;k
x;kA bldk mn~?kkVu 10 vDVwcj] 1994 dks fd;k x;k
FkkA
ljdkj us MkW- vkj- ,u- eygks=k dh v/;{krk esa chek
{ks= esa lq/kkj gsrq flQkfj'k nsus ds fy, ,d lfefr dk
xBu fd;k Fkk lfefr us viuh fjiksVz 7 tuojh] 1994
dks izLrqr dj nh FkhA
vUrjkZ"Vh; eqnzk dks"k (IMF) dh LFkkiuk 27 fnlEcj]
1945 dks dh xbZ Fkh] fdUrq blus okLrfod :i esa dk;Z
1 ekpZ] 1947 ls izkjEHk fd;k FkkA
Hkkjr IMF dk ,d laLFkkid lnL; gSA Hkkjr dk fok
eU=h IMF ds xouZj e.My dk insu (Ex-Officio)
xouZj gksrk gSA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
 History of Census
Hkkjr ewyr% xkoksa dk ns'k gSA bl ns'k esa dqy 6.41
loZiFz ke tux.kuk&1749 esa LohMu }kjk djk;k x;k yk[k xzke gS]a tgk ns'k dh 68.84 izfr'kr 2011 tula[;k
FkkA fczfV'k Hkkjr esa igyh tux.kuk 1872 esa ykMZ es;ks ds fuokl djrh gSA
dk;Zdky esa gqbZ FkhA 1881 bZ- esa ykMZ fjiu ds le; ls Hkkjr dh tula[;k esa lokZf/kd o`f) 1961&71 ds n'kd
izR;sd nl o"kZ ds vUrjky ij tula[;k dk eokj esa 24.80% gqbZ FkhA lokZf/kd rFkk U;wure n'kdh; tula[;k
vkdyu izkjEHk gqvk] tks vkt Hkh tkjh gSA o`f) nj e'k% nknj ,oa ukxj gosyh (55.5%) vkSj
Hkkjr dk {ks=Qy fo'o ds {ks=Qy dk ek= 2.4 izfr'kr ukxkyS.M () 0.47% dk jgkA /;krO; gS fd 2001 ds
gS] tcfd Hkkjr dh tula[;k fo'o dh dqy tula[;k dk tux.kuk esa ukxkyS.M esa n'kdh; tula[;k o`f) nj
17.5 izfr'kr gSA lokZf/kd (64.53%) FkhA
vkSlr tula[;k ;k o`f) nj okys 'kh"kZ
n'kkCnh jkT; o`f) nj izfr'kr esa
tula[;k iz f rn'kd okf"kZ d
vUrj nknj vkSj uxj gosyh
o"kZ djksM+ o`f)nj ?kkrkad 55.50
djksM+ neu nho
esa (%) o`f)nj 53.54
esa iqnqpsjh 27.72
(%)
1901 23.83
1911 25.20 1.36 +5.75 0.56 U;wure n'kdh; tula[;k o`f) nj okys jkT;
1921 25.13 0.07 0.31 0.03 jkT; o`f) nj izfr'kr esa
1931 27.89 2.76 +11.00 1.04 ukxkyS.M () 0.47
1941 31.86 3.96 +14.22 1.33 dsjy 4.86
1951 36.10 4.24 +13.31 1.25 y{k}hi 6.23
1961 43.92 7.81 +21.64 1.96
n'kdh; tula[;k o`f) (20012011) ds vuqlkj
1971 54.81 10.89 +24.80 2.20
jkT;ksa dk e
1981 68.33 13.51 +24.66 2.22 jkT; o`f) nj izfr'kr esa
1991 84.64 16.30 +23.87 2.16 es?kky; jkT;ksa esa izFke 27.82
2001 102.87 18.23 +21.54 1.97 v#.kkpy izn's k 25.92
2011 fcgkj 25.07
121.01 18.14 +17.64 1.64
vufUre

tux.kuk ds egRoiw.kZ vkadM+s

2001 2011
O;fDr 1,02,87,37,436 1,21,01,93,422
(i) iq#"k 53,22,23,090 (51.73%) 62,37,24,248 (51.53%)
(ii) efgyk,a 49,65,14,346 (48.27%) 49,65,14,346 (48.46%)
0&6 vk;q tula[;k 13.16%
uxjh; izfr'kr 27.81 31.16%
n'kd esa % o`f)nj 21.54 17.64
okf"kZd o`f) nj % esa 1.97 1.64
fyaxkuqikr 933 : 1000 940 : 1000
lk{kjrk % 64.8 74.04
(i) iq#"k lk{kjrk % 75.26 82.14
(ii) efgyk lk{kjrk % 53.67 65.46
tu?kuRo O;fDr@oxZ fdeh- 324 382

tula[;k dh n`f"V ls lcls NksVk jkT; &flfDde

tula[;k dh n`f"V ls 'kh"kZ ikp jkT;
jkT; tula[;k djksM+ esa tula[;k dh n`f"V ls 'kh"kZ rhu ds- iz- {ks=
mkj izn's k 19.958 (16.16%)
jkT; tula[;k djksM+ esa
egkjk"V 11.237 (9.42%)
fnYyh 16753235
fcgkj 10.380 (8.07%)
iqnqpsjh 1244429
ia- caxky 9.134 (7.79%)
p.Mhx<+ 1054686
vkU/kz izn's k 8.466 (7.41%)

{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (17)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 fyaxkuqikr fyaxkuqikr % 1961 ls 2011 rd dqy tula[;k vkSj
0&6 vk;q dh tula[;k dk rqyukRed vkadM+k&
(Sex Ratio 2011)
tula[;k dh fyax lajpuk dks fdlh vuqikr esa O;Dr fyaxkuq
kuqikr 0&6 dqy vkSlr
o"kZ
djuk] fyaxkuqikr dgykrk gSA Hkkjr esa ;g vuqikr izfr vk;q oxZ esa fyaxkuqikr
1000 iq#"kksa ij fL=;ksa dh la[;k ds :i esa n'kkZrs gSAa 1961 976 941
1971 964 930
Hkkjr esa fyax lajpuk 1981 962 934
o"kZ fyaxkuqikr o"kZ fyaxkuqikr 1991 945 927
1901 972 1961 941
2001 927 933
1911 964 1971 930
2011 914 940
1921 955 1981 934
1931 950 1991 927 o"kZ 2011 esa Hkkjr esa izfr 1000 iq#"kksa ij fL=;ksa dh
1941 945 2001 933 la[;k tgk 940 Fkh ogha phu esa ;g vuqikr 926] la;qDr
1951 946 2011 940 jk"V vesfjdk esa 1025] b.Mksufs 'k;k esa 988] czkthy esa 1042]
ikfdLrku esa 943] ckaXykns'k esa 1167] :l esa 1055] tkiku
'kh"kZ rhu fyaxkuqikr okys jkT; esa 987 rFkk ukbthfj;k esa 978 gSA
jkT; fyaxkuqikr
dsjy 1084 lk{kjrk nj
rfeyukMq 995 (Literacy Rate)
vkU/kzizn's k 992
lk{kjrk dks fodkl ,oa ekuo thou dh xq.kokk dk
U;wure ikp fyaxkuqikr okys jkT; lwpd ekuk tkrk gSA
jkT; fyaxkuqikr lk{kjrk dh x.kuk ds fy, 7 o"kZ ls ij ds vk;q oxZ
gfj;k.kk 877 dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ;fn og
tEew d'ehj 883 i<+fy[k ldrk gS] rks og lk{kj gSA
flfDde 889
Hkkjr esa lk{kjrk & 2011
'kh"kZ rhu fyaxkuqikr okys dsUnz'kkflr izn's k lk{kjrk tula[;k izfr'kr
jkT; fyaxkuqikr O;fDr 77,84,54,120 74.04
iqnqpsjh 1038 iq#"k 44,42,03,762 82.14
y{k}hi 946 L=h 32,42,50,358 65.46
vaMeku 878
lk{kjrk nj esa izxfr
U;wure rhu fyaxkuqikr okys dsUnz'kkflr jkT; o"kZ O;fDr iq#"k L=h
izn's k fyaxkuqikr 1951+ 18.33 27.16 8.86
neu ,oa nho 618 1961 +
28.30 40.40 15.35
nknj ,oa uxj gosyh 775 1971+ 34.45 45.96 21.97
p.Mhx<+ 818 19810 43.57 56.38 29.76
lokZf/kd fyaxkuqikr okys 2 ftys 19910 52.21 64.13 39.29
ekgs iqnqpsjh 1176 2001 0
64.84 75.26 53.67
vYeksM+k mkjk[kaM 1142 20110 74.04 82.14 65.46
U;wure fyaxkuqikr okys 2 ftys ladsr % + lk{kjrk dk vk/kkj 5 o"kZ ls ij ds yksx
neu neu nho 533 0 lk{kjrk dk vk/kkj 7 o"kZ ls ij ds yksx
ysg yk[k tEew d'ehj 583
'kh"kZ rhu lk{kjrk nj okys jkT;
0&6 vk;q oxZ ds 'kh"kZ fyaxkuqikr okys jkT;
jkT; izfr'kr
jkT; fyaxkuqikr
dsjy 93.91
fetksje 971
fetksje 91.58
0&6 vk;q oxZ esa U;wure fyaxkuqikr okys jkT;
f=iqjk 87.75
gfj;k.kk 830
U;wure rhu lk{kjrk nj okys jkT;
0&6 vk;q oxZ
oxZ esa 'kh"kZ vkSj U;wure fyaxkuqikr okys
fcgkj 63.82
dsUnz'kkflr izn's k
v#.kkpy izn's k 66.95
v.Meku ,oa fudksckj 966
jktLFkku 67.06

(18) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 tu?kuRo
'kh"kZ rhu dsUnz'kkflr lk{kjrk okys izn's k (Density)
izfr oxZ fdeh- ij fuokl djus okyh tula[;k dks
izn's k izfr'kr tu?kuRo dgrs gSAa
y{k}hi 92.91 tula[;k ?kuRo dk rkRi;Z tula[;k ,oa /kjkry ds
,d vuqikr ls gSA
neu nho 87.07 tux.kuk o"kZ ?kuRo O;fDr@oxZ fdeh-
fdeh-
iqnqpsjh 86.55 1901 77
1911 82
U;wure rhu lk{kjrk nj okys dsUnz'kkflr izn's k
1921 81
nknjk ,oa uxj gosyh 77.65 1931 90
neu ,oa fudksckj }hi 86.27 1941 103
fnYyh 86.34 1951 117
1961 142
1971 177
L=h lk{kjrk okys rhu 'kh"kZ jkT;
1981 216
jkT; izfr'kr 1991 267
dsjy 91.98 2001 325
fetksje 289.40 2011 382

f=iqjk 83.15
'kh"kZ rhu tu?kuRo okys jkT;
U;wure L=h lk{kjrk okys rhu jkT; jkT; tu?kuRo@oxZ fdeh-
fdeh-
jktLFkku 52.66 fcgkj 1102
if'pe caxky 1029
fcgkj 53.33 dsjy 859
>kj[k.M 56.21 U;wure rhu tu?kuRo okys jkT;
v#.kkpy izn's k 17
fetksje 52
vo'; ;kn djsa flfDde 86
fdl n'kd esa fuj{kjksa dh la[ ;k esa lokZf /kd deh
gqbZ \ rhu 'kh"kZ tu?kuRo okys dsUnz'kkflr izn's k
19912001 izn's k tu?kuRo@oxZ fdeh-
fdeh-
fnYyh 11297
orZeku esa (2011) Hkkjr esa dqy fdrus yksx lk{kj gSa \ p.Mhx<+ 9252
77.84 djksM+ iqnqpsjh 2598
U;wure rhu tu?kuRo okys dsUnz'kkflr {ks=
lk{kj fL=;ksa dh la[;k orZeku esa (2011) fdruh gS \ vaMeku ,oa fudksckj 46
32.42 djksM+
M+ nknjk ,oa uxj gosyh 698
neu ,oa nho 2013
1951 rFkk 2001 es a L=h lk{kjrk fdrus iz f r'kr
Fkh\ lokZf/kd tu?kuRo okys nks ftys
&e'k% 8.86 ,oa 53.67% ftys jkT; tu?kuRo
lHkh jkT;ksa ,oa dsUnz'kkflr izn's kksa esa rqyukRed n`f"V ls m- iw- fnYyh fnYyh 37,346
lcls de lk{kjrk ik;h tkrh gS \ psUubZ rfeyukMq 26,903

&fcgkj esa (63.82.0%) Hkkjr esa U;wure ,d O;fDr@oxZ fdeh- okyk ftyk
2011 L=h Lkk{kjrk izfr'kr fdruk gS \ fnckax ?kkVh v#.kkpy izn's k] rFkk 2 O;fDr@oxZ fdeh-
okyk ftyk lEck tEew d'ehj gSA
65.46 fodykax tula[;k
fdl jkT; ,oa dsUnz'kkflr izn's k esa L=h lk{kjrk lcls (Disable Population)
de ik;h tkrh gS \ 2001 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr dh dqy tula[;k
&jktLFkku (52.66%) dk 2.1 izfr'kr vFkkZr~ 2,19,06,769 O;fDr
1,02,87,37,436
fodykax gSAa
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (19)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 /kekZ/kkfjr tux.kuk&2001
(Religion Based Census 2001)

Hkkjr o"kZ esa 80.5% fgUnw] eqfLye 13.4%, blkbZ 2.33%, flD[k 1.84%, ckS) 0.8% rFkk tSu 0.4% ik;s tkrs gSAa

/kekZ/kkfjr tux.kuk & 2001

dqy dqy efgyk n'kdh; o`f) % esa
lk{kjrk %
/keZ tula[;k tula[;k lk{kjrk % fyaxkuqikr
esa 198191 19912001
djksM+ esa izfr'kr esa esa
fgUnw 82.75 80.5 65.1 53.2 25.1 20.0 931 : 1000
eqfLye 13.81 13.4 59.1 50.1 34.5 29.3 936 : 1000
bZlkbZ 2.40 2.33 80.3 76.2 21.5 22.1 1009 : 1000
fl[k 1.92 1.84 69.4 63.1 24.3 16.9 893 : 1000
ckS) 0.79 0.8 72.7 61.7 35.3 32.2 953 : 1000
tSu 0.42 0.4 94.1 90.6 4.6 26.0 940 : 1000
vU; 0.69 0.7 47.0 33.2

dsUnzh; lkaf[;dh ,oa dk;Ze f;kUo;u ea=ky; ds

lfpo iz.ko lsu us ikapoh vkfFkZd tux.kuk vkfFkZd lokZf/kd xzkeh.k tula[;k okys 3 jkT;
tux.kuk 2005 ds vafre vkadM+s 28 ebZ] 2008 dks tkjh jkT; tula
tul[a ;k fefy;u esa
fd;sA mkj izn's k 155.11 (18.62)
fcgkj 92.08 (11.06)
vkfFkZd tux.kuk o"kZ ia- caxky 62.21 (97.5)
uksV % dks"Bd esa fn;k vkdM+k Hkkjr ds xzkeh.k
igyh loZizFke 1977 tula[;k dh rqyuk esa jkT; dh izfr'kr xzkeh.k
nwljh 1980 tula[;k gSA
rhljh 1990 lokZf/kd xzkeh.k tula[;k izfr'krrk okys 3 jkT;
pkSFkh 1998 jkT; xzkeh.k
eh.k tula[;k % esa
fgekpy izn's k 89.96
ikapoha 2005 fcgkj 88.70
NBoha tkjh 2011 vlkse 85.92
vksfM+'kk 83.32
tux.kuk 2011 % xzkeh.k&'kgjh tula[;k forj.k
lokZf/kd 'kgjh tula[;k izfr'krrk okys 3 jkT;
ns'k dh dqy 121 djksM+ tula[;k esa 37-7 djksM+ 'kgjh jkT; 'kgjh tula[;k % esa
xksok 62.17
{ks=ksa esa o 'ks"k 83-3 djksM+ xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa fuokl djrh gSA
fetksje 51.51
tula[;k esa 'kgjh tula[;lk vc 31-16 izfr'kr gS]
rfeyukMq 48.45
tcfd 68-84 izfr'kr tula[;k gh vc xkoksa esa fuokl djrh
gSA lokZf/kd 'kgjh tula[;k okys 3 jkT;
2001&11 ds n'kd esa ns'k esa 'kgjh tula[;k esa tgk jkT; tula[;k fefy;u
fefy;u esa
9-10 djksM+ dh o`f) gqbZ gSA ogha xzkeh.k tula[;k esa o`f) egkjk"V 50.83 (13.48)
9-05 djksM+ jgh gSA ns'k esa xzkeh.k tula[;k esa tgk 12-18 mkj izn's k 44.47 (11.79)
izfr'kr dh o`f) ntZ dh xbZ gS] ogha 'kgjh tula[;k esa rfeyukMq 34.95 (9.27)
o`f) 31-8 izfr'kr jgh gSA
'kgjh tula[;k okys U;wure rhu jkT;
tula[;k djksM+ esa jkT; tula[;k fefy;u esa
2001 2011 vUrj flfDde 0.15
Hkkjr 102.9 121.0 18.1 v#.kkpy izn's k 0.13 (0.1)
74.3 83.3 fetksje 0.56 (0.1)
xzkeh.k (72.19%) (68.84%)
9.0 uksV % dks"Bd esa ns'k dh 'kgjh tula[;k dk izfr'kr
28.6 37.7 gSA
'kgjh (27.81%) (31.16%)
9.1

(20) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 29. jktLFkku 1.5
xzkeh.k tula[;k esa lokZf/kd o`f) nj okyk jkT; 30. mkj izn's k 1.5
jkT; o`f) nj % esa 31. vle 1.18
es?kky; 27.04 32. e/; izn's k 1.17
'kgjh tula[;k esa lokZf/kd o`f) nj okyk jkT; 33. fcgkj 0.84
flfDde 153.4
34. es?kky; 0.5
2011 esa xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh fyaxkuqikr e'k% 947 ,oa
926 gS] tks 2001 ds rqyuk esa e'k% ,d ,oa 26 vf/kd gSA 35. fgekpy izn's k 0.24
;Fkk&
fyaxkuqikr mkj izn's k tux.kuk&2011
tux.kuk&2011
{ks=d 2001 2011 vUrj (Uttar Pradesh Census-2011)
Hkkjr 933 940 (+) 7
xzkeh.k 946 947 (+) 1 izn's k dh dqy tula[;k
'kgjh 900 926 + 26
2011 ds tux.kuk ds vuqlkj jkT; dh dqy tula[;k
19]95]81477 gSA fo'o ds ns'kksa ds lUnHkZ esa phu] Hkkjr]
vesfjdk vkSj b.Mksufs 'k;k ds ckn 5 osa LFkku ij gSA Hkkjr
0&6 vk;q o"kZ dk fyaxkuqikr
dh dqy vkcknh esa ls 16.49% m-iz- esa jgrh gS] ysfdu izn's k
Overall 2001 2011 vUrj dk {ks=Qy ns'k dqy {ks=Qy dk 7.33 izfr'kr gSA ns'k dh
Hkkjr 927 914 () 13 dqy tula[;k esa m-iz- dh tula[;k dk fgLlk 6ok gSA
xzkeh.k 934 919 () 15 vkcknh ds fglkc ls nks lcls cM+s uxj
'kgjh 906 902 () 4 y[ku 2815033
dkuiqj 2769413
uxjh; tula[;k ds izfr'kr eessa o`f) % 2011 lokZf/kd vkcknh okys 3 ftys
- jkT;@dsUnz e'k% o`f) izfr'kr esa bykgkckn 5959798
1. neu ,oa nho 38.91 eqjknkckn 4773138
2. y{k}hi 33.62 xkft;kckn 4661452
3. nknjk vkSj uxj gosyh 23.73 lcls de vkcknh okys 3 ftys
4. dsjy 21.76 egksck 0876055
5. flfDde 13.9 fp=dwV 0990626
6. xksok 12.41 gehjiqj 1104021
7. uxkyS.M 11.74 o`f) nj % 2001&2011 ds nkSjku izn's k ds tula[;k
8. f=iqjk 9.12 dh n'kdh; o`f) nj 20.09% jghA
9. paMhx<+ 7.48 'kh"kZ 3 n'kdh; o`f) okys ftys
10. vkU/kz izn's k 6.19
xkSre cq) uxj 51.52%
xkft;kckn 40.66%
11. gfj;k.kk 5.87
cgjkbp 30.12%
12. xqtjkr 5.22
U;wure ikp n'kdh; o`f) okys ftys
13. ef.kiqj 5.1
dkuiqj uxj 9.79%
14. mkjk[k.M 4.88 gehjiqj 11.09%
15. dukZVd 4.58 ckxir 11.87%
16. rfeyukMq 4.41
17. jk-jk-{ks- fnYyh 4.32 tula[;k ?kuRo 2011 % 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj
18. ia- caxky 3.92 jkT; dk vkSlr tu?kuRo 828 O;fDr izfroxZ fdeh- gSA
19. iatkc 3.57 lu~ m-iz- tu?kuRo Hkkjr dk tu?kuRo
Hkkjr 3.35 1901 165 72
1911 164 77
20. Nkhlx<+ 3.15
1921 159 77
21. v.Meku@fudksckj 3.04 1931 169 85
22. egkjk"V 2.8 1941 192 98
23. tEew&d'ehj 2.4 1951 215 134
24. v#.kkpy izn's k 1.92 1961 251 134
25. fetksje 1.88 1971 300 173
1981 377 216
26. >kj[k.M 1.81
1991 548 267
27. iqMqpsjh 1.74 2001 690 325
28. vksfM'kk 1.69 2011 828 382

{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (21)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 fyaxkuqikr 2011
'kh"kZ 3 tula[;k ?kuRo okys ftys
xkft;kckn 3954 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj izn's k esa 1000 iq#"kksa ij
okjk.klh 2399
fL=;ksa dh la[;k fyaxkuqikr 908 jgkA
y[ku 1815
U;wure 3 tula[;k ?kuRo okys ftys lu~ fyaxkuqikr
1901 994
yfyriqj 242
1911 915
lksuHknz 270
1921 909
gehjiqj 275
1931 804
1941 907
lk{kjrk nj 2011
1951 910
2011 esa m-iz- dh dqy lk{kjrk 69.72%, iq#"k lk{kjrk 1961 909
79.24% vkSj L=h lk{kjrk 59.26% jgh gSA 1971 879
1981 885
izn's k dh izn's k dh izn's k dh 1991 879
lu~ dhq lk{kjrk iq#"k L=h 2001 898
nj lk{kjrk nj lk{kjrk nj 2011 908
1951 12.2 19.17 4.07 'kh"kZ 3 flyaxkuqikr okys ftys
1961 20.87 32.08 8.36 tkSuiqj 1018
1971 23.99 35.01 11.23 vktex<+ 1017
nsofj;k 1013
1981 32.65 46.65 16.74
1991 41.60 54.82 26.31
vuqlfw pr tkfr;k (SC) 2001
2001 56.36 68.8 42.2
2011 69.72 79.24 59.26
2001 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj jkT; esa vuqlfw pr
tkfr;ksa dh tula[;k 3]51]48]377 gS] tks fd izn's k ds dqy
tula[;k dk 21.1% gS] tcfd lEiw.kZ ns'k ds dqy tula[;k
lokZf/kd lk{kjrk okys 3 ftys
esa tuqlfw pr tkfr;ksa ds tula[;k dk izf'rkr 16.2% gSA
xkft;kckn 85.0%
xkSrecq) uxj 82.20% ns'k esa tula[;k dh n`f"V ls lokZf/kd vuqlfw pr tkfr
dkuiqj uxj 81.31% okyk jkT; &mkj izn's k
ns'k esa vuqlfw pr tkfr dh lokZf/kd izfr'kr okyk jkT;
vo'; ;kn djsa gS& &iatkc
tula[;k vkSj {ks=Qy dh n`f"V ls m-iz- dk ns'k esa izn's k esa lokZf/kd SC tula[;k okyk ftyk &lhrkiqj
LFkku e'k% gS& izFke vkSj iape izn's k esa lcls de SC tula[;k okyk ftyk &ckxir
Hkkjr ds dqy tula[;k dk fdruk izfr'kr tula[;k
m-iz- esa jgrh gS \ 16.49% vuqlfw pr tutkfr;k (ST)
2001 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj jkT; esa vuqlfw pr
izn's k dh dqy tula[;k esa fdrus izfr'kr iq#"k vkSj
tutkfr;ksa dh tula[;k 1]07]963 gS] ftuesa 55]834 iq#"k
fL=;k gS& a 52.4% vkSj 47.6% ,oa 52]129 fL=;k gSAa
2001&2011 ds nkSjku izn's k dh tula[;k esa fdrus jkT; ds dqy tula[;k esa ST tula[;k dk izfr'kr
izfr'kr dh n'kdh; ,oa okf"kZd o`f) nj jgh \ 0.06% gS&
&20.09% ,oa 1.85% Hkkjr ds dqy tula[;k esa ST tula[;k dk izfr'kr
0&6 o"kZ ds vk;qoxZ esa m-iz- esa dqy la[;k fdruh gS \ 8.08% gSA
&2,97,28,235 lokZf/kd v-t-tk- tula[;k okyk ftyk y[kheiqj [khjh
2001&2011 ds nkSjku fyaxkuqikr esa fdrus dh o`f) (37979) gSA
gqbZ& 10 dh mkj izn's k dh fofHkUu tkfr;k
izn's k esa f'k'kq fyaxkuqikr fdruk gS \ 2001 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj izn's k dh dqy tula[;k
esa 20.5% lo.kZ czk.k] jktiwr] oS';] dk;LFk] Hkwfegkj]
&899
16.7% ij ds BC ;kno] dqehZ] yks/k] tkr] xqtZj] 26%
2011 esa lokZf/kd efgyk lk{kjrk o`f) fdl ftys esa uhps ds BC dks;jh] dgkj] xM+fj;k] rsyh] cjh] dsoV] ukbZ
ikbZ xbZ \ &xkft;kckn (81.42%) vkfn] 21.1% nfyr tkfr;k pekj] iklh] /kksch] okYehfd
vkfn rFkk 15% eqlyeku vkSj 'ks"k esa vU; gSAa

(22) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 izn's k dh dqy tula[;k esa dqN tkfr;ksa dk izfr'kr bl oS'; & 2.6%
izdkj gS& dgkj & 2.3%
pekj & 12.7% yks/kh & 2.2%
czk.k & 9.2% xM+fj;k & 2%
;kno & 8.7% tkV & 1.6%
jktiwr & 7.2% dsoV & 1.1%
dksbjh & 4.1% dk;LFk & 1.0%
dqehZ & 3.5% Hkwfegkj & 0.5%

jkT; dh f'k'kq
efgyk dk;Z
dqy dqy fyaxkuqikr tula[;lk lk{kjrk
/keZ fyaxkuqikr lk{kjrk Hkkxhnkjh
tula[;k tula[;k 0&6 o"kZ dk vuqikr nj
nj nj
esa % 0&6 o"kZ
fgUnw 13,39,79,263 80.6 894 911 18.6 58.0 43.1 33.2
eqfLye 3,07,40,158 18.5 918 935 20.9 47.8 37.4 29.1
bZlkbZ 2,12,578 0.1 961 936 14.6 72.8 67.4 33.9
fl[k 6,78,059 0.4 877 831 14.1 71.9 63.8 32.7
ckS) 3,02,031 0.2 895 928 19.9 56.2 40.3 33.4
tSu 2,07,111 0.1 911 846 11.9 93.2 90.3 28.8

World Population Scenario 1974 4.0 15

1987 5.0 13
ekuo foKku 'kkfL=;ksa dk fo'okl gS fd i`Foh ij ekuo 1998 (UNFPA) 6.0 11
dk mn~Hko Vf'kZ;jhdYi ds iyk;kslhu ;qx esa gqvkA ekuo
2011 (31 Oct.) 7.0 13
lH;rk ds bfrgkl ds vf/kdka'k dky esa ekuo f'kdkjh ,oa
202530 8.0
laxzg.kdkkZ dh Hkwfedk esa gh jgkA
o"kZ I.A.D. esa fo'o dh tula[;k yxHkx 30 djksM+ Fkh tks 204550 9.0
lkekU; xfr ls o`f) djrh gqbZ 1750 esa 76 djksM+ gks xbZA
fo'o tula[;k esa fcfy;u o`f) ds o"kZ fo'o dh dqy tula[;k dk 75.5% Hkkx ySfVu vesfjdk]
oSf'od vhdk] ,f'k;k] iksfyusf'k;k] esykusf'k;k rFkk ekbksufs 'k;k
o"kZ tula[;k o"kkZUrj
fofy;u esa ds vYifodflr {ks=ksa esa fuokl djrk gSA ;s lHkh {ks=
1804 1.0 tukafddh lae.k dh izFke ;k f}rh; voLFkk ls xqtj jgs
1927 2.0 1.22
gSAa
1959 3.0 32

egk}hih; tula[;k
;k forj.k
egk}hi tu?kuRo tula[;k 2011 lokZf/kd tula[;k okyk ns'k lokZf/kd tula[;k okyk 'kgj
,f'k;k 86.7 41-40 B* phu 1-341 B* VksD;ks 37-73 M*
vhdk 32.7 1-00 B* ukbthfj;k 0-5 B* dkfgjk 19-4 M*
;wjksi 70 0-74 B* :l 0-142 B* ekLdks 14-83 M*
mkjh vesfjdk 22.9 0-53 B* USA 0-31 B* eSfDldks flVh 21-2 M*
nf{k.k vesfjdk 21.4 0-39 B* cskthy 0-19 B* lkvks ikmyks 19-67 M*
vks'ksfu;k 4.25 0-04 B* vkWLVfs y;k 0-02 B* flMuh 4-5 M*
vaVkdZfVdk 0.0 4]490 N/A eSDlMksZ LVs'ku 955
uksV % B* = fcfy;u ( M* = fefy;u

{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (23)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 tula[;k dh n`f"V ls fo'o ds 10 lcls cM+s ns'k 2009
-
ns'k dk uke tula[;k frfFk oSf'od tula[;k dk %
1. phu 1,34,74,60,000 uoEcj&2011 19.3
2. Hkkjr 1,21,01,93,422 ekpZ&2011 17.5
3. la- jk- vesfjdk 31,26,15,000 uoEcj&2011 4.48
4. b.Mksufs 'k;k 23,84,00,000 ebZ&2010 3.36
5. czkthy 19,55,37,000 uoEcj&2011 2.8
6. ikfdLrku 17,78,25,000 uoEcj&2011 2.55
7. ckaXykns'k 15,85,70,535 tqykbZ&2011 2.27
8. ukbthfj;k 15,52,15,000 tqykbZ&2011 2.23
9. :l 14,19,74,297 tuojh&2010 2.035
10. tkiku 12,73,80,000 twu&2010 1.83

Mega City
fo'o % 'kh"kZ 3 tu?kuRo okys ns'k&2010
la;qDr jk"V la?k (UNO) ds vuqlkj&,sls uxjh;
ns'k tu?kuRo ladqyu ftudh tula[;k 10 fefy;u vFkkZr ,d djksM+ ls
edk 18658 vf/kd ls vf/kd gSA ^esxk flVh* dh laKk ls vfHkfgr fd;k
eksud
s ks 16358 tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; tux.kuk&2011 esa bl vo/kkj.kk dks
Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA ns'k ds 53 fefy;u Iyl uxjh;
ckaXykns'k 1229 ladqyuksa esa ls rhu uxjh; ladqyu ^esxk flVh* dh ifjHkk"kk
fo'o % U;wu 3 tu?kuRo okys ns'k & 2010 ds vUrxZr vkrs gSAa ;Fkk&
eaxksfy;k 2.0
1- o`gn eqEcbZ 18-41 fefy;u
2- fnYyh 16-31 fefy;u
ukehfc;k@cksRlokuk
lwjhuke@vkWLVsfy;k @ 3.0 f'k'kq tula[;k ,oa fyaxkuqikr
vkblyS.M lokZf/kd f'k'kq fyaxkuqikr fr#vuariqje UA dsjy esa
lwjhuke 4.3 971 vkSj U;wure f'k'kq fyaxkuqikr vkxjk UA esa dk 780 gSA

U;wure 7 tula[;k o`f) njokys ns'k vo'; ;kn djsa

2010&15 iz{ksfir nf{k.kh vesfjdk dk lokZf/kd uxjhr ns'k e'k%
ns'k o`f)&nj % esa osuts q,yk (93.1%) ,oa m#Xos (92.4%) gS 2010A
ekYnksfc;k x.kjkT;@cqYxkfj;k () 0.7 lalkj esalokZf/kd uxjhr egk}hi e'k% mkjh
vesfjdk] ySfVu vesfjdk ,oa dSjfs c;u ns'k ,oa ;wjksi gSA
tkftZ;k () 0.6
tula[;k o`f) dk lokZf/kd izfr'kr vhdk egk}hi
ykVfo;k@yqFkokfu;k () 0.4 dgk gSA rnksijkUr e'k% ,f'k;k] ySfVu vesfjdk ,oa
msu () 0.5 dSjfs c;u ns'kksa dk gSA
csyk#l () 0.3 fo'o ds lokZf/kd xzkeh.k tula[;k okys ikp ns'k
e'k% Hkkjr] phu] b.Mksufs 'k;k] ckaXykns'k ,oa ikfdLrku
ksf'k;k@teZuh@gaxjh@jksefu;k () 0.2 gSA
:lh la?k@lfcZ;k@tkiku@,LVksu;k () 0.1 Jhyadk] usiky] ikfdLrku ,oa Hkkjr esa ls Hkkjr dk
tu?kuRo lcls vf/kd gSA
,d ls vf/kd ftyksa esa foLrkfjr uxjh; ladqyu (UA) vhdk ds 'kh"kZ rhu uxjhr ns'k gS&a xScksu] if'peh
uxjh; ladqyu lgkjk rFkk ftcwrhA ,f'k ds rhu 'ks"kZ uxjhr ns'k gS& a
jkT; ftys
dk uke flaxkiqj] dqcSr] drjA
mkj&if'pe] mkjh] fo'o ds U;wure uxjhr ns'k
mkj&iwohZ] ubZ fnYyh] e/;] ns'k uxjhdj.k (%) esa
fnYyh UA fnYyh
if'peh] nf{k.k&if'peh ,oa cq#Ma h 11
nf{k.kh fnYyh ikiqvk&U;wfxuh 13
Fkk.ks] eqEcbZ miuxj] eqEcbZ ekyoh@f=funkn ,oa
o`gr eqEcbZ UA egkjk"V
uxj VkscSxks
14

(24) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 uxjksa ds fodkl dh voLFkk, fodkl lwpdkad (Human Development IndexHDI) n'kkZ,
x, gS]a ftlesa Hkkjr dk 134ok LFkku gSA blls iwoZ o"kZ 2010
yqbl eEQksMZ us 1938 bZ- esa uxjksa ds fodkl dh 6 dh ekuo fodkl fjiksVz esa ekuo fodkl lwpdkad ds ekeys
voLFkkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS& esa 169 ns'kksa esa 119ok LFkku Hkkjr dks fn;k x;k FkkA
(i) b;ksiksfyl % ;g uxjh; fodkl dh izFke voLFkk
gSA bl voLFkk esa f"k ,oa i'kqikyu lac/a kh dk;kZsa e/;e fodkl okys ns'k
ds fodkl ds dkj.k xkaoksa dk fodkl gqvkA 97 Jhyadk 0.691
cM+&s cM+s ,oa dsUnzh; xkaoksa esa f'k{kk] laLfr ,oa 101 phu 0.687
dyk vkfn dk fodkl gqvkA 134 Hkkjr 0.547
de fodkl okys ns'k
(ii) iksf yl % bl 'kCn dk vFkZ uxj l gSA bl
145 ikfdLrku 0.504
voLFkk esa cM+s xkao dLcs dk :i /kkj.k djrs gSa 172 vQxkfuLrku 0.398
ftuesa O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;ksa dk fodkl gks 187 dkaxks x.kjkT; 0.286
tkrk gSA uxjh; vkdkfjdh dk fodkl izk jEHk
gks tkrk gSA
iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa okf"kZd o`f) njsa %
(iii) esVki
s ksfyl % bl voLFkk esa uxj dk vkdkj o`gr~ lzksr % vkfFkZd leh{kk 2010&11
gks tkrk gSa o`gr~ Lrjij dkj[kkuks]a f'k{kk laLFkkuks]a
O;kikfjd laLFkkuksa vkfn dh LFkkiuk gks tkrh gSa y{; izkfIr
bl voLFkk esa uxj vius vkl&ikl ds uxjksa ls
cM+k gks tkrk gS ,oa uxj dk lac/a k nwjorhZ {ks=ksa ls igyh ;kstuk 1951&56 2.1% 3.7%
Hkh gks tkrk gSa
nwljh ;kstuk 1956&61 4.5% 4.2%
(iv) esxkyksiksfyl % ;g uxj dh pje voLFkk dks crkrkh
gSA uxj esa xUnh cfLr;ksa dk izknqHkkZo gks tkrk gS ,oa rhljh ;kstuk 1961&66 5.6% 2.8%
thou ukjdh; :i esa ifjofrZr gksrk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsrk
gSA iwt a hoknh O;oLFkk dk izlkj] uSfrdrk dk iru] rhu okf"kZd ;kstuk,a 1966&69 3.9%
ukSdj'kkgh dk fodkl] ekuo dk 'kks"k.k;qDr thou bl
pkSFkh ;kstuk 1969&74 5.7% 3.4%
izdkj ds uxjksa dh fo'ks"krk gSA vesfjdk ds iwohZ rVh;
eSnku esa cksLVu ls Lisjks IokbaV rd ds uxjh; {ks= ikpoha ;kstuk 1974&79 4.4% 5.0%
bldk mnkgj.k gSa cfeZa?ke] Vksfd;ksa] ;kdksgkek {ks=]
vesZLVMZeA okf"kZd ;kstuk 1979&80 5.0%
egkuxj (Metropollition or Metropolis) : bldh
tula[;k 10 yk[k ls vf/kd gksrh gSA 2011 ds tux.kuk esa NBh ;kstuk 1980&85 5.2% 5.4%
bls ^fefy;u Iyl* uxjh; ladqyu@uxj dh laKk nh xbZ lkroha ;kstuk 1985&90 5.0% 5.5%
gSA
okf"kZd ;kstuk 1990&92 3.2%
ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ&2011
vkBoha ;kstuk 1992&97 5.6% 6.6%

vkfFkZd fodkl ,d O;f"Vfu"B vo/kkj.kk gS] ftldk ukSoha ;kstuk 1997&2002 6.5% 5.5%
ifjek.kkRed eki leHko ugha gSA iqu'p bls ekius ds vusd
iz;kl fd;s x;s gSAa ekuo fodkl ds fofo/k vk;keksa dk vkdyu] nloha ;kstuk (GDP) 2002&07 7.9% 7.9%

bl fn'kk esa ,d lkFkZd iz;kl gSA la;Dq r jk"V fodkl dk;Ze X;kjgoha ;kstuk 2007&12 y{; 9.0%
(U.N.D.P.) }kjk ;g iz;kl 1990 ls lrr~ :i ls tkjh gS( ftls
^ekuo fodkl fjiksV*Z dh laKk nh xbZ gSA la'kksf/kr y{; 8.1%

o"kZ 2011 dh ekuo

fodkl fjiksVZ (Human 2007&08 9.8%
Development Report-2011) 2 uoEcj] 2011 dks tkjh dh
xbZA 'Sustainability and Equity : A future for All' vFkkZr~ 2008&09 6.6%

^lrrrk ,oa lkE;rk % lHkh ds fy, ,d csgrj Hkfo";* ij 2009&10 Rofjr 8.6%
dsfUnzr bl fjiksVz esa fo'o ds dqy 187 ns'kksa ds fy, ekuo
201011 (BE) 9.0%

{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (25)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 izFke f}rh; r`rh; prqFkhZ iape NBoha lkroha vkBoha uoha nloha X;kjgoha
1951&56 1956&61 1961&661969&741974&79 1980&85 1985&90 1992&97 1997&02 2002&07 2007&2012

f"k iqu% f"k xjhch csjkstxkjh ekuo lalk/ku rhoz vkSj vf/kd
(2.13.6%) (5.62.5%) lekos'kh fodkl
vkS|ksfxdhdj.k fLFkjrk ds lkFk mnkjhdj.k o
(4.54.2%) vkfFkZd fodkl vk/kqfudhdj.k
vkRefuHkZjrk
dh izkfIr

TRYSEM IRDP NREP DWACRA RLEGP

:yj yksxksa dks :yj esa lHkh efgyk vkSj cky xkj.Vh nh xbZA
Vfs uax fn;k x;k ds fodkl gsrq fodkl ds fy, dk;Z dh
;qokvksa ds ftuds ikl tehu ugha gSA
fgr gsrq jk"Vh; xzkeh.k Hkwfeghu ds fy,
ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr & 24 tqykbZ] 1991 esAa
3 ckj ;kstuk vodk'k jgk vFkkZr 6 o"kZA
xkj.Vh dkuwu 2005 esa dkaxzsl us ykxw fd;kA
16 Qjojh] 2006 esa (A.P.) ds oUnuk iYyh eujsxk dh 'kq#vkr fd;kA
igys ujsxk vkSj vc eujsxkA
15 ekpZ] 1950 esa ;kstuk vk;ksx dk tUe gqvkA
6 vxLr] 1952 & jk"Vh; fodkl ifj"kn

izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
1951&1956
f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
1956&1961
rhljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
1961&1966
rhu okf"kZd ;kstuk,
1966&67 ls 1967&69
pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
1969&1974
iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
bl ;kstuk ds y{; Fks % 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dk iquokZl] [kk|kUuksa ds ekeys esa de ls lEHko vof/k
esa vkRefuHkZjrk izkIr djuk vkSj eqnzkLQhfr ij fu;U=.k djukA blds lkFk&lkFk bl
;kstuk esa lokZxh.k fodkl dh izf;k vkjEHk dh x;h] ftlls jk"Vh; vk; ds yxkrkj
c<+us dk vk'oklu fn;k tk ldsA bl ;kstuk esa f"k dks izkFkfedrk nh x;hA
izk-s ih- lh- egkyuksfcl ds ekWMy ij vk/kkfjr bl ;kstuk dk y{; rhoz vkS|ksfxdhdj.k
FkkA blds fy, Hkkjh rFkk ewy m|ksxksa ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;kA bu ewy egRo ds m|ksxksa
vFkkZr~ ykSg ,oa bLikr] vykSg /kkrqvks]a Hkkjh jlk;u] Hkkjh bathfu;fjax vkSj e'khu&fuekZ.k
m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsus dk n`<+ fu'p; fd;k x;kA
rhljh ;kstuk us viuk y{; vkRefuHkZj ,oa Lo;a&LQwfrZ vFkZO;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk djuk
j[kkA bl ;kstuk us f"k dks loksZPp izkFkfedrk iznku dh] ijUrq blds lkFk&lkFk blus
cqfu;knh m|ksxksa ds fodkl ij Hkh i;kZIr cy fn;k tks fd rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy,
vR;ar vko';d FkkA
o"kZ 1965 esa Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ;q) ls iSnk gqbZ fLFkfr] nks lky rd yxkrkj Hkh"k.k lw[kk
iM+u]s eqnzk dk voewY;u gksu]s dherksa esa gqbZ o`f) rFkk ;kstuk ms';ksa ds fy, lalk/kuksa esa
deh gksus ds dkj.k pkSFkh ;kstuk dks vfUre :i nsus esa nsjh gqbZA blfy, blds LFkku ij
pkSFkh ;kstuk ds izk:i dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, 1966 ls 1969 rd rhu okf"kZd ;kstuk,
cuk;h x;haA bl vof/k dks ^;kstuk vodk'k*
vodk'k* (Plan Holiday) dgk x;k gSA
pkSFkh ;kstuk ds ewy ms'; Fks& fLFkjrk ds lkFk vkfFkZd fodkl rFkk vkRefuHkZjrk dh
vf/kdkf/kd izkfIrA pkSFkh ;kstuk esa jk"Vh; vk; dh 5.5% okf"kZd vkSlr o`f) nj izkIr djus dk
y{; j[kk x;k] ckn esa blesa lkekftd U;k; ds lkFk fodkl vkSj ^xjhch gVkvks* tksM+k x;kA

(26) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 ikpoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk blesa nks eq[; ms';ksa vFkkZr~ xjhch dh lekfIr vksj vkRefuHkZjrk dh izkfIr ds fy, o`f)
1974&1978 dh mPp nj dks c<+kok nsus ds vykok vk; dk csgrj forj.k vkSj ns'kh; cpr nj esa
egRoiw.kZ o`f) djus dh uhfr viuk;h x;hA ekpZ] 1978 esa turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj us pkj
o"kksZa ds i'pkr~ gh ikpoha ;kstuk dks lekIr dj fn;kA
NBh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk NBh ;kstuk nks ckj rS;kj dh x;hA turk ikVhZ }kjk 1978&83 dh vof/k gsrq ^vuojr
1980&1985 ;kstuk* cuk;h x;hA NBh ;kstuk dk eq[; ms'; f"k rFkk lEc) {ks= esa jkstxkj dk
foLrkj djuk] tu&miHkksx dh oLrq, rS;kj djus okys dqVhj ,oa y?kq m|ksxksa dks c<+kok
nsuk vkSj U;wure vko';drk dk;Ze }kjk fuEure vk; oxksZa dh vk; c<+kuk FkkA ijUrq
tc dkaxzsl ljdkj us u;h NBh ;kstuk 1980&85 rS;kj dh] rc fodkl ds usg: ekWMy
dks viuk;k x;k] ftldk y{; ,d fodklksUeq[k vFkZO;oLFkk esa xjhch dh leL;k ij
lh/kk izgkj djuk FkkA
lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk lkroha ;kstuk esa [kk|kUuksa dh o`f)] jkstxkj ds {ks=ksa dk foLrkj ,oa mRikndrk dks c<+kus
1985&1990 okyh uhfr;ksa ,oa dk;Zeksa ij cy nsus dk fu'p; fd;k x;kA
vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dsUnz esa jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk ds dkj.k vkBoha ;kstuk nks o"kZ nsj ls izkjEHk gqbZA vkBoha
1992&1997 ;kstuk dk fooj.k ml le; Lohdkj fd;k x;k] tc ns'k ,d Hkkjh vkfFkZd ladV ls xqtj
jgk FkkA blds eq[; dkj.k Fks&Hkqxrku larqyu dk ladV] c<+rk gqvk _.k Hkkj] yxkrkj
c<+rk ctV&?kkVk] c<+rh gqbZ eqnzkLQhfr vkSj m|ksx esa izfrlkjA ujflag jko ljdkj us
vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa ds lkFk jktdks"kh; lq/kkjksa dh Hkh izf;k tkjh dh] rkfd vFkZO;oLFkk dks
,d u;h xfr iznku dh tk ldsA vkBoha ;kstuk dk ewyHkwr ms'; fofHkUu igyqvksa esa
ekuo fodkl djuk FkkA
ukSoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk blesa fodkl dk 15 o"khZ; ifjiz{s ; 'kkfey fd;k x;kA ukSoha ;kstuk dk izeq[k y{; o`f)
1997&2002 ds lkFk ^lkekftd U;k; vkSj lekurk* FkkA
nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk bl ;kstuk esa igyh ckj jkT;ksa ds lkFk fopkj&foe'kZ dj jkT;okj fodkl nj fu/kkZfjr dh
2002&2007 x;hA blds lkFk gh igyh ckj vkfFkZd y{;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd y{;ksa ij Hkh
fuxjkuh dh O;oLFkk dh x;hA
nloha ;kstuk ds y{; %

;kstuk dky ds nkSjku th- Mh- ih- esa o`f) nj 8 izfr'kr igqpkukA

fu/kZurk vuqikr dks o"kZ 2007 rd de djds 21 izfr'kr vkSj o"kZ 2012 rd de
djds 15 izfr'kr rd ykukA

o"kZ 2007 rd izkFkfed f'k{kk dh igqp dks loZO;kih cukukA

o"kZ 2001 vkSj 2011 ds chp tula[;k dh nlo"khZ; o`f) nj dks 16-2 izfr'kr rd
de djukA

lk{kjrk esa o`f) dj bls o"kZ 2007 rd 75 izfr'kr vkSj o"kZ 2012 rd 80 izfr'kr
djukA

o"kZ 2007 rd ouksa ls f?kjs {ks= dks 25 izfr'kr vksj o"kZ 2012 rd 33 izfr'kr rd
c<+kukA

o"kZ 2012 rd ihus ;ksX; ikuh dh igqp lHkh xzkeksa esa dk;e djukA

lHkh eq[; ufn;ksa dks o"kZ 2007 rd vkSj vU; vuqlfw pr ty {ks=ksa dks o"kZ 2012 rd
lkQ djukA
X;kjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk vkSlr thMhih o`f) nj dks 8.1% ls 9% djukA
2007&2012 f"k thMhih o`f) nj dks 4 izfr'kr djukA
Ldwy NksMu+ s okys cPpksa dh nj dks 2011&12 rd ?kVkdj 20 izfr'kr ds Lrj ij ykukA
lk{kjrk nj dks 75 izfr'kr djuk
iztuu nj dks 2-1 ds Lrj ij ykukA
2011&12 rd 0&6 vk;qoxZ ds fyaxkuqikr dks c<+kdj 935 djukA
ou {ks= dks 5 izfr'kr vadksa rd c<+kukA

{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (27)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

xjhch
lkis{k xjhch %
ykjst a o
fxuh xq.kkad
lerk js[kk ls
nwj dh js[kk
ykjsal o
lerk js[kk
vlekurk okyk {ks=
Nk;kafdr {ks=
lerk js[kk ds uhps dk Hkkx
uksV %
fo'o cSd a ds vuqlkj 13258 ls de izfr O;fDr vk; gSA
vius vk; ls tks O;fDr vius vko';drk dh oLrq, u
[kjhn ikrk gks fujis{k xjhch dgykrk gSA
izk-s ydM+okyk % us 1998 esa dgk fd xjhch ekiu dh
lqfp vyx&vyx {ks= esa vyx&vyx gksrk gSA blfy,
izR;sd {ks= dh vyx&vyx lqph cukbZ tkuh pkfg,A
CPIAL = 2400
CPIIW = 2100
lokZf/kd xjhch dh la[;k mkj izn's k 5-90 djksM+
ijUrq % = 32%
mM+hlk esa xjhch % = 46%
thou dh vk/kkjHkwr vko';drkvksa ds oapu ls xjhch
dk vk'k; yxk;k trk gSA xjhch ds ekiu ds nks rjhds gSAa
1 lkis{k xjhch 2 fujis{k xjhch
lkis{k xjhch % lEiw.kZ fo'o esa ik;h tkrh gSa bldk
ekiu lEifk /kkj.k dh {kerk ls fy;k tkrk gSA blesa
rqyukRed :i ls jkg ns[kk tkrk gS fd fdl O;fDr ds ikl
vU; dh rqyuk esa fdruh lEifk gSa bls ekius ds fy,
ykjsta o rFkk feuh xq.kkad dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
fujis{k xjhch % xjhch dk okLrfod vk'k; fujis{k
xjhch ls yxk;k tkrk gSA ,d O;fDr fujis{k xjhc rc
dgyk;sxk tc og viuh orZeku vk; ds ek/;e ls ewy Hkwr
vko';drkvksa dks iwjh u dj ikrk gksA bls ekius ds fy,
Hkkjr ds ukscy iqjLdkj fotsrk vFkkZ'kkL=h izk-s veR;Z lsu
1998 us Head Count Ratio tSlh fof/k dk iz;ksx djrs gSAa
budk ekuuk gS fd tks O;fDr xjhch js[kk ls ftruk gh uhps
gksxk mruk gh T;knk xjhc gksxkA vFkkZr~ xjhch js[kk ds
uhps xjhch dk ?kuRo c<+rk tkrk gSA
Hkkjr esa xjhch dk vkdyu ;kstuk vk;ksx }kjk fd;k
tkrk gS vkSj blls lEcfU/kr vkadM+ksa dk izdk'ku NSSO
jk"Vh; izfrn'kZ laxBu losZ laxBu }kjk fd;k tkrk gSa
;kstuk vk;ksx us 1969&65 esa izfr O;fDr 20 #i;k ekfld
dks xjhch gsrq vk/kkj cuk;k ftldh dkQh vkykspuk dh xbZ
vkSj bls lalksf/kr djds xzkeh.k vkSj la'kksf/kr {ks= ds fy,
20 o 25 #- fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;kA 1977 esa U;wure
vko';drk rFkk izHkkoiw.kZ ekax dh dk;Zny (task force)
dSyksjh dks xjhch dk ekid cuk;k x;kA 2100 dSyksjh 'kgjh
{ks=ksa ds fy, rFkk 2400 dSyksjh xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fy, fuf'pr
fd;k x;kA
blesa iqu% lalks/ku djds 1989 esa izk-s ydM+kokyk ds
}kjk cuk;k x;k lqpdkad xjhch ds ekiu ds fy, iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA dSyksjh dh {kfriwfrZ vc vyx&vyx jkT;ksa
esa f"k Jfedksa ds fy, CPIAL (Consumer Price Index
Agriculture Labour) rFkk vkS|ksfxd jfedksa ds fy, CPIIW
dkk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl i)fr dks vkBoha iapo"khZ;
;kstuk esa ykxw fd;k x;kA orZeku esa Hkh ;gh py jgh gSA
blds fy, xzkeh.k {ks=ksa gsrq 356 #- ekfld rFkk 'kgjh {ks=ksa
538 #- ekfld dSyksjh fuf'pr fd;k x;k gSA
fo'o cSd a rFkk vU; laxBu xjhch ekiu gsrq
vyx&vyx /kujkf'k dks iSekuk cuk, gSA fo'o cSd a ds
vuqlkj tks O;fDr 1.25$ ;k blls de izfrfnu dek jgk gks
og xjhc dgyk,xkA
,f'k;u Development Bank 1.35$ rFkk Hkkjr ljdkj
1.02$ dks xjhch js[kk dk ekid ekurs gSAa
Hkkjr esa xjhch ds ekiu ds fy, nks i)fr;k ikbZ tkrh gSa&
1 URP : (Unifor Recall Period) : ;g 30 fnolh;
vof/k ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA
NSSO ds 61osa p ds vuqlkj URP ds vk/kkj ij
lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa 2004&05 dh vof/k esa 27.25% dh xjhch
ikbZ x;h gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa 28.30% rFkk 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa
25.7% dh xjhch ikbZ tkrh gSA
MRP (Minimum Recall Period) : ;g 365 fnuksa 1
lky ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA blesa 5 xSj [kk| oLrqvksa dks
'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA xSj [kk| oLrqvksa esa 1 oL=] 2 twrk
pIiy] 3 edku] 4 f'k{kk] 5 laLFkkxr fpfdRlkA MRP ds
vk/kkj ij 2004&05 dh vof/k esa lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa 21.8% dh
xjhch ikbZ x;hA
lokZf/kd xjhch ds izfr'kr okys jkT;&
1 mM+hlk & 46.4% lokZf/kd
2 fcgkj & 41.41%
3 Nkhlx<+ & 40.9%
4 >kj[k.M & 40.3%
mkj izn's k esa xjhch dk %, 32.8% gSA
uksV % lokZf/kd xjhcksa dh la[;k 5-40 djksM+ mkj izn's k esa gSA
egRoiw
egR oiw.kZ % ekpZ 2009 esa izdkf'kr izk-s lqj's k rsUnqydj
dh fjiksVZ us xjhch ds lEcU/k esa tks vkadM+s fn, gSa oks
NSSO ds vkadM+ksa ls dkQh vyx gSA bUgksu a s xjhch ds ekiu
ds MRP i)fr dks viuk;k gS ftlds vuqlkj lEiw.kZ Hkkjr
esa 37.2% dh xjhch ikbZ tkrh gSA
Hkkjr esa lEiw.kZ Lrj ij xjhch ds lEcU/k esa
dqN vuqeku
;kstuk vk;ksx dk vuqeku 2005
2004&05 ewY; ij & 27.5%
xzkeh.k {ks= 28.3%
'kgjh 25.7%
vtqZu lsu xqIrk iSuy
2004&05 ewY; ij & 77%
izfrfnu 20 #i;k
,u-
,u-lh-
lh- lDlsuk desVh 2009
xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky; }kjk fu;q & 50%
fo'o cSd a 2008 fjiksVZ
1-25 Mkyj izfrfnu 2005 esa 41.6%
lqj's k Mh rsUnqydj 2009
2004&05 ewY; ij & 37.2%
xzkeh.k & 41.8
'kgjh & 25.7

(28) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 mYys[kuh; gS fd rsUnqydj desVh us 2004&05 ewY; ij csjkstxkjh
xzkeh.k O;; dks 446-68 #- rFkk 'kgjh O;; dks 78-80
izfrekg ekurs gq, xkzeh.k {ks= ds fy, 41.8% rFkk 'kgjh {ks=
ds fy, 25.7% dk vuqeku fn;kA fo'ks"kK ;g ekurs gSa fd
fodflr ns'k vYi fodflr ns'k
rsUnqydj dk O;;lEcU/kh vuqeku ydM+kokyk vuqeku ls
vf/kd ij lsuxqIrk ds vuqeku ls de gSA
ph; ?k"kZ.kkRed xzkeh.k 'kgjh
,p-
,p- Mh-
Mh- vkj-
vkj- 2010 (HDR)
cgqvk;keh; xjhch lwpdkad (MPI) ij vk/kkfjr & 55.4% izPNUu ekSleh vkS|ksfxd f'kf{kr
gkf'ke desVh % 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa xjhch ds vuqeku ds fy, csjkstxkjh ls rkRi;Z ^^tc dksbZ O;fDr izpfyr etnwjh
;kstuk vk;ksx }kjk fu;q desVhA dh nj ij dk;Z djuk rks pkgrk gS] ij mls dk;Z u fey
21 vizSy] 2011] ;kstuk vk;ksx us rsUnqydj ikrk gksA blesa 15 ,oa 65 o"kZ ds O;fDr;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k
desVh&QkewZys ds gh vk/kkj ij ;g LFkkfir fd;k gS fd tkrk gS lEiw.kZ fo'o esa csjkstxkjh dh izfr fHkUu&fHkUu gSA
fodflr ns'kksa esa rFkk fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa csjkstxkjh nks
2009&10 esa xjhch 37.2% ls ?kVdj 32% gks x;h gSA izdkj dh ik;h tkrh gSA
1 ,sfPNd csjkstxkjh % ,sls yksx tks vius eu
cgq vk;keh xjhch lwpdkad eqrkfcd dk;Z ds vHkko esa fdlh vU; dk;Z dks ugha djuk
(Multidimensional Poverty Index) pkgrs mUgsa ,sfPN
PNd csjkstxkj dgk tkrk gSA
2 vuSfPNd csjkstxkjh % ,sls yksx tks dk;Z djuk rks
o"kZ 2010 ls lk{kjrk vkSj vk; ij buds ladsrdksa dks pkgrs gS ia j mUgsa dk;Z u fey ikrk gks ,sls yksx gh
okLrfod :i ls csjkstxkj ekus tkrs gSAa
u;k :i fn;k x;k gS ftlds rgr ^ldy ukekadu nj* ,oa fodflr ns'kksa esa csjkstxkjh dk izeq[k dkj.k tgk ekx
^o;Ld lk{kjrk nj* dks e'k% Ldwykof/k ds vuqekfur o"kZ dh deh gS ogha vYifodflr ns'kksa esa csjkstxkjh dk izeq[k
(Expected years of schooling) ,oa ^Ldwykof/k ds vkSlr o"kZ*
dkj.k lajpukRed jsy] jksM] f'k{kk] laLFkkxr fpfdRlk] 'kq)
is;ty fodkl dh deh gSA
(Mean years of schooling) ls izfrLFkkfir fd;k x;k gS vkSj fodflr ns'k % blesa nks izdkj dh csjkstxkjh ikbZ tkrh
^ldy ?kjsyw mRikn* (GDP) dk LFkku ^ldy jk"Vh; vk;* gSA fodflr ns'kksa esa rduhdh rFkk ?k"kZ.kkRed csjkstxkjh ikbZ
tkrh gSA
(GNI) us fy;k gS ftlesa vUrjkZ"Vh; vk; izokgksa dks Hkh 1 rduhdh csjkstxkjh % ,d rduhd ds LFkku ij
'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA tc nwljh rduhd vk tkrh gS rc iqjkuh rduhdh ij dke
djus okyk O;fDr tc rd izf'k{k.k izkir ugha dj ysrk rc
;w,uMhih us o"kZ 2010 ls ekuo fodkl lwpdkad rS;kj rd og csjkstxkj gksxkA
djus ds fy, ftl cgqvk;keh fu/kZurk lwpdkad dk bLrseky 2 ?k"kZ.kkRed csjkstxkjh % tc O;kikj txr esa mrkj
fd;k gS] muds varxZr ,d gh ifjokj ds lnL;ksa esa ik, p<+ko ds dkj.k ekax de gks tkrh gS rks ;g viuk izHkko
lh/ks :i ls mRiknu ,oa jkstxkj ij Mkyrh gSA tSl& s eanh
tkus okys f'k{kk] LokLF; vkSj thou Lrj ls lEcfU/kr vHkkoksa ds fnuksa esa ekax dh deh ds dkj.k jkstxkj esa deh mRiuu
ij /;ku fn;k x;k gSA vFkkZr Hkkjr esa xjhch js[kk ls ij gks tkrh gSA bl izdkj dh csjktxkjh Hkh ekax ds lkFk
lekIr gks tkrh gSA
ds yksxksa esa f'k{kk] LokLF; vkSj thou&n'kkvksa ls lEcfU/kr vYi fodflr ns'kksa esa izeq[k csjkstxkjh fNih gqbZ ;k
vHkko ik;s tkrs gSAa izNUu izdkj dh gSA ;g Hkkjr dh izeq[k csjkstxkjh gSA
izPNUu csjkstxkjksa dh lhekar mRikndrk 'kwU; gksrh gSA
fodkl dk;Ze@jkstxkj dk;Ze
dk;Ze o"kZ ms';
izFke ;kstuk 1952 ns'k@jk"V dk lexz fodkl
y?kq m|ksx fodkl laxBu (SIDO) 1954 u;s m|ksxksa ds fodkl gsrq
l/ku f"k ftyk dk;Ze (IADP) 196061 "kdksa ds cht] moZjd] vkStkj vkSj _.k miyC/k djkukA
l?ku f"k {ks=h; dk;Ze (IAAP) 196465 fof'kf"V Qlyksa dk fodkl
lk[k vf/kdj.k ;kstuk (CAS) 1965 RBI dh p;ukRed lk[k uhfr dh ,d ;kstuk
vf/kd mit nsus okyh fdLeksa dk dk;Ze 196667 f"k mRikndrk c<+kus gsrq u;s fdLe ds chtksa dk iz;ksx
(High, Yielding Variety Programme)
Hkkjr i;ZVu fodkl fuxe 1966 gksVyksa ,oa vkjke x`gksa dk fuekZ.k
gfjr kafr 196667 f"k mRiknu esa o`f) djuk
cgq Qlyh dk;Ze (MCP) 196667 f"k mRiknu esa o`f) djuk
xzkeh.k fo|qrhdj.k fuxe 1969 f"k ,oa m|ksxksa gsrq xzkeh.k {ks= esa fo|qr O;oLFkk
lekt ds detksj oxksZa dks fj;k;rh nj 4% ij _.k
foHksnhdj.k C;ktnj ;kstuk 1972
miyc/k djkuk
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (29)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa i;kZoj.k lUrqyu vkSj izkfrd lalk/kuksa
Rofjr xzkeh.k ty vkiwfrZ dk;Ze 197273
dk laj{k.k
xzkeh.k jkstxkj ds fy, udn ;kstuk 197274 xzkeh.k fodkl gsrq
lhekUr "kd ,oa f"k Jfed ,stUs lh 197374 rduhdh ,oa vkfFkZd lgk;rk
y?kq f"kd fodkl ,stUs lh 197475 rduhdh ,oa vkfFkZd lgk;rk
deku {ks= fodkl dk;Ze 197475 cM+h ,oa NksVh ;kstukvksa gsrq flapkbZ dh O;oLFkk
chl lw=h; dk;Ze 1975 xjhch mUewyu ,oa jgu lgu mPphdj.k
jk"Vh; xzkeh.k fodkl laLFkku 1977 xzkeh.k fodkl gsrq izf'k{k.k] 'kks/k rFkk lykgdkjh laLFkk
e#Hkwfe fodkl dk;Ze 197778 e#Hkwfe foLrkj izf;k fu;a=.k ,oa i;kZoj.k lUrqyu
dke ds cnys vukt dk;Ze 197778 fodkl izf;kvksa ds dke gsrq [kk|k nsuk
vUrksn; dk;Ze 197778 jktLFkku esa xkao ds lcls xjhc ifjokjksa dks LokoyEch cukuk
xzkeh.k ;qokvksa dk Lojkstxkj gsrq 15 Aug.
xzkeh.k ;qok oxZ dh csjkstxkjh dks nwj djus gsrq izf'k{k.k dk;Ze
izf'k{k.k dk;Ze (TRYSEM) 1979
lefUor xzkeh.k fodkl dk;Ze 2 Oct., xzkeh.k fu/kZu ifjokjksa dks Lojkstxkj gsrq _.k miyC/k
(IRDP) 1980 djkuk
jk"Vh; xzkE; jkstxkj dk;Ze (NREP) 1980 xzkeh.k fu/kZuksa dks ykHkizn jkstxkj miyC/k djkuk
xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa efgyk ,oa cky fodkl 1982
BPL xzkeh.k ifjokjksa dh efgykvksa dks Lojkstxkj ds
dk;Ze (DWCRA) volj miyC/k djkuk
xzkeh.k Hkwfeghu jkstxkj xkj.Vh 15 Aug.,
Hkwfeghu "kdksa o Jfedksa dks jkstxkj miyC/k djkus gsrq
dk;Ze (RLEGP) 1983
f'kf{kr csjkstxkj ;qodksa dks Lojkstxkj iznku
198384 Lojkstxkj gsrq fokh; lgk;rk ,oa rduhdh lg;ksx
djus dh ;kstuk
nkudrkZ ds dj esa 100% dh NwV rFkk xzkeh.k fodkl dh
jk"Vh; xzkeh.k fodkl dks"k 1984
ifj;kstuk gsrq nku izkIr djuk
1 April,
O;kid Qly chek ;kstuk 1985
fofHkUu f"k Qlyksa dh chek gsrq
bfUnjk vkokl ;kstuk 198586 xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa x`g _.k 5 yk[k #-
yksd dk;Ze ,oa xzkeh.k izkS|ksfxdh fodkl xzkeh.k le`f) gsrq lgk;rk 28 fnlEcj] 2004 ls bldk
ifj"kn (Council for Advancement of 1 Sept.,
uke cnydj ^xaxks=h* dj fn;k x;k gS& xouZeVas bu
People's Action and Rural Action 1986
Technology (CAPART))
,sD'ku foFk ,uthvks VkUlQkesZ'ku vkWQ #jy bf.M;k
xzkeh.k tykiwfrZ dk;Ze 1986 xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa is;ty O;oLFkk
'kgjh fu/kZuksa gsrq Lojkstxkj dk;Ze 1986 Lojkstxkj gsrq fokh; ,oa rduhdh enn
(SEPUP)
lsok {ks= n`f"Vdks.k 1988 xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fy, ubZ lk[k uhfr
izkS<+ f'k{kk dk;Ze 1988 xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa f'k[kk foLrkj
Hkjrh; i;ZVu fok fuxe 1989 i;ZVu ls lEc) ;kstukvksa gsrq fok O;oLFkk
x`g _.k[kkrk ;kstuk 1989 x`g lqfo/kk miyC/k djkus gsrq lgk;rk
usg: jkstxkj ;kstuk (NRY) Oct. 1989 uxjh; csjkstxkjksa dks jkstxkj nsus gsrq
tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk (JRY) April, 1989 xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds csjkstxkjksa dks jkstxkj nsus gsrq
dqVhj T;ksfr ;kstuk 198899 xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa BPL ifjokjksa dks fo|qr dusD'ku
f"k ,oa xzkeh.k _.k jkgr ;kstuk xzkeh.k dq'ky Jfedks]a dkjhxjks]a cqudjksa dks 10000 #- rd
1990
(ARDRS) C;kt eq _.k nsuk
'kgjh lw{e m|e ;kstuk 1990 'kgjh y?kq m|fe;ksa dks fokh; lgk;rk
,d yk[k ls de tula[;k okyh 'kgjh cfLr;ksa esa xjhcksa ds fy,
'kgjh losru jkstxkj ;kstuk 1990
ewy lqfo/kk dh O;oLFkk djds etnwjh jkstxkj iznku djuk
1 yk[k ls 20 yk[k dh tula[;k okyh 'kgjh cfLr;ksa esa
'kgjh vkokl ,oa vkJ; lq/kkj ;kstuk 1990
vkJ; mUu;u ds ek/;e ls jkstxkj iznku djuk
2 Oct.,
jkstxkj vk'oklu ;kstuk 1993
jkstxkj miyC/k djkus gsrq
2 Oct.,
izkbe fefuLVj jkstxkj ;kstuk (PMRY) 1993
f'kf{kr ;qodksa dks jkstxkj iznku djuk
19 o"kZ ls vf/kd dks BPL xHkZorh efgykvksa dks 300 #-
jk"Vh; ekr`Ro ykHk ;kstuk 1995
dh fokh; lgk;rk

(30) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 iz/kkuea=h dh f'kf{kr csjkstxkj ;qodksa gsrq 18 Nov., 50000 ls 1 yk[k tula[;k okys {ks=ksa esa f'kf{kr ;qodksa
jkstxkj ;kstuk 1995 dks fokh; lgk;rk
jk"Vh; lkekftd lgk;rk dk;Ze 1995 fofHk ;kstukvksa }kjk BPL yksxksa dks lgk;rk
xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa O;fDr;ksa dks de ykxr ij thou chek
xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa lkewfgd thou chek 199596
lqfo/kk
65 o"kZ ;k vf/kd vk;q ds vlgk; o`)ksa dks 200 #i;k
o`)koLFkk is'a ku ;kstuk 1995
ekfld is'a ku
mkj&iwoZ fodkl cSd
a 1995 mkj&iwoZ {ks=ksa esa m|ksxksa dks lgk;rk
laxe ;kstuk 1996 fodykaxksa ds dY;k.k gsrq
15 Aug., uhph efgyk lk{kjrk okys ftyksa esa ckfydk fo|ky; dh
dLrwjck xk/kh f'k{kk ;kstuk 1997 LFkkiuk
Hkwry ty ,oa Hkwfexr ty dh fudklh ,oa j[k j[kko gsrq
xaxk dY;k.k ;kstuk (GKY) 199798
f"kdksa dks fokh; lgk;rk iznku djuk
'kgjh {ks=ksa esa ykHkizn jkstxkj miyC/k djkuk ;kstuk esa
1 Dec.,
Lo.kZ t;arh 'kgjh jkstxkj ;kstuk rhu ;kstuk,a foy; dj nh x;h& (1) usg: jkstxkj
1997
SJSRY (75 : 25)
;kstuk (2) PM dks lefUor 'kgjh xjhch fuokj.k dk;Ze
(3) 'kgjh csfld lsok xjhcksa gsrq
19 Oct.,
Hkkx Jh cky dY;k.k uhfr 1998
ckfydkvksa dh n'kk lq/kkjus gsrq
10 Oct.
jktjkts'ojh efgyk dY;k.k ;kstuk 1998
efgykvksa dks chek lqj{kk iznku djuk
1 April,
tokgj xzke le`f) ;kstuk 1999
lq/kkjuk vkSj ykHkizn jkstxkj miyC/k djkuk
19 March,
viw.kkZ ;kstuk 1999
o`) ukxfjdksa dks fu%'kqYd vukt
lexz vkokl ;kstuk 1999 o`gn~ x`g ;kstuk
lkewfgd iz;kl ij cy lgk;rk izkIr xjhc O;fDr dks 3
1 April,
Lo.kZ t;arh xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstuk o"kZ esa BPL ds ij ykukA blesa N% dk;Zeksa dk foy;
1999
(SJGSY) (75 : 25)
dj fn;k x;k (i) IRDP, (ii) RRYSEM, (iii) DWCR, (iv)
SITRA, (v) MWS, (vi) GKYd
10 Aug.
tuJh chek 2000
BPL yksxksa dks chek lqj{kk dop nsuk
iz/kkuea=h xzkeksn; ;kstuk 2000 xkoksa dk lexz fodkl
ch-ih-,y- ifjokj ds lokZf/kd xjhcksa dks vukt 2 Rs./
vUrksn; ;kstuk 2000
fdyks xsgw] 3 Rs./ fdyks pkoy miyC/k djkuk
vkJ; chek ;kstuk June, 2001 jkstxkj NwVs deZpkfj;ksa dks lqj{kkdop iznku djuk
1 July, f"k Jfedksa dks LIC ds lg;ksx ls lkekftd lqj{kk
f"k Jfed lkekftd lqj{kk ;kstuk 2001 miyC/k djkuk
25 Sept.
lEiw.kZ xzkeh.k jkstxkj ;kstuk (SGRY) 2001 xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa jkstxkj dk l`tu
(75 : 25)
Dec. 2001
okYehfd vEcsMdj vkokl ;kstuk 50 : 50
'kgjh Lye vkcknh dks LoPN vkokl miyC/k djkus gsrq
BPL ifjokjksa ds cPpksa dks 8oha ckn dh f'k{kk tkjh djus
f'k{kk lg;ksx ;kstuk 200102
gsrq vkfFkZd lgk;rk
200001
loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku uoha 85 % 15 nloha 75 : 25
6&14 o"kZ ds lHkh cPpksa dks 2010 rd vkBoha rd dh
ckn esa 50 : 50
fu%'kqYd ,oa xq.kokk ;q izkFkfed f'k{kk miyC/k djkuk
[kk|kUu cSd
a ;kstuk 2001 ?kksf"krxzke iapk;r Lrj ij [kk|kUu cSd
a dh LFkkiuk
12 July, efgykvksa dk lkekftd vkfFkZd l'khdj.k2;kstuk esa
efgyk Lo;a flf) ;kstuk 2001 bfUnjk efgyk ;kstuk vkSj efgyk le`f) ;kstuk dk foy;
30 Sept.,
ladV gj.k chek ;kstuk 2001
"kdksa ds fy, lkekftd lqj{kk ;kstuk
futh {ks= ds m|fe;ksa }kjk 2005 rd fLFkj tula[;k
ikiqy's ku QLVZ ;kstuk 2002
izkIr djus gsrq lgk;rk
25 Dec., xzke iapk;rksa ds ek/;e ls dq,]a ckcM=h o gS.MiEi yxkus
Loty /kkjk ;kstuk 2002 dh lqfo/kk miyC/k djkuk

{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (31)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 15 Aug., efyu cfLr;ksa esa lkeqnkf;d 'kSpky;ksa dh lqfo/kk dk
fueZy Hkkjr ;kstuk 2002 foLrkj
15 Aug.
va'knk;h chek ;kstuk 10 yk[k cqudjksa o f'kYidkjksa dks chek lqj{kk
2002
25 Dec., 100% dsUnzh; Ldhe] 500 ls vf/kd tula[;k okys xkoksa
iz/kkuea=h xzke lM+d ;kstuk 2000 dks tksMu+ k
1 #- izfrfnu Hkqxrku ls p;fur O;f fu/kkZfjr vLirky
tuj{kk chek ;kstuk 200203
esa 30 gtkj #- rd dk mipkj
t;izdk'k ukjk;.k jkstxkj xkjUVh 200203
ns'k ds fiNM+s xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa xjhcksa o t:jr eUnksa dks
;kstuk jkstxkj miyC/k djkus gsrq
27 Jan.,
gfj;kyh ;kstuk 2003
xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa o`{kkjksi.k dks izkRs lkgu
xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa 'kgjh lqfo/kkvksa dh 15 Aug.,
xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa mr lqfo/kk miyC/k djkuk
miyC/krk dk;Ze (PURA) 2003
ns'k ds fiNM+s jkT;ksa esa 6 u;s AIIMS vLirkyksa dks
iz/kkuea=h LokLF; lqj{kk ;kstuk 2003
LFkkfir djus gsrq
dke ds cnys vukt 2004
vlaxfBr Jfesdksa dks lkekftd lqj{kk 23 Jan., vlaxfBr {ks= ds Jfedksa dks ikfjokfjd is'a ku chek o
ik;yV ;kstuk 2004 fpfdRlk vkfn lqfo/kk nsuk
us'kuy QwM Qkj oDlZ izkxs z Se 13/10/2004
tokgj yky usg: us'kuy vjcu fjuqvy 3 Dec.,
'kgjh voLFkkiuk fodkl
fe'ku 2005
12 April,
jk"Vh; xzkeh.k LokLF; vfHk;ku 2005
izkFkfed LokLF; lqj{kkdks lqn`<= djuk
16 Dec.,
Hkkjr fuekZ.k ;kstuk 2005
xzkeh.k voLFkkiuk lokZx
a h.k rFkk O;kid fodkl ;kstuk
2 Oct., Hkwfe jfgr xzkeh.k ifjokj ds eq[k;k ;k vk; vtZd O;fDr
vke vkneh chek ;kstuk 2007 dh chek ;kstuk
1 Oct., chih,y ifjokj ds vlaxfBr {ks= esa dk;Z dj jgs izR;sd
jk"Vh; LokLF; chek ;kstuk 2007 O;fDr dks LokLF; chek nsuk
fd'kksjh l'khdj.k dh dsUnzh; ;kstuk] ns'k ds 200 ftyksa
19 Nov.,
tu'kkyk lcyk 2010
esa ykxw fd'kksfj;ksa ds LokLF; rFkk iks"k.k ls lEcfU/kr
;kstuk
27 Sept.
LokoyEcu 2010
vlaxfBr {ks= ds fy, u;h is'a ku ;kstuk
1 April
jktho xk/kh Ldhe Qkj ,sMksyslsUV xYlZ 2010 ls ICDS }kjk f;kfUor
ykxw
1 April
efgyk f"k l'khdj.k ;kstuk 2010 ls us'kuy fyoyhgqM fe'ku dk ,d miHkkx
ykxw
us'kuy :jy fyoyhgqM fe'ku 200910 SGSY dk u;k uke
jktho vkokl ;kstuk (RAY) 200910 Lyeeqf ls lEcfU/kr
iz/kkuea=h vkn'kZ xzke ;kstuk 200910 vuqlfw pr tkfr cgqy xzke fodkl ;kstuk
xzkeh.k fdlku efgykvksa dh fof'k"V vko';drkvksa dh
efgyk fdlku l'khdj.k ;kstuk 201011
iwfrZ gsrq
2006 ls
'kq: ujsxk
dks 2 vDVw-
egkRek xka/kh us'kuy :jy ,EIYok;esVa 2009 dks xzkeh.k {ks= esa jkstxkj dk vf/kdkj nsuk
xkjUVh izkx
s zke eujsxk u;s uke
eujsxk ls
'kq:

(32) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475

Hkkjrh; f"k
orZeku esa f"k {ks= ns'k ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa 26%
dk ;ksxnku djrk gSA 1950&51 esa ;g th- Mh- ih- dk
55.4% FkkA
Hkkjr esa Je 'kfDr dk yxHkx 65% Hkkx f"k {ks= ls
thfodk ikrk gSA 2009&10 % 52%
;g cgq r fujk'kktud gS fd 1951&2001 ds nkS jku]
f"k Jfedksa dk vuqikr 20% ls c<+d j 27% gks
x;k( tcfd "kdksa dh ek=k 50% ls ?kVdj 32%
gks xbZA
f"k ls izeq[k m|ksxksa dks dPpk eky feyrk gSA lwrh vkSj
iVlu oL= m|ksx] phuh] pk;] ouLifr rFkk ckxku m|ksx]
;s lc f"k ij fuHkZj gSAa gLrdj?kk cqukbZ] rsy fudkyuk]
pkoy dwVuk vkfn cgqr ls y?kq vkSj dqVhj m|ksxksa dks Hkh
f"k ls dPpk eky feyrk gSA
fofuekZ.k&{ks= esa mRiuu vk; dk 50% bl {ks= ls vkrk gSA
Hkkjr ls fu;kZr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa esa eq[;r% f"k
oLrq, glh gSAa
eksVs rkSj ij dqy fu;kZr esa f"k oLrqvksa dk vuqikr
yxHkx 15-20% gS rFkk f"k ls cuh oLrqvksa dk vuqikr
20% gSA
f"k Hkkjr dh ifjogu&O;oLFkk dk eq[; voyEc gS
D;ksfa d jsyos vkSj lM+d ekxZ dk vf/kdka'k O;kikj f"k
oLrqvksa dks ykuk o ys tkuk gSA
vUrnsZ'kh; O;kikj dh oLrq, Hkh eq[;r% f"k oLrq, gh
gSAa
vPNh Qly gksu s ij fdlkuksa dh ; 'kfDr c<+
tkrh gS ftlls m|ksx&fufeZr oLrqvksa dh ekx vkSj
dhersa c<+ tkrh gS aA ifj.kker% m|ksxksa dh iz xfr
gksus yxrh gS A
vesfjdk] :l vkSj phu ds ckn Hkkjr ldy moZjd
miHkkx esa fo'o esa pkSFkk LFkku j[krk gSA
nqX/k mRiknu esa Hkkjr fo'o esa izFke LFkku ij gSA
Hkkjr esa f"k mRiknu esa i'kqikyu mRikn dk fgLlk
26% gSA
mRiknu lEcfU/kr kfUr;k
gfjr kfUr % gfjr kfUr dk lEcU/k f"k {ks= esa
mRiknu rduhd ds lq/kkj ,oa f"k mRikndrk esa o`f)
djus ls gSA bl kfUr dk Js; eSfDldks ds MkW- ukWeZu
cksjykWx vkSj Hkkjr ds MkW- ,e- ,l- LokehukFku dks tkrk
gSA
ihyh kfUr % [kk| rsyksa vkSj frygu Qlyksa ds
mRiknu ds {ks= esa vuqlU/kku vkSj fodklA
'osr kfUr % nw/k ds {ks= esa kfUr mRiUu djds
mRikndrk c<+kus ds dk;Zeksa dks gh 'osr kfUr dk
uke fn;k x;kA 'osr kfUr dh xfr dks vkSj rst
djus ds ms'; ls ^^vkijs'ku yM** uked ;kstuk
vkjEHk dh x;hA bl kfUr dk Js; Hkkjr ds MkW-
oxhZl dqfj;u dks tkrk gSA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
uhyh kfUr % eNyh mRiknu ds {ks= esa gqbZ izxfr dks
uhyh kfUr ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
xqykch kfUr % ekal O;kikj ds {ks= esa gqbZ izxfr dks
xqykch kfUr ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
lysVh kfUr % v.Ms mRiknu ds {ks= esa gqbZ izxfr dks
lysVh kfUr ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
Hkwjh kfUr % xSj&ijEijkxr bZ/a ku ds mRiknu ds {ks=
esa gqbZ kfUr Hkwjh kfUr ds :i esa tkuh tkrh gSA
Hkkjrh; fokh; iz.kkyh
Hkkjrh; fokh; iz.kkyh dks eq[;r% nks Hkkxksa esa ckVk x;k
gSA 1 eqnzk cktkj] 2 iwth cktkj
eqnzk cktkj ds vUrxZr vYidkyhu izfrHkwfr;ksa esa
O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ bldh vof/k 1 o"kZ ls de
gksrh gS] tcfd iwth cktkj ds vUrxZr nh?kZdkyhu
izfrHkwfr;ksa dk O;kikj fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ 3 o"kZ ls vf/kd
15 o"kZ ls deA
Hkkjrh; eqnzk cktkj dks laxfBr rFkk vlaxfBr nks {ks=ksa
esa ckVk x;k gSA vlaxfBr ds vurxZr lsB] egktu]
lkgwdkj 'kkfey gS tcfd laxfBr {ks= ds vUrxZr RBI 'kh"kZ
ij dk;Z djrh gS rFkk blds lkFk&lkFk O;kikfjd cSd a o
xSj cSfa dax fokh; laLFkk, (LIC, GIC) Hkh dk;Z djrs gSAa
1 o"kZ ls de 3&15 o"kZ
'ks;j cktkj
laxfBr vlaxfBr
lsB ns'kh _.k o fons'kh _.k
RBI va'ki= dk O;kikj
CB lkgwdkj
NFBC psVV~ h enzkl
Hkkjr esa izfrHkw
rHkwfr&eqnz.k ,oa flDdksa dk mRiknu
(Printing of Securities and Minting in India)
Hkkjr esa izfrHkwfr eqnz.k ,oa flDdksa dk mRiknu
fuEufyf[kr LFkkuksa ij fd;k tkrk gS&
Nkis[kkus (Printing Press) :
1- bf.M;k flD;ksfjVh izsl] ukfld egkjk"V % ukfld
jksM fLFkr Hkkjr izfrHkwfr eqnz.kky; (India Security
Press) esa Mkd lEcU/kh ys[ku lkexzh] Mkd ,oa
Mkd fHkuu fVdVks]a vnkyrh ,oa xSj&vnkyrh
LVkEiks]a cSd
a ksa RBI rFkk SBI ds psdks]a ckW.Mks]a
jk"Vh; cpr i=ks]a iksLVy vkWMZj] ikliksVZ] bfUnjk
fodkl i=ks]a fdlku fodkl i=ksa vkfn ds vykok
jkT; ljdkjks]a ljdkjh {ks= ds midks]a fokh;
fuxeksa vkfn ds izfrHkwfr i=ksa dh NikbZ dh tkrh
gSA
2- flD;ksfjVh fizfUVax izsl] gSnjkckn % flD;ksfjVh
fizfUVax izsl] gSnjkckn dh LFkkiuk nf{k.k jkT;ksa dh
Mkd ys[ku lkexzh dh ekxksa dks iwjk djus o iwjs
ns'k dh dsUnzh; mRikn 'kqYd LVkEi dh ekx dks
iwjk djus ds fy, 1982 esa dh xbZ Fkh] rkfd Hkkjr
izfrHkwfr eqnz.kky;] ukfld jksM ds mRiknu dh
vuqifw rZ dh tk ldsA
(33)
 3- djsUlh izsl uksV] ukfld egkjk"V % ukfld jksM Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd
a ds xouZj
fLFkr djsalh uksV izsl 10] 50] 100] 500 rFkk 1000
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd
a dh LFkkiuk 1935 esa gqbZ FkhA
pkyw o"kZ 2010 esa viuh LFkkiuk ds 75 o"kZ Hkkjr ds bl
#i, ds cSd a uksV Nkirh gS vkSj mudh iwfrZ djrh dsUnzh; cSda us iwjs fd, gSAa bu 75 o"kksZa esa dqy 22
gSA O;fDr;ksa us bl cSda ds loksZpp xouZj in dks lq'kksfHkr
fd;k gSA bu lHkh 22 O;fDr;ksa ds uke o vkjchvkbZ
4- cSda uksV izsl] nsokl e/; izn's k % nsokl fLFkr xouZj ds :i esa mudk dk;Zdky fuEufyf[kr gS&
cSd
a uksV izsl 20 #i,] 50 #i,] 100 #i, vkSj
- xouZj dk;Zdky
500 i, ds mPp ewY; oxZ ds uksV Nkirh gSA cSd a
1- lj vkslcksuZ fLeFk 1&4&35 ls 30&6&37
uksV izsl dk L;kgh dk dkj[kkuk izfrHkwfr i=ksa dh (Sir Osborne Smith)
L;kgh dk fuekZ.k Hkh djrk gSA 2- lj tsEl Vsyj (Sir 1&7&37 ls 17&2&43
James Taylor)
5- 'kkgcuh i- i- caxky rFkk eSlwj dukZVd ds 3- lj lh- Mh- ns'keq[k 11&8&43 ls 30&6&49
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a uksV eqnz.k fyfeVsM % nks u, ,oa 4- lj csux s y jkekjkm 1&7&49 ls 14&1&57
vr;k/kqfud djsUlh uksV izsl eSlwj dukZVd rFkk 5- ds- th- vacx s kodj 14&1&57 ls 28&2&57
6- ,p-oh-vkj- vk;axj 1&3&57 ls 28&2&62
lkYcksuh i- caxky esa LFkkfir fd, x, gSAa ;gk
7- ih-lh- Hkkpk;Z 1&3&62 ls 30&6&67
RBI ds fu;a=.k esa djsUlh uksV Nkis tkrs gSAa bu
8- ,y-ds- >k 1&7&67 ls 3&5&70
u, eqnz.kky;ksa esa 1998&99 rd 10]000 fefy;u 9- ch-,u- vnkjdj 4&5&70 ls 15&6&70
djsUlh uksVksa dk vfrfjDr okf"kZd eqnz.k dk vuqeku 10- ,l- txUukFku 16&6&70 ls 19&5&75
FkkA nsokl rFkk ukfld jksM fLFkr djsUlh uksV 11- ,u-lh- lsuxqIrk 19&5&75 ls 19&8&75
izslksa esa izfro"kZ 6000 fefy;u djsUlh uksVksa dk 12- ds-vkj- iqjh 20&8&75 ls 2&5&77
eqnz.k gksrk gSA 13- ,e- ujflage 2&5&77 ls 30&11&77
14- vkbZ- th- iVsy 1&12&77 ls 15&9&82
6 - flD;ksf jVh isi j fey] gks' kaxkckn e/; iz ns' k % 15- MkW- eueksgu flag 16&9&82 ls 14&1&85
cS ad vkSj djsUlh uksV dkxt rFkk ukWu 16- ,- ?kks"k 15&1&85 ls 4&2&85
t;wfMf'k;y LVkEi isi j dh NikbZ esa iz ;ksx 17- vkj- ,u- eYgks=k 4&2&85 ls 22&12&90
gksus okys dkxt dk mRiknu djus ds fy, 18- ,l- osd a Vkje.ku 22&12&90 ls 21&12&90
flD;wfjVh isi j fey] gks'kaxkckn esa 1967&68 esa 19- MkW- lh- jaxjktu 22&12&92 ls 21&11&97
pkyw dh xbZ FkhA 20- MkW- fcey tkyku 22&12&97 ls 6&9&03
21- MkW- okbZ- oh- jsh 6&9&03 ls 5&9&08
Vdlky 22- Mh- lqCckjko 5&9&08 ls vc rd
(Mints)
Hkkjr dks FDI esa 'kh"kZLFk ns'kksa dk fgLlk
flDdksa dk mRiknu djus rFkk lksu s vkS j pk nh dh vxLr 1991 ls ekpZ 2007 rd
ij[k djus ,oa rexks a dk mRiknu djus ds fy, Hkkjr FDI vUrizZokg
ns'k izfr'kr
ljdkj dh pkj Vdlkys a eq E cbZ ] dksydkrk] gS njkckn jkf'k
rFkk uks, Mk es a fLFkr gS A eq E cbZ ] gS njkckn vkS j 1- ekWfj'kl 18146.81 41.24
2- la- jk- vejhdk 5893.99 12.78
dksydkrk dh Vdlkysa dkQh le; igys e'k% 1830]
3- ;w- ds- 3857.25 6.68
1903 vkS j 1950 esa LFkkfir dh xbZ Fkha] tcfd uks, Mk
4- uhnjyS.M 2637.86 5.97
dh Vdlky 1989 es a LFkkfir dh xbZ FkhA eq E cbZ rFkk
5- tkiku 2208.51 4.85
dksydkrk dh Vdlkyksa esa flDdksa ds vykok fofHkUu 6- teZuh 1701.63 3.68
iz d kj ds indks a esM y dk Hkh mRiknu fd;k tkrk gS A 7- flaxkiqj 1628.18 3.67
uk,Mk dh Vdlky esa uohure e'khujh rFkk midj.k 8- kal 895.44 1.96
gS a] ijUrq vU; rhuksa Vdlkyks a dh e'khusa dkQh iq jkuh 9- nf{k.kh dksfj;k 822.68 1.66
gS a] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i muds j[kj[kko ij dkQh 10- fLoV~tjyS.M 692.17 1.50
ykxr vkrh gS A dqy vU; dks lfEefyr
54628.85
djrs gq,

(34) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 Hkkjrh; cSafdax O;oLFkk % ,d ifjp;
Hkkjr esa ,d vkSj laxfBr rFkk vk/kqfud cSfa dax laxBu rFkk nwljh vksj vlaxfBr cSfa dax {ks= dk lg&vfLrRo ik;k tkrk
gSA Hkkjr esa cSfa dax laxBu dh lajpuk dks fuEufyf[kr rkfydk ds }kjk le>k tk ldrk gS&

Hkkjrh; cSafdax O;oLFkk

laxfBr {ks= vlaxfBr {ks=

dsUnzh; cSd
a
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd
a ns'kh cSd
a lZ xzkeh.k lkgwdkj
egktu iatkc
O;kikfjd cSd
a {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd
a lgdkjh cSd
a
lkgwdkj ;w-ih-
jkT; lgdkjh cSd
a
lkoZtfud O;kikfjd cSd
a futh O;kikfjd cSd
a lsB ekjokM+
dsUnzh; lgdkjh cSd
a
psVV~ h enzkl
Hkkjrh; LVsV cSd
a vU; izkFkfed lk[k lfefr;k
rFkk jk"Vh;r cSd
a
mlds lg;ksxh cSd a
ns'kh cSd
a fons'kh cSd
a

Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd

a gS]a tks LFkkuh; eqksa dk v/;;u djds dsUnzh; cksMZ dks
(Reserve Bank Of India)
fgYVu ;ax vk;ksx us Hkkjr esa 1926 bZ- esa izpfyr
ekSfnzd ,oa lk[k iz.kkyh esa lq/kkj dh vko';drk dks Li"V
djrs gq, ,d dsUnzh; cSd a dh LFkkiuk djus dk lq>ko
fn;kA vk;ksx dh flQkfj'kksa ds vk/kkj ij ljdkj us dsUnzh;
cSd
a dh LFkkiuk gsrq ,d fcy 1927 bZ- esa fo/kku lHkk esa
izLrqr fd;k] tks nqHkkZX;o'k ikfjr ugha gks ldkA iqu% 1930
bZ- esa dsUnzh; cSfa dax tkp lfefr us dsUnzh; cSda dh LFkkiuk
dh flQkfj'k dh] ftlds vk/kkj ij 8 flrEcj] 1933 dks
fo/kku lHkk esa ljdkj us fjtoZ cSd a vkWQ bafM;k fo/ks;d
izLrqr fd;k] ftls fo/kku lHkk us ikfjr dj fn;kA bl
fo/ks;d ij 6 ekpZ] 1934 dks xouZj tujy }kjk gLrk{kj
fd;s x;sA rRi'pkr~ 1 vizSy] 1935 dks 5 djksM+ #i, dh
va'k iwth ds lkFk 100 #i;s ds iw.kZr;k izkIr va'kksa ds lkFk
bldh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
izkjEHk esa ;g cSda va'k/kkfj;ksa ds cSd
a ds :i esa dk;Z
djrk Fkk] ftldh yxHkx lkjh iwt a h futh va'k/kkfj;ksa dh
FkhA 2,22,000 #i;s ds va'k gh ljdkj ds ikl FksA bl :i
esa cSd
a us Lora=rk izkfIr ds le; rd dke fd;k] ijUrq 1
tuojh] 1949 dks bldk jk"Vh;dj.k dj fn;k x;kA rc ls
;g dsUnz ljdkj ds LokfeRo esa gSA
fjtoZ
fjtoZ cSd
a dk izcU/ku
fjtoZ cSda dk izcU/k vkSj lapkyu ,d chl lnL;h;
dsUnzh; funs'kd cksMZ djrk gS] ftlesa ,d xouZj] pkj
mi&xouZj] Hkkjr ljdkj dsfok ea=ky; dk ,d vf/kdkjh
o ljdkj }kjk euksuhr nl funs'kd tks ns'k ds vkfFkZd
thou ds egRoiw.kZ igyqvksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSa rFkk pkj
LFkkuh; cksMksZa dk izfrfu/kRo djus okys pkj funs'kd dsUnz
ljdkj }kjk gh euksfur gksrs gSAa
eqEcbZ fLFkr iz/kku dk;kZy; ds vykok fjtoZ cSd a ds
pkj LFkkuh; cksMZ eqEcbZ] dksydkrk] ubZ fnYyh vkSj psUubZ esa
ijke'kZ nsrs gSAa izR;sd LFkkuh; cksMZ esa dsUnz ljdkj }kjk
euksuhr ikp lnL; gksrs gSAa
cSd
a ds izpyu rFkk cSfa dax foHkkx eqEcbZ] dksydkrk] t;iqj]
psUubZ] ubZ fnYyh] ck;[kyk eqEcbZ] caxykSj] ukxiqj rFkk dkuiqj
esa fLFkr gSAa bldk ,d dk;kZy; yUnu esa Hkh gSA
fjtoZ cSd
a ds izeq[k dk;Z
Hkkjr dk dsUnzh; cSd a gksus ds dkj.k fjtoZ cSd a ds dk;Z
vR;Ur foLr`r gS]a ftUgsa nks oxksZa esa ckVk tk ldrk gS&
(A) lkekU; dsUnzh; cSfa dax dk;Z % bloxZ ds vUrxZr
fuEu dk;ksZa dk lEiknu fjtoZ cSd a ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS&
1- djsUlh uksVksa dk fuxZeu
2- ljdkjh cSd a j dk dke djuk
3- cSda ksa ds cSd
a dk dk;Z djuk
4- fons'kh fofue; dk fu;a=.k
5- lk[k fu;a=.k (Credit Control)
6- f"k fok dh O;oLFkk djuk
(B) fodkl lEcU/kh ,oa izoru dk;Z % fjtoZ cSd a Hkkjr ds
fodkl vkSj izorZu lEcU/kh vusd dk;ksZa dks lEikfnr djus esa
yxk gqvk gS] mnkgj.kkFkZ xzkeh.k rFkk fiNM+s {ks=ksa esa okf.kfT;d
cSd
a ksa dh uohu 'kk[kk, [kqyokuk] yksxksa esa cpr dh vknr
Myokuk] mUgsa xzkeh.k lkgwdkjksa o lwn[kksjksa ds paxqy ls vktkn
djkuk] f"k gsrq laLFkkxr _.k miyC/k djkuk vkfnA cSadksa ds
tekdrkZvksa dks lqj{kk iznku djus ds ms'; ls 1962 bZ- esa
^thou chek fuxe* dh rFkk cprksa dks izkRs lkfgr djus gsrq 1964
bZ- esa ^;wfuV VLV vkWQ bafM;k* dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA f"k ds
fodkl gsrq lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds fodkl dks izkRs lkfgr djus esa
fjtoZ cSd a dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA blh izdkj vkS|ksfxd
fodkl gsrq Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd fok fuxe vkSj jkT; fok fuxeksa]
Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSad vkfn dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA bu
lHkh fodkl dk;ksZa esa fjtoZ cSda dh Hkwfedk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ jgh
gSA

{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (35)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
R.B.I. ds izeq[k dk;Z %
1 i= eqnzk dk fuxZeu % 2 #- ls ysdj 1 gtkj rd
ds eq[; lHkh uksV tkjh djus dk dk;Z RBI djrk gSA izkjEHk
esa uksV tkjh djus dh iz.kkyh vuqikfrd dks"k iz.kkyh Fkh
vFkkZr~ 60% ewY; ljdkjh izfrHkwrh ;k #i;s esa rFkk 40%
lksus o fons'kh izfrHkwrh esAa vDrwcj 1956 ls U;wure~ dks"k
iz.kkyh viukbZ xbZA blds vUrxZr 515 djksM+ dh izfrHkwfr
U;wure~ :i ls j[kuk gksxk ftlesa 400 djksM+ dh fons'kh
izfrHkwfr;k rFkk 115 djksM+ dk Lo.kZ j[kuk vfuok;Z gSA
orZeku esa ;gh iz.kkyh izpfyr gSA
2 cSd a ksa dk cSd
a % ;g lHkh izdkj ds cSd
a ksa ij fu;U=.k
djrk gS vkSj bUgsa vfUre :i ls _.k Hkh iznku djrk gSA
3 ljdkj dk cSd a % ;g dsUnz rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa ds
cSd
a j ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS rFkk dsUnz dks vYidkyhu
_.k Hkh miyC/k djkrk gSA
fons'kh fofue; dks"k dk izcU/k Hkh djrk gSA ;g dsUnzh;
cSd
a ds lHkh fons'kh ysu&nsu dks Hkh fu;fer djrk gS vFkkZr
fons'kh _.k ds lEcU/k esa ljdkj ds izfrfuf/k dk :i esa
dk;Z djrk gSA
4 lk[k fu;a=d (Credit Control) :
ek=kRed (Quantitative) xq.kkRed (Qualitative)
uSfrd ncko
lk[k Lohfr
ekftZu fu/kkZj.k
cSd
a nj [kqys cktkj dh f;k,
ifjorZuh; dks"k vuqikr ekftZuy LVSfa Max QSflyhVh
CRR SLR Repo - Reverse Repo
uxn dks"k vuqikr oS/kkfud dks"k vuqikr
fjtoZ cSd a vkWQ bf.M;k vFkZO;oLFkk esa O;kIr eanh ;k
eqnzk LQhfr dks nwj djus ds fy, lk[k fu;a=.k dh f;k
viukrh gS bls gh lk[k fu;a=.k ds ekSfnzd mik; Hkh dgrs
gS&a
ifjek.kkRed mik; %
1 cSd a nj % cSd a nj og nj gS ftl nj ij dsUnzh;
cSd
a O;olkf;d cSd a ksa dks m/kkj ;k _.k nsrk gSA blh dks
fcyksa dh iwujdVkSrh Hkh dgrs gSAa bldh orZeku nj 6% gSa
eqnzk LQhfr ds fnuksa esa bls c<=k fn;k tkrk gS rks eanh ds
nkSj esa bls ?kVk fn;k tkrk gSA
2 [kqys cktkj dh f;k, % RBI blds vUrxZr
izfrHkwfr;ksa esa O;kikj djrh gSa vFkkZr~ tc eqnzk LQhfr dh
fLFkfr gksxh rc og izfrHkwfr;ksa dks cspx s hA blds foijhr
eanh ds fnuksa esa izfrHkwfr;ksa dks [kjhn ysrh gSA
3 ifjorZuh; dks"k vuqikr % lk[k fu;a=.k ds
lokZf/kd mi;qZDr mik; blh esa 'kkfey gSA
(i) CRR : RBI ds fu;ekuqlkj izR;sd okf.kfT;d
cSd
a viuh izkjfEHkd tek dk 3 ls 15% rd
RBI ds ikl j[krk gSA RBI vFkZO;oLFkk dh
fLFkfr ds vuqlkj bls ?kVk&c<+k ldrh gSA
orZeku esa bldh nj 6% gSA
(36) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
(ii) SLR : (Statury Liquidity Ratio) : RBIds
fu;ekuqlkj izR;sd okf.kfT;d cSd a viuh
izkjfEHkd tek dk 2535% rd vius ikl j[k
ldrk gSA ftls RBI vko';drkuqlkj cnyrh
jgrh gSA orZeku esa bldh nj 25% gSA
uksV % 2008 esa bldh U;wure lhek Hkh lekir dj nh
xbZ vkSj bls ?kVk dj 24% dj fn;k x;k gSA
vYi dkfyd _.k ds mik; %
(1) Repo (Re Purchase Option) : tc Hkkjr ljdkj
vFkZO;oLFkk esa O;kIr eanh dks nwj djus ds fy,
vYidkyhu _.k yksxksa dks nsrh gS rks bls Repo dgk
tkrk gSA blls rjyrk esa o`f) gksrh gSA
(2) Reverse Repo : tc vFkZO;oLFkk ls eqnzk LQhfr dks de
djuh gksrh gS rc og bldk mi;ksx djrh gSA nksuksa
dh njsa e'k% 6 vkSj 5% gSA
Hkkjrh; #i;k % Hkkjrh; #i;k n'keyo iz.kkyh ij
vk/kkfjr gSA 1957 ls iw.kZ #i;k ,dUuh] nwvUuh] poUuh ds
vuqikr esa cVk gksrk FkkA 1957&64 ds chp u, iSls esa cny
x;kA 1964 ds i'pkr u;k iSlk&iSls esa cny x;kA 1 #i,
dh uksV fiRr ea=ky; }kjk tkjh dh tkrh gSA bl ij fok
lpho ds gLrk{kj gksrk gSA orZeku esa bls cUn dj fn;k
x;k gSA
Hkkjrh; okf.kfT;d cSd
a
(Indian Commercial Banks)
bZ LV bafM;k dEiuh us Hkkjr esa cS afdax iz .kkyh dh
uhao MkyhA Hkkjr esa iz Fke fefJr iwath cSad ^cSad vkWQ
fgUnqLrku* Fkk] ftldk izc U/ku fczfV'k gkFkksa esa FkkA
(MSF) izFke iw.kZ r;k Hkkjrh; fefJr cS ad ^vo/k okf.kfT;d cS ad *
Fkk] ftldh LFkkiuk 1881 bZ- esa gqbZ FkhA 1894 bZ- esa
^iatkc us'kuy cSad* vkSj 1901 bZ- esa ^ihiqYl cS ad * dh
LFkkiuk gqbZ A 1913 bZ - rd 5 yk[k #i;s ;k blls
vf/kd iwth okys cS adksa dh la[ ;k flQZ 18 FkhA 1921 bZ-
esa orZ eku rhuksa iz slhMsalh cS adksa dk foy; djds
^bEihfj;y cS ad * dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA Lora=rk iwoZ
cS afdax O;oLFkk esa dkQh vLFkkf;Ro Fkk vkS j vusd cSad
vlQy gks x;s Fks] tSl s& cS ad vkWQ vij baf M;k]
,yk;al cS ad vkWQ f'keyk] Vo udksj us'kuy vkSj Dohuy
cS ad vkfnA
Hkkjr esa okf.kfT;d cSd a ksa dks nks oxksZa esa oxhZr fd;k
tk ldrk gS& 1- vuqlfw pr cSd a vkSj 2- xSj&vuqlfw pr cSd a A
vuqlfw pr cSd a os gS]a ftudk uke fjtoZ cSd a dh f}rh;
vuqlp w h esa mUgha cSd
a ksa ds uke iathr gksrs gS]a ftudh pqdrk
iwt
a h vkSj dqy tek feykdj ikp yk[k #i;s ls vf/kd gSA
bu cSd a ksa dks viuh dqy ekx ns;rkvksa rFkk lkof/k ns;rkvksa
dk 3% Hkkx fjtoZ cSd a ds ikl udn dks"k ds :i esa tek
djuk iM+rk gSA fjtoZ cSd a dks bl udn dks"k dks 15% rd
djus dk vf/kdkj izkIr gSA lkFk gh] ;s cSd a viuk
ys[kk&tks[kk gj lIrkg fjtoZ cSd a ds le{k izLrqr djrs gSAa
ikp yk[k ls de pqdrk iwt a h vkSj tek j[kus okys cSd a
xSj&vuqlfw pr cSd a dgykrs gS]a ftu ij fjtoZ cSd a dk dksbZ
egRoiw.kZ fu;a=.k ugha gksrkA bu cSd a ksa dks viuk
ys[kk&tks[kk izR;sd egk fjtoZ cSd a ds lkeus izLrqr djuk
gksrk gSA bUgsa Hkh vius dqy tek dk ,d fuf'pr Hkkx fjtoZ
cSd
a ds ikl j[kuk gksrk gSA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
 Hkkjrh; LVsV cSd
a
LVsV cSd
a vkWQ eSlwj
iwoZ uke % cSda vkWQ dydkk 1806 bZ-] cSd a vkWQ
caxky 1809 bZ- vkSj baihfj;y cSad vkWQ bafM;k 1921 bZ-A iwoZ uke % cSd
a vkWQ eSlwj fyfeVsMA
LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1806 bZ-A LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1913 bZ-A
laLFkkid % ,e- fo'os'ojS;kA
laLFkkid % caxky ljdkjA jk"Vh;dj.k % 1959 bZ-A
jk"Vh;dj.k % 1955 bZ-A iz/kku dk;kZ
dk;kZy; % caxykSj dukZVdA
iz/kku dk;kZy; % eqca bZ egkjk"VA fgLlsnkjh % 92.33% ,l-ch-vkbZ-A
fgLlsnkjh % 59.73% vkj- ch- vkbZ-A LVsV cSd
a vkWQ ifV;kyk
ifjlaifk % 4812 djksM+ #i;sA
iwoZ uke % ifV;kyk LVsV cSda A
1 tuojh] 1949 dks fjtoZ cSd a ds jk"Vh;dj.k ds lkFk LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1917 bZ-A
gh ^cSfa dax fu;eu vf/kfu;e* ikfjr fd;k x;k] ftlds laLFkkid % egkjktk Hkwfianj flagA
}kjkHkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a dks okf.kfT;d cSda ksa ij fu;a=.k j[kus jk"Vh;dj.k % 1959 bZ-A
dk foLr`r vf/kdkj izkIr gks x;kA ;|fi xzkeh.k cSfa dax iz/kku dk;kZy; % ifV;kyk iatkcA
tkkp lfefr 1950 bZ- bEihfj;y cSd a ds jk"Vh;dj.k ds fgLlsnkjh % 100% ,l-ch-vkbZ-A
i{k esa ugha Fkh] ij vf[ky Hkkjrh; lk[k losZ{k.k lfefr
1952 bZ- us bEihfj;y cSd a ds lkFk dqN jkT;&lEc) cSd a ksa LVsV cSd
a vkWQ Vsous dksj
dks feykdj ^LVsV cSd a vkWQ bf.M;k* dh LFkkiuk dh laLrqfr iwoZ uke % Vsous dksj cSd
a fyfeVsMA
dhA QyLo:i 1 tqykbZ] 1955 ls bEihfj;y cSd a dh lHkh LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1945 bZ-A
lEifk;ksa rFkk nsunkfj;ksa dks vf/kxzg.k djds Hkkjrh; LVsV jk"Vh;dj.k % 1959 bZ-A
cSd
a us dk;Z djuk 'kq: fd;kA iz/kku dk;kZy; % f=osna ze dsjyA
lkoZtfud {ks= esa nks izdkj dh cSd a dk;Zjr~ gS& a 1- fgLlsnkjh % 75% ,l-ch-vkbZ-A
Hkkjrh; LVsV cSd a lewg rFkk 2- vU; jk"Vh;r cSd a Asa
O;kikfjd cSd a oxZ ds vurxZr lkoZtfud {ks= esa Hkkjrh; vU; jk"Vh;r cSd
a
LVsV cSd a 'kh"kZ LFkku dh cSda gSA twu] 2006 ds vUr esa LVsV
cSd
a lewg dh 13501 'kk[kk, dk;Z dj jgha FkhA orZeku bykgkckn cSd
a
le; esa ^Hkkjrh; LVsV cSd a * lewg dh 15000 ls Hkh vf/kd LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1865 bZ-A
'kk[kk gks pqds gSAa vHkh ,l-ch-vkbZ- ns'k dk lcls cM+k cSd a jk"Vh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A
rFkk 'kk[kkvksa dh la[;k dh n`f"V ls fo'o dk lcls cM+k iz/kku dk;kZy; % dksydkrk if'pe caxkyA
cSd
a gSA fgLlsnkjh % 55.23% dsUnz ljdkjA
SBI ds jk"Vh;dj.k ds ckn 1959 bZ- esa blds lkFk vU;
8 cSda ksa orZeku esa dsoy 5 dks SBI ds lgk;d cSd a vka/kzk cSd
a
(Associate Bank) ds :i esa cny fn;k x;k Fkk vkSj bls
LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1923 bZ-A
^LVsV cSd a lewg* (State Bank Group) dk uke fn;k x;kA laLFkkid % MkW- ch- ikfHk lhrkjeS;kA
24 tqykbZ] 2008 dks LVsV cSd a vkWQ lkSjk"V ,oa 26 vxLr] jk"Vh;dj.k % 15 vizSy] 1980A
2010 dks LVsV cSd a vkWQ bankSj dks Hkkjrh; LVsV cSd a esa iz/kku dk;kZy; % gSnjkckn vkU/kz izn's kA
foy; dj fn;k x;kA bl izdkj orZeku esa Hkkjrh; LVsV fgLlsnkjh % 62.50% dsna z ljdkj
cSd
a ds lgk;d LVsV cSd a ,lksfl,V~l ikp cSd a ifjlaifk % 48 djksM+ #i;sA
fuEufyf[kr gS& a
cSd
a vkWQ cM+kSnk
LVsV cSd
a vkWQ chdkusj ,aM t;iqj
LFkkiuk o"kZ % 15 tqykbZ] 1908 bZ-A
iwoZ uke % n xksfoan cSd a izkbosV fyfeVsMA laLFkkid % egkjktk l;kthjko&III
jk"Vh;dj.k % 1959 bZ-A jk"Vh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A
iz/kku dk;kZy; % t;iqj jktLFkkuA iz/kku dk;kZy; % eqEcbZ egkjk"VA
fgLlsnkjh % 75% ,l-ch-vkbZ-A fgLlsnkjh % 66.83% dsna z ljdkjA
uksV % 1955 bZ- esa chdkusj vkSj t;iqj ds vyx&vyx ifjlaifk % 619 djksM+ #i;sA
LVsV cSda Fks] ftUgsa ckn esa feykdj ,d dj fn;k x;kA
cSd
a vkWQ bafM;k
LVsV cSd
a vkWQ gSnjkckn
LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1906 bZ-A
iwoZ uke % gSnjkckn LVsV cSd
a A laLFkkid % eqca bZ ds O;kikfj;ksa dk lewgA
LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1941 bZ-A jk"Vh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A
jk"Vh;dj.k % 1959 bZ-A iz/kku dk;kZy; % eqca bZ egkjk"VA
iz/kku dk;kZy; % gSnjkckn vka/kz izn's kA fgLlsnkjh % 69.47% dsna z ljdkjA
fgLlsnkjh % 100% ,l-ch-vkbZ-A ifjlaifk % 1554 djksM+ #i;sA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (37)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 cSd
a vkWQ egkjk"V vksfj,aVy cSd
a vkWQ dkWelZ
LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1935 bZ-A LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1943 bZ- ykgkSjA
jk"Vh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A laLFkkid % jkecgknqj ykyk lksgu ykyA
iz/kku dk;kZy; % iq.ks egkjk"VA jk"Vh;dj.k % 15 vizSy] 1980A
fgLlsnkjh % 76.77% dsna z ljdkjA iz/kku dk;kZy; % dukWV Iysl] ubZ fnYyhA
ifjlaifk % 280 djksM+ #i;sA fgLlsnkjh % 66.5% Hkkjr ljdkjA
ifjlaifk % 327 djksM+ #i;sA
dsujk cSd
a
iatkc ,aM fla/k cSd
a
iwoZ uke % dsujk cSd
a fganw ijekusVa QaMA LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1908 bZ-A
LFkkiuk
LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1906 bZ-A jk"Vh;dj.k % 15 vizSy] 1980A
laLFkkid % ,- lqCckjko ikbZA iz/kku dk;kZy; % jktsUnz Iysl] ubZ fnYyhA
jk"Vh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A
iz/kku dk;kZy; % caxykSj dukZVdA iatkc us'kuy
'kuy cSd
a
fgLlsnkjh % 73.17% dsna z ljdkjA LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1895 bZ- ykgkSjA
ifjlaifk % 1125 djksM+ #i;sA jk"Vh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A
iz/kku dk;kZy; % Hkhdkth dkek Iysl] ubZ fnYyhA
lsVa y cSd
a vkWQ bafM;k fgLlsnkjh % 57.79% Hkkjr ljdkjA
LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1911 bZ-A ifjlaifk % 119 djksM+ #i;sA
laLFkkid % lksjkCth iksP[kkuokykA
jk"Vh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A flafMdsV cSd
a
iz/kku dk;kZy; % eqca bZ egkjk"VA LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1925 bZ-A
ifjlaifk % 814 djksM+ #i;sA laLFkkid % ;w-,l- ikbZ] oeu dqok ,oa Vh-,e-,- ikbZA
jk"Vh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A
dkWiksZj's ku cSd
a iz/kku dk;kZy; % ef.kiky dukZVdA
fgLlsnkjh % 73.52% Hkkjr ljdkjA
LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1906 bZ-A ifjlaifk % 425 djksM+ #i;sA
jk"Vh;dj.k % 15 vizSy] 1980A
iz/kku dk;kZy; % eaxykSj dukZVdA ;wdks cSd
a
fgLlsnkjh % 57.17% dsna z ljdkjA iwoZ uke % ;wukbVsM dkWef'kZ;y cSd
a fyfeVsMA
ifjlaifk % 206-8 djksM+ #i;sA LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1943 bZ-A
jk"Vh;dj.k
;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A
nsuk cSd
a iz/kku dk;kZy; % dksydkrk if'pe caxkyA
fgLlsnkjh % 74.98% Hkkjr ljdkjA
iwoZ uke % nsodj.k ukUth cSfa dax dEiuh fyfeVsMA
ifjlaifk % 810 djksM+ #i;sA
LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1938 bZ-A
laLFkkid % izk.k yky nsodj.k ukUthA ;wfu;u cSd
a vkWQ bafM;k
jk"Vh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1919 bZ-A
iz/kku dk;kZy; % eqca bZ egkjk"VA jk"Vh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A
fgLlsnkjh % 51.19% dsna z ljdkjA iz/kku dk;kZy; % eqca bZ egkjk"VA
ifjlaifk % 591 djksM+ #i;sA fgLlns kjh % 60.85% dsna z ljdkjA
fgLls
ifjlaifk % 1375 djksM+ #i;sA
bafM;u cSd
a ;wukbVsM cSd
a vkWQ bafM;k
LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1907 bZ-A iwoZ uke % ;wukbVsM cSd
a vkWQ bafM;k fyfeVsMA
jk"Vh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1950 bZ-A
iz/kku dk;kZy; % psUubZ rfeyukMqA jk"Vh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A
ifjlaifk % 418 djksM+ #i;sA iz/kku dk;kZy; % dksydkrk i- caxkyA
ifjlaifk % 277 djksM+ #i;sA
bafM;u vksojlht cSd
a
fot;k cSd
a
LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1937 bZ-A LFkkiuk o"kZ % 1931 bZ-A
laLFkkid % ,e- fpnacje~ psfk;kjA laLFkkid % ,- ch- 'kshA
jk"Vh;dj.k % 19 tqykbZ] 1969A jk"Vh;dj.k % 15 vizSy] 1980 bZ-A
iz/kku dk;kZy; % psUubZ rfeyukMqA iz/kku dk;kZy; % caxykSj dukZVdA
fgLlsnkjh % 75% Hkkjr ljdkjA fgLlsnkjh % 53.87% dsUnz ljdkjA
ifjlaifk % 319 djksM+ #i;sA ifjlaifk % 77-5 djksM+ #i;sA

(38) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 okf.kfT;d cSd
a ksa dk jk"Vh;dj.k cSd
a dk uke iz/kku dk;kZy;
1- vkU/kz cSd a gSnjkckn
igys futh cSd a sa vius /ku dh lqj{kk vkSj ykHk dh n`f"V 2- iatkc ,.M fla/k cSd a ubZ fnYyh
ls dsoy cM+s m|ksxifr;ksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa dks gh _.k fn;k 3- vksfj,.Vy cSd a vkWQ dkWelZ ubZ fnYyh
djrh FkhaA Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd mUufr dh n`f"V ls ,oa ns'k dh 4- fot;k cSd a caxykSj
xjhch nwj djus ds fopkj ls ;g vko';d le>k x;k fd 5- dkWiksZj's ku cSd
a eaxykSj
detksj oxksZa dks fokh; lgk;rk nh tk,A vr% cSd a ksa dh 6- U;w cSda vkWQ bf.M;k ----------------
_.k uhfr esa ifjorZu vko';d FkkA ;g lkspk x;k fd
detksj oxksZa dks fcuk izfrHkwfr ds _.k nsus dh O;oLFkk dh uksV % orZeku esa jk"Vh;r O;kikfjd cSd
a ksa dh dqy
tk,A futh {ks= esa ,slk djuk lEHko ugha FkkA vr% ,slh la[;k 20 ls ?kVdj 19 jg xbZ gS] D;ksfa d 4 flrEcj] 1993
fLFkfr esa cSd
a ksa dk jk"Vh;dj.k vko';d gks x;k FkkA dks ljdkj us ^U;w cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k* dk iatkc us'kuy cSd a
esa foy; dj fn;k gSA
blh ls lEc) vU; ms'; Hkh Fks] tSl& s cSda ksa dh
'kk[kk, izk;% 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa gh FkhaA xkoksa vkSj dLcksa esa cSda ksa 11 vDVwcj] 2004 esa Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSd a
dh 'kk[kk, LFkkfir djuk vko';d Fkk] lkFk gh xzkeh.k {ks=ksa (IDBI) dk jk"Vh;dj.k dj nsus ds mijkUr jk"Vh;r cSd a ksa
ls /kujkf'k ,d= djus ds fy, rFkk cSd a ksa dk {ks= c<+kus ds dh la[;k iqu% orZeku esa 20 gks xbZ gSA
fy, mudks xzkeh.k turk ds fudV ys tkuk vko';d FkkA
;g futh {ks= esa lEHko ugha FkkA futh cSd
a ksa dk lkoZtfud {ks= ds cSd
a ksksa esa foy;
cSd
a sa de&ls&de tksf[ke dk dke djrh FkhaA bl ftlesa foy; fd;k
dkj.k f"k ,oa y?kq m|ksxksa dh lgk;rk djus ds fy, - futh {ks= ds cSd
a
x;k
mudk jk"Vh;dj.k vko';d gks x;k FkkA cSd a ksa ij
iwthifr;ksa dk izHkko Fkk] os cSd a ksa ds }kjk vuqfpr :i ls 1- cSd
a vkWQ dksphu LVsV cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k
ykHkkfUor gks jgs Fks vkSj lkekU; tuksi;ksxh fgrksa dh vis{kk
gks jgh FkhA 2- y{eh dkWef'kZ;y cSd
a dsujk cSd
a
vr% cSd a ksa dks jk"Vh; fu;kstu dh eq[; /kkjk esa tksMu+ s 3- cSd
a vkWQ fcgkj LVsV cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k
ds ms'; ls ljdkj us 19 tqykbZ] 1969 dks 14 cM+s 4- fgUnqLrku dkWef'kZ;y cSd
a iatkc us'kuy cSd
a
O;kikfjd cSd a ks]a ftudh tek, 50 djksM+ #i;s ls vf/kd Fkh]
dk jk"Vh;dj.k dj fn;kA ;s cSd a fuEufyf[kr Fks& 5- fejkt LVsV cSd
a ;wfu;u cSd
a vkWQ
cSd
a dk uke iz/kku dk;kZy; bf.M;k
1- lsVa y cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k eqEcbZ 6- VsMlZ cSd
a cSd
a vkWQ cM+kSnk
2- iatkc us'kuy cSd a ubZ fnYyh 7- cSd
a vkWQ sfMV dkWelZ LVsV cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k
3- cSda vkWQ bf.M;k eqEcbZ
8- cSd
a vkWQ rfeyukMq bf.M;u vksojlht cSd
a
4- ;wukbVsM dkWef'kZ;y cSd a dksydkrk
5- fl.MhdsV cSd a ef.kiky 9- ratkoqj cSd
a bf.M;u cSd
a
6- dsujk cSd a caxykSj 10- ik:y lsVa y cSd
a cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k
7- cSda vkWQ cM+kSnk eqEcbZ 11- ;wukbVsM b.MfLV;y cSd
a bykgkckn cSd
a
8- nsuk cSda eqEcbZ
12- iwokZp
a y cSd
a ls.Vy cSd
a vkWQ
9- bykgkckn cSd a dksydkrk
bf.M;k
10- bf.M;u cSd a psUubZ
11- bf.M;u vksojlht cSd a psUubZ 13- cSd
a vkWQ djM+ cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k
12- cSd
a vkWQ egkjk"V iq.ks 14- cjsyh dkWjiksj's ku cSd
a cSd
a vkWQ cM+kSnk
13- ;wukbVsM cSd a vkWQ bf.M;k dksydkrk 15- flfDde cSd
a ;wfu;u cSd
a vkWQ
14- ;wfu;u cSd a vkWQ bf.M;k eqEcbZ dkWelZ
u;s chl&lw=h; dk;Ze dks xfr nsus ds fy, rFkk 16- cukjl LVsV cSd
a cSd
a vkWQ cM+kSnk
izkFkfed {ks= (Priority Sector) dks _.k nsus ds fy,
vfrfjDr /ku dh vko';drk FkhA vr% iqu% 15 vizSy] 1980 17- iatkc dksvkWijsfVo cSd
a vksfj,.Vy cSd
a vkWQ
dks ljdkj us 6 cM+s O;kikfjd cSd a ks]a ftudh tek, 200 dkWelZ
djksM+ #i;s ls vf/kd Fkh] dk jk"Vh;dj.k dj fn;kA bu N% 18- nksvkc cSd
a cSd
a vkWQ cM+kSnk
cSd
a ksa dk jk"Vh;dj.k dj nsus ls ljdkj dks 945 djksM+
#i;s dh /kujkf'k rRdky miyC/k gks xbZA blds lkFk gh 19- usnquxM+h cSd
a iatkc us'kuy cSd
a
;g ckr Hkhlkeus Fkh fd ljdkj cSd a dh _.k&uhfr ij 20- Xykscy VLV cSd
a vksfj,.Vy cSd
a vkWQ
vf/kd izHkko'kkyh fu;U=.k dj ldsxhA ;s u;s jk"Vh;r dkWelZ
cSd
a Fks&

{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (39)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd
a Hkkjr ds O;olkf;d cS ad % O;kolkf;d cS ad os cS ad
(Regional Rural Banks) gS a tks turk ls cpr dks tek ds :i esa Lohdkj djrs
gS a vksj mUgsa vYidkyhu _.k miyC/k djrk gSA mudk
cSd
a ksa ds jk"Vh;dj.k ds i'pkr~ Hkh okf.kfT;d cSd a ksa dh eq[ ; ms'; vius ykHk dks vf/kdre djuk gSA ;s
igqp xzkeh.k Lrj rd ugha gks ik;hA xzkeh.k {ks= cSfa dax O;olkf;d cS ad 3 :iksa esa [kkrk [kksy djds turk dh
lqfo/kkvksa ls oafpr gh jgsA fo'ks"kdj f"k {ks= dks cSd a ks dk cpr dks Lohdkjrs gSaA
cgqr de ykHk izkIr gqvkA f"k ,oa xzkeh.k dkjhxjksa dks
vkfFkZd lgk;rk igqpkus rFkk mudhcprksa dks mi;qDr vk/kkj 1 pkyw [kkrk % blds vUrxZr ;s tek ij dksbZ C;kt
nsus ds ms'; ls vkj- th- lqj; S k dh v/;{krk esa ,d vk;ksx ugha nsrs gSa cpr [kkrk /kkjd izfrfnu viuh
xfBr fd;k x;k ftlus tuojh] 1972 esa viuh fjiksVZ izLrqr vko';drkuqlkj dbZ ckj ysu&nsu dj ldrk gSA cSd a bl
dh] ftlesa vk;ksx us xzkeh.k cSd a dh ladYiuk izLrqr dhA ij lqfo/kk pktZ yxk ldrk gSA
QyLo:i Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k lk[k dh deh dks nwj djus ds 2 cpr [kkrk % [kkrk /kkjd lIrkg esa 2 ls 3 ckj
ms'; ls ljdkj us 26 flrEcj] 1975 dks ,d v/;kns'k rd gh iSls fudky ldrk gS rFkk tek dbZ ckj dj ldrk
}kjk ns'kHkj esa ^{ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd a * (RRB) dh ?kks"k.kk dhA gSA bl 'krZ ds ikyudrkZ dks cSd a 3.5% rc okf"kZd C;kt
ns'k esa 2 vDVwcj] 1975 dks ikp {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd a LFkkfir nsrh gSA
fd;s x;s&
1- eqjknkckn mkj izn's k & fl.MhdsV cSd a 3 fe;knh [kkrk (Time Deposit) : bldks Fix
2- xksj[kiqj mkj izn's k & LVsV cSd a vkWQ bf.M;k Deposit Hkh dgrs gSAa blds vUrxZr [kkr /kkjd viuh
3- fHkokuh gfj;k.kk & iatkc us'kuy cSd a /kujkf'k dks LosPNkuqlkj fuf'pr vof/k ds fy, dj nsrk gSA
4- t;iqj jktLFkku & ;wukbVsM dkWef'kZ;y cSd a ftl ij le;kuqlkj fuf'pr C;kt nj feyrh gSA
5- ekYnk if'pe caxky & ;wukbVsM cSd a vkWQ bf.M;k O;kikfjd cSd a % O;kolkf;d cSda ksa esa lcls cM+k cSd
a SBI
izR;sd {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd a dh vf/kr iwt h (Authorised gSa bldh LFkkiuk vf[ky Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k lk[k losZ{k.k
Capital) 1 djksM+ #i;s vkSj tkjh vkSj pqdrk iwt h (Issued and lfefr 1952 ftls eks[kkyk lfefr Hkh dgrs gSAa blus
Paid up Capital) 25 yk[k #i;s FkhA {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd a dh bEihfj;y cSd a dks jk"Vh;r djus dk lq>ko fn;k FkkA
fgLlk iwt h esa dsUnzh; ljdkj }kjk 50%, jkT; ljdkj }kjk blh ds vk/kkj ij 1 tqykbZ] 1955 esa bEihfj;y cSd a dk
15% rFkk yhM cSd a }kjk 35% dk ;ksxnku fn;k tkrk gSA jk"V;dj.k djds bldk uke Hkkjrh; LVsV cSd a dj fn;k
bu cSd a ksa }kjk miyC/k djk;h x;h lk[k lqfo/kk dk x;kA
75% xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds detksj oxksZa dks miyC/k djk;h tkrh
gSA 1 twu] 1996 rd ns'k esa bu cSd a ksa dh 19516 'kk[kk, Fkh ukckMZ NABARD (National Bank of Agriculture and
rFkk ns'k ds 389 ftyksa esa budk QSyko gSA {ks=h; xzkeh.k Rural Development) : LFkkiuk % 12 tqykbZ] 1982 esa dh xbZ
cSd
a flfDde vkSj xksok dks NksMd + j ns'k ds lHkh jkT;ksa esa ;g cSd a xzkeh.k fodkl ds fy, _.k nsrk gS vkSj RBI ds
dk;Zjr~ gSAa vHkh ns'k esa dqy 82 {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd a gSAa bu fu;a=.k esa dk;Z djrk gSA
cSd
a ksa us 7500 djksM+ #i;s okf"kZd lk[k lqfo/kk miyC/k djk;s 'kk[kk cS afdax % ,dkdh LokfeRo ,oa laLFkk ds
gSAa vUrxZr nks ;k nks ls vf/kd cSafdax 'kk[kk,a blds vUnj
lgdkjh _.k lfefr;k % lgdkjh fok izc/a k xzke _.k dk;Z djrh gS aA 'kk[kk cS ad vkWLVsf y;k] dukMk rFkk
dk lcls lLrk vkSj mke lzksr gSA blesa fdlkuksa ds 'kks"k.k bf.M;k esa izpfyr gS aA
dk Hk; ugha jgrkA blds }kjk vYidkyhu vkSj e/;dkyhu bdkbZ cSd a % ,d dk;kZy; esa fLFkr cSfa dax iz.kkyh gS ;g
_.k miyC/k djk;s tkrs gSAa bu lfefr;ksa }kjk 1981 bZ- esa
U.S.A. esa izpfyr gSA
f"k {ks= esa dqy vko';drk dk 33% _.k tqVk;k x;k]
tcfd 1951&52 esa ;g vuqikr dsoy 3% FkkA ;s lfefr;k loZ O;kih cSfa dax % tc okf.kfT;d cSd a lkekU; cSfa dax
86 izfr'kr xkoksa esa QSyh gqbZ gSAa f;kvksa ds lkFk&lkFk vkS|ksfxd bZdkbZ;ksa dks nh?kZdkyhu
ns'kh cSda j % xzkeh.k vkSj dLckbZ {ks=ksa esa nks izdkj ds _.k miyC/k djk, rc bl izdkj ds cSd a dks loZO;kih cSd a
ns'kh cSd a j gksrs gSAa izFke izdkj ds cSd a j] cSfa dax dk;Z djus dgrs gSAa
ds lkFk&lkFk f"k] O;kikj rFkk vU; dk;Z Hkh djrs gSAa dksj cSfa dax (CORE BANKING) : tc dqN cSd a ksa dh
nwljh Js.kh esa os cSd a j gS]a ftudk cSfa dax O;olk; gh eq[; lsok, vkil esa usV ds ek/;e ls tqM= dj ,d gks tkrh gSa
is'kk gSA buds _.k nsus dh iz.kkyh vR;ar ljy gS] ;s blh dks baVjusV cSd a ;k E-Banking Hkh dgrs gSAa blds
mRiknd vkSj vuqRiknd nksuka izdkj ds _.k nsrs gSAa budk vurxZr fdlh vU; cSd a dk xzkgd vU; esa Q.M dks tek
vius xzkgdksa ls izR;{k O;fDrxr lac/a k gksrk gSA blesa dj ;k fudyk ldrk gSA
lkekU;r% C;kt dh nj vis{kr% vf/kd gksrk gSA 1951&52 esa
tgk buds }kjk dqy xzkeh.k _.k dk 70 izfr'kr miyC/k Free Banking : ,d ,slh O;oLFkk ftlesa uksV fuxZeu
djk;k tkrk Fkk] ogha o"kZ 1991 rd budk Hkkx fxjdj dk dk;Z dsUnzh; cSd a ds ikl ugha gksrk gS cfYd lHkh cSd a ksa
17.6% gks x;kA dks bldk vf/kdkj izkIr gksrk gSA
O;olkf;d cSd a % Hkkjr dk igyk cSd a tks Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk uksV % LVsV cSda lewg dh la[;k 7 ls ?kVdj 6 gks xbZ
lapkfyr FkkA 1881 esa vo/k dkef'kZ;y cSd a ds uke ls D;ksfa d State Bank of Indore dk foy; Hkkjrh; SB esa dj
[kksyk x;kA ;g Hkkjrh;ksa ds izfr lhfer nkf;Ro dkk cSd a fn;k x;k blds igys lkSjk"V cSd a dk foy; SBI esa dj
FkkA tcfd iw.kZrk Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk lapkfyr cSd a iatkc us'kuy fn;k x;kA
cSd
a 1894 FkkA

(40) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 Credit Card & Debit Card : Credit Card m/kkj nsus a ksa dh 'kk[kk,a 30 twu] 2009 dh fLFkfr %
O;kikfjd cSd
dk ,d u;k rjhdk gSA bldh 'kq#vkr 1920 esa U.S.A. esa
dqy esa
dh xbZ FkhA blesa C;kt nj lkekU; C;kt nj ls dkQh pk dqy cSd
a xzkeh.k
gksrk gS D;ksfa d Credit Card fcuk fdlh izfrHkwfr ds _.k cSd
a ksa ds uke
'kk[kk,a 'kk[kkvksa dk
miyC/k djkrh gSA izfr'kr
Debit Card dk lcls vPNk mnkgj.k ATM LVsV cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k rFkk
(Automated Tailer Machine) gSA 16294 34.49
lg;ksxh cSd
a
cSfa dax {ks= ls lEcfU/kr izeq[k lehfr;k % jk"Vh;r cSd
a 39703 33.81
1- ujflaEgu lehfr % 17 vxLr] 1991 esa LFkkfir dh xbZ
{ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd
a 15199 76.61
bldk ms'; cSfa dax <kpk esa ifjorZu djukA
2- f}rh; ujflEgu lfefr % tqykbZ] 1998 esa xfBr dh xbZ dqy lkoZtfud {ks= ds cSd
a 71196 43.1
Fkh tks cSd a ksa ds dk;Z fnolksa esa o`f) gsrq lq>ko nsA vU; Hkkjrh; vuqlfw pr cSd
a 8979 12.54
3- xksMi+ fj;k lfefr % blds v/;{k M. N. xksbifj;k Fks fons'kh cSd
a 295 1.36
bldh LFkkiuk 1990 esa dh xbZ bldk ms'; xzkgd
leLr vuqlfw pr cSd
a 80470 39.54
lsok lq/kkj FkkA
xSj&vuqlfw pr cSd
a 44 25.00
vU; cSd
a ,oa fokh; laLFkk, % leLr O;kikfjd cSd
a 80514 39.53

cSd
a dk uke LFkkiuk o"kZ ms';@izeq[k dk;Z
jk"Vh;r cSd
a ,oa muds foKkiu LykWxu
Hkkjrh; tuojh] 1955 vkS|ksfxd bdkbZ;ksa
vkS|ksfxd _.k dks izkRs lkgu nsuk cSda foKkiu LykWxu
o fofu;ksx ,oa lgk;rk djukA
bykgkckn cSd a & "A Tradition of Trust"
fuxe (ICICI)
vkU/kzk cSd a & "For all your needs"
Hkkjrh; tqykbZ] 1964 nh?kZdkyhu
cSd
a vkWQ cM+kSnk & "India's International bank"
vkS|ksfxd fodkl vkS|ksfxd fok
cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k & "Relationship beyond banking"
cSd
a (IDBI) iznku djukA
cSd
a vkWQ egkjk"V & "One family one bank"

dsujk cSd a & "Together we can"
jk"Vh; f"k o tqykbZ] 1982 xzkeh.k lk[k iznku
lsUVy cSd a
xzkeh.k fodkl djus okyk 'kh"kZ vkWQ bf.M;k & "Build a better life around us"
cSd
a cSd
a A
dkWjiksj's ku cSd a & "A premier Government of
(NABARD) vkWQ bf.M;k India Enterprise"

nsuk cSda & "Trusted family Bank"
Hkkjrh; tuojh] 1982 fons'k O;kikj ls
IDBI cSd a & "Banking for all"
fu;kZr&vk;kr lEc) dEifu;ksa dks
bf.M;u cSd a & "Taking banking Technology
cSd
a (EXIM fokh; lgk;rk o to the comman man"
BANK) lqfo/kk, iznku
bf.M;u vksojlht
djukA cSd
a & "Good People to grow with"
Hkkjrh; ekpZ] 1985 chekj vkS|ksfxd
vkWfj;UVy cSda & "Where every Individual is
vkS|ksfxd bdkbZ;ksa ds vkWQ dkWelZ committed"
iqufuZekZ.k cSd
a iqu#)kj ds fy,
iatkc us'kuy cSda & "The name your Bank upon"
(IRBI) fok eqgS;k djukA
iatkc ,.M fla/k & Where service is a way of"
cSd
a & tgk lsok gh thou /;s; gSA
jk"Vh; vkokl ekpZ] 1988 vkokl cukus ,oa
LVsV cSd
a vkWQ & "Pure Banking Nothing else"
cSd
a (NHB) lEifk ds fodkl bf.M;k
ds fy, fok iznku
flafMdsV cSd
a & "Your faithful & friendly
djuk] xanh cfLr;ksa financial partner"
dk iqufoZdkl
;wdks cSd
a & "Honours your Trust"
vkfnA
;wukbVsM cSd a
vkWQ bf.M;k & "The Bank that begins with u"
Hkkjrh; y?kq vizSy] 1990 y?kq {ks= ds m|ksxksa
;wfu;u cSd a
m|ksx fodkl dk fodkl o vkWQ bf.M;k & "Good people to Bank with"
cSd
a (SIDBI) lEo)ZuA
fot;k cSd a & "A friend you can bank on"

{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (41)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 Hkkjrh; lkekU; chek fuxe ds vUrxZr 4 lgk;d
izeq[k cSfa dax lfefr;k dEifu;k dk;Zjr gSAa buds uke bl izdkj gS&
a (1)
lfefr {ks= us'kuy ba';ksjsUl dEiuh fy-] (2) U;w bf.M;k ,a';ksjsUl

ujflEgu lfefr & cSfa dax lq/kkj dEiuh fy-] (3) vksfj,UVy ba';ksjUs l dEiuh fy- rFkk

psyS;k lfefr & dj lq/kkj (4) ;wukbVsM bf.M;k ba';ksjsUl dEiuh fy-A

jaxjktu lfefr & Hkqxrku larqyu

tkudhjeu~ lfefr & izfrHkwfr ?kksVkyk IRDA Insurance Regulatory and Development

egkyuksfcl lfefr & jk"Vh; vk; Authority : chek fu;ked vkSj fodkl izkf/kdj.k dk

eygks=k lfefr & chek lq/kkj xBu 19 vizSy] 2000 esa fd;k x;k ;g chek dEifu;k

HkaMkjh lfefr & {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSda lq/kkj ,oa chek /kkjdksa ds fgr ls lEcfU/kr dk;Zokgh djrh gSAa

vkfcn gqlSu lfefr & y?kq m|ksx bldh LFkkiuk ds ckn chek dk;Z futh {ks= ds fy, Hkh
[kksy fn;k x;kA
cSfa dax ,oa iwth cktkj % Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe (Life Insurance
Corporation of India) dh LFkkiuk 1 flrEcj] 1956
Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd lk[k ,oa fuos'k fuxe fy-
dks dh xbZ FkhA
(Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of
India Ltd.) dk uke cnydj flrEcj] 1998 esa ICICI ns'k esa f"k ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl ds fy, fok O;oLFkk
Ltd. dj fn;k x;k FkkA djus gsrq f'k[kj laLFkk ukckMZ (NABARDNational
Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development) gSA
Hkkjrh; eqnzk cktkj esa fjtoZ cSd a vkWQ bf.M;k dk 'kh"kZ ukckMZ dh LFkkiuk 12 tqykbZ] 1982 dks dh xbZ FkhA
LFkku gSA
lqfo/kktud 'krksZa ij vkokl fokk miyc/k djkus ds
eqnzk cktkj vYidkfyd lk[k miyC/k djkus okys ms'; ls jk"Vh; vkokl cSd a (National Housing Bank
laxBu dks dgk tkrk gS] tcfd iwth cktkj dk dk;Z NHB) dh LFkkiuk ,d f'k[kj laLFkk ds :i esa tqykbZ
nh?kZdkfyd lk[k miyc/k djkuk gSA 1988 esa dh xbZ FkhA
ns'k esa vkS|ksfxd fok dh f'k[kj laLFkk Hkkjrh; vk;kr&fu;kZr ds fy, fok O;oLFkk gsrq ns'k esa f'k[kj
vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSd a (Industrial Development Bank laLFkk fu;kZr&vk;kr cSd a (EXIM Bank) gSA bldh
of IndiaIDBI) gSA bldh LFkkiuk tqykbZ 1964 esa dh LFkkiuk 1 tuojh] 1982 dks dh xbZ FkhA
xbZ FkhA y?kq vkS|ksfxd fodkl cSd a dh LFkkiuk ds i;ZVu ls lEcfU/kr ifj;ktukvksa ds fy, fokk O;oLFkk
i'pkr~ ;g vc dsoy cM+h o e>ksyh vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa djus gsrq Hkkjrh; i;ZVu fok fuxe (Tourism Finance
ds fy, gh fok ,oa iqufoZk (Re-finance) dh O;oLFkk Corporation of IndiaIFCI) dh LFkkiuk 1989 esa dh
djrk gSA xbZ FkhA
y?kq vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa ds fy, fok O;oLFkk djus ds Hkkjr esa lgdkjh cSd a ksa dk laxBu f=Lrjh; gSA jkT;
ms'; ls 2 vizSy] 1990 dks Hkkjrh; y?kq vkS|ksfxd Lrj ij jkT; lgdkjh cSd a ] ftyk Lrj ij lgdkjh cSd a
fodkl cSd a (Small industrial Development Bank of vFkok dsUnzh; lgdkjh cSd a rFkk LFkkuh; Lrj ij
IndiaSIDBI) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA bldk eq[;ky; izkFkfed lgdkjh lfefr;k dk;Z djrh gSAa
y[ku esa gSA lgdkjh cSd a ksa esa jkT; lgdkjh cSd a ksa dks gh fjtoZ cSd
a
Hkkjrh vkS|ksfxd iqfuZekZ.k cSd
a (Industrial ls iqufoZk izkIr djus dh lqfo/kk izkIr gSA
Reconstruction Bank of IndiaIRBI) dh LFkkiuk 20 lgdkfjrkvksa dks ljdkjh fu;a=.k ls eqDr djus okyk
ekpZ] 1985 dks dh xbZ FkhA bldk eq[; ms'; #X.k ns'k dk igyk jkT; vkU/kz izn's k gSA
rFkk cUn iM+h vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa ds iqufuZekZ.k gsrq fok RBI us ,d gtkj #i, dk uksV 22 o"kksZa ds vUrjky ds
miyC/k djkuk gSA bl cSd a dk eq[ky; dksydkrk esa ckn 9 vDVwcj] 2000 dks tkjh fd;k FkkA
gSA
dsUnz ljdkj us lkoZtfud {ks= ds cSd a ksa dks viuh dqy
;wfuV VLV vkWQ bf.M;k (UTI), thou chek fuxe m/kkfj;ksa dk 5% lw{e lk[k ds :i esa miyC/k djkus
(LIC) rFkk lkekU; chek fuxe (GIC) Hkh m|ksxksa dks dk y{; fu/kkZfjr fd;k gSA
nh?kZdkfyd fok miyC/k djkrs gSAa lk[k fu;a=.k ds ifjek.kkred mik;ksa esa cSd a nj dh
Hkkjrh; ;wfuV VLV (UTI) dh LFkkiuk 1964 esa yksxksa uhfr] [kqys cktkj dh f;k,a (Open Market
dh y?kq cprsa ,df=r djds muds mfpr ,oa ykHknk;d Operations) rFkk ifjorZu'khy vkj{k.k vuqikr
fofu;kstu ds ms'; ls dh xbZ FkhA lkafof/kd rjyrk vuqikr (Statutory Liquidity Ratio
SLR) rFkk udn vkj{k.k vuqikr (Cash Reserve
Hkkjr esa lkekU; chek (General Insurance) O;olk; dk
Ratio) egRoiw.kZ gS] tcfd ekftZu vko';drkvksa esa
jk"Vh;dj.k 1971 esa fd;k x;k rFkk Hkkjrh; lkekU; ifjorZu] lk[k dk jk'kfuax] miHkksDrk lk[k dk fu;eu]
chek fuxe (General Insurance Corporation of India) uSfrd ncko o izR;{k dk;Zokgh vkfn lk[k fu;a=.k ds
dh LFkkiuk uoEcj 1972 esa dh xbZ FkhA xq.kkRed mik; gSAa

(42) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 cSd
a nj og nj gS ftl ij dsUnzh; cSd a ] cSd
a ksa ds izFke iwth cktkj
Js.kh ds fcyksa dh iqudZVkSrh (Rediscount) djrk gSA
Hkkjr esa 30 vizSy] 2003 ls cSd
a nj 6-00 izfr'kr gSa iwt
a h cktkj fokh; iz.kkyh dk egRoiw.kZ vax gSA ;g
nh?kZdkyhu dks"k dk cktkj gSA blesa va'k i=ksa 'ks;j rFkk
[kqys cktkj dh f;kvksa ds vUrxZr ns'k dk dsUnzh; cSd a _.k ds ek/;e ls iwt a h dk ysu&nsu fd;k tkrk gSA blds
ekU;rk izkIr ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;ksa dk ;&fo; [kqys nks Hkkx gSA
cktkj esa djrk gSA 1- izkFkfed cktkj (Primary Market) : ;g u, fuxZeuksa dk
ujflage lfefr us viuh flQkfj'kksa esa lkafof/kd rjyrk cktkj gS bl cktkj esa lHkh izfrHkqfr;k igyh ckj
fcdus dks vkrh gSAa mnkgj.k& ?kjsyw dEifu;ksa }kjk
vuqikr dk ml le; ds 38-5 izf'rkr ls /khjs&/khjs
fuxZfer 'ks;j va'k i=
?kVkdj vxys ikp o"kksZa esa 25 izfr'kr rd ykus dh
2- ljdkjh fokh; dEifu;ksa }kjk fuxZfer va'k i=
laLrqfr dh FkhA
3- fons'kh okf.kfT;d m/kkj
ns'k ds fokh; <kps esa lq/kkj ds fy, flQkfj'ksa nsus gsrq 4- izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k (FDI)
Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ujflage lfefr dk xBu 14 vxLr] izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k % tc dksbZ fons'kh dEiuh ns'k ds
1991 dks fd;k FkkA bl lfefr us viuh flQkfj'ksa 20 vUnj mRiknu gsrq HkkSfrd lEinkvksa Hkwfe] dkj[kkus] iwt a hxr
uoEcj] 1991 dks izLrqr dj nh FkhA oLrq, esa fuos'k djs rks bls FDI dgrs gSAa bllls vf/kd
ujflage lfefr dh flQkfj'kksa esa ns'k esa cSda ksa dk <kpk ek=k esa fons'kh eqnzk rFkk mPp xq.kokk okyh rduhdh dh
izkfIr gks tkrh gSA
pkj Lrjh; djus] futh {ks= esa u, cSd a [kksyus dh
Hkkjr esa lokZf/kd izR;{k
;{k fons'kh fuos'k djus okys ns'k
vuqefr nsu]s cSda ksa dks 'kk[kk foLrkj esa LorU=rk nsu]s
Hkfo"; esa vkSj cSd
a ksa dk jk"Vh;dj.k u djus] fj;k;rh 1 ekWfj'kl & 44.24%
C;kt njksa dh O;oLFkk lekIr djus vkfn dh flQkfj'ksa 2 U.S.A. 9.37%
'kkfey FkhaA 3 U.K. 7.98%
4 uhnjyS.M & 5.8% bls fupys tehu dk ns'k
cSfa dax ls lEcfU/kr egRoiw.kZ rF;
lcls vf/kd fons'kh fuos'k izkIr djus okys jkT;
iw.kZ:i ls igyk Hkkjrh; cSd a iatkc us'kuy cSd a 1 egkjk"V & 22.78%
Hkkjr dk dsUnzh; cSd a fjtoZ cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k 2 fnYyh & 13.07%
fjtoZ cSda ds xouZj MkW- Mh-
Mh- lqCckjko 3 rfeyukMq & 11.03%
4 dukZVd & 9.61%
ns'k ds 14 cM+s cSda ksa dk jk"Vh;dj.k 19 tqykbZ] 1969
F.D.I. dh lhek %
N% vU; cSd a ksa dk jk"Vh;dj.k vizSy 1980
1 Hkou fuekZ.k
orZeku esa jk"Vh;r cSd a ksa dh la[;k 19
2 fjVsy Vfs Max [kqnjk O;kikj] QqVdj O;kikj
Hkkjrh; eqnzk cktkj esa 'kh"kZ LFkku fjtoZ cSd a vkWQ bf.M;k
3 nok
Hkkjrh; ;wfuV VLV (UTI) dk LFkkiuk o"kZ 1964
4 foKku o rduhd
UTI dk foHkktu o"kZ UTI-I ,oa UTI-II 2003 5 gksVy rFkk i;ZVu rFkk dqfj;j lsokvksa esa 100%
ukckMZ dh LFkkiuk 12 tqykbZ] 1982 rd izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dh NwV gSA
SEBI dh LFkkiuk vizSy] 1988 foKku o j{kk ds {ks= esa 26% FDI NwV gSA LVkWd ekdsZV
lkoZtfud {ks= ds cSd a ksa }kjk tkjh fdlku sfMV rFkk O;olkf;d cSd a ksa esa 49% dh NwV gSA F.M. jsfM;ks esa
20% rd dh NwV gSA
dkMksZa dh la[;k uoEcj 2009 rd 8-78 djksM+
5 iksVZ Qksfy;ks fuos'k (Port Folio Investment) : tc dksbZ
lokZf/kd ldy xSj&fu"iknuh; ifjlEifk fons'kh dEiuh ns'k ds vUnj izR;{k mRiknu o forj.k
(Gross NPAs) okyk lkoZtfud {ks= dk cSd a dk dk;Z u djds ;gk dh fdlh dEiuh esa 'ks;j ds
ekpZ 2007 LVsV cSd a vkWQ bf.M;k 9998 djksM+ #i, ek/;e ls O;kikj esa lfEefyr gks rks bls iksVZ Qksfy;ksa
fuos'k dgrs gSAa bls fuos'k lwph Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
lokZf/kd 'kq) ykHk vftZr djus okyk
6 xSj izoklh; Hkkjrh; (NRI) tek, %
jk"Vh;r cSda 2008&09 PNB 2767 djksM+ #i,
ADR American Depositary Received
lokZf/kd 'kq) ykHk vftZr djus okyk GDR Global Depositary Received
lkoZtfud {ks= dk cSd a 2008&09 SBI 8483 djksM+ #- #- IDR Idian Depositary Received
PPF rFkk GPF ij okf"kZd C;kt 9.5% 16 flrEcj] 2010 ls mijksDr rhuksa vUrjk"Vh; cktkj ls iwt
a h mckgh dk ,d
EPF ij okf"kZd C;kt 9.5% ek/;e gSA blds ek/;e ls fofHkUu cktkjksa ls Hkkjr
ljdkj iwt
a h tqVkrh gSA

{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (43)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 Secondary Market ikjEifjd vo/kkj.kk (Tradinational Concept) : 1977
bl cktkj ds vUrxZr ogh izfrHkwfr;k fcdus gsrq vkrh esa RBI ds Working Group us eqnzk dh fuEufyf[kr
vo/kkj.kk,a nhA
gSa tks igys ls fcdh gqbZ gksrh gSA izfrHkqfr;ksa ds fo; dk
M1 = Cp + DD
ek/;e dkuwu ds vUrxZr dke djus okys jftLVMZ LVkWd
Exchange ds ek/;e ls gksrk gSA blds vUrxZr jkT;
Cp = Coines and currency that held by public flDds
vkSj i= eqnzk tks ?kaVk vius ikl tsc esa j[krh gSA
ljdkj lkoZtfud o futh laLFkkvksa vkSj la;qDr LVkWd
DD = Demand Deposits
dEifu;ksa ds igys ls fcds gq, va'ki= ;k izfrHkwfr;k fcdus
orZeku esa bls cny djds M1 = CP + DD + OD dj
gsrq vkrh gSAa fn;k x;k gSA
Hkkjrh; iwth cktkj ls lEcfU/kr egRoiw.kZ rF; M2 = M1 + P.D.
BSE ckEcs LVkWd ,DlpsUt % ;g ,f'k;k dk lcls P.D. = Post office Deposite
iqjkuk cktkj gS bldh LFkkiuk 1875 esa dh xbZ FkhA M3 = M1 + Time Deposite foLr`r eqnzk
bldks 1925 esa ckEcs flD;ksfjfVt dkUVsDV ,DV ds 1997 esa eqnzk iwfrZ ds lUnHkZ esa ?kfVr Y.B jsM~Mh lfefr
rgr feyh FkhA blds dqN egRoiw.kZ lwpdkad gSA us eqnzk iwfrZ ds lUnHkZ esa M0 dh ,d ubZ vo/kkj.kk nh rFkk
M4 dks lekIr dj fn;kA
BSE Sensetive Index : bls lsUlsDl Hkh dgk tkrk
M0 cSd a ksa dk RBI ds ikl tek $ CP
gSA blesa 30 izeq[k dEifu;ksa dk 'ks;j 'kkfey gSA
Y.B. jsM~Mh us mijksDr ljyrk lwpdksa ds vykok 3
bldk vk/kkj o"kZ 1978&79 gSA
ljyrk leqPp; dks Hkh ifjHkkf"kr fd;kA
BSE 200 : blesa 200 dEifu;ksa ds 'ks;jksa dk ewY; ;k
L1 = M3 + Pose Office dh lEiw.kZ tek,
lwpdkad iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA bldk vk/kkj o"kZ
L2 = L1 + T.D. fodkl fokh; laLFkkvksa ds lkof/k tek,
1988&89 gSA
L3 = L2 + NBFcs dh lkof/k tek,
BSE Dollex : blesa BSE 200 dh dEifu;ksa dk ewY; NB = Non Bank financial corporation
;k lwpdkad MkWyj esa fn[kk;k tkrk gSA bldk vk/kkj rjyrk dk e = M1 > M2 > M3 .....
o"kZ Hkh 1988&89 gSA

BSE Banker : ;g ,d BSE dk u;k lwpdkad gSA blesa
rjyrk o`f)
12 cSda ksa dk ewY; lwpdkad iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
Lead cSd
a ;kstuk 1990& bldk ms'; ftl lk[k esa
BSE dk National Index : blesa 100 dEifu;ksa ds o`f) djuk Fkk R.B.I. izR;sd cSd a dks ,d ftyk iznku djrk
'ks;jksa dk ewY; lwpdkad 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA gSA ml ftys esa cSd a lk[k O;oLFkk ds leUo; esa vxz.kh
bldk vk/kkj o"kZ 1983&84 gSA Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
29 vDrwcj 2007 esa 20]000 dk vkadM+k ikj djus Gild edge Market : ;s ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;ksa dk cktkj gSA
okyk Hkkjr fo'o dk 20oka ns'k cukA 10 tuojh 2008 ;gk ij ljdkjh ;k v)Zljdkjh izfrHkwfr;ksa dk ; fo; fd;k
tkrk gSA bu izfrHkwfr;ksa dk ewY; fLFkj jgrk gSA
esa BSE dk lwpdkad 21206 vad dks ikj dj x;k
UTI : orZeku esa UTI lcls cM+k E;wpv w y Q.M gSA
FkkA
bldh LFkkiuk 1 Qjojh] 1964 esa dh xbZA Hkkjr esa ljdkjh
National Stock Exchange jk"Vh; 'ks;j cktkj % lk[k lfefr;ksa dk <kapk f=Lrjh; gSA
1991 esa dsjokuh lfefr us bldh LFkkiuk dh 1 jkT; lgdkjh cSd a & ;g jkT; esa lgdkjh cSd a dh
flQkfj'k dh vkSj 1992 esa bldh LFkkiuk dh xbZ 'kh"kZ laLFkk gSa
blds izeq[k :i ls nks 'ks;jksa dh njsa izfl) gSA 2 dsUnzh; lgdkjh cSd a & ;g ftyk Lrj ij ftyk esa
MIBOR (Mumbai Inter Bank Offer Rate) : ;g 'kh"kZ lgdkjh cSd a gSA
m/kkj dh nj gSA 3 izkFkfed _.k lfefr;k& lgdkjh cSd a dk izFke Lrj gSA
MIBID (M.I.B. BIDE Rate) : ;g izkfIr dh nj gSA Hkkjr esa eqnzk LQhfr Fkksd ewY; lwpdkad (WPI) ij ekih
tkrh gS tcfd deZpkfj;ksa ds eagxkbZ HkV~Vdh {kfriwfrZ
NSE dk eq[;ky; Hkh eqEcbZ esa gSA orZeku esa Hkkjr esa
miHkksDrk ewY; lwpdkad CPI ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA
dqy 23 ekU;rk izkIr LVkWd ,Dlpst a dk;Zjr gSAa
srk cktkj % Je la?k ftlesa [kjhnus okyk ,d gks]
Hkkjr esa eqnzk iwfrZ dh vo/kkj.kk % eqnzk iwfrZ dk ms'; eqnzk fosrk vusd
iwfrZ dh o`f) vFkZ O;oLFkk dh fodkl nj eqnzk dh foy{k.krk fosrk cktkj % tgk cspus okys dk vf/kdkj gksA
mldh rjyrk gS] tks eqnzk dks vU; ifjlEifk;ksa ls vyx dj ,dkf/kdkjh& fosrk & vusd srk
nsrh gS D;ksfa d bls fcuk fdlh gkfu ds ekuo viuh okafNr bPNk };kf/kdkj& nks fosrk
esa cny ldrk gS vkSj tks Hkh lEifk eqnzk ds :i esa utnhd ,dkf/kdkjh izfr;ksfxrk % mRiknd 5&10 gksA
vk,xh eqnzk iwfrZ esa lfEefyr gks tk,xhA iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk& srkvksa vkSj fosrk dh

(44) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 dj jktLo xSj dj jktLo
Qhl o 'kqYd
n.M o tqekZuk
izR;{k dj vizR;{k dj ,d #i, ls de ewY;
ds uksV o flDds
dsUnzh; mRikn 'kqYd C;kt dk Hkqxrku
lhek 'kqYd
vk; ds vk/kkj ij lEifk ds vk/kkj ij fch dj (VAT)
vk;dj lEifk dj lsok dj
fuxedj migkj dj oLrq ,oa lsokdj
O;; dj 1 vizyS ] 2012 ls izLrkfor
vfLrdj
(Estate Duty)

djk?kkr] djkikr ,oa dj foorZu % djk?kkr ls rkRi;Z uksV %

ftl O;fDr ij dj yxk;k tk, ;k ftl ij dj dk
izkjfEHkd Hkkj iM+rk gksA djkikr ls rkI;Z ftl O;fDr }kjk
dj dk Hkqxrku fd;k tk, ;k dj dk vfUre nkrk gh
djkikr dks lgu djrk gksA djk?kkr ls djkikr rd dj
dks Vkyus dh izf;k dks dj foorZu dgrs gSAa
Hkkjr esa dsUnzh; mRikn 'kqYd (Excise Duty) dsUnz
ljdkj ds jktLo dk izeq[k lzksr gSA
jkT; ljdkj ds dj jktLo esa fch dj (Sales Tax)
dk fgLlk lcls vf/kd gksrk gSA
Hkkjr easa vk;dj izxkeh gS vFkkZr~ vk; esa o`f) ds
lkFk&lkFk dj esa Hkh o`f) gksrh gSA

djk?kkr izkjfEHkd Hkkj djkikr vfUre Hkkj izR;{k dj

dj % ftl O;fDr ij dj yxk;k tk, vkSj mlh
ds }kjk bldk Hkqxrku fd;k tk, rks mls izR;{k dj dgrs
foorZu gSA blds vUrxZr djk?kkr rFkk djkikr ,d gh O;fDr ij
iM+rk gSA izR;{k dj esa dj foorZu dh lEHkkouk 'kwU; ikbZ
Hkkjrh; dj O;oLFkk %
tkrh gSA izR;{k dj dk ;ksxnku dqy dj jktLo esa 54.9%
Hkkjrh; ljdkj dks djksa ls gh leLr jktLo dh izkfIr gSA
gksrh gSA vk;dj % O;fDr dh okf"kZd vk; ij yxus okys dj dks
djksa ds izdkj vk;dj dgrs gSAa bldk izkjEHk 1960 ls fd;k x;kA bldh
d izR;{k dj (Direct Taxes) : 3 izeq[k njsa gSAa ftlesa efgykvksa ds fy, vk;dj dh NwV 1
yk[k 90 gtkj ofj"B ukxfjdksa ds fy, 2 yk[k 40 vtkj
dsUnz ljdkj rFkk iq#"kksa ds fy, 1 yk[k 60 gtkj fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;kA
vk;dj O;fDr;ks]a vfoHkkftr fgUnw ifjokjksa rFkk bldh vf/kdre nj 30% gSA
laLFkkvksa dh vk; ij] fuxe dj dEifu;ksa dh vk; ij fuxedj % ftl izdkj O;fDr dh okf"kZd vk; ij
dj] /ku&dj] ,LVsV M~;Vw h lEink 'kqYd] migkj&dj] vk;dj yxk;k tkrk gSA mlh rjg dEifu;ksa dh okf"kZd
O;;&dj] C;kt&djA vk; ij yxk;k tkus okyk dj fuxe ;k Carorate Tax
jkT; ljdkjsa dgykrk gSA bldh nj ?kjsyw dEifu;ksa ds lUnHkZ esa 30%
gksVy izkfIr;ksa ij dj] Hkw&jktLo] f"k vk; ij dj] fu/kkZfjr gSA
O;olk;&dj] xSj&'kgjh vapy lEifk;ksa ij dj] MAT (Minimum Alternative Tax) : ;g dEifu;ksa ds
jkstxkjksa ij djA fuoy ;k 'kq) ykHk ij yxk;k tkrk gSA bldh orZeku nj
15% ls c<+kdj 18% dj nh xbZ gSA
[k ijks{k dj (Indirect Taxes) :
dsUnz ljdkjsa % lEifk dj % cSd a tek dks NksM+ djds ftl O;fDr ds
ikl 30 yk[k ;k mlls vf/kd dh lEifk gS mls vius
fch dj@O;kikj&dj] Mhty@isVky s ij fch&dj] LVkEi thou dky esa ,d ckj lEifk dj nsuk gksxkA
,oa iath;u 'kqYd] jkT; mRikn 'kqYd] okguksa ij dj] oLrqvksa
O;; dj % ;s O;fDr ds okf"kZd dj ij yxk;k tkrk gSA
,oa ;kf=;ksa ij ifjogu dj] fo|qr ij dj ,oa 'kqYd xUus bl dj dh flQkfjl dsYMj uked vFkZ'kkL=h us dh Fkh
dh [kjhn ij 'kqYd rFkk midj] izo's k dj] foKkiu dj] ftls twu] 2010 esa lekIr dj fn;k x;kA
f'k{kk midj] dPps twV ij dj] lV~Vcs kth ij djA

{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (45)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 migkj rFkk vfLrdj % mijksD r nksuksa djksa dks djksa ds izdkj % vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa us eq[;r% 4 dj crk,a gSAa
e'k% 1 vDrwc j] 1998 rFkk 1 ekpZ ] 1985 esa lekIr dj 1 izxfr'khy dj % tSl& s tSls O;fDr dh okf"kZd vk;
fn;k x;kA c<=rh tk, oSl&oSls dj dh nj esa Hkh o`f0 gks rks bls
izxfr'khy dj dgrs gSAa
viz R;{k
R ;{k dj ;k ijks{k dj % oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa ij
vk;
vk; dj dh nj dj vk;
yxk;k tkrk gS rFkk bl dj esa djk?kkr rFkk djkikr 1000 10% 100
vyx&vyx O;fDr;ksa ij iM+rk gS vFkkZ r~ blesa dj 2000 15% 300
foorZ u dh iwjh lEHkkouk ikbZ tkrh gSA ;g dj yxk;k 3000 20% 600
rks fdlh vkS j ij tkrk gS ij bldk Hkq xrku fdlh vkS j 4000 25% 1000
ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA dq y jktLo esa bldk ;ksxnku 5000 30% 1500
44.8% gSA
dsUnzh; mRikn 'kqYd % vktknh ds le; bldh rhu njsa 2 izfrxkeh dj % blds vUrxZr tSl& s tSls vk; c<+rh
izpfyr FkhA ftls orZeku esa lekIr djds 8% dh ,d nj tkrh gSA oSl& s oSls dj dh nj ?kVrh tkrh gS ijUrq dj esa
ykxw gSA ls izkIr gksus okyh dqy vk; c<+rh tkrh gSA
lhek 'kqYd % bls vk;kr&fu;kZr dj Hkh dgrs gSAa 80 vk; dj dh nj dj vk;
ds n'kd ds iwoZ fons'kh vk;kr ij 300% dh nj ls yxk;k 1000 20% 200
tkrk FkkA orZeku esa xSj f"k mRikn ij 10% dh nj ls 2000 15% 300
yxk;k tkrk gSA 3000 12% 360
fch dj % orZeku esa bls lekIr djds blds LFkku ij 4000 11% 440
ewY;of)Zr dj (VAT) 1 vizy S ] 2005 ls lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa 5000 10% 500
ykxw fd;k x;kA VAT ,d dj iz.kkyh gSA blds rhu njsa
ik;h tkrh gSAa 550 oLrqvksa ij 4% dh nj ls 270 oLrqvksa 3 vkuqikfrd dj % blesa dj dh nj rks fLFkj jgrh
ij 12% dh nj ls rFkk Lo.kZ ,oa vkHkw"k.k tSlh 10 oLrqvksa gS tcfd dj ls gksus okyh vk; c<+rh tkrh gSA
ij 1% dh nj ls yxk;k tkrk gSA vk; dj dh nj dj vk;
1000 10% 100
VAT dks ykxw djus okyk izFke jkT; gfj;k.kk rFkk
2000 10% 200
vfUre jkT; U.P. (1st Jan. 2008) gSA
3000 10% 300
v.Meku fudksckj lewg rFkk y{;}hi esa fch dj 4000 10% 400
(VAT) ugha ykxw gSA 5000 10% 500
isVkfs y;e mRikn rFkk 'kjkc ij VAT ugha ykxw gSA 4 vofed dj (Degrassive Tax) : blds vUrxZr dqN
Hkkjr esa VAT, L.K. lfefr dh flQkfjl ij ykxw fd;k lhek rd vk; esa o`f) ds lkFk&lkFk dj dh nj Hkh c<+rh gS
x;kA bls ifj{k.k ds rkSj ij 1986&87 esa fofufeZr (MAN) ijUrq ,d Lrj ds ckn dj dh nj fLFkj gks tkrh gSA
VAT ds :i esa dsUnzh; ljdkj us ykxw fd;k FkkA vk; dj dh nj dj vk;
MAN Manufacturing 1000 10% 100
2000 25% 300
VAT dk loZiFz ke izfriknu 1918 bZ- esa oku lhesUl us 3000 20% 600
fd;k Fkk rFkk bls fodflr djus dk Js; ekWfj'k rFkk 4000 20% 800
dkyWliw dks tkrk gSA ;s kal ds vFkZ'kkL=h FksA 1918 esa gh 5000 20% 1000
loZiFz ke bls teZuh esa gh ykxw fd;k x;k tgk ij vlQy
Hkkjr esa vk;dj dh iz.kkyh Deressive Type dh gksrh gSA
gks x;kA 1954 esa bls kal esa lQyrk iwod Z ykxw fd;k dsUnz rFkk jkT; }kjk yxk, x, djksa dk fooj.k %
x;kA
dsUnz ljdkj ds izR;{k dj
lsokdj % 10 yk[k ;k mlls vf/kd dh lEifk izfnR; 1 vk;dj
okys lsok iznkrk ij ;g dj yxk;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa 2 fuxedj
bldh 'kq#vkr jktk th pSys ;k lfefr dh flQkfj'k ij 3 /kudj ;k lEifkdj
1994&95 esa yxk;k x;kA izkjEHk esa rhu lsokvksa ij 4 migkj dj rFkk
VsyhQksu] lkekU; chek rFkk LVkWd czkd s j 5% dh nj ls 5 O;; dj
yxk;k x;k FkkA orZeku esa 2010&11 122% lsokvksa ij uksV % O;; dj yxkus dh flQkfj'k dksYMkj us dh FkhA
10% dh nj ls yxk;k tkrk gSA bldh dqy nj 10.3% gS jkT; ljdkjksa ds izR;{k dj %
D;skfa d bl ij 3% f'k{kk midj yxk;k x;k gSA 1 gksVy izkfIr;ksa ij dj
2 Hkw&jktLo dj
midj rFkk vf/kHkkj ljpktZ % nksuksa izdkj ds dj
3 f"k vk; dj
fdlh fo'ks"k iz;kstu ds fy, yxk;s tkrs gSAa iz;kstu ds iwoZ 4 O;olk; dj
gksus ij bls lekIr dj fn;k tkrk gSA ljpktZ dks tax on 5 xSj 'kgjh vpr lEifk;ksa ij jax rFkk
tax Hkh dgrs gSAa 6 jkstxkj djA

(46) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 dsUnz ljdkj ds vizR;{k dj eqnzk LQhfr ds dkj.k %
1 lhek 'kqYd ekSfnzd vFkZ'kkL=h ekurs gSa fd LQhfr dk izeq[k dkj.k
2 dsUnzh; mRikn 'kqYd eqnzk dh iwfrZ esa o`f) gSA
3 dsUnzh; fch dj rFkk ykxr o`f) % ewY; Lrj ds c<+us ds dkj.k etnwj oxZ
4 lsok dj dh okLrfod vk; de gks tkrh gS ftlls og vius ij
jkT; ljdkj ds vizR;{k dj etnwjh c<+kus gsrq ncko Mkyrk gSA etnwjh ds c<+ tkus
1 fch dj ij oLrq dh ykxr c<+ tkrh gSA ftlls mRiknd
2 Mhty o isVky s ij dj oLrqvksa ds nke esa vkSj o`f) dj nsrk gSA
3 LVkEi ,oa iathdj.k 'kqYd ?kkVs dh fok O;oLFkk % djkjksi.k & o`f)
4 jkT; mRikn 'kqYd
5 okgu ij dj LQhfr dk izHkko
6 izo's k dj oxZ ykHk@gkfu
7 foKkiu ij dj 1 jkstxkj esa & o`f)
8 'kV~Vcs kth ij dj rFkk 2 _.kh & ykHk
9 euksjt a u dj 3 _.knkrk & gkfu
dj jkTo esa fofHkUu djksa dk fgLlk 2009&10 ds 4 O;kikjh & ykHk
vuqlkj 5 fdlku & ykHk
1 fuxe dj 23 iSlk 1 #- esa 23 iSlk 6 fdjk;snkj & ykHk
2 dsUnzh; mRikn 'kqYd 10 iSlk 7 edku ekfyd & gkfu
3 vk;dj o lhek 'kqYd 9 iSlk 8 vk;kr & ykHk
4 lsokdj 6 iSlk 9 fu;kZr & gkfu o cpr esa deh
uksV % m/kkj ,oa vU; ns;rk esa 29 iSls dh izkfIr gksrh gSA 10 fLFkj vk; oxZ &
lcls vf/kd #i;k dh izkfIr dsUnz ljdkj & m/kkj ,oa 11 is'a kuHkksxh oxZ &
vU; ns;rkA
mkj izn's k dh vk; dk lcls cM+k L=ksr & fchdj eqnzk LQhfr jksdus ds mik; %
Hkkjr ljdkj dh O;; dh ensa #i;k tkrk gS 1 ekSfnzd mik; % eqnzk LQhfr dks jksdus ds fy, dsUnzh;
1 dsUnzh; vk;kstu ij & 21 iSls cSd
a fuEufyf[kr ekSfnzd mik; viukrk gSA
2 O;; Hkqxrku ij & 19 iSls (i) cSda nj esa o`f)
3 djksa ,oa 'kqYdksa (duty) esa jkT;ska dk fgLlk 16 iSls (ii) [kqys cktkj esa izfrHkwfr;ksa dk fo;
4 j{kk ij & 10 iSls (iii) CRR dh njksa esa o`f)
5 vkfFkZd lgk;rk ij & 6 iSls (iv) SLR dh njksa esa o`f)
xSj ;kstuk en dh lcls vf/kd Hkqxrku O;; & C;kt (v) foeqfnzdj.k (Monetization) : iqjkuh eqnkz ds LFkku
dj ij ubZ eqnzk tkjh djukA
fdl dj dk caVokjk dsUnz ljdkj] jkT; ljdkj ds 2 jkT;dks"kh;
kh; mik; %
lkFk ugha djrh gS & fuxedj (i) vko';d lkoZtfud O;; esa deh
(ii) djksa dh nj esa o`f)
(iii) u, djksa dks yxkuk
eqnzk LQhfr (iv) cpr dk ctV
^^tc vFkZO;oLFkk esa eqnzk dh iwfrZ esa o`f) ds dkj.k oLrq 3 vU; mik;
,oa lsokvksa ds nke c<+ tkrs gksa vkSj eqnzk dk ewY; ?kV tkrk (i) mRiknu esa o`f)
gks rks mls eqnzk LQhfr dgrs gSAa (ii) dher fu;U=.k
dkSu ,slk vFkZ'kkL=h gS tks dgrk gS fd eqnzk LQhfr
vkSj jkstxkj esa /kukRed lEcU/k gS & QhyhIl Hkkjr dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr;k
eqnzk LQhfr dks ysdj ds vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa esa vyx&vyx LorU=rk ls ysdj vkt rd vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds fy,
/kkj.kk, izpfyr gSAa ijEijkxr vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa ds vuqlkj ^eqnzk Hkkjr ljdkj us fuEufyf[kr ize[q k vkS|ksfxd uhfr;k ?kksf"kr dhaA
LQhfr og gS ftlesa eqnzk dk ewY; fxj jgk gks o oLrqvksa dk 1948 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr % bls izLrqr djus dk Js; ';kek
ewY; c<= jgk gks* blls y{k.k rks irk pyrk gS ijUrq izlkn eq[kthZ dks tkrk gSA blh esa fefJr vFkZo;oLFkk dh uhfr
dkj.k ughaA vk/kqfud vFkZ'kkL=h eqnzk LQhfr dks ,d ekSfnz viukbZ xbZ vkSj m|ksxksa dks rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa ckVk x;k izFke Js.kh
izfrHkkl ekurs gSa vkSj izR;sd izdkj dh o`f) esa dqN dks gh esa 3 m|ksx j[ks x,A f}rh; Js.kh esa 6 m|ksx j[ks x,A r`rh;
eqnzk LQhfr crkrs gSAa Js.kh esa 18 m|ksxksa dks j[kk x;kA
izfl) vFkZ'kkL=h izk-s dhUl O;kid vFkZ'kkL= tud us 1956 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr % bls izLrqr djus dk Js;
eqnzk LQhfr dks iw.kZ jkstxkj izfrHkkl dgk gSA buds vuqlkj tokgj yky usg: dks tkrk gSA bldks 17 m|ksxksa ij dsUnz
iw.kZ jkstxkj ds Lrj ds iwoZ dher Lrj esa o`f) fodkl dk ljdkj dk iw.kZ fu;U=.k Fkk rFkk 'ks"k m|ksxksa ij futh
izfrHkkl gSA blds iz'pkr~ ;fn dher Lrj c<+x s h rks eqnzk m|ksxifr;ksa dk fu;U=.k Fkk tks fo'ks"kdj miHkksDrk olrq ds
LQhfr ik;h tk;sxhA mRiknd FksA

{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (47)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 1977 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr % bls izLrqr djus dk Js;
tkWtZ QukZMht dks tkrk gSA blesa fo'ks"k :i ls y?kq o
dqVhj m|ksxksa ds fodkl ij tksj fn;k x;kA y?kq m|ksxksa dks
3 oxksZa esa j[kk x;kA
1 vfr y?kq (Tinny Sector) : {ks= dh ubZ vo/kkj.kk
ykxw dh xbZ blesa fuos'k 1 Lakh #- rFkk bldh
LFkkiuk 50 gtkj ls de {ks= esa dh xbZA
2 ftyk m|ksx dsUnz % y?kq m|ksx dks ,d LFkku ij
lHkh lqfo/kk miyC/k djkukA
3 la;qDr {ks= dh vo/kkj.kk viukbZ xbZA
1980 dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr % bldk ms'; Hkkjrh; vFkZ
O;oLFkk dk vk/kqfudhdj.k foLrkj ,oa fiNM+s {ks=ksa dk
fodkl djuk FkkA
ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr 24 tqykbZ 1995 % bls jko eueksgu
uhfr Hkh dgrs gSAa bl vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa mnkjhdj.k
uhfrdj.k ,oa Hkwe.Myhdj.k dks viuk;k x;k blds fy,
fuEufyf[kr eq[; dk;Z fd, x,&
vkS|ksfxd ykblsfUlx % tc ;g uhfr ykxw dh xbZ ml
le; 18 m|ksxksa ij ykblsfa lax dh ikWfylh viukbZ xbZ
vFkkZr~ ;s 18 m|ksx lqj{kk] lkekftd dkj.k] i;kZoj.k rFkk
iznq"k.k dh n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ FksA orZeku esa 5 m|ksxksa ds
fy, ykblsUl ysuk vfuok;Z gSA
1 ,Ydksgy ;qDr is; inkFkZ dk vk'ou ,oa fuekZ.k
2 rEckdw ds lhxkj o flxjsV rFkk blls cuh oLrq,
3 bysDVkWfud ,;jksLisl rFkk j{kk leku
4 vkS|ksfxd foLQksVd
5 tksf[ke okys jlk;u
lkoZtfud {ks= % lkoZtfud {ks= esa 1998 rd 8 m|ksxksa
lkoZtfud {ks ds fy, vkjf{kr FksA 2001 esa j{kk {ks= esa
fons'kh fuos'k dh 26% dh NwV ds ckn bldh la[;k 4 ls
?kVdj orZeku esa 3 cph gSA
1 ijek.kq tkZ foHkkx
2 15 ekpZ] 1995 SO 212 ds fuxZr
3 jsy ifjogu
MRTP 1969 ds LFkku ij CCI (Comptation
Commission of India) 2002 : B.S. jk?kou dh v/;{krk esa
xfBr lfefr us ,dkf/kdkj ds LFkku ij izfrLi/kkZ dks c<+kus ds
fy, Hkkjrh; izfrLi/kkZ vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh flQkfj'k dh
bldh LFkkiuk 22 ebZ] 2000 esa dh xbZ vkSj izHkkoh 2002 ls gqbAZ
Qsjk ds LFkku ij Qsek FERA FEMA (Foreign
Exchange & Ragulatory Act) : 1973 ds rgr fons'kh
fofue; dk fu/kkZfjr fLFkj nj ij fd;ktkrk FkkA bldk
ms'; fofue; lalk/kuksa dks cpkuk rkfd budk mfpr iz;ksx
gks ldsA mnkjhdj.k ds ckn blds LFkku ij Qsek dks twu]
2000 esa ykxw fd;k x;kA
vkS|ksfxd #X.krk fcekjh % ,sls m|ksx tks fokh; lalk/kuksa
ds vHkko esa cUn iM+s gq, Fks muds iuZfuekZ.k ds fy, ebZ 1987 esa
vkS|ksfxd ,oa fokh; iqufZ uekZ.k cksMZ (B.I.F.R.) dh LFkkiuk dh
xbZA orZeku esa ;g futh ,oa lkoZtfud {ks= ds #X.k dEifu;ksa
dks fokh; lgk;rk iznku djrh gSA vkS|ksfxd #X.krk ij nks
lfefr;k xfBr gks pqdh gSAa
1 frokjh lfefr 1985
2 vksedkj ukFk xksLokeh lfefr] 1993
31 vxLr] 2000 esa cky".k bjkMh lfefr us B.I.A.R.
dks lekIr djds jk"Vh; dEiuh ykW fVC;wuy (N.C.L.T.) dh
LFkkiuk dk lq>ko fn;k FkkA
(48) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
lqek[kju dh izfl) iqLrd Small is beautiful gSA y?kq
m|ksxksa ij izfl) iqLrdsa 2006 ds vf/kfu;e ds vuqlkj y?kq
m|ksxksa dks NksVs (Small) y?kq (Micro) ,oa e>ksys
(Midium) m|e ds :i esas tkuk tkrk gSA bl{ks= esa dqy 6
djksM+ yksxksa dk orZeku esa jkstxkj feyk gSA
vfr y?kq {ks=ksa ds fy, fuos'k dh lhek vkfcn gqlSu
lfefr dh flQkfj'k ij 5 yk[k ls c<+kdj 25 yk[k dj
fn;kx;k gS vkSj y?kq [ks=ksa esa fuos'k dh lhek 2000&2001 esa
3 djksM+ ls ?kVkdj 1 djksM+ dj fn;k x;k gSA gFkdj?kk
{ks= ds fodkl gsrq 21 tuojh] 1997 esa ehjk lsB dh
v/;{krk esa lfefr xfBr dh xbZA
CAPART dikVZ Council of people action and
advancement of rural technology dh LFkkiuk 1986 esa dh
xbZA ;g xzkeh.k {ks= ds LoSfPNd laxBuksa dks rduhdh
fodkl gsrq fokh; lgk;rk iznku djrh gSA
Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd x.kuk % Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd vkfFkZd
x.kuk dh 'kq#vkr 1977 esa gqbZ blesa xSj f"k {ks= ds ,sls
m|ksx 'kkfey fd, x, Fks ftlesa de ls de ,d deZpkjh
fu;fer :i ls jkstxkj izkir djrk gksA nwljh] rhljh
e'k% 1980 rFkk 90 esa dh xbZA ftlesa f"k rFkk xSj f"k
nksuksa {ks= ds m|e 'kkfey FksA pkSFkh vkfFkZd x.kuk 1998 esa
rFkk 5oha 2005 esa 'kq: gqbZ vkSj blds vfUre ifj.kke 12
twu] 2006 esa izdkf'kr gq,A
blds izeq[k rF; fuEufyf[kr gSa %
1 ns'k esa dqy m|eksa dh la[;k 4-212 djksM+ blesa
xzkeh.k {ks= esa 2-581 djksM+ (61.5%) 'kgjh {ks= esa 1-
631 djksM+ (38-7%)A
2 jkstxkj esa vkSlr okf"kZd o`f) nj 2.49% blesa
xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa 3.33% 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa 1.68%A
3 lokZf/kd m|e okys ikp jkT;] bu ikp jkT;ksa esa
dqN m|ksxksa dk 50% ls vf/kd fgLlk vkrk gSA
(i) igys LFkku ij rfeyukMq & 10.56%
(ii) nwljs LFkku ij egkjk"V & 10.39%
(iii) rhljs LFkku ij i- caxky & 10.77%
(iv) pkSFks LFkku ij vkU/kz izn's k & 9.55%
(v) mkj izn's k & 9.53
4 lokZf/kd m|e okys dsUnz 'kkflr jkT;
(i) fnYyh & 1.79%
(ii) paMhx<+ & 0.16%
(iii) ikafMpsjh & 0.12%
5 lokZf/kd jkstxkj okys 5 jkT;
(i) egkjk"V & 11.95%
(ii) rfeyukMq & 9.97%
(iii) i- caxky & 9.42%
(iv) vkU/kzizn's k & 8.96%
(v) mkj izn's k & 8.63%
Hkkjr esa uojRu] egkjRu rFkk fefujRu % Hkkjr esa
uojRu dh vo/kkj.kk tqykbZ 1797 esa izkjEHk gqbAZ tks m|e
Xykscy dEiuh dh lEHkkouk j[krs gksa rFkk fiNys 3 o"kZ ls
ykHk dek jgs gksA 97 esa 9 dsUnzh; mieksa dks uojRu dk
ntkZ fn;k x;k FkkA 2008 esa iqu% 9 Eifu;ksa dks vkSj orZeku
esa vizSy] 2010 rd budh la[;k c<+dj 20 gks xbZ gSA 20oha
dEiuh Oil gSA 19oha dEiuh RINL gSA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
 egkjRu dh dEifu;k 3 ls c<+dj orZ eku esa 4 gks
xbZ gSaA bu dEifu;ksa ij ljdkj dk gLr{ksi ux.;
gksrk gSA
1- jk"Vh; rkih; fo|qr fuxe (NTPC- National
Thermal Power Corporation)
2- rsy ,oa izkfrd xSl fuxe (ONGC - Oil and
Natural gas Corporation)
3- SAIL (Steel Authority of India Limited)
4- Oil (Oil India Limited)
orZeku esa fefujRuksa dh la[;k 52 gSA buesa yklZu ,oa
Vwczks (L & T), efgUnzk ,.M efgUnzk] TATA tSlh dEifu;k
'kkfey gSAa
feuh jRu dk ntkZ izkIr lkoZtfud {ks= ds mie
gky gh esa dsUnzh; ljdkjh {ks= ds vkB m|eksa uker%
Hkkjrh; foekuiku izkf/kdj.k] ckMdkLV bathfu;fjax
dalYVsVa ~l vkWy bf.M;k fyp] dksphu f'ki;kMZ fy-
fgUnqLrku dkWij fy- bafM;u jsyos dsVfjax vkSj i;ZVu fuxe
fy-] feJ /kkrq fuxe fy-] us'kuy gkbMkbs ysfDVd ikWoj
dkWiksZj's ku fy- vkSj lryqt ty fo|qr~ fuxe fy- dks feuh
jRu dk ntkZ iznku fd;k x;k gS ftlls feuh jRu izkIr
dsUnzh; ljdkjh {ks= ds m|eksa dh la[;k c<+dj 55 gks xbZ
gSA jk"Vh; bLikr fuxe fy- dks vHkh rd futhdj.k dk
ntkZ izkIr Fkk ftls ekpZ 2010 esa uojRu dk ntkZ iznku
djus dh Lohfr nh xbZA
uojRu o feuh jRu dEifu;ksa dks E;wpqvy Q.Mksa esa
fuos'k dh vuqefr
oSf'od eanh ds izHkkoLo:i f'kfFky gks jgs 'ks;j cktkj
vkSj E;wpqvy Q.Mksa esa tku Qwdus ds fy, ljdkj us
lkoZtfud {ks= dh uojRu vkSj feuh jRu dEifu;ksa dks vius
vfrfjDr udn 'ks"k dk 30% E;wpqvy Q.M esa fuos'k djus
dh eatwjh iznku dh gSA lkoZtfud {ks= ds E;wpqvy Q.Mksa ds
ek/;e ls gh bu dEifu;ksa dks fuos'k dh vuqefr gksxhA bl
vk'k; dk QSlyk vkfFkZd ekeyksa dks eaf=e.Myh; lfefr
(CCEA) us 26 fnlEcj] 2008 dks fd;kA uojRu o feuh
jojRu dEifu;ksa dks ,sls fuos'k dh vuqefr igys Hkh vxLr]
2007 esa iznku dh xbZ Fkh] fdUrq ;g dsoy ,d o"kZ ds fy,
gh FkhA ftldh le; lhek 1 vxLr] 2008 dks lekIr gks
xbZ FkhA
Hkkjr esa uojRu rFkk egkjRu dk ntkZ izkIr
lkoZtfud {ks= dh dEifu;k
lkoZtfud {ks= dh egkjRu dEifu;ksa esa ,d vkSj uke
vizSy 2011 esa tqM+ x;k gSA dks;yk {ks= dh fnXxt dEiuh
dksy bafM;k fy- (CIL), ftlus ns'k esa vc rd dk lcls
cM+k lkoZtfud fuxZe tkjh djds dhfrZeku vDVwcj] 2010 esa
LFkkfir fd;k Fkk] dks ^egkjRu* dk ntkZ ljdkj us vizSy
2011 esa iznku fd;k gSA bl dEiuh dks ^uojRu* dEiuh dk
ntkZ blls iwoZ izkIr FkkA ^egkjRu* dk ntkZ feyus ls ns'k esa
egkjRu dEifu;ksa dh dqy la[;k 5 gks xbZ gSA buesa dksy
bafM;k fy- ds vfrfjDr rsy ,oa izkfrd xSl fuxe
(ONGC), Hkkjrh; rsy fuxe (IOC), Hkkjrh; bLikr
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
izkf/kdj.k (SAIL) o jk"Vh; rki fo|qr~ fuxe (NTPC)
'kkfey gSAa egkjRu dk ntkZ izkIr dEifu;ksa dks fuos'k ds
ekeys esa vis{kkr vf/kd Lok;krk izkIr gksrh gSA ^uojRu*
dk ntkZ izkIr dEifu;k tgk 1000 djksM+ #i, rd ds
fuos'k izLrkoksa ij dsUnz ljdkj dh iwokZuqefr ds fcuk gh
fu.kZ; ys ldrh gS]a ogha ^egkjRu* dEifu;ksa dks 5000 djksM+
#i, rd ds fuos'k izLrkoksa ds fy, ;g Lok;krk izkIr gSA
egkjRu dk ntkZ feyus ds i'pkr~ dksy bafM;k fy- vc
fons'kh ifj;kstukvksa esa fuos'k ds lEcU/k esa Hkh T;knk vklkuh
ls fu.kZ; ys ldsx a hA
,d vU; egRoiw.kZ QSlys ds rgr~ dks;yk {ks= dh gh
,d vU; dEiuh fuosyh fyXukbV] ftls ^feuhjRu* dk ntkZ
vHkh rd izkIr Fkk] dks ^uojRu* dEiuh dk ntkZ ljdkj us
vizSy 2011 esa iznku fd;k gSAa blls ns'k esa uojRu
dEifu;ksa dh dqy la[;k 16 gh jgh gSA
egkjRu ds ntsZ gsrq vko';d n'kk,a ,d n`f"V esa
dEiuh 'ks;j cktkj esa lwphc) gksA
fiNys rhu o"kksZa esa dEiuh dk vkSlr dkjksckj 25]000
djksM+ #i, jgk gksA
bl nkSjku dEiuh us 5000 djksM+ #i, dk vkSlr 'kq)
ykHk vftZr fd;k gksA
bu rhu o"kksZa esa dEiuh dk fuoy ewY; usVoFkZ vkSlru
15000 djksM+ #i, jgk gksA
dEiuh ds ikl uojRu dk ntkZ gksA
Hkkjr dh 5 egkjRu dEifu;k
vizSy 2011 ds vUr rd dh fLFkfr
1- Hkkjrh; bLikr izkf/kdj.k (SAIL)
2- rsy ,oa izkfrd xSl fuxe (ONGC)
3- Hkkjrh; rsy fuxe (IOC)
4- jk"Vh; rki fo|qr~ fuxe (NTPC)
5- dksy bafM;k fy-
16 uojRu dEifu;k
Hkkjr bysDVkWfuDl fy- (BEL)
Hkkjr gSoh bysfDVdYl fy- (BHEL)
Hkkjr isVkfs y;e dkWiksZj's ku fy- (BPCL)
fgUnqLrku isVkfs y;e dkWiksZj's ku fy- (HPCL)
egkuxj VsyhQksu fuxe fy- (MTNL)
Hkkjrh; xSl izkf/kdj.k fy- (GAIL)
fgUnqLrku ,;jksukWfVDl fy- (HAL)
ikWoj fxzM dkWiksZj's ku vkWQ bf.M;k fy- (PGCIL)
jk"Vh; [kfut fodkl fuxe (NMDC)
xzkeh.k fo|qrhdj.k fuxe fy- (REC)
us'kuy ,Y;wfefu;e dEiuh (NALCO)
jk"Vh; bLikr fuxe fy- (RINL)
ikWoj QkbusUl dkWiksZj's ku (PFC)
Hkkjrh; ukSogu fuxe (SCI)
vkWby bf.M;k fy- (OIL)
fuosyh fyXukbV dkWiksZj's ku (NLC)
(49)
 psUubZ esa VkbMsy ikdZ dh LFkkiuk 16-
fo|qr~ ijek.kq tkZ ds
100
vykok
gkMZo;
s j ,oa lkWVos;j m|ksx dks vk/kkfjd lajpuk dh
lHkh lqfo/kk,a ,d gh LFku ij miyC/k djkus ds ms'; ls 17- QkekZD;qfVdYl vkS"kf/k;k 100
psUubZ esa rkjkef.k (Taramani) esa vR;k/kqfud lwpuk 18- lM+d ,oa cUnjxkg 100
izkS|ksfxdh ikdZ dh LFkkiuk 4 tqykbZ] 2000 dks dh xbZ ftls 19- gksVy ,oa i;ZVu 100
VkbMsy ikdZ (TIDEL PARK) uke fn;k x;kA
20- [kuu vkSj [kfut 100
jkT;okj lap;h FDI dk vUrizZokg 21- dksfj;j lsok,a 100
vizSy 2000 ls uoEcj
uoEcj 2007 rd
FDI
22- i;kZoj.k fu;U=.k 100
RBI dk
vUrizZokg 23- foKkiu] fQYe 74100
- {ks=h; 'kkfey jkT; esa fgLlk
dk;kZy; 24- j{kk vkSj lkefjd m|ksx 26
izfr'kr
egkjk"V] nknj vkSj pk; m|ksx pk; ckxku
25- 100
1- eqEcbZ uxj gosyh] neu 25.14 lfgr
vkSj nho 26- fiz.V ehfM;k 100
fnYyh mkj izn's k foKku ,oa rduhdh
2- ubZ fnYyh dk dqN Hkkx vkSj 27- 100
22.68 i=&if=dk,a
gfj;k.kk cqfu;knh <kpk vkSj lsok {ks=
3- caxyq# dukZVd 7.03 esa fuos'k djus okyh
28- 49
rfeyukMq vkSj dEifu;k ,slVs
4- psUubZ 6.69 fjdUlVD'ku dEifu;k
iqnqpsjh
5- gSnjkckn vkU/kz izn's k 4.12 mixzgksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj
29- 74
6- vgenkckn xqtjkr 2.84 lapkyu
lzksr % vkS|ksfxd uhfr vkSj lao/kZu foHkkx f"k Qqyokjh] ckxokuh]
30- chtksa dk fodkl] i'kqikyu] 100
eRL;ikyu] lCth vkfn
izeq[k {ks=ksa esa fons'kh fons'kh lekpkj&i=ksa dk
izR;{k fuos'k (FDI) dh vf/kdre vuqeU; lhek 31- 100
izdk'ku
fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k 32- dkWQh ,oa jcM+ izlaLdj.k 100
- {ks= dh vf/kdre lhek
izfr'kr 33- flxkj ,oa flxkj mRiknu 100
1- lkoZtfud {ks= dh cSfa dax 49 34- vYdksgkWy vklou 100
2- futh {ks= dh cSfa dax 74 35- [krjukd jlk;u 100
3- fokh; dEifu;k 100 vkS|ksfxd foLQksVd
36- 100
mRiknu
4- chek dEifu;k 26
37- xSj&cSfa dax fokh; dEifu;k 100
5- Lons'kh foeku lsok 49 fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=&muesa
gokbZ vM~Mksa dk 38- 100
6- 100 ;wfuVksa dh LFkkiuk
vk/kqfudhdj.k
7- nwjlapkj csfld] lsY;qyj 74 chek {ks= rFkk fons'kh lekpkj&i=ksa ds izdk'ku ds fy,
8- fuekZ.k fodkl ifj;kstuk,a 100 FDI lhek esa o`f)
isVkfs y;e fjQk;fuax&ubZ
9- 100 u, chek la'kks/ku fo/ks;d 2008 esa chek {ks= esa FDI
bdkb;k
lkoZtfud {ks= dh dh lhek ekStnw k 26% ls c<+kdj 49% djus dk ljdkj dk
10- 26
izLrko gSA o"kZ 2000 esa chek {ks= dks futh {ks= ds fy,
fjQk;ufj;k
11- foi.ku 74 [kksyk x;k FkkA ml le; bl {ks= esa 26% FDI dh vuqefr
12- viLVhe 51100
iznku dh xbZ FkhA
blh izdkj dsUnz ljdkj us fons'kh lekpkj&i=ksa ds
13- dks;yk [kuu 100 izfr:i QSlhekby laLdj.kksa ds Hkkjr esa izdk'ku ds fy,
Fkksd O;kikj ,oa fu;kZr o fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k (FDI) dh lhek dks c<+kdj 100%
14- 100
y?kq m|ksx ds fy, O;kikj tuojh] 2009 esa dj fn;k gSA vHkh rd vf/kdre 26
15- izlkj.k 2049 izfr'kr fuos'k gh bl {ks= esa vuqeU; FkkA

(50) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 ,Q-Mh-vkbZ- & ekxZ vkxs dk fons'kh izR;{k (FDI) fuos'k uhfr
fjVsy {ks= esa ,Q-
,Q-Mh-
Mh-vkbZ- ykHk dSls nsxh \ 31 ekpZ] 2008
 oky&ekVZ tSls fo'o fjVsy laLFkk ds izo's k ls u, fuos'k I. {ks= ftlesa FDI dh vuqefr ugha gS
fn[kkbZ nsus dh laHkkouk gSA 1- QqVdj O;kikj ,dy czk.M mRikn [kqnjk fch NksMd + j
 dqN gh le; vof/k esa blds 3&4 fefy;u u, jkstxkj
2- ijek.kq tkZ
'kkfey djus dh laHkkouk gSA vU; 4&6 fefy;u 3- ykWVjh O;kikj
4- lk cktkj vkSj tqvk
jkstxkj laHkkj&ra=] Bsdk Jfed] gkml&dhfiax vkSj 5- fpV Q.M O;kikj
lqj{kk ds {ks= esa l`ftr fd, tk ldrs gSAa 6- fuf/k dEiuh
 laHkkj&ra=] dksYMpsu] HkkaMkxkjksa ds fodkl esa lgk;rk 7- VkalQjscy Msoy s iesUV~l jkbV~l O;kikj
djus dh vk'kk gSA 8- os {ks= tks futh {ks= fuos'k ds fy, [kqys ugha gSAa
 ljdkjh jktLo dks fofHkUu djksa ds ek/;e ls 24&30
II. {ks= ftlesa FDI ds fy, ljdkj dh iwoZ Lohfr
fcfy;u vejhdh MkWyj dh vfrfjDr jkf'k izkIr gks vko';d gS&
ldrh gSA 1- tgk izsl uksV 1 2005 k`[a kyk ds izko/kku yxs gksaA
 ouLifr@lfCt;ksa rFkk [kjkc gksus okyh vU; lkefxz;ksa dh 2- tgk 24% ls vf/kd fons'kh iwth mu oLrqvksa ds
{kfr de gksxh vkSj LQhfr fu;a=.k j[kus esa lgk;rk feysxhA mRiknu ds fy, yxkbZ tkuh gS] tks y?kq m|ksx
 miHkksDrkvksa ds fy, 510% dh cpr gksxhA {ks= ds fy, vkjf{kr gSA
 fdlkuksa dks 1030% vf/kd vk; fnykus esa lgk;rk dj lzksr % Hkkjr 2008] ist 607 rFkk 616
ldrh gSA fo'o ds izeq[k 'ks;j ewY; lwpdkad
 vkfFkZd fodkl esa o`f) gksxhA
'ks;j ewY; lwpdkad LVkWd ,Dlpst a
u, fu;e D;k dgrs gSa \ 1- MkWyDs l] lsalDs l BSE-20, cSd
a Ds l & BSE eqca bZ Hkkjr
,dy&czkM a fjVsy 2- fuVh & NSE eqc a bZ Hkkjr
 ljdkj us ,dy&czkM a fjVsy esa 100% ,Q-Mh-vkbZ- dh 3- Mh- tksUl & U;w;kdZ vejhdk
vuqefr ns nh gSA 4- fuDdh & Vksfd;ks tkiku
 fons'kh fuos'kd czk.M ds Lokeh gksA a 5- feMMsDl] Sd a QVZ & teZuh
 csps tkus okys mRikn dsoy ^,dy czk.M* gksus pkfg,A 6- gkax lsx a & gkaxdkax
 mRikn Hkkjr ls fHkUu ,d ;k vf/kd ns'kksa esa ,d gh 7- flesDl] LV~Vs ~l VkbEl & flaxkiqj
czkMa ds uke ls csps tkus pkfg,A 8- dksLih & dksfj;k
 [kjhns x, eky ds ewY; dk 30% dk lzksr Hkkjr ojh;r%
9- lsV & FkkbyS.M
y?kq ,oa e/;e bdkbZ;ks]a xzkeh.k ,oa dqVhj m|ksx] 10- rsu & rkboku
11- 'ka?kkbZ dkWe & phu
nLrdkjksa rFkk f'kYidkjksa ls fd;k tk,xkA 12- ukLMSd & l- jk- vejhdk
 lzksr dh ek=k Lo&izekf.kr dh tk,] lkafof/kd 13- ,l- ,.M ih- & dukMk
ys[kk&ijh{kdksa }kjk tkap dh tk,A 14- cksosLik & czkthy
eYVh&czk.M fjVsy 15- fe"Vsy & bVyh
 eYVh&czk.M fjVsy esa ljdkj 51% ,Q-Mh-vkbZ dh 16- vkbZ- ih- lh- & eSfDldks
vuqefr nsA 17- tdkrkZ dEiksftV & eysf'k;k
 fons'kh fuos'kdksa }kjk ,Q-Mh-vkbZ- ds :i esa ykbZ tkus 18- fl;ksy dEiksftV & nf{k.k dksfj;k
okyh U;wure jkf'k 100 fefy;u vejhdh MkWyj gksxhA izeq[k mRikn
 U;wure 50% dqy ,Q-Mh-vkbZ- rhu o"kksZa esa cSd&,M
mRikn ,oa mlls lacfa /kr ns'k
mRikn ns'k
vk/kkfjd lajpuk ij yxkbZ tk,A
QksMZ & la- jk- vesfjdk
 fufeZr@lalkf/kr mRiknksa dh izkfIr ds ewY; dh

oksDlosxu & teZuh
U;eure 30% jkf'k dk lzksr ,sls Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx
fuLlku & tkiku
gks]a ftudk la;a= ,oa e'khujh esa dqy fuos'k 1 fefy;u
jsuks & kal
vejhdh MkWyj ls vf/kd u gksA
gks.Mk & tkiku
 fjVsy fch dsUnz dsoy mu 'kgjksa esa LFkkfir fd, tk,a
ek#fr & Hkkjr
ftudh tula[;k 2011 tux.kuk ds vuqlkj 10 yk[k
gq.MbZ & nf{k.k dksfj;k
ls vf/kd gks vkSj ,sls 'kgjksa dh uxj@'kgjh lhek ds
,y- th- & nf{k.k dksfj;k
vkl ikl dk 10 fdeh- {ks=Qy doj gksrk gksA
fjcksd & la- jk- vesfjdk
 bZ&dkWelZ ds ek/;e ls fdlh Hkh :i esa fjVsy VsfMax
ukbd & la- jk- vesfjdk
dh vuqefr ugha nh tk,xhA
,MhMkl & teZuh

ghjks & Hkkjr
 Qy] lfCt;ks]a Qwyks]a vUu] nygu] rktk eqxsZ] eNyh ,oa

uksfd;k & fQuyS.M
ehV mRiknksa lfgr rktk QkeZ mRikn fcuk czk.M okys
I;wek & bVyh
gks ldrs gSAa
fQ,V & bVyh
 QkeZ mRiknksa dks eqgS;k djkus dk igyk vf/kdkj ljdkj
lSelUx & nf{k.k dksfj;k
dk gksxkA
Vks;Vk & tkiku
fons'kh fjVsyj Hkkjr esa D;ksa izo's k djuk pkgrs gSa \
fgUnqLrku eksVlZ & Hkkjr
 cM+s cktkj] c<+rh gq, iz;ksT; vk; ,oa [kpZ djus dh
,;jVsy & Hkkjr
'kfDrA
cksMkQksu & fczVus
 Hkkjrh; fjVsy cktkj dk vuqekfur vkdkj yxHkx 450
vesfjdu eksckby & eSfDldks
fefy;u vejhdh MkWyj dk gSA
VsyhQksfudk & Lisu

pkbuk eksckby & phu
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (51)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
izeq[k m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk % Hkkjr ds vc rd ds fok eU=h %
m|ksx vk/kq
vk/kqfud rjhds m|ksxvk/kqfud rjhds ds o"kZ fok eU=h
ds izFke dkj[kkus izFke dkj[kkus dk
dk LFkkiuk o"kZ LFkkiuk o"kZ ,oa
1947&49 vkj- ds- "k.keqxe psV~Vh
,oa LFkku LFkku
lwrh 1818] dksydkrk lhes.V
1904] psUubZ
1949&51 tkWu eFkkbZ
oL= enzkl
twV 1855] fj'kjk i- lkbfdy 1918] dksydkrk
caxky 1951&57 lh- Mh- ns'keq[k
yksgk 1870] dqYVh i- dkxt 1812] lsjkeiqj
bLikr caxky i- caxky 1957&1958 Vh- Vh- ".kkekpkjh
phuh 1900] fcgkj moZjd 1906] rfeyukMq
m|ksx 1958&59 tokgj yky usg:

lkoZtfud {ks= ds bLikr dkj[kkus % 1959&64 eksjkj th nslkbZ

LFkku rF; 1966&67 lphUnz pkS/kjh

jkmjdsyk f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr
1967&70 eksjkj th nslkbZ
mM+hlk teZuh dh lgk;rk ls LFkkfir fd;k
x;kA 1959 bZ- esa mRiknu 'kq: 1970&71 bfUnjk xk/kh
gqvkA
fHkykbZ f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr 1971&75 ;'koUrjkt ch- pok.k
e/; izn's k :l dh lgk;rk ls LFkkfir fd;k 1975&77 lh- lqcz.;e
x;kA 1959 bZ- esa mRiknu 'kq:
gqvkA 1977&78 ,p- ,e- iVsy
nqxkZiqj f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr
1979&80 pj.k flag
i-
i- caxky fczVus dh lgk;rk ls LFkkfir fd;k
x;kA o"kZ 1962 bZ- esa mRiknu 'kq: 1980&82 vkj- osd
a Vje.k
gqvkA
1982&85 iz.ko eq[kthZ
cksdkjks ,f'k;k dk lcls cM+k la;U=A bls
>kj[k.M
>kj[k.M r`rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vurxZr 1985&87 oh- ih- flag
:l dh lgk;rk ls LFkkfir fd;k
x;kA o"kZ 1973 bZ- esa mRiknu 1988&89 ukjk;.k nk frokjh
vkjEHk gqvkA
1989&90 ,l- ch- pok.k
cuZiqj futh {ks= la;U= ds jk"V;dj.k
i-
i- caxky }kjk vf/kx`ghr ;g la;U= :l dh 1990&91 e/kq n.Mors
lgk;rk ls LFkkfir gqvkA
1991&92 ;'koar flUgk
fo'kk[kkikue
fo'kk[kkikue pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr
vkU/kz izn's k 2256 djksM+ #i;s dh ljdkjh 1992&96 eueksgu flag
ykxr ls :l dh lgk;rk ls
LFkkfir fd;k x;kA 1996&98 ih- fpnEcje
lyse pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr 1998&2003 ;'koUr flUgk
rfeyukMq LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
Hknzkorh pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vUrxZr 2003&2004 tloUr flag
dukZVd jk"Vh;r fd;k x;kA
2004&2009 ih- fpnEcje
fot;uxj pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds rgr
dukZVd LFkkfir fd;k x;kA 2009&vc rd iz.ko eq[kthZ

(52) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 vkfFkZd {ks= ls lEcfU/kr eq[; lfefr;k % egktu lfefr ekpZ] phuh m|ksx
1997
ds- ,u- dkcjk lfefr ;wpj Vfs Max
egkyuksfcl lfefr jk"Vh; vk;
fiUVks lfefr 1997 ukSogu m|ksx
jktk fpyS;k lfefr dj lq/kkj
panzks lfefr 'ks;j o izfrHkwfr;ksa dh LVkWd
[kqljks lfefr f"k lk[k
,DlpsUtksa esa MhfyfLVax
;w-ds- 'kekZ lfefr xksbiksfj;k lfefr cSd
a lsok lq/kkj
ukckMZ }kjk {ks=h; xzkeh.k
cSd
a ksa dh ns[k js[k ujflEgu lfefr cSfa dax lq/kkj
vthr dqekj lfefr lsuk ds osruksa dh folaxfr;k tkudhjeu lfefr izfrHkwfr ?kksVkyk
1997
js[kh lfefr vizR;{k dj
lh- ch- Hkkos lfefr dEifu;ksa }kjk lwpuk,
1997 izLrqr djuk xksLokeh lfefr vkS|ksfxd #X.krk
1993
/kkuqdk lfefr izfrHkwfr cktkj ls lEcfU/kr
2000 fu;e frokjh lfefr 1984 vkS|ksfxd #X.krk
nos lfefr vlaxfBr {ks= ds fy, is'a ku MkW- esgrk lfefr vkbZ- vkj- Mh- ih- dh izxfr
dh flQkfj'k ij iqufoZpkj
eYgks=k lfefr chek {ks= esa lq/kkj jaxjktu lfefr 1991 Hkqxrku lUrqyu
lsuxqIrk lfefr f'kf{kr csjkstxkjh ok?kqy lfefr E;wpqvy Q.M Ldhe
MkW- fot; dsydj izkfrd xSl ewy; uknd.khZ lfefr lkoZtfud {ks= dh
lfefr izfrHkwfr;k
ch- ,u- ;qxka/kj jk"Vh; lkekftd lgk;rk ds- vkj- os.kqxksiky lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ds
lfefr 1995 ;kstuk lfefr 1994 rgr dsUnzh; fuxZe ewy; fu/kkZj.k
Hk.Mkjh lfefr {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd
a ksa dh ,e- th- tks'kh nwjlapkj esa futh {ks= dk
1994 iqulZajpuk lfefr 1994 izo's k
'kadjyky xq# lfefr f"k foi.ku jkds'k eksgu lfefr vk/kkfjd lajpuk fokh;u
1995
Hkxorh lfefr csjkstxkjh
Kku izdk'k lfefr 1994 phuh ?kksVkyk
okpw lfefr izR;{k dj
ekysxke lfefr izkFkfed iwth cktkj
,y- ds- >k lfefr vizR;{k dj 1965
LokehukFku lfefr tula[;k uhfr 1994 lks/kkuh lfefr fons'kh eqnzk O;kikj
1965
nkarokyk lfefr csjkstxkjh ds vuqeku
,- ,y- diwj lfefr y?kq m|ksxksa dh lk[k lEcU/kh
lq[ke; porhZ lfefr ekSfnzd iz.kkyh ij iqufoZpkj
vxzoky lfefr isVkfs y;e Mhyjf'ki ds
ljdkfj;k lfefr dsUnz jkT; lEcU/k vkcaVu dh tkp ds fy,
gtkjh lfefr 1985 vkS|ksfxd uhfr lqcz.;e lfefr 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa dks ^MhEM
nk lfefr vkS|ksfxd ykblsfa lax fo'ofo|ky;* dk ntkZ
iznku djus ds fy,
porhZ desVh 1985 ekSfnzd i)fr ds dk;ksZa dh leh{kk
dukZVd esa tux.kuk dh rtZ ij vc ekSrksa dh Hkh x.kuk
,l- ,l- rkjkiksj iwth [kkrs dh tux.kuk dh rtZ ij vc ekSrksa (Deaths) dh x.kuk dk
lfefr 1997 ifjorZu'khyrk dk;Z Hkh dukZVd esa izkjEHk fd;k x;k gS- e`R;q x.kuk djus okyk
dukZVd ns'k dk igyk jkT; gS rFkk ns'k esa vius fdLe dh ;g
ih- lh- ,ysDts.Mj vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr;k rFkk igyh x.kuk gS- e`R;q x.kuk (Death Census) rhu Jsf.k;ksa
lfefr 1978 vk;kr ykblsal dk mnkjhdj.k uotkr e`R;q] cky e`R;q rFkk o;Ld e`R;q esa dh tk jgh gSA

{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (53)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 ;kstuk vk;ksx 10- LokLF; ij [kpZ ldy
5 twu] 2009 dh fLFkfr jk"Vh; mRikn dk 0.8 3.4
izfr'kr

1- eueksgu flag iz/kkuea=h v/;{k

11- izfr O;fDr tkZ [kir
2- eksVa d
s flag vkgywokfy;k mik/;{k fdyksxzke rsy ds 486.0 2002.0
3- fefgj 'kkg lnL; lerqY;
4- lqfe=k pkS/kjh lnL;
12- fctyh [kir fdyksokV
5- ujsUnz tkno lnL; 384.0 2460.0
izfr ?k.Vs
6- ch- ds- prqosZnh lnL;
7- vfHkthr lsu lnL; 13- VsyhQksu izfr gtkj
34.0 203.0
8- lbZnk gehn lnL; vkcknh ij
9- lqHkk"kpUn ikf.k lfpo
14- O;fDrxr dEI;wVj izfr
3.3 52.3
1000 ij

bf.M;k fotu&2020 ds egRoiw.kZ y{;

15- vuql/a kku o fodkl esa
yxs oSKkfud o
- fodkl 2000&2001 2020 dh bathfu;jksa dh la[;k 149.0 590.0
dh fLFkfr lEHkkouk izfr ,d yk[k vkcknh
esa
1- xjhch js[kk ls uhps dh
26% 13%
vkcknh % esa 16- okf"kZd o`f) nj GDP
4.4% 9.0%
dk izfr'kr
2- csjkstxkjh dh nj 7.3% 6.8%
17- ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa 28.0% 6.0%
izfr'kr fgLlk& (i) f"k
3- f"k esa jkstxkj 56% 40%

4- o;Ld iq#"k lk{kjrk 68% 96% (ii) m|ksx 26.0% 34.0%

5- o;Ld efgyk lk{kjrk 44% 94%

(iii) lsok {ks=
46.0% 60.0%
6- izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa
77.2% 99.9%
nkf[kyk
18- dqy iwt a h fuekZ.k esa
izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dk 2.1% 24.5%
7- f'k{kk ij [kpZ ldy fgLlk
jk"Vh; mRikn dk 3.2% 4.9%
izfr'kr
19- f'k'kq e`R;q nj izfr
71.0 22.5
1000 thfor tUe
8- thou izR;k'kk tUe ds
64 o"kZ 69 o"kZ
le;
20- dqy tula[;k esa 'kgjh
25.5% 40.0%
tula[;k dk izfr'kr
9- 5 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds
45% 8%
cPpksa esa dqiks"k.k

(54) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 vUrjkZ"Vh; laxBuksa ls lEcfU/kr egRoiw.kZ rF;
laxBu LFkkiuk o"kZ eq[;ky; lnL;
vUrjkZ"Vh; eqnzk dks"k (IMF) 1945 okf'kaxVu Mh-lh- 186
fo'o cSd
a 1945 okf'kadVu Mh-lh- 186
iqufuZekZ.k ,oa fodkl gsrq vUrjkZ"Vh; cSd
a (IBRD), vUrjkZ"Vh; fok fuxe (IFC), vUrjkZ"Vh; fodkl la?k
(IDA) rFkk cgqi{kh; fuos'k xkjaVh ,tsUlh (MIGA) fo'o cSda ls gh lEc) laLFkk,a gSAa ewyr% LFkkfir laLFkk
IBRD gS ftldh LFkkiuk 1945 esa gqbAZ IFC dh LFkkiuk 1956 esa o IDA dh 1960 esa gqbZ
fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO) 1995 tsusok 151
,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSd a 1966 euhyk 61
nf{k.k iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dk 1967 tdkrkZ 10
la?k (ASEAN) b.Mksufs 'k;k] fQyhihUl] eysf'k;k] flaxkiqj] FkkbyS.M]
czqubs Z] fo;ruke] ykvksl] E;kaekj rFkk dEcksfM;k
ukVk (NAFTA) 1992 3
vejhdk] dukMk] esfDldks
,isd (APEC) 1989 21
vkWLVfs y;k] vejhdk] dukMk] phu] esfDldks] tkiku]
gkaxdkax] rkbZoku] n- dkfj;k] b.Mksufs 'k;k]
fQyhihUl] czqubs Z] flaxkiqj] eysf'k;k] FkkbyS.M]
iiqvk U;wfxuh] U;wthyS.M] fpyh] is:] :l
rFkk fo;ruke
,isd us lu~ 2020 rd ,f'k;k iz'kkUr {ks= dks Lora= O;kikj {ks= cukus dh ?kks"k.kk dh gSA ;g fo'o dk
lcls cM+k Lora= O;kikj {ks= gksxkA
;wjksfi;u la?k 1958 esa czwlYs l 27
LFkkfir EEC dk kal] yDtsecxZ] msuekdZ] fczVus ] teZuh] csfYt;e]
ifjofrZr :i vk;jyS.M] gkWyS.M] bVyh] Lisu] xzhl] iqrZxky]
vkWfLV;k] fQuyS.M] LohMu] iksyS.M] gaxjh] Lyksofs u;k]
Lyksokfd;k] fyFkqvkfu;k] psd x.kjkT;] ,LVksfu;k]
ykVfo;k] lkbizl] ekYVk] cqYxkfj;k rFkk :ekfu;k
edksZlqj (Mercosur) 1995 4
;g nf{k.kh vejhdh {ks= esa Lora= O;kikj {ks= gSA czkthy] vtsZUVhuk] ijkXos o m#Xos
vksid
s (OPEC) 1960 fo;uk 13
vkWfLV;k vYthfj;k] b.Mksufs 'k;k] bZjku] bjkd] dqoSr
yhfc;k] ukbthfj;k] drj] lnh vjc]
la;qDr vjc vehjkr] osut s ,q yk] bDosMksj
,oa xScku
n{ksl (SAARC) 1985 dkBek.Mw 8
Hkkjr] ikfdLrku] HkwVku] ckaXykns'k]
Jhyadk] usiky] ekynho] o vQxkfuLrku
th&15 1989 tsusok 19
19 fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk laxBu Hkkjr] esfDldks] teSdk] osut s q,yk] is:] czkthy]
vtsZUVhuk] lsux s y] vYthfj;k] ukbZthfj;k] ftEckCos]
felz] eysf'k;k] b.Mksufs 'k;k] fpyh] dhfu;k]
Jhyadk] dksyfEc;k o bZjku
vkfFkZd lg;ksx ,oa 1948 esa LFkkfir isfjl kal 2+9
fodkl laxBu ;wjksih; vkfFkZd vkWLVfs y;k] vkWfLV;k] csfYt;e] dukMk]
(OECD) lg;ksx laxBu pSd fjifCyd (Czech Republic), gaxjh]
dk ifjofrZr :i dksfj;k fjifCyd] esfDldks] iksyS.M] MsuekdZ] teZuh]
fQuyS.M] kal] xzhl] vkblyS.M] vk;jyS.M]
bVyh] tkiku] yDtsecxZ] uhnjyS.M] U;wthyS.M]
ukWosZ] iqrZxky] Lisu] LohMu] fLoV~tjyS.M]
VdhZ] ;w-ds- rFkk ;w-,l-,-
,lse (ASEM) 1996 25
;wjksih; la?k ds 15 o vkfl;ku ds 7 ns'kksa ds
lkFk&lkFk tkiku] n- dksfj;k o phu dks 'kkfey
djrs gq, ,f'k;k ds 10 ns'k
,f'k;kbZ Dyh;fjax 1975 rsgjku 8
;wfu;u (ACU) Hkkjr] ikfdLrku] ckaXykns'k] usiky
Jhyadk] bZjku] HkwVku] o E;kaekj
la;qDr jk"V la?k (UNO) 1945 U;w;kWdZ 192

{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (55)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 egRoiw.kZ lfefr;k
lfefr dk;Z{ks= 48- nos lfefr 2000 vlaxfBr {ks= ds fy, is'a ku dh
1- jkt lfefr f"k tksrdj flQkfj'k
2- Hkxorh lfefr csjkstxkjh 49- porhZ desVh 1985 ekSfnzd ds dk;ksaZ dh leh{kk
3- okapw lfefr izR;{k dj 50- vks- ih- lks/kkuh fons'kh fofue; cktkj
4- ,y- ds- >k lfefr vizR;{k dj fo'ks"kK ny 1995 dk fodkl
5- LokehukFku lfefr 1994 tula[;k uhfr 51- ,l-,l- rkjkiksjs lfefr 1997 iwth [kkrs dh
6- Hkwrfyaxe lfefr etnwjh] vk; vkSj dhersa ifjorZu'khyrk
7- nkarokyk lfefr csjkstxkjh ds vuqeku 52- ih-lh- vysDts.Mj lfefr 1978 vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr;ksa
8- lq[ke; porhZ lfefr ekSfnzd iz.kkyh ij iqufoZpkj dk mnkjhdj.k
9- ljdkfj;k lfefr dsUnz&jkT; lEcU/k 53- egktu lfefr ekpZ 1997 phuh m|ksx
10- oS|ukFku lfefr flapkbZ ds ikuh 54- vkj- oh- xqIrk lfefr fnlEcj 1997 f"k lk[k
11- gtkjh lfefr 1967 vkS|ksfxd uhfr 55- rkjkiksj lfefr tqykbZ 2001 ;w-Vh-vkbZ- ds 'ks;j
12- nk lfefr vkS|ksfxd ykblsfa lax lkSnksa dh tkp
13- egkyuksfcl lfefr jk"Vh; vk; 56- ek'ksydj lfefr tuojh 2002 vkWVks ;wy uhfr
14- jktk psyS;k lfefr dj&lq/kkj ek'kysdj lfefr vxLr 2003 esa fjiksVZ udyh nokvksa
15- [kqljks lfefr f"k lk[k dk mRiknu
16- dksbiksfj;k lfefr cSda lsok lq/kkj 57- ,l- ,u- [kku lfefr 1998 fokh; laLFkkvksa rFkk
17- ujflEge lfefr fokh; cSfa dax lq/kkj cSd
a ksa dh Hkwfedk esa leUo;
18- tkudhjeu~ lfefr izfrHkwfr ?kksVkyk 58- ,u-,l- oekZ lfefr 1999 okf.kfT;d cSd a ksa dh
19- js[kh lfefr vizR;{k dj iqulZajpuk
20- xksLokeh lfefr 1993 vkS|ksfxd #X.krk 59- ikFkZ lkjFkh 'kkse lfefr dj uhfr
21- frokjh lfefr 1984 vkS|ksfxd #X.krk 60- ,u- ds- flag lfefr dj uhfr dh lfe{kk
22- MkW- esgrk lfefr vkbZ-vkj-Mh-ih- dh 61- okbZ- oh- jsM~Mh lfefr vDVwcj 2001 vk;dj NwVksa dh
izxfr ij iqufoZpkj leh{kk
23- jaxjktu lfefr 1991 Hkqxrku lUrqyu 62- Hkwjy
s ky lfefr eksVj okgu djksa esa o`f)
24- ok?kqy lfefr E;wpqvy QaM Ldhe 63- lIr_f"k lfefr tqykbZ 2002 Lons'kh pk; m|ksx
25- uknd.khZ lfefr lkoZtfud {ks= dh izfrHkwfr;k ds fodkl gsrq
26- eYgks=k lfefr chek {ks= esa lq/kkj 64- vfHkthr lsu lfefr tqykbZ 2002 nh?kZdkyhu vukt
27- lsu xqIrk lfefr f'kf{kr csjkstxkjh uhfr
28- MkW- fot; dsydj lfefr izkfrd xSl ewY; 65- ,u- vkj- ukjk;.k ewfrZ lfefr 2003 dkiksZjVs xousZal
29- ch- ,u- ;qxka/kj lfefr 1995 jk"Vh; lkekftd lgk;rk 66- ,u- ds flag lfefr fo|qr~ {ks= esa lq/kkj
30- uUtqUnIik lfefr 1993 jsyos fdjk, HkkM+s 67- lq'khy dqekj lfefr chVh dikl dh [ksrh dh leh{kk
31- Hk.Mkjh lfefr 1994 {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd a ksa 68- oh- ,l- O;kl lfefr fnlEcj 2003 f"k ,oa xzkeh.k
dh iqulZjpuk lk[k foLrkj
32- lqUnjjktu lfefr 1995 [kfut rsy {ks= esa lq/kkj 69- fot; dsydj lfefr ekpZ 2004 fQLdy jsLiksfUlfcfyVh
33- Mh- ds- xqIrk lfefr 1995 nwj lapkj foHkkx ,.M ctV eSut s esUV ,DV
dh iqulZajpuk ds vuqlkj vFkZO;oLFkk dh
34- 'kadjyky xq# lfefr f"k foi.ku =Sekfld leh{kk
35- ds- vkj- os.kqxksiky lfefr 1994 lkoZtfud forj.k 70- ykfgM+h lfefr 2005 [kk| rsyksa ds ewY;ksa ij iz'kqYd
iz.kkyh ds rgr~ dsUh; lajpuk lEcU/kh flQkfj'k gsrq
fuxZe ewY; fu/kkZj.k 71- lPpj lfefr 2005 eqfLyeksa dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd
36- ,e- th- tks'kh lfefr 1994 nwj lapkj esa futh {ks= ds o 'kS{kf.kd fLFkfr dk v/;;u
izo's k lEcU/kh fn'kk funsZ'k 72- uk;j dk;Zny 2006 isVkfs y;e {ks= esa fons'kh fuos'k
37- jkds'k eksgu lfefr 1995 vk/kkfjd lajpuk fokh;u dks vkdf"kZr djus ds fy,
38- Kku izdk'k lfefr 1994 phuh ?kksVkyk uhfrxr lq>ko nsus gsrq
39- ekysxke lfefr 1995 izkFkfed iwth cktkj 73- jaxjktu lfefr 2006 isVkfs y;e mRiknksa ij
40- lks/kkuh lfefr 1995 fons'kh eqnzk cktkj iz'kqYd lajpuk ds lEcU/k
41- ds- ,u- dkcjk lfefr ;wpj Vfs Max esa flQkfj'ksa nsus gsrq
42- fi.Vks lfefr 1997 ukSogu m|ksx 74- ekysxke lfefr 2006 ys[kk ekudksa ij lq>ko gsrq
43- panzk=s lfefr 1997 'ks;j o izfrHkwfr;ksa dh LVkWd 75- 'kaxyw lfefr 2006 ljnkj ljksoj ck/k ifj;kstuk
,Dlpst a ksa esa MhfyfLVax ds foLFkkfirksa ds iquokZl dh
44- ;w- ds- 'kekZ lfefr 1998 ukckMZ }kjk {ks=h; xzkeh.k fLFkfr dh leh{kk gsrq
cSd
a ksa dh ns[kjs[k 76- ikBd vk;ksx 2006 UNO ds rsy ds cnys vukt
45- vthr dqekj lfefr 1997 lsuk ds osruksa dh dk;Ze dh tkp gsrq
folaxfr;k 77- feL=h lfefr 2007 fokh; xfrfof/k;ksa ds
46- lh-ch- Hkkos lfefr 1997 dEifu;ksa }kjk lwpuk,a lq/kkj gsrq lq>ko
izLrqr djuk 78- nhid ikfj[k lfefr 2007 vk/kkfjd lajpuk ds
47- /kkuqdk lfefr izfrHkwfr cktkj ls lEcfU/kr fu;e fokh; ekeys esa lq>ko nsus gsrq

(56) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 vUrjkZ"Vh; fokh; laLFkk,@O;kikfjd laxBu&rF; ,d n`f"V esa
(International Financial Institutions / Trade Organizations - Facts at a Glance)
laxBu rFkk lewg
1- vUrjkZ"Vh; eqnzk dks"k (IMF)
2- fo'o cSd
a lewg
a. vkbZ-ch-vkj-Mh-
b. vkbZ-,Q-lh-
c. vUrjkZ"Vh; fodkl ifj"kn (IDA) 1960
d. ,e-vkbZ-th-,- (MIGA)
e. vkbZ-lh-,l-vkbZ-Vh- (ICSID)
3- ;wjksfi;u la?k (EU)
4- fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO)
5- vkfl;ku (ASEAN)
6- ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSd
a (ADB)
7- mkjh vesfjdk eq O;kikj
le>kSrk (NAFTA)
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
LFkkiuk o"kZ eq[;ky; lnL;ksa dh la[;k fo'ks"k
1945 okf'kaxVu 188oka nf{k.k lwMku tqykbZ 2002 esa iwohZ freksj IMF dk
uohure lnL; cukA bldk
izeq[k&izcU/k funs'kd&;wjksih; dks gh
cuk;k tkrk gSA
1945 okf'kaxVu 188oka nf{k.k lwMku Hkkjr ICSID dks NksMd
+ j vU; lHkh
1945 dk lnL; gSA
1956 fo'o cSd
a (WB) ls vk'k; IBRD rFkk
IDA gSA bldk v/;{k in ij dksbZ
1988 vejhdh gh lnk fu;qDr gksrk jgk gS
1966 IDA dks WB dh fj;k;rhdj.k nsus
okyh f[kM+dh (Soft Loan Window)
Hkh dgrs gSAa
1958 esa czqlYs l 27 ks,f'k;k bldk 28ok lnL; gksxkA
LFkkfir EEC tuer laxzg gks pqdk gS
dk ifjofrZr :i ;wjksfi;u ;wfu;u dkeu ekdsVZ dk
mnkgj.k gSA 1 tuojh] 2002 dks EU
ds 12 lnL; ns'kksa us ;wjks dks ,d
oS/kkfud eqnzk (Leagal Tender) ds
:i esa viuk;kA 1 tuojh] 2007 dks
Lykscfs u;k (Slovenia) us ;wjks eqnzk dks
Lohdkj fd;kA bl le; blds 17
lnL; gS ftUgksua s ;qjks dks Lohdkj
fd;k gSA
1995 ftusok dsioMZ 153ok cuqvkrq vDVwcj] 2011 :l
'kh?kz gh 157 16 fnlEcj] 2011 rFkk ekUVsusxzks
gksus dh vk'kk ,oa leksvk 17 fnlEcj] 2011 dks
blds lnL; cukus dh ?kks"k.kk dh
x;h ij lnL; cuus dh yEch
izf;k ckdh gS iwjk gksus ds ckn
lnL;ksa dh la[;k 157 gks tk;sxhA
1967 tdkrkZ 10 ;g LorU= O;kikj Cykd (Free
Trading Bloc) dk mnkgj.k gSa bldk
uohu lnL; dEcksfM;k 10oka 30
vizSy 1999 dks cukA
1966 euhyk 67 tkftZ;k ok ;g ,d cgqi{kh; fodkl _.k la[;k
ds :i esa lnL; ns'kksa dks fj;k;rh
C;ktnj ij _.k nsrk gSA bldk
v/;{k ijEijk :i esa tkikuh dks gh
pquk tkrk gSA
1994 03 ;g fo'o dk nwljk lcls cM+k eq
O;kikj {ks= (Free Trading Bloc) gSA
lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (57)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
8- ,f'k;k iz'kkUr vkfFkZd
lg;ksx (APEC)
9- nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks=h; lg;ksx
la?k (SAARC)
10- nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ojh;rk O;kikj
le>kSrk (SAPTA)
11- vkfFkZd lg;ksx vkSj fodkl
laxBu (OECD)
12- nf{k.k lk>k cktkj
13- isVkfs y;e fu;kZrd ns'kksa dk
laxBu lnL; bZjku] dqoSr
rFkk lnh vjfc;k
14- fgUn egklkxj rVh; {ks=h;
lg;ksx laxBu fger{ks= (IORARC)
15- esd
a ksx
a &xaxk lg;ksx (MGC)
16- 'ka?kkbZ lg;ksx laxBu (SCO)
;k ^'ka?kkbZ&6*
17- fcElVsd (BIMSTEC)
(58) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
1989 flaxkiqj 21 lu~ 2020 rd ,f'k;k iz'kkUr {ks= dks
LorU= O;kikj {ks= cukus dh ?kks"k.kk
dh x;h gSA ;g fo'o dk lcls cM+k
Lora= O;kikj {ks= gksxkA
1985 dkBekaMw usiky 8 vQxkfuLrku lkdZ dk vkBok lnL;
4 vizSy] 2007 dks cukA
1995 dkBekaMw usiky 7 SAFTA-nf{k.k ,f'k;k eq O;kikj
{ks= 1 tqykbZ] 2006 ls izHkkoh 2012
rd lnL; ns'kksa ds chp rVdj
dVkSrh 'kwU; Lrj rd ykukA
1948 esa isfjl kal 34 phyh 31ok lnL; ns'kA blds ckn
LFkkfir ;wjksih; btjkby] ,Lksfu;k rFkk lzkos fs u;k
vkfFkZd lg;ksx blds lnL; cusAa
laxBu dk 1961
esa ifjofrZr :i
1991 eks.VsfofM;ks 07 ^edksZlqj* Lisfu'k uke gSa ftldk
vfHkizk;&nf{k.k 'kadq dk lk>k cktkj
;g n- vejhdh {ks= dk Lora= O;kikj
{ks= gSA
1960 fo;uk vkWfLV;k 11 05 laLFkkid lnL; ns'k o 06 vU;
lnL; ns'kA [kfut rsy dh vUrjkZ"Vh;
dherksa esa LFkkf;Ro ykukA 05 o"kZ esa
laxBu dk f'k[kj lEesyu vk;ksftr
gksrk gSA bUMksufs 'k;k us 2008 rFkk
bZjkd us 2009 esa lnL;rk NksM+hA
1997 & 19 bl laxBu esa ,f'k;k vhdk rFkk
vkWLVfs y;k ds os ns'k 'kkfey gSa tks
egklkxj ds rV ij cls gq, gSAa bl
laxBu dk izkjfEHkd uke M-7 FkkA
2000 fo,ufr,u 06
ykvksl
1996 06 vafre laLFkkid lnL; mtcsfdLrku
gSA 07 twu] 2002 dks vkSipkfjd
vUrjkZ"Vh; laxBu dk ntkZ feykA
bls ^LorU= O;kikj {ks=* (Free Trade
Zone) esa ifjf.kr gksus dh fn'kk esa
iz;kl tkjh gSA
1997 & 07 izkjEHk esa 04 lnL; Fks twu 1997 esa
E;ksekj dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA 06
Qjojh] 2004 dks usiky rFkk HkwVku
dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA bldk
ifjofrZr uke cs vkWQ caxky
bfuf'k,fVo QkWj eYVh lsDVj
VsfDudy ,s.M bdksuksfed
dksvkijs'ku gSA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 18- G8 1975 & 08 20&22 twu] 1997 dks vesfjdk ds
ioZrh; 'kgj ^Msuoj* (Denver) esa
lEiUu G7 ds f'k[kj lEesyu esa
izFke ckj ^:l* dks bl laxBu ds
iw.kZ Hkkxhnkjh ds :i esa 'kkfey fd;k
x;kA ;g ,d xSj ljdkjh laxBu
gSA
19- G77 1964 U;w;kdZ 133 bl lewg ds vf/kdka'k ns'k r`rh;
fo'o ls lEc) gSAa HkkjrHkh bldk
lnL; gSa
20- G15 1989 ftusok 19 fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk lewg blls
Hkkjr Hkh lnL; gSA vafre lnL;
bZjku gSA
21- G20 1997 & 20 1997 esa ,d vkSipkfjd laxBu dk
xBuA bl lewg ds izFke v/;{k iky
ekfVZx
a dukMk FksA Hkkjr Hkh bldk
lnL; gSA
22- G10 1962 isfjl 11 X;kjgoka lnL; 1984 esa fLoV~tjyS.M
cukA ;g IMF ds m/kkj ds lkekU;
O;oLFkkiu dks"k (GAB) ds fy,
vuqnku nsus gsrq vukSipkfjd ns'kksa dk
lewgA Hkkjr bldk lnL; ugha gSA
23- bClk (IBSA) 2003 & 03 Hkkjr] czkthy] n- vhdk ,d
f=i{kh; laxBuA vkSipkfjd :i ls
czkthy dh jkt/kkuh czklhfy;k esa 06
twu] 2003 dks xfBr fd;k x;kA
24- BRICS (R5) 2009 & & czkthy] :l] bf.M;k rFkk phu rFkk
nf{k.k vhdk dk laxBu ftldh
igyh cSBd :l ds ;dVjhuoxZ 16
twu 2009 dks gq;hA bls R5 ds uke
ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS D;ksfa d bu
lcdh djsUlh 'R' ls 'kq: gksrh
gS&czkthy&jh;y] :l&#cy]
bf.M;k #i;k ;k #Iih] phu
jsufeUFkh] lkmFk vhdk jSM
a A
25- ISO bUVjus'kuy vkxsZukbts'ku 1947 tsusok 147 izkS|ksfxdh VsDlVkby iSdfs tax Hkou
Qkj LVSUMMZfits'ku vkfn ds lEcU/k esa ekud LFkkfir
djukA
26- GCC xYQ dksvkijs'ku dSfa ly 25 ebZ] 6 fj;kn 4 vjc ns'kksa ds chp vkfFkZd lg;ksx
1981 LFkkfir djukA
27- BASIC 2010 czkthy] nf{k.k vhdk Hkkjr rFkk
phuA
28- dksyEcksIyku 1 tqykbZ] 1951 ,f'k;k isfLQd ns'kksa ds vkfFkZd ,oa
vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy,A

{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (59)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 vkfFkZd 'kCnkoyh
jsiks nj % vYidkfyd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq
vksoj&ukbV gsrq Hkh ftl C;kt nj ij dkWef'kZ;y cSd a baVjusV ls tqM+ tkrs gSa ftlls dEI;wVj dks vyx ls
fjtoZ cSd a ls udnh _.k izkIr djrs gS]a ^jsiks nj*
dgykrh gSAa orZeku 16 flrEcj] 2010 ls esa jsiks nj
6-00 izfr'kr gSA
fjolZ jsiks nj % vYidkfyd vof/k ds fy, fjtoZ
cS ad }kjk dkWef'kZ ;y cS adksa ls ftl C;kt nj ij
uxnh izkir dh tkrh gS ^fjolZ jsiks nj* dgykrh
gSA lkekU; cktkj esa eq nzk dh vkiwf rZ c<+ tkus ij
mlesa deh ykus ds ms'; ls fjtoZ cS ad }kjk c<+h
C;kt njksa ij dkWef'kZ ;y cS adksa dks vYi vof/k ds
fy, udnh fjtoZ cSad esa tek djus gsrq izksR lkfgr
fd;k tkrk gSA orZ eku 16 flrEcj] 2010 ls esa
fjolZ jsiks nj 5-00 izf r'kr gSA
udn vkjf{kr vuqikr (CRR) : fdlh okf.kfT;d cSd a esa
dqy tek jkf'k dk og izfr'kr Hkkx ftls fjtoZ cSd a
ds ikl vfuok;Z :i ls tek djuk iM+rk gS] ^uxn
vkjf{kr vuqikr* dgk tkrk gSA bldh nj ftruh ph
gksrh gS] cSd
a ksa dh lk[k l`tu {kerk mruh gh de gksrh
gSA orZeku 16 flrEcj] 2010 ls esa lh-vkj-vkj- 6-0
izfr'kr gSA
oS/kkfud
kkfud rjyrk vuqikr (SLR) : fdlh Hkh okf.kfT;d
cSd
a esa dqy tek jkf'k dk og izfr'kr Hkkx tks uxn
Lo.kZ o fons'kh eqnzk ds :i esa mls vius ikl vfuok;Z
:i ls j[kuk iM+rk gSA cSd a ksa dks fokh; ladV dk
lkeuk djus gsrq fjtoZ cSd a }kjk ,slh O;oLFkk fu/kkZfjr
dh xbZ gSA orZeku 16 flrEcj] 2010 ls esa ;g nj 25
izfr'kr gSA
iwth i;kZIrrk vuqikr (CRAR) : og U;wure iwth ftls
,d cSfa dax vkSj xSj&cSfa dax fokh; laLFkk dks vius ikl
j[kuk pkfg,] [kkldj rc tc og fdlh O;kikfjd
lEifk dk l`tu djrh gks] iwth i;kZIrrk dgykrh gS]
tcfd iwth i;kZIrrk vuqikr tksf[ke Hkkfjr lEifk;ksa
ds lkFk iwth dk vuqikr iznf'kZr djrk gSA orZeku esa
;g nj 9 izfr'kr gSA
ECS iz.kkyh % bysDVkfW ud Dyh;fjax flLVe ;kstuk ds
ek/;e ls cSd a }kjk vius xzkgdksa dks mlds }kjk vknsf'kr
fdlh Hkh laLFkk@O;fDr ds [kkrs esa fu;fer :i ls vUrfjr
dh tkus okyh /kujkf'k dks fcuk isij pSd dkVs gq, Lor%
vUrj.k dh lqfo/kk iznku dh tkrh gSA
okbZ&QkbZ (WiFi) rduhd % vkt ds nkSj esa baVjusV
dk pyu vkSj mi;ksx ,d vfuok;Z vax cu x;k gSA
baVjusV ds iz;ksx djus okyksa ds fy, baVjusV dh
okbZ&QkbZ rduhd ojnku lkfcr gks jgh gSA
okbZ&QkbZ ok;jysl qkbMfyVh dk laf{kIr uke gSA
baVjusV dh lqfo/kk,a lkekU;r% VsyhQksu] dsfcy vkSj
czkMcSaM ds tfj, yksxksa dks miyC/k djkbZ tkrh gSaA
vktdy cgqr&lh izkbosV dEifu;k ,d NksV&ls
eksMe ds tfj, Hkh baVjusV dh lqfo/kk yksxksa dks
miyC/k djkjgh gSaA baVjusV ds mi;ksx ds fy,
MsLdVkWi ;k ySiVkWi dEI;wVj mi;ksx esa yk, tkrs
gSaA baVjusV dh lqfo/kk ysus ds fy, bu dEI;wVjksa dks
mi;qZDr ek/;eksa esa ls fdlh ,d ls tqM+k gksuk
(60) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
pkfg,] ysfdu baVjusV dh okbZ&QkbZ rduhd esa
MsLdVkWi ;k ySiVkWi dEI;wVj dks VsyhQksu] dsfcy
vkSj czkMcSaM vkfn dh vko';drk ugha iM+rhA
okbZ&QkbZ rduhd ls tqM+s {ks= esa dEI;wVj Lor%
fdlh dusfDVfoVh dh t:jr ugha gksrh nwjnjkt ds
{ks=ksa ds fy, tgk HkkSfrd dusfDVfoVh lEHko u gks
mu {ks=ksa ds fy, ;g rduhd fdlh ojnku ls de
ughaA
uSuks rduhd % vkusokys le; esa uSuks rduhd vk/kqfud
izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa vyknhu dk fpjkx lkfcr gksxhA
bl rduhd ds tfj, f"k] i'kqikyu ,oa [kk|
izlaLdj.k esa peRdkfjd ifjorZu vk,xkA bl rjg ls
xzkeh.k fodkl esa uSuksa rduhd vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkk,xhA
bl rduhd ds tfj, ijkthuh Qlysa ;k Vkaltsfud
kWIl rS;kj dh tk ldsx a hA vHkh rd ,d iztkfr dh
nks vPNh fdLeksa ls csgrjhu thu fudky dj mEnk
fdLe rS;kj dh tkrh gS] ysfdu uSuks rduhd us bu
lHkh dks peRdkfjd :i ls dj fn[kk;k gSA bl
rduhd ds tfj, ouLifr txr~ esa tUrq txr~ dh
?kqliSB dks lEHko dj fn[kk;k gSA blds }kjk eupkgs
Lokn] jax] lqx/a k ,oa ikSf"Vdrk ls Hkjiwj Qlyksa dh
iztkfr;ksa dks rS;kj fd;k tk ldsxkA ;gh ugha] ikS/kksa esa
iks"kd rRo] [kkn&ikuh dh deh ,oa jksx&chekfj;ksa dks
[kqn c;k djsx a As Qlyksa dks [kjirokjksa ds vke.k ls
cpkuk gks ;k fQj feV~Vh dh moZjk 'kfDr dh
tkp&iM+rky djuh gks] lc dqN bl rduhd ls lEHko
gks pyk gSA uSuksa rduhd ls i'kqvksa esa eu pkgh fo'ks"k
uly ,oa mEnk xq.kksa ds i'kqvksa dks rS;kjk djuk lEHko
gqvk gSA izfr tks dfj'ek gtkjksa yk[kksa lky esa djrh
Fkh] og tsufs Vd bathfu;jh ds tfj, iyd >idrs gh
lEHko gks pyk gSA ijkthuh Qlyksa ds mRiknu esa phu
uEcj ,d ij gSA vHkh ijkthuh Qlyksa esa lks;kchu]
eDdk] dikl vksj dsuksy dk izeq[k LFkku gSA
Vsyh&esf Mflu % ;g lapkj ,oa lwpuk izkS |ksf xdh]
fpfdRlk foKku] bathfu;fjax ,oa vk;qfoZKku dk
leUo; gSA Vsyh&esfMflu iz. kkyh ds vUrxZr fo'ks"k
:i ls rS ;kj fd, x, gkMZo s;j vksj lkW Vos;j] jksxh
rFk MkWDVj nksuksa Nksjksa ij iznku fd, tkrs gSaA
buds tfj, jksx fuokj.k ds midj.k] ,Dl&js] bZ-
lh-th-] tkp fjiksVZ vkfn jksxh rd igqpk, tkrs gSaA
;g tkudkjh bulS V mixzg ds ek/;e ls izkIr dh
tkrh gSaA vkeweu jksxh dh chekjh ls lEcfU/kr
leLr tkudkjh fo'ks"kK MkWDVj dks Hksth tkrh gS aA
blds ckn MkWDVj tkp&iM+rky ds ckn jksxh ls
lh/ks ohfM;ks dkWUsaflax ds }kjkckrphr djds jksx
dk funku vkS j mipkj djrs gS aA bl dk;Z ds fy,
ljdkjh vLirky] dqN xSj&ljdkjh laxBu ;k
VLVh vLirky pqus tkrs gS aA rkfd bl iz .kkyh dks
lq pk# :i ls pykus esa i;kZi r izf 'k{k.k izkIr gks
lds vkS j vkxs pydj Vsyh&esf Mflu dks jk"Vh ;
Lrj ij pyk;k tk ldsA vHkh gky gh esa dukZVd
jkT; ds lHkh ftyk fpfdRlky;ksa esa Vsyh&esfMflu
lqfo/kk LFkkfir djus dk dk;Z vkjEHk dj fn;k gSA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
 usV cSfa dax % baVjusV ,oa dEI;wVj dh lgk;kr ls ?kj
cSBs cSfa dax ds dk;ksZa dk lapkyu fd;k tkrk gSA bl
izf;k dks usV cSfa dax dgrs gSAa usV cSfa dax ds ek/;e ls
xzkgd vius dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx dj vius cSd a usVodZ
vkSj osclkbV dks ,Dlsl dj ldrk gSA usV cSfa dax dk
lcls cM+k ykHk ;g gS fd dksbZ Hkh ?kj cSBs ;k vkWfQl
ls cSda lfoZl dk ykHk mBk ldrk gSA
rduhdh nq#i;ksx ds dkj.k usV dk tkylkt ,dkmaV
dks gSd dj cSd a ds xzkgd dks gkfu igqpk ldrs gSAa
,slh fLFkfr esa ;g t:jh gS fd usV cSfa dax ds mi;ksx esa
lrdZrk cjrh tk,A usV cSfa dax dh 50 izfr'kr osclkbV
vlqjf{kr gksrh gSA vr% xzkgd lkbV [kksyus ls igys ;w-
vkj-,y- vkSj Mkseus dks psd djsa vkSj ns[ksa fd ;g mlh
cSd
a ds ;w-vkj-,y- vkSj Mkseus dh rjg gksAa blls vki
vk'oLr gks tk,xsa fd vki lqjf{kr osclkbV dk mi;ksx
dj jgs gSAa
;fn vki usV cSfa dax ds fy, baVjusV dSQs dk mi;ksx
dj jgs gks]a rks vius ikloMZ dks cny ysAa blls vki
lqjf{kr gks tk,axAs ikloMZ dks fdlh isij ij u fy[ksAa
bls vklkuh ls gSd fd;k tk ldrk gSA viuh flLVe
ij Lhu lsoj ikloMZ Mky nsAa ftlls vkids flLVe
dk mi;ksx dksbZ vU; ugha dj ldsA
izfrdkjh 'kqYd % fu;kZrd ns'k }kjk fu;kZr dh tkus
okyh oLrqvksa ij lfClMh iznku djds mugsa uhph dher
ij fu;kZr djus ;k jkf'kiku djus dh fLfkfr esa
vk;krd ns'k }kjk ,slh oLrqvksa ij ph nj ls vk;kr
'kqYd yxkus ;k fo'ks"k vfrfjDr vk;kr 'kqYd yxk,
tkus dks izfrdkjh 'kqYd dgk tkrk gSA
Vidu fl)kUr (Trickle Down Theory) : fdlh ns'k
esa jk"Vh; vk; dh mPp fodkl nj dk ykHk lekt ds
lcls fupys ik;nku ij cSBs yksxksa rd igqpus dk
fl)kUr Vidu fl)kUr dgykrk gSA blesa izfr O;fDr
vk; esa o`f) ds lkFk&lkFk lekt esa vk; ,oa /ku ds
forj.k dh vlekurkvksa esa Hkh deh djus dk iz;kl
fd;k tkrk gSA
lh-
lh- lh-lh- vkbZ- ,y-
,y- (CCIL) : lh- lh- vkbZ- ,y-
Dyh;fjax dkWiksZj's ku vkWQ bf.M;k fy- Hkkjrh; fons'kh
fofue; cktkj dk ,d fudk; gS] tks fons'kh ysu&nsu
ds lek'kks/ku dk dk;Z djrk gSA
tksf[ke iwth th (Venture Capital) : cktkj esa
fuos'kdrkZvksa ,oa dEifu;ksa }kjk O;kikfjd vfkok vU;
izdkj dh fuos'kd xfrfof/k;ksa esa iz;qDr dh tkus okyh
iwth ^tksf[ke iwth* dgykrh gSA
pkyw [kkrs ij cdk;k (Balance on Current A/c) :
fdlh ns'k ds Hkqxrku lUrqyu ds pkyw [kkrs
vk;kr&fu;kZr dk i.; O;kikj] tgktjkuh] cSfa dax]
i;ZVu] chek] vfuokfl;ksa }kjk fons'kh fuf/k;ksa ds
vUrj.k ds ysu&nsu dk pkyw [kkrs ds cdk;k ij ukes
,oa tek esa n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA
vfr b"V jk"V (Most Favoured Nation) : fdlh ns'k
}kjk tc fdlh vU; ns'k ds vk;krks& a fu;kZrks]a iz'kqYdksa
vkfn ls lEcfU/kr dqN fof'k"V lqfo/kk,a ;k fj;k;rsa nh
tkrh gSa rks ,lh lqfo/kk,a izkIr djus okyk jk"V ^vfr
b"V jk"V* dgykrk gSA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
fLop vkWijs'ku (Switch Operation) : [kqys cktkj dh
f;k (Open Market Operation) dk iz;ksx dsoy lk[k
fu;U=.k ;k ekSfnzd uhfr esa u gksdj] cfYd ljdkjh
izfrHkwfr;ksa ds ;&fo; }kjk jktdks"kh; uhfr ds :i
esa fd;k tkrk gSA fjtoZ cSd a }kjk izfrHkwfr;ksa dks ;
djuk lkekU;r;k vYi vof/k dh rFkk nwljh
izfrHkwfr;ksa dk mlds LFkku ij fo; lkekU;r;k nh?kZ
vof/k dh djus dh f;k] ftlls izfrHkwfr;ksa dh
ifjiDork vof/k (Maturity Period) yEch gks lds] dks
gh ge ^fLop vkWijs'ku* dgrs gSAa
lanfHkZr nj ;k izeq[k m/kkjh nj (Prime Landing
RatePLR) : lanfHkZr nj] iwth cktkj dk fu/kkZj.k
djrh gSA ;g nj U;eure nj gksrh gS] ftl ij iwth
cktkj esa m/kkj fy;k ;k fn;k tkrk gSA cktkj esa
izpfyr C;kt nj] ftl ij lkekU;r;k le>kSrk gksrk
gS] lanfHkZr nj ls ph gksrh gSa blds }kjk C;kt nj esa
gksus okyk ifjorZu funsZf'kr gksrk gSA fofHkUu ns'kksa esa
fHkUu&fHkUu ukeksa ls lanfHkZr njksa dks tkuk tkrk gSA
vejhdk esa Feds Funds Rate, teZuh esa sd a QVZ bUVj
a vkWQMZ jsV (FIBOR), tkiku esa Vksfd;ks bUVj cSd
cSd a
vkWQMZ jsV (TIBOR), yUnu esa yUnu b.Vj cSd a vkWQMZ
jsV (LIBOR), bR;kfnA
ize[q k m/kkjh nj (Prime Lending RatePLR) : og C;kt
nj gksrh gS] ftl ij cSda vius loZfiz; fo'oluh; xzkgd
dks _.k nsrk gSA fo'ouh;rk ls rkRi;Z gS ftlesa tksf[ke
'kwU; gksA PLR ,d izdkj ls vk/kkj C;kt nj dh Hkwfedk
vnk djrk gSA blh PLR vk/kkj ij vU; m|fe;ksa dks _.k
iznku fd;k tkrk gSA ;g nj ,d izdkj ls vk/kkfjd C;kt
nj ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA
oscjht o (Webriz Curve) : fdlh vFkZO;oLFkke as
csjktxkjh ds Lrj rFkk jkstxkj miyC/krk ds Lrj ds
chp vkjs[kh; lEcU/k iznf'kZr djus okys o dks
^oscjht o* dgrs gSAa oLrqr% nksuksa esa foykse lEcU/k
ik;k tkrk gSA
bZ&xousZUl (E-Governance) : 'kklu ds fofHkUu
?kVdks& a foHkkxksa ,oa eU=ky;ksa ds lHkh Lrjksa dks dEI;wVj
vk/kkfjr usVodZ ls tksMd + j uhfr fu/kkZj.k] lalk/ku
vkcaVu] dk;Ze dk;kZUo;u rFkk ewY;kadu dh iz.kkyh
bZ&xousZUl dgykrh gSA
bZ &iz'kklu vHkh O;kogkfjd :i ls Hkys gh nwj dh
dkS M+h yxs] ysfdu ftl jrkj ls ns'k esa lwpuk
izkS|ksf xdh dk fodkl gks jgk gSA Hkfo"; esa
ns'kokfl;ksa fo'ks"k :i ls xzkeh.kksa rFkk nwjnjkt ds
O;fDr;ksa dks lcls vf/kd Qk;nk bZ &iz'kklu ls
gksxkA baVjusV dk nk;jk nwjnjkt ds {ks=ksa rd
QS ysxkA rc bZ &iz'kklu ls ljdkj vkS j xzk eh.kksa ds
chp lh/kk lEidZ dk;e gksxkA izk ;ksf xd rkS j ij
bZ &iz'kklu dks Hkw&vfHkys[k] lM+d ifjogu] okf.kT;
dj] jkstxkj dsUnz ] dks"kkxkj] Hkw&iath;u] iqfyl
iz 'kklu ,oa f'k{kk vkfn egRoiw.kZ {ks=ksa ls izkjEHk
fd;k tk jgk gS A
(61)
 bZ&pkSiky % bZ&pkSiky dsUnz futh dEifu;ks]a fodkl
laLFkkvksa ,oa jkT; ljdkjksa dk ,slk usVodZ gS] tks
baVjusV ds ek/;e ls xkoksa esa gh fdlkuksa dks f"k dh
tkudkjh] cktkj dh ekx] foi.ku ,oa f"k lEcU/k ubZ
tkudkjh miyC/k djkrk gSA bZ&pkSiky dsUnzksa dk
lapkyu ikp&Ng xkoksa dks feykdj ,d LFkkuh; O;fDr
djrk gS ftldks dEI;wVj dh tkudkjh gksrh gSA ;g
O;fDr ikp&Ng xkoksa dks feykdj bZ&pkSiky dsUnz dk
lapkyu djrk gSA bu bZ&pkSiky dsUnzksa ij fdlkuksa dks
f"k dh ubZ izkS|ksfxdh viukus dh tkudkjh] Qlyksa ds
mRiknu c<+kus dh tkudkjh] ubZ mUur'khy fdLe ds
cht] moZjdks]a nokvksa dh tkudkjh] Qlyksa ds
jksx&chekfj;ksa ds funku ds mik; dh tkudkjh] cktkj
ewY;] cktkj ekx vkfn dh tkudkjh eqgS;k djkrk gSA
ds-ih-
ih-vks- (Knowledge Processing Outsourcing
KPO) : ukWfyt izkslfs lax vkmVlksflZx a og izf;k gS
ftlesa Kku vk/kkfjr lsok,a tSls fd odkyr vkfn nwljs
ns'kksa ls djkbZ tkrh gSAa vkus okys fnuksa esa fodflr ns'k
viuh vusd Kku vk/kkfjr lsok,a Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy
ns'kksa ls djkuk izkjEHk dj nsx a ]s D;ksfa d ,slk djuk muds
fy, lLrk gksxkA
eqnzk xq.kd (Money Multiplier) M
: izkjf{kr eqnzk (M0) ls
c`gr eqnzk (M3) dk vuqikr 3 eqnzk xq.kd dgykrk
gSA Hkkjr esa ekpZ 2006 esa ;g M 0 FkkA
4-76
vkbZ-ih-
ih-vks- (Initial Public Offcer) : buhf'k;y ifCyd
vkWQfjax ls fdlh dEiuh }kjk tkjh fd;k x;k og
izkjfEHkd fuxZe gS tks turk }kjk va'knku djus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
lekosf'kr fodkl (Inclusive Growth) : ,slk fodkl
lekosf'kr fodkl dgykrk gS ftlesa vkfFkZd fodkl
dh mPp nj ls tfur jk"Vh; vk; ds forj.k esa
lekt ds lcls detksj oxZ ds yksxksa dks mfpr
fgLlk feys vfkkZr~ jk"Vh; vk; dk fjlko izHkko uhps
dh vksj vf/kd gksA
fy;ksUrhQ iSjkMkWDl (Leontief Paradox) : fodflr
ns'kksa iwth iz/kku oLrqvksa dk vk;kr djuk rFkk Je
iz/kku oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr djuk ,oa Je iz/kku ns'kksa }kjk
Je iz/kku oLrqvksa dks vk;kr djuk o iwth iz/kku
oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr djuk fy;ksUrhQ iSjkMkWDl dgykrk
gSA
ih-
ih-,-,u-
,u- (Permanent Account NumberPAN) :
ijekusUV ,dkm.V uEcj ;k LFkk;h ys[kk la[;k vk;dj
nkrkvksa dks vkcafVr ,d ,slh la[;k gS ftlls mlds
/kkjd }kjk fdlh o"kZ esa izkIr dh xbZ vk; ,oa vU;
ysu&nsu] ftuesa ih-,-,u- dk mYys[k djuk vfuok;Z gS]
dk ys[kk&tks[kk j[kk tkrk gS rkfd dj viopu dks
jksdk tk ldsA
lw{e lk[k dh vo/kkj.kk (Comcept of Micro Finance) :
xzkeh.k fu/kZuks]a fo'ks"k :i ls efgykvks]a dks fcuk fdlh
lEikf'oZd xkjUVh ds vk; l`tudkjh xfrfof/k;ksa ds
lapkyukFkZ lk[k lqfo/kk miyC/k djkuk lw{e lk[k dgykrk
gSA fu/kZurk fuokj.k ,oa fodkl dk ykHkksa ls oafpr jgs
yksxks]a fo'ks"k :i ls efgykvksa ds vkfFkZd l'kfDrdj.k esa
lw{e&lk[k ,d mi;ksxh ;U= ds :i esa lkeus vkbZ gSA
bldh dk;Z iz.kkyh izkjEifjr cSad lk[k ls fHkUu gSA blds
vUrxZr Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ds :i esa laxfBr fu/kZu
O;fDr;ksa dks lk[k lqfo/kk eqgS;k djkbZ tkrh gSA blfy, ;g
(62) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
iz.kkyh mu yksxksa dks vkfFkZd {ks=d dh eq[; /kkjk ls
tksM+rh gS tks lk/kughu gS rFkk lSdM+kas o"kksaZ ls
fu/kZurk&dqiks"k.k vf'k{kk&csjkstxkjh ds edM+tky esa Qls
gSA blds vUrxZr ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks NksVh&NksVh cprsa djus ds
fy, Hkh izfs jr fd;k tkrk gS] rkfd os vUrr% LokoyEch cu
ldsAa
C;korhZ ;kstuk (Rolling Plan) : izkQ s slj feMZy izFke
vFkZ'kkL=h gS]a ftUgksua s viuh iqLrd 'Indian Economic
Planning in its Broader Setting' esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds
fy, C;korhZ ;kstuk dh flQkfj'k dhA C;korhZ ;kstuk esa
izR;sd o"kZ rhu ;kstuk,a cukbZ tkrh gSa vkSj mu ij
vey fd;k tkrk gSA izFke] ,d ;kstuk pkyw o"kZ ds
fy, gksrh gS] ftlesa okf"kZd ctV rFkk fons'kh eqnzk
ctV 'kkfey gksrs gSAa f}rh;] ,d ;kstuk dqN o"kksZa ds
fy, vFkkZr~ rhu] pkj ;k ikp o"kksZa ds fy, gksrh gSA bls
vFkZO;olk;h vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj gj o"kZ cny
fn;k tkrk gSA blesa dher lEcU/kksa rFkk dher uhfr;ksa
ds lkFk&lkFk mu y{;ksa ,oa rduhdksa dk mYys[k gksrk
gS ftudk vuqlj.k ;kstuk dh vof/k ds nkSjku fd;k
tkrk gSA r`rh;] izfro"kZ 10 o"kZ] 15 o"kZ] 20 o"kZ ;k
mlls Hkh vf/kd dh le;kof/k ds fy, ,d n`"V ;kstuk
izLrqr dh tkrh gS ftlesa O;kid ms';ksa dk mYys[k
jgrk gS vkSj vkxkeh fodkl dh :ijs[kk cukbZ tkrh
gSA okf"kZd ,do"khZ; ;kstuk dks mlh o"kZ dh ubZ rhu]
pkj ;k ikpo"khZ; ;kstuk esa fQV fd;k tkrk vkSj bu
nksuksa dks n`"V ;kstuk ds izdk'k esa rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA
IykfLVd euh (Plastic Money) : iykfLVd euh ls
rkRi;Z fofHkUu cS adksa] fokh; laLFkkuksa rFkk vU;
dEifu;ksa }kjk tkjh fd, x, sf MV dkMksZa ls gS aA
Hkkjr ds yxHkx lHkh egkuxjksa esa sfMV dkMksZa dk
pyu c<+ jgk gSA buls gokbZ tgkt dh fVdV]
diM+s] lkeku vkfn [kjhns tk ldrs gS aA vc rks
cktkj esa isVks dkMZ rd vk x, gS a ftuls xzkgd
isVk sy iEiksa ij isVk sy@Mhty dk Hkqxrku sfMV
dkMZ ds tfj, dj ldrs gS aA
Cyw Vq Fk % Cyw VqFk lwpuk izkS|ksf xdh ls lEcfU/kr
rhljh ih<+h dk midj.k gS ] tks lapkj {ks= ds fy,
,d kfUrdkjh rduhd lkfcr gqvk gSA dEI;wVj
txr~ esa Cyw VqFk ,d ekud VsD uksykWth gS ftldk
edln gekjs dEI;wVjksa dks rkjksa ds tky ls futkr
fnykuk gSA bl rduhdh dh enn ls lsyQksu vkSj
ySi Vki ;k ,sl s dksbZ Hkh nks vU; midj.k ftuesa
Cyw VqFk rduhdh dk iz ;ksx fd;k x;k gks fcuk rkj
ds ,d&nwljs ls tqM + ldrs gS aA bl rduhdh dh
enn ls ,d NksVh jsat esa jsfM;ks hDosalh }kjk
vkokt lq uus rFkk MkVk LFkkukUrj.k dk dk;Z fd;k
tkrk gSA bldk jsat 10 lseh- ls 100 eh- rd fd;k
tk ldrk gS A rduhdh ds iz;ksxdrkZ fcuk dksbZ rkj
yxk, gh dEI;wfVax rFkk nwjlapkj midj.kksa rd
viuh igqp cuk ysrk gSA blesa fofHkUu midj.kksa
dks vkil esa rkjksa ls tksM +us ds >a> V esa gesa
Nq Vdkjk fey ldrk gSA 10oha 'krkCnh ds egku~
MSf u'k lezkV~ gS jkYM Cyw VqFk ds uke ij fodflr
dh xbZ gS A oS Kkfudksa dk dguk gS fd blds vk
tkus ls lwpukvksa dk iz s"k.k u dso y vklku gks x;k
gS ]- cfYd lwpuk jktekxZ ij c<+rs VSfQd ls Hkh
futkr fey xbZ gSA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
 xSj&fu"iknuh; ifjlEifk;k (Non-performing
Assests) : xSj&fu"iknuh; ifjlEifk;k cSd a ksa ,oa fokh;
laLFkkuksa }kjk forfjr os _.k gSa ftuds ewy/ku ,oa ml
ij ns; C;kt dh okilh le; ls ugha gks ikrh ;k
fcydqy ugha gks ikrhA
lkekU;r;k cSd a ksa }kjk forfjr ,sls lHkh _.k vkSj ml
ij ns; C;kt xSj&fu"iknuh; ifjlEifk ds :i esa
igpkus tkrs gS]a ftuesa fdlh fokh; o"kZ esa ewy/ku dk
Hkqxrku 180 fnu rFkk C;kt dk Hkqxrku 365 fnu ls
vf/kd fnuksa rd jksd fy;k tkrk gSA
LohV 'ks;j (Sweat Shares) : LohV bZfDoVh 'ks;jksa ls
rkRi;Z ,sls 'ks;jksa ls gS] tks dEiuh ds deZpkfj;ksa ;k
fdlh vU; dks fj;k;rh ewy; ij vkcafVr fd, x, gksa
;k fQj dksbZ izkS|ksfxdh vFkok ckSf)d lEink vf/kdkj
dEiuh dks miyC/k djkus ;k dksbZ vU; ewY; lao)Zu
(Value Addition) djus dh ,ot esa fu%'kqYd ;k
fj;k;rh ewY; ij dEiuh }kjk miyC/k djk, x, gksAa
'ks;j cktkjksa ij fuxjkuh j[kus okyh laLFkk ^lsch*
(SEBI) us fo'ks"k Js.kh ds ^LohV bZfDoVh* (Sweat
Equity) 'ks;jksa ds fy, rhu o"kZ dk ^ykWd bu ihfj,M*
fu/kkZfjr fd;k gSA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd vkcaVu dh
frfFk ls rhu o"kZ rd bUgsa fdlh vU; dks cspk ugha tk
ldsxkA lkekU; bZfDoVh 'ks;jksa dh Hkkfr ;g 'ks;j] 'ks;j
cktkjksa esa lwphc) gksx a As
gkyekdZ (Hallmark) : Lo.kkZHkw"k.kksa dh xq.kokk dks
lqfu'pr djus ds fy, Hkkjrh; ekud C;wjks (BIS) us
,d ubZ ^gkyekdZ* (Hallmark) ;kstuk 12 vizSy] 2000
ls izkjEHk dh gSA ch-vkbZ-,l- vf/kfu;e] 1986 ds rgr~
tkjh fd;k tkus okyk ^gkyekdZ* mlh lksus ls cus
vkHkw"k.kksa ds fy, iznku fd;k tk,xk tks vkbZ-,l- 1417
ds ekudksa ds vuq:i gksxkA
fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k (Foreign Direct Investment) :
HkkSfrd lEink tSls dkj[kkus] Hkwfe] iwthxr oLrq,a rFkk
vk/kkfjr lajpuk okys {ks=ksa esa tc fons'kh fuos'kd viuk
/ku yxkrs gS]a rks bls izR;{k fons'kh iwth fuos'k dgk
tkrk gSA vf/kdka'kr;k bl izdkj ds fuos'k cgqjk"Vh;
dEifu;ksa }kjk fd, tkrs gSAa
lafoHkkx fuos'k (Portfolio Investment) : fokh; foi=ksa
esa vUrjkZ"Vh; fuos'k dks lafoHkkx fuos'k dgrs gSAa tc
,d ns'k ds fuos'kd nwljs ns'k dh dEifu;ksa ds va'kks]a
_.ki=ks]a ckW.Mksa rFkk vU; izfrHkwfr;ksa esa /ku yxkrs gS]a
rks ,sls fuos'k dks lafoHkkx fuos'k dgk tkrk gSA
cgqjk"Vh; fuxe (Multinational Corporation) : ,d
,slh dEiuh ftlds dk;Z {ks= dk foLrkj ,d ls vf/kd
ns'kksa esa gksrk gS vkSj ftldk mRiknu ,oa lsok lqfo/kk,a
ml ns'k ls ckgj Hkh lEiUu gksrh gSa ftlesa ;g tUe
ysrh gS] dks vUrjkZ"Vh; dEiuh ;k cgqjk"Vh; fuxe dgk
tkrk gSA ,slh dEifu;ksa dh egRoiw.kZ fof'k"Vrk ;g gS
fd buds izeq[k fu.kZ; iwjs fo'o ds lUnHkZ esa ,d lkFk
fy, tkrs gS]a ftlds dkj.k buds fu.kZ; cgq/kk ml ns'k
dh uhfr;ksa ls csey s gks tkrs gS]a ftuesa ;g dEiuh dk;Z
dj jgh gksrh gSA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
o`f)eku iwth&fuxZr vuqikr (ICOR) : vFkZO;oLFkk esa
mRimknu dh ,d vfrfjDr bdkbZ izkIr djus ds fy,
iwth dh ftruh vfrfjDr bdkb;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh
gS] mls o`f)eku iwth&fuxZr vuqikr vFkok o`f)eku
iwth mRiknu vuqikr (ICOR) dgk tkrk gSA ICOR dk
vf/kd gksuk ;g crkrk gS fd mRiknu dh ,d
vfrfjdr bdkbZ dh izkfIr ds fy, T;knk iwth dh
vko';drk gSA
,EckxksZ (Embargo) : ,EckxksZ ls rkRi;Z O;kikj izfr"ks/k
ls gS] ftlds vUrxZr dksbZ jk"V ;k dqN jk"V feydj
fdlh fo'ks"k jk"V ds lkFk viuk lEiw.kZ O;kikj vFkok
oLrq fo'ks"k dk O;kikj cUn dj nsrs gSAa ,EckxksZ dks ?kkV
cUnh ds :i esa Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftlds vUrxZr
dksbZ ,d jk"V vFkok ,d ls vf/kd jk"V feydj fdlh
jk"V ds tgktksa ds c<+us ij jksd yxk nsrs gSAa ,slh
fLFkfr esa mu tgktksa dks fdlh cUnjxkg ij jksd fn;k
tkrk gS ;k fdlh fo'ks"k cUnjxkg ij igqpus ugha fn;k
tkrk gSA
gokyk (Hawala) : gokyk] O;kikj vf/kr fons'kh
fofue; pS uyksa dks ckbZikl djus okyh ,d iz .kkyh
gSA bl O;kikj esa yxs yksx Hkqxrku ?kjsyw eq nzk
(Domestic currency) esa iz kIr djrs gS a rFkk blds
cnys fons'kksa esa fons'kh eqnzk MkWyj dh vkiwf rZ dj
nsrs gSaA ;g O;kikj ,d izeq [k lapkyd ds fu;U=.k
esa dk;Z jr~ ,st sUVksa ds ek/;s ls ifjpkfyr gksrk jgrk
gSA gokyk O;kikj dh fofue; njsa ns'k ds fofHkUu
dsUnzksa esa izk ;% vyx&vyx gksrh gS aA dqN vk;krd
,oa fu;kZ rd Hkh gokyk O;kikj ds ek/;e ls
ysu&nsu esa #fp j[krs gS aA
vuq"kaxh fgrykHk (Fringe Benefits) : fu/kkZfjr ekSfnzd
osru ds vfrfjDr fu;ksDrkvksa }kjk vius deZpkfj;ksa dks
tks vfrfjDr lqfo/kk,a miyC/k djkbZ tkrh gS]a mUgsa
^vuq"kaxh fgrykHk* dgrs gSAa
thjks usV&,M (Zero Net Aid) : tc fdlh ns'k fo'ks"k
dh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk LofuHkZj gks tkrh gS rFkk mls fdlh
fons'kh vkfFkZd lgk;rk dh vko';drk ugha gksrh] rks
og ^thjks usV ,M* dgykrh gSA
ekuo fodkl funsZ'kkad (Human Development Indes
HDI) : ,d ns'k esa cqfu;knh ekuoh; ;ksX;rk dh vkSlr
izkfIr dks ekuo fodkl funsZ'kkad }kjk ekik x;k gSA
bldk vkdyu lEcfU/kr ns'k esa thou izR;k'kk (Life
Expectancy), f'k{kk ds Lrj rFkk okLrfod vk; ds
vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA
izkFkfed cktkj (Primary Market) : iwth cktkj
nh?kZdkyhu fok dk cktkj gksrk gSA iwth cktkj dk og
Hkkx tgk bfDoVh 'ks;j rFkk _.kksa ds u, fuxZeu }kjk
fok ds nh?kZdkyhu lzksr miyC/k gksrs gS]a mls izkFkfed
cktkj dgrs gSAa
fxYV
fxYV ,t cktkj (Gilt Edge Market) : blds vUrxZr
;&fo; dh tkus okyh izfrHkwfr;ksa dk ;&fo;
(RBI) ds ek/;e ls fd;k tkrk gSA bls ^ljdkjh
izfrHkwfr cktkj* Hkh dgrs gS]a D;skfa d cktkj esa
;&fo; dh tkus okyh izfrHkwfr;k ljdkjh rFkk
v)Z&ljdkjh nksuksa gksrh gSAa
(63)
 iz'kkflr ewY; (Administered Prices) : tc fdlh oLrq
ds ewY; dk fu/kkZj.k cktkj dh ekx o iwfrZ dh Lora=
'kfDr;ksa }kjk u gksdj fdlh dsUnzh; 'kfDr }kjk gksrk
gS] rks bl izdkj dk ewY; iz'kkflr ewY; dgykrk gSA
fdlh ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ }kjk ,di{kh; rjhds ls fu/kkZfjr
ewY; ;k ljdkj }kjk fdlh oLrq dk fu/kkZfjr ewY;
vkfn iz'kkflr ewY; ds mnkgj.k gSAa
,eksVkZbts'ku (Amortization) : fdlh _.k ds e;
C;kt ds iw.kZ Hkqxrku dks ,eksVkZbts'ku dgrs gSAa
dkyk cktkj (Black Market) : tek[kksjh }kjk cktkj
esa f=e deh iSnk djds oLrqvksa dh dhersa c<+kdj
vf/kd ykHk dekus dks dkyk cktkj dgrs gSAa
dkyk /ku (Black Money) : ftl /ku dk
fglkc&fdrkc dj v/fkdkfj;ksa ls fNikdj j[kk tkrk
gS] mls dkyk /ku dgrs gSAa
ctV (Budget) : fdlh laLFkk ;k ljdkj ds ,d o"kZ
dh vuqekfur vk;&O;; dk ys[kk&tks[kk ctV dgykrk
gSA ljdkj dk ctV vc dsoy vk;&O;; dk fooj.k
ek= glh ugha gksrk] vfirq ;g ljdkj ds f;kdykiksa
,oa uhfr;ksa dk fooj.k Hkh gSA ;g vk/kqfud dky esa
lkekftd&vkfFkZd ifjorZu dk lk/ku Hkh cu x;k gSA
cQj LVkWd (Buffer Stock) : vkikr fLFkfr esa fdlh
olrq dh deh dks iwjk djus ds fy, oLrq dk LVkWd
rS;kj djuk cQj LVkWd dgykrk gSA
rstfM+;k vkSj eanfM+;k (Bulls and Bears) : ;g
LVkWd ,Dlpsat ds 'kCn gSa] tks O;fDr LVkWd dh
dhersa c<+kuk pkgrk gS] rstfM+;k dgykrk gS] tks
O;fDr LVkWd dh dhersa fxjus dh vk'kk djds fdlh
oLrq dks Hkfo"; esa nsus dk ok;nk djds csprk gS] og
eanfM+;k dgykrk gSA
usV ,lsV oSY;w (NAV) : E;wpqvy QaM esa fuos'k djus
okyksa ds fy, ^,u-,-oh-* 'kCnm ,d igsyh dh rjg gSA
bldk iwjk uke ^usV ,lsV oSY;w* gSA vxj QaM dh dqy
fuos'k oSY;w esa dqy ;wfuVksa dk Hkkx ns fn;k tk, rks
^,lsV oSY;w* fudyrh gS] elyu fdlh QaM esa 1 yk[k
#i, tek gq,A blesa ls QaM gkml us 90 gtkj fuos'k
fd,A bl fuos'k dh oSY;w jkst fudkyh tkrh gSA vc
eku ysa bldh oSY;w 1]80]000 #- gSA blds vykok 10
gtkj #i, QaM gkml ds ikl udV cps gSAa ;kfu QaM
dh dqy oSY;w gqbZ 1]90]000 #- vc ns[kk tkrk gS fd
bl ;kstuk dh fdruh ;wfuVsa tkjh gqbZ gSAa vxj ;kstuk
esa 10 yksxksa us 10&10 gtkj #i, yxk, rks dqy 10
gtkj ;wfuVsa tkjh gqbZAa ekudj pyrs gSa fd ;wfuVksa dh
la;k ugha cnyrh gS] rks vc QaM dh ^,u,oh*
190000@10000 19 #i, gksxhA
Cywfpi dEifu;k % os dEifu;k tks vius {ks= esa dkQh
le; ls dke dj jgh gSa rFkk vius {ks= dh 'kh"kZ rhu
dEifu;ksa esa 'kkfey gks]a Cywfpi dEifu;k dgykrh gSAa
,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd bu dEifu;ksa esa fuos'k djuk
vf/kd lqjf{kr jgrk gSA ekuk tkrk gS fd vxj bu
dEifu;ksa esa ykx VeZ fuos'k fd;k tk,] rks iSlk Mwcus
dh lEHkkouk de jgrh gSA
(64) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
Mh&eSV vdkm.V % ;g ,d izdkj dk cSd a [kkrk gS
ftlesa #i;ksa dh txg 'ks;j o ckW.M j[ks tkrs gSAa bl
[kkrs esa #i, dk ysu&nsu ugha gksrk gSA vxj dksbZ
O;fDr 'ks;j cktkj esa fuos'k djuk pkgrk gS] rks mls
Mh&eSV [kkrk [kqyokuk t:jh gSa ^lsch* ds fu;eksa ds
eqrkfcd vxj vkidks 'ks;j cktkj esa [kjhn&Qjks[r
djuh gks] rks og ^Mh&eSV* [kkrs ds tfj, gh gks ldrh
gSA ;gh ugha vxj fdlh dEiuh ds ^vkbZihvks* esa fuos'k
djuk gks] rks Hkh Mh&eSV [kkrk t:jh gSA Mh&eSV [kkrk
[kqyokus ij cSd a ;k czkd s j iSlk ysrk gSA ;g [kkrk 'ks;j
ds u gksus ij cUn ugha gksrk gSA gk blds fy, okf"kZd
Qhl pqdkuh iM+rh gSA
'kkWVZ VeZ rFkk yksx a VeZ dSfiVy xsu % fuos'k ij yksx a
rFkk 'kkWVZ VeZ ds fglkc ls dj yxrk gSA ,d lky ds
ckn vxj ;wfuV csph tkrh gS rks mls ^yksx a VeZ
dSfiVy xsu* ekuk tkrk gSA ,sls esa fdruk gh ykHk gks]
ml ij vk;dj ugha yxrk gSA
vxj fuos'k ,d lky ds vUnj fudkyk tkrk gS rks
ml ij ^'kkWVZ VeZ dSfiVy xsu* ekuk tkrk gSA bl ij
15 Qhlnh dh nj ls dj yxrk gSA elyu 20 gtkj
dk fuos'k 6 eghus esa c<+dj 25 gtkj gks x;k vkSj
fuos'kd mls fudky nsrk gS rks mls dqy 5 gtkj dk
ykHk gqvkA bl 5 gtkj ij mls 15% ;kfu 750 #-
vk;dj nsuk iM+x s kA
czkd s j % czkd
s j fuos'kdks]a VsM
jksa rFkk fdlkuksa dks vkWuykbu
Vsf Max dh lqfo/kk miyC/k djkrs gSa vkSj dkjksckj dh ek=k
ds vuqlkj 'kqYd olwyrs gSAa czkd s j cuus ds fy, O;fDr dk
usVoFkZ dkQh vf/kd gksuk pkfg,A
deksfMVh ,Dlpst a ds lnL; czkd s j vius dkjksckj ds
foLrkj ds fy, lcczkd s j fu;qDr djrs gSAa dksbZ Hkh
l{ke O;fDr vFkok cM+k fdlku lh/ks czkd s j ls lEidZ
dj lcczkd s j cu ldrk gSA og O;fDr ;k fdlku vius
xko] dLcs ;k 'kgj esa VfeZuy LFkkfir dj deksfMVh esa
ok;nk djksckj dh lqfo/kk izkIr dj ldrk gSA baVjusV
dusD'ku ysdj Hkh ok;nk dkjksckj esa VsfMax dh tk
ldrh gSA
dksaLihdqvl dUtEi'ku (Conspicuous Consumption)
: tc fdlh v)Zfodflr ns'k ds ukxfjd foykflrk dh
oLrqvksa dk vf/kdrk ls miHkkx djus yxrs gS]a tks ns'k
dh le`f) rFkk fodkl ds fy, gkfudkjd gksrk gS] ,sls
miHkkx dks ^dksaLihdqvkl dUtEi'ku* dgrs gSAa blls
ml ns'k ds lk/kuksa dk gzkl gksrk gSA
dLVEl M~;Vw h (Customs Duty) : bls lhek 'kqYd
dgrs gSAa dLVEl M~;Vw h og dj gS] tks vk;kr o
fu;kZr dh oLrqvksa ij yxk;k tkrk gSA
,Dlkbt M~;Vw h (Excise Duty) : ml dj dks ,Dlkbt
M~;Vw h dgrs gS]a tks ns'k ds vanj fufeZr oLrqvksa ij
mRiknu fcUnq ij gh yxk;k tkrk gSA bls ^mRiknu
'kqYd* dgrs gSAa
fMohMsUM (Dividend) : dEifu;ksa ls 'ks;jksa ij izkIr
ykHkka'k ^fMohMsUM* dgykrk gSA
voewY;u (Devaluation) : ;fn fdlh eqnzk dk fofue;
ewY; vU; eqnzkvksa dh rqyuk esa tkucw>dj de dj
fn;k tkrk gS] rks bls ml eqnzk dk voewY;u dgrs gSAa
;g voewY;u ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj ljdkj Lo;a
djrh gSA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
 foeqnzhdj.k (Demonetization) : tc dkyk /ku c<+ tkrk gS
vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, [krjk cu tkrk gS] rks bls nwj
djus ds fy, foeqnzhdj.k dh fof/k viukbz tkrh gSA blds
vUrxZr ljdkj iqjkuh eqnzk dks lekIr dj nsrh gS vkSj ubZ
eqnzk pkyw dj nsrh gS ftuds ikl dkyk /ku gksrk gS] og
mlds cnys esa ubZ eqnzk ysus dk lkgl ugha tqVk ikrs gSa
vksj dkyk /ku Lo;a gh u"V gks tkrk gSA
eqnzk ladqpu (Deflation) : tc cktkj esa eqnzk dh deh
ds dkj.k dhersa fxj tkrh gS]a mRiknu o O;kikj fxj
tkrk gS vkSj csjkstxkj c<+rh gS] og voLFkk ^eqnzk
ladqpu* dgykrh gSA
ghukFkZ izcU/ku (Deficit Financing) : tc ljdkj dk
ctV ?kkVs dk gksrk gS vFkkZr~ vk; de gksrh gS vkSj O;;
vf/kd gksrk gS vkSj O;; ds bl vkf/kD; dks dsUnzh; cSd
ls _.k ysdj vFkok vfrfjDr i= eqnzk fuxZfer dj
iwjk fd;k tkrk gS] rks ;g O;oLFkk ^?kkVs dh fok
O;oLFkk* vFkok ^ghukFkZ izcU/ku* dgykrh gSA lhfer
ek=k esa gh bls mfpr ekuk tkrk gSA ghukFkZ izcU/ku dks
LFkk;h uhfr cuk ysus ds ifj.kke vPNs ugha gksrAs
,sLVsV M~;Vw h (Estate Duty) : fdlh O;fDr dh e`R;q ds
i'pkr~ mldh lEifk ds gLrkUrj.k ds le; tks dj
ml lEifk ij yxk;k tkrk gSA mls ^,sLVsV M~;Vw h*
dgrs gSAa
h iksVZ (Free Port) : ftl&canjxkg ij iqufuZ;kZr gksus
okys leku ij dksbZ dj ugha yxk;k tkrk gS] mls ^h
iksVZ* dgrs gSAa
fQM~;fw l;jh b';w (Fiduciary Issue) : fcuk fjtoZ j[ks
dkxth eqnzk dk pyu esa ys vkuk ^fQM~;fw l;jh b';w*
dgykrk gSA
migkj dj (Gift Tax) : fdlh migkj ds nsus ij tks
dj yxk;k tkrk gS og ^migkj dj* dgykrk gS] ;g
,d izR;{k dj gSA
Lo.kZeku (Gold Standard) : tc fdlh ns'k dh iz/kku
eqnzk Lo.kZ esa ifjorZu'khy gksrh gS vfkok eqnzk dk ewY;
lksus esa ekik tkrk gS] rks bl ekSfnzd O;oLFkk dks
^Lo.kZeku* dgrs gSAa vc fdlh ns'k esa Lo.kZeku ugha gSA
gkMZ djsUlh (Hard Currency) : vUrjkZ"Vh; cktkj es]a
ftl eqnzk dh iwfrZ dh rqyuk esa ekx yxkrkj vf/kd
gksrh gS og gkMZ djsulh dgykrh gS izk;% fodflr ns'kksa
dh eqnzk gkMZ djsUlh dgh tkrh gSA
gk;j ijpst (Hire Purchase) : tc dksbZ oLrq ekfld ;k
okf"kZd bULVkyesaV ds vk/kkj ij [kjhnh tkrh gS]rks bl fof/k
dks ^gk;j ijpst* dgrs gSAa blesa olrq dk LokfeRo mlds
ewY; dk iwjk Hkqxrku gksus ds ckn gh feyrk gSA
gkWV euh (Hot Money) : ml fons'kh eqnzk dks gkWV euh
dgrs gS]a ftlesa 'kh?kz iyk;u dj tkus dh izo`fkk gksrh
gSA ftl LFkku ij vf/kd ykHk feyus dh lEHkkouk
gksrh gS] ogha ;g LFkkukUrfjr gks tkrh gSA
eq nzk LQhfr (Inflation) : eq nzk izlkj ;k eq nzk LQhfr
og voLFkk gS ftlesa eq nzk dk ewY ; fxj tkrk gS
vkS j dhersa c<+ tkrh gSaA vkfFkZ d n`f"V ls lhfer
,oa fu;af =r eq nzkLQhfr vYifodflr vFkZO ;oLFkk gsrq
ykHknk;d gksrh gS ] D;ksafd blls mRiknu esa o`f)
dks izk sRlkgu feyrk gS] fdUrq ,d lhek ls vf/kd
eqnzk LQhfr gkfudkjd gSA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
fjls'ku (Recession) : fjls'ku ls rkRi;Z eUnh dh
voLFkk ls gS tc oLrqvksa dh iwfrZ dh rqyuk esa ekx de
gks rks fjls'ku dh fLFkfr mRiUu gksrh gSA ,slh fLfkfr esa
/kukHkko ds dkj.k yksxksa dh ; 'kfDr de gksrh gS vkSj
mRikfnr oLrq,a vufcdh jg tkrh gSAa blls m|ksxksa dks
can djus dh izf;k izkjEHk gksrh gSa csjkstxkjh c<=
tkrh gSA 1930 ds n'kd esa fo'oO;kih fjls'ku dh
fLFkfr mRiUu gqbZ FkhA fo'o ds lHkh ns'kksa ij mldk
izfrdwy izHkko iM+k FkkA
la;qDr {ks= (Joint Sector) : bl lsDVj esa yxk, x,
m|ksxksa esa ljdkj o futh {ks= ds m|ksxifr;ksa dk
la;qDr LokfeRo gksrk gSA
fof/kxzk eqnzk (Legal Tender Money) : ftl eqnzk esa
a Hkqxrku djus ij ysunkj dkuwuh rkSj ij Lohdkj djus
ls budkj ugha dj ldrk gS] mls ^fof/kxzk* eqnzk dgrs
gSAa Hkkjr dh fof/kxzk eqnzk #i;k gSA
izkbejh xksYM (Primary Gold) : 24 dsjVs ds 'kq) lksus
dks izkbejh xksYM dgrs gSAa
fjys'ku (Reflation) : fjls'ku vFkok eUnh dh voLFkk
esa vFkZO;oLFkk esa dqN ,sls dne mBk, tkrs gSa fd yksxksa
dh ; 'kfDr esa o`f) gks vkSj oLrqvksa dh ekx c<+]s
blds ifj.kkeLo:i ewY; Lrj esa tks o`f) gksrh gS] mls
fjys'ku dgrs gSAa
lkWV djsUlh (Soft Carrency) : tc vUrjkZ"Vh; cktkj
esa fdlh eqnzk dh ekx dh rqyuk esa iwfrZ vf/kd gksrh gS]
rks ,slh eqnzk ^lkWV djsUlh* dgykrh gSA
lkWV yksu (Soft Loan) : ftl _.k dks de C;kt vkSj
yEch Hkqxrku vof/k tSlh vklku 'krksZa ij izkIr fd;k
tkrk gS] mls ^lkWV yksu* dgrs gSAa
lseh cksEcyk (Semi Bombla) : fdlh ns'k ds
vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k izi=] ftlds }kjk
dkyk /ku] eqnzk izlkj] dher o`f) vkfn dh leL;kvksa
dks lqy>kus ds fy, lq>ko nsrs gS]a ^lseh cksEcyk*
dgykrk gSA
fosrk cktkj (Sellers Market) : tc ekx vf/kd gksrh
gS vkSj iwfrZ de] rc O;kikjh deh dk ykHk mBkdj
oLrqvksa dks euekuh dherksa ij csprs gSAa ,sls cktkj dks
^fosrk cktkj* dgrs gSAa
VSfjQ (Tariff) : fdlh ns'k }kjk vk;krksa ij yxk, x,
dj dks gh izk;% ^VSfjQ* dgk tkrk gSA
lEifk dj (Wealth Tax) : fdlh O;fDr }kjk lafpr
lEifk ds vk/kkj ij yxus okys dj dks lEifk dj
dgrs gSAa ;g ,d izR;{k dj gSA
vf/kfod"kZ (Overdraft) : cSd a ksa ls tekdrkZ }kjk viuh
tek jde ds vfrfjDr /ku fudkyuk ^vf/kfod"kZ*
dgykrk gSA
fofue; nj (Exchange Rate) : ftl nj ij ,d ns'k
dh eqnzk nwljs ns'k dh eqnzk esa cny tkrh gS] mls
^fofue; nj* dgrs gSAa
xz's ke dk fu;e % xz's ke ds vuqlkj ;fn fdlh le;
vFkZO;oLFkk esa vPNh o cqjh eqnzk ,d lkFk izpyu esa gks]a
rks cqjh eqnzk vPNh eqnzk dks izpyu ls ckgj dj nsrh
gSA bls gh xz's ke ds fu;e ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
(65)
 rkykcUnh (Lock Out) : tc lsok fu;kstdksa }kjk fdlh
QSDVh esa rkykcanh dj nh tk,] rkfd deZpkfj;ksa ls
muds }kjk fu/kkZfjr 'krksZa dks euok;k tk lds] ;gh
^ykWd vkmV* dgykrk gSA
ys vkWQ (Lay Off) : fdlh vkS|ksfxd laLFkku esa
mRiknu de gks tkus ;k ml oLrq dh ekx de gks
tkus ij deZpkfj;ksa dks ukSdjh ls i`Fkd~ djuk ^ys vkWQ*
dgykrk gSA
,M&osyksje (Ad-Valorem) : oLrqvksa ij yxk, x, tks
dj (tax) mudh ek=k ds vk/kkj ij u yxkdj
ewy;kuqlkj yxk, tkrs gS]a ^,M&osyksje* dgykrs gSAa
,yq,Va lkslkbVh (Affluent Society) : bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx
lekt ds ml oxZ ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] tks vfr lEiUu
gS rFkk viuh reke ekSfyd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus ds
mijkur Hkh bu yksxksa ds ikl bruh vk; cph jgrh gS fd
;s fofHkUu izdkj ds foykflrkiw.kZ miHkksx djus yxrs gSAa
izk-s th ds- xkyczFs k us bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx loZiFz ke if'peh
;wjksi o vejhdk ds lUnHkZ esa fd;k FkkA
,U;qVh (Annuity) : fdlh iwoZ fu/kkZfjr ;kstuk ds
vUrxZr izfro"kZ ,d ;k vf/kd fd'rksa esa izkIr gksus okyk
Hkqxrku ^,U;qVh* dgykrk gS tSl& s ljdkjh _.ki=ksa ij
C;kt dk Hkqxrku ^,U;qVh* ds :i esa gks ldrk gSA
vkfcZVt s (Arbitrage) : bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx lkekU;r%
fons'kh fofue; ds lUnHkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA LorU=
fons'kh eqnzk cktkjksa esa ;fn fdlh LFkku ij dksbZ eqnzk
de ewY; ij [kjhnh tk, rFkk rqjUr gh vU;= fdlh
LFkku ij ps ewY; ij csp nh tk, rks bl f;k dks
^vkfcZVt s * dgk tkrk gSA
vf/kr iwth (Authorised Capital) : iwth dh og
vf/kdre ek=k ftl lhek rd dksbZ dEiuh vius 'ks;j
tkjh dj ldrh gSA ;g vko';d ugha fd dEiuh }kjk
tkjh fd, x, 'ks;jksa dk ewY; vf/kr iwth ds cjkcj
gh gks ;g vf/kr iwth ds cjkcj ;k mlls de gks
ldrk gS] fdUrq vf/kd ughaA
cSM MsIV (Bad Debt) : og _.k ftldh olwyh lafnX/k
gks vFkok lEHko u gksA
tUe&nj (Birth Rate) : fdlh {ks= esa fdlh o"kZ izfr
gtkj tula[;k ij tUe ysus okys f'k'kqvksa dh la[;k
tUe&nj dgykrh gSA
Cyw fpi (Blue Chip) : ;g 'kCn izk;% mu dEifu;ksa ds
'ks;jksa ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] tks vR;Ur lqn`<+ gSa
rFkk ftudk izcU/k bR;kfn vfr dq'ky gSA ,sls 'ks;jksa
dks [kjhnus esa gkfu dh lEHkkouk cgqr de gksrh gS rFkk
tc pkgs] mfpr ewY; ij bUgsa cktkj esa cspk tk ldrk
gSA
fefJr ekx (Composite Demand) : tc dksbZ oLrq
,d ls vf/kd mi;ksxksa esa iz;ksx dh tkrh gS] rks ,dlh
olrq dh dqy ekx mldh fofo/k mi;ksxksa gsrq ekx dk
;ksx gksrh gSA ;g fefJr ekx dgykrh gSA
ykxr iz sf jr eq nzk LQhfr (Cost Push Inflation) :
tc oLrqvksa dh mRiknu ykxr esa o`f) gksus ds
ifj.kke&Lo:i ewy;ksa esa o`f) gksrh gS ,oa
eqnzk LQhfr dh fLFkfr mRiUu gksrh gS] rks ,slh
eqnzk LQhfr ykxr izsf jr dgh tkrh gSA Jfed la?kksa
ds ncko esa etnwjh ds Lrj esa vuko';d o`f) ls
,slh fLFkfr mRiUu gks tkrh gSA
(66) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
LVsxys'ku (Stagflation) : LVsxys'ku ls rkRi;Z
^LQhfr;qDr xfrghurk* ls gSA LVsxys'ku ,d ,slh
fojks/kkHkklh fLFkfr gS ftlesa vFkZo;oLFkk esa eqnzkLQhfr
ds lkFk&lkFk xfrghurk Hkh fo|eku jgrh gSA bl
fLFkfr esa vFkZO;oLFkk ds dqN {ks=ksa esa ,d vksj ps ewY;
rFkk vf/kiw.kZ jkstxkj dh fLFkfr n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gS] rks
nwljh vksj ds {ks=ksa esa xfrghurk dh fLFkfr vFkkZr~
vkS|ksfxd rFkk f"k mRiknu esa deh] vR;f/kd ek=k esa
csjkstxkjh bR;kfn n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA
ckSf)d lEifk (Intellectual Property) : ckSf)d
lEifk (Intellectual Property) ekuo dh og lEifk
dgykrh gS] tks mldh Lo;a dh ckSf)d {kerk ,oa
ifjJe }kjk rS;kj dh tkrh gSA dykRed jpuk,a]
oSKkfud vkfo"dkj] lkfgfR;d vkSj laxhrkRed jpuk,a]
uohu fl)kUr] lw=] midj.k vkfn lHkh l`tu djus
okys O;fDr dh ckSf)d lEifk gSA bl ckSf)d lEifk
dks vU; O;fDr pqjkdj Lo;a iz;ksx u djs blds fy,
jk"Vh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vh; Lrj ij ^isVVsa * ,oa leku :i ls
vU; dkuwu cuk, x, gSAa fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO)
rFkk fo'o ckSf)d varjkZ"Vh; Lrj ij ckSf)d lEifk
dh lqj{kk esa lgk;d gksrs gSAa
ekbks sfMV (Micro Credit) : ekbks sfMV ;k
ekbks Qkbusal ;k lw{e fok NksVh&lh dtZ jkf'k
gksrh gS ] tksfd dkQh xjhc yksxksa dks nh tkrh gS]
rkfd os viuh thfodk pykus ds fy, NksVk&eksVk
dke 'kq: dj ldsa lkekU; :i ls buesa os yksx
'kkfey gksrs gS a] ftuds ikl cSadksa ls _.k ikus ds
cnys fxjoh j[kus ds fy, dq N Hkh ugha gksrkA o"kZ
2006 dk uksc sy 'kkfUr iq jLdkj ckaXykns'k esa ekbks
sfMV dks c<+kok nsus okys eqgEen ;quwl vkS j muds
xzk eh.k cSad dks iz nku fd;k x;k gSA
ph; csjkstxkjh (Cyclical Unemployment) : O;kikj
p dh eUnh ds le; mRiUu csjkstxkjh ^ph;
csjkstxkjh* dgykrh gSA
e`R;q dj (Death Duty) : ;g ,d izR;{k dj gS] tks
ejus okys O;fDr dh lEifk ds gLrkarj.k ls iwoZ
mkjkf/kdkjh dks pqdkuk gksrk gSA
ewY; ekx (Price Demand) : fdlh fuf'pr ewY; ij
fdlh le; esa fdlh oLrq dh ekxh tkus okyh ek=k
ml ewY; ij oLrq dh ekx dgykrh gSA bls gh izk;%
ekx dgk tkrk gSA
izPNUu csjkstxkjh vFkok vn`'; csjkstxkjh (Disguised
Unemployment) : ;g bl izdkj dh csjkstxkjh gS
ftlesa O;fDr Li"V :i ls csjkstxkj izrhr ugha gksrAs os
dke ij rks yxs gq, gksr gS]a fdUrq ml dke esa mudh
lhekUr mRikndrk 'kwU; gksrh gSA ,sls yksxksa dks ;fn
dke ls gVk fn;k tk,] rks dqy mRiknu ij dksbZ
izfrdwy izHkko ugha iM+rkA Hkkjr esa f"k {ks= esa i;kZIr
izPNUu csjkstxkjh ikbZ tkrh gSA
eqnzk viLQhfr vFkok foLQhfr (Disinflation) :
eqnzkLQhfr ij fu;a=.k ykus gsrq tks iz;kl fd, tkrs gSa
tSls lk[k&fu;a=.k vkfn] muds ifj.kkeLo:i
eqnzkLQhfr dh nj ?kVus yxrh gS] dherksa esa fxjkoV
vkrh gS rFkk jkstxkj ij Hkh izfrdwy izHkko iM+rk gSa ;g
fLFkfr eqnzk viLQhfr vFkok foLQhfr dh fLFkfr
dgykrh gSA bl fLFkfr esa ;|fi ewY;&Lrj fxjrk gS]
rFkkfi ;g lkekU; ewY; Lrj ls ij gh jgrk gSA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
 Je foHkktu (Division of Labour) : fdlh dk;Z dh
lEiw.kZ izf;k dks ,d gh O;fDr }kjk u djkdj fofHkUu
pj.kksa dks fHkUu&fHkUu yksxksa ls iwjk djkus dh izf;k gh
Je foHkktu dgykrh gSA Je foHkktu esa fof'k"Vhdj.k
dks izkRs lkgu feyrk gSA
jkf'kiru (Dumping) : fdlh oLrq ds vfr mRiknu dh
fLFkfr esa cktkj esa olrq ds ewY; dks ,d U;wure Lrj
ls uhps fxjus ls jksdus ds fy, olrq ds vfrfjDr
Hk.Mkj dks fons'kh cktkj esa cgqr de ewY; ij cspus
vkSj ;gk rd fd u"V rd dj nsus dh izf;k
jkf'kiru dgykrh gSA mRikndksa ds fgrksa dh lqj{kk ds
fy, dHkh&dHkh ,slk djuk iM+rk gS] rkfd vfrfjDr
mRiknu dks cktkj ls nwj djds oLrq ds ewY; dks fxjus
ls jksdk tk ldsA
vkfFkZd fu;kstu (Economic Planning) : vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa
dk iwoZ ewY;kadu djds] iwoZ fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dks fu'pr le;
esa izkIr djus gsrq lalk/kuksa dk ;kstukc) mi;ksx djuk
vkfFkZd fu;kstu dgykrk gSA vkfFkZd fu;kstu ds vUrxZr
izkFkfedrkvksa dk fu/kkZj.k dj fy;k tkrk gS rFkk lk/kuksa dk
vkcaVu mlh ds vuqlkj fd;k tkrk gSA
xq.kd (Multiplier) : fuos'k esa xbZ o`f) miHkksx izo`fk
ds ek/;e ls vk; esa cgqxq.kk o`f) djrh gSA fuos'k dh
rFkk vk; dh o`f) ds chp ds bl lEcU/k dks dsUt
xq.kd ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA xq.kd] miHkksx
izo`fk nh gqbZ gksus ij] dqy jkstxkj vkSj vk; rFkk
fuos'k dh nj ds chp lgh lEcU/k LFkkfir djrk gSA
1 fy, 1969 esa izkjEHk dh xbZ FkhA blds vUrxZr izR;sd
lw= :i esa k =
1 MPC
tgk k xq.kd gS rFkk MPC lhekUr miHkksx izof` k dks
n'kkZrk gSA
,afty dk fu;e (Engel's Law) : bl fu;e ds vuqlkj
de vk; okys miHkksDrk viuh vk; dk vf/kd Hkkx
Hkkstu vkfn ij O;; djrs gSAa vk; esa tSl& s Tls o`f)
gksrh gS] dqy vk; dk de Hkkx Hkkstu ij O;; gksrk gSA
fofue; fu;a=.k (Exchange Control) : ;g ml
O;oLFkk dk uke gS ftlds vUrxZr dksbZ ns'k fons'kh
eqnzkvksa ds LorU= cktkj ij fu;U=.k djds viuh eqnzk
dh fofue; nj dks ml nj ls fHkUu j[kus dk iz;kl
djrk gS] tks LorU= cktkj esa fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA
fxfQu oLrq,a (Giffin Goods) : fxfQu oLrq,a dqN
?kfV;k fdLe dh ,slh oLrq,a gksrh gSa ftu ij miHkksDrk
viuh vk; dk cM+k Hkkx O;; djrk gSA bu oLrqvksa ij
ekx dk fu;e ykxw ugha gksrk] cfYd ewY; esa o`f) ls
budh ekx c<+ tkrh gS rFkk ewY; esa deh ls ekx Hkh
de gks tkrh gSA bl fojks/kkHkkl dks fxfQu dk
fojks/kkHkkl (Giffin's Paradox) dgk tkrk gSA
djk?kkr (Impact of Tax) : ljdkj }kjk yxk, x, dj
dk ekSfnzd Hkkj] ftl O;fDr ij lcls igys iM+rk gS
vFkkZr~ ljdkj ftlls dj olwy djrh gS] ml ij
djk?kkr gksrk gSA ;fn og O;fDr dj ds ekSfnzd Hkkj
dks fdlh vU; O;fDr ij Vkyus esa lQy gks tkrk gS]
rks djk?kkr rks izFke O;fDr ij gh jgrk gS] fdUrq
djkikr (Incidence) ml O;fDr ij jgrk gS] tks vfUre
:i ls dj ds ekSfnzd Hkkj dks ogu djrk gSA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
djkikr (Incidence of Tax) : tSlkfd ij crk;k x;k gS
fd ;g vko';d ugha fd ljdkj }kjk dksbZ dj ftl
O;fDr ij yxk;k x;k gS] ogh dj ds Hkkj dks vfUre :i
ls ogu djsA ;fn izFke djnkrk dj dh /kujkf'k dks fdlh
vU; O;fDr ij ekuk tkrk gS] tks dj ds Hkkj dks vfUre
:i ls ogu djrk gS] tSl& s mRiknu 'kqYd ljdkj }kjk
mRiknu ls olwy fd;k tkrk gS] fdUrq mRiknd dj dh
jkf'k dks oLrq ds ewY; esa 'kkfey dj nsrk gS ftlls
djkikr miHkksDrk ij vkrk gSA
vYikf/kdkj (Oligopoly) : ;fn fdlh oLrq ds cktkj esa
fosrkvksa dh la[;k cgqr de fdUrq nks ls vf/kd gksrh
gS ftuds e/; vkil esa dksbZ le>kSrk lEHko gks ldrk
gks] rks ,slk cktkj vYikf/kdkj dgykrk gSA bl izdkj
ds cktkj esa olrq ,dlh Hkh gks ldrh gS rFkk oLrq esa
foHksn Hkh gks ldrk gSA
'kk[kk cSfa dax (Branch Banking) : 'kk[kk cSfa dax iz.kkyh
ds vUrxZr fdlh cSd a ds ,d iz/kku dk;kZy; ds
vfrfjDr mldh vusd 'kk[kk,a ns'kHkj esa QSyh gksrh gSa
vkSj dHkh&dHkh dqN 'kk[kk,a ns'k ds ckgj Hkh gksrh gSAa
bdkbZ cSfa dax (Unit Banking) : blds vUrxZr ,d cSd a
dk dk;Z lk/kkj.kr;k ,d gh dk;kZy; rd lhfer jgrk
gS] ;|fi ,d lhfer {ks= esa ;s cSd a viuh dqN 'kk[kk,a
Hkh LFkkfir dj ysrs gSAa bdkbZ cSfa dax iz.kkyh vejhdk esa
v/fkd yksdfiz; jgh gSA
vxz.kh&cSd a vFkok yhM cSd a ;kstuk (Lead Bank
Scheme) : ;g ;kstuk ftyksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk lq/kkjus ds
ftys ds fy, ,d cSd a dks yhM cSd a ?kksf"kr dj fn;k
tkrk gSA ftl cSd a dks yhM cSd a ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gS]
og ftyk Lrj ij _.kksa dh ;kstuk cukus] fof'k"V
dk;Zeksa esa vU; cSd a ksa dk lg;ksx ysus rFkk fuf'pr
dk;Zeksa esa vU; cSd a ksa dk lg;ksx ysus rFkk fuf'pr
dk;Zeksa ds fy, _.k tqVkus esa lHkh fokh; laLFkkvksa esa
leUo; dk;e djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA
psd (Cheque) : psd ,d izdkj ls fofue; gq.Mh (Bill
of Exchange) gksrh gS] tks ,d fufnZ"V fof'k"V cSd a ds
ij vkgfjr gksrh gS rFkk ekx ij gh] ftldk Hkqxrku
fd;k tkrk gSA psd esa rhu i{k gksrs gSa % (i) Hkqxrku dk
vkns'k nsus okyk] vkgrkZ (Drawer), (ii) ftldks vkns'k
fn;k tkrk gS (Drawee) vFkkZr~ cSd a rFkk (iii) tks
Hkqxrku izkIr djrk gS vFkkZr psd dk /kkjd (Payee)A
fofue; i= vFkok fofue; gq.Mh (Bill of Exchange) :
;g ,d ,dlk fyf[kr foi= gS] ftlesa mldk ys[kd
vius gLrk{kj dj fdlh O;fDr dks ;g 'krZjfgr vkKk
nsrk gS fd og ,d fuf'pr /kujkf'k fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k
;k mlds vkns'kkuqlkj fdlh vU; O;fDr dks ;k ml
foi= ds okgd dks Hkqxrku dj nsAa fofue; gq.Mh dsoy
eqnzk ds :i esa fy[kh tkrh gS vFkkZr~ bldk Hkqxrku
dsoy eqnzk ds :i esa gh gksrk gS] fdlh oLrq tSls
diM+k] vukt] lksuk] pknh vkfn ds :i esa ughaA
lkekU; gq.Mh ,oa psd (Hundi and Cheque) : psd vkSj
gq.Mh esa eq[; vUrj ;g gksrk gS fd psd lnSo ekx ij gh
ns; gksrk gS] tcfd dqN gqf.M;k n'kZuh ekx ij ns; gksrh
gSa vkSj dqN fuf'pr le; ;k vof/k ds cknA
(67)
 lk/kkj.k ;k /kkjd psd (Bearer Cheque) : tc rd
langs djus ds fy, dksbZ fo'ks"k dkj.k u gks] /kkjd psd
dk Hkqxrku psd izLrqr djus okys fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks
fd;k tk ldrk gS] Hkys gh og psd mlds uke esa gks
vFkok ughaA ,sls psd ds Hkqxrku ds fy, psd tkjh
djus okys (Drawer) ds ,sls gh funsZ'k gksrs gSa fd
Hkqxrku psd ds /kkjd dks gh ns fn;k tk,A
vkfn"V psd (Order Cheque) : tc fdlh /kkjd psd
esa ls /kkjd (Bearer) 'kCn dks dkV fn;k tk, vFkok
ml psd ij Order fy[k fn;k tk,] rks og psd
vkfn"V psd cu tkrk gSA bl psd dk Hkqxrku djus ds
fy, cSd a Hkqxrku ysus okys O;fDr dh igpku djrh gSA
bl vkSipkfjdrk ds ckn gh ml psd dk Hkqxrku fd;k
tkrk gSA
js[kkafdr psd (Crossed Cheque) : tc psd ds ij
izk;% ckbZa vksj nks lekukUrj js[kk,a cuk nh tkrh gS]a rks
og psd js[kkafdr psd cu tkrk gSA bl js[kkafdr psd
dk Hkqxrku cSd a dkmaVj ij udn izkIr ugha fd;k tk
ldrkA bldk Hkqxrku fdlh [kkrs esa mls tek djk dj
gh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ikod [kkrk psd (Account Payee Cheque) : tc fdlh
psd ds izk;% ckbZa vksj ij dksus esa nks lekukUrj js[kkvksa
ds e/; 'Account Payee Only' fy[k fn;k tkrk gS] rks ml
psd dks ikod [kkrk psd dgrs gSAa bl psd dk Hkqxrku
dsoy mlh O;fDr ;k izfr"Bku vFkok laLFkku ds [kkrs esa
tek djds fd;k tkrk gS] ftlds uke og psd fy[kk gksrk
gS vFkkZr~ bl izdkj ds psd dk vU; fdlh O;fDr ds i{k esa
gLrkarj.k ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
tc psd ds eq[ki`"B ij nks lekukUrj js[kkvksa ds e/;
dlh cSd a dk uke fy[k fn;k tkrk gS] rks ;g psd
fof'k"V js[kkafdr psd cu tkrk gS rFkk ,slh fLFkfr esa
ml psd dk Hkqxrku dsoy mlh cSd a ds ek/;e ls
lEcfU/kr O;fDr ds [kkrs esa tek djds gh izkIr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
;k=h psd (Traveller's Cheque) : ;k=h psd fdlh
cS ad }kjk tkjh fd;k x;k ,slk psd gksrk gS ] ftls
tkjh djrs le; psd ds eq[ki`" B ij vkosnd psd
izkIr djus okyk ds gLrk{kj djk, tkrs gS aA bl
psd dk Hkq xrku ns'kHkj esa lEcfU/kr cS ad dh fdlh
Hkh 'kk[kk ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA psd dk
Hkq xrku djus okyh 'kk[kk Hkqxrku ds le; iq u% psd
ds eq[ki` "B ij /kkjd ds gLrk{kj djkrh gSA nksuksa
gLrk{kj feyus ij gh ;k=h psd dk Hkqxrku gksrk
gSA cS ad }kjk vf/kr izeq [k okf.kfT;d laLFkku Hkh
;k=h psd udn eqnzk dh Hkkfr Lohdkj dj ysrs gS aA
bl izdkj ds psd ;kf=;ksa ds fy, cgq r mi;ksxh
gksrs gS a] D;ksafd psd [kks tkus ij vko';d 'krsZ a iwjh
djds MqIyhdsV psd izkIr fd, tk ldrs gSaA
iwoZ fnukafdr psd (Ante-dated Cheque) : ;fn
vkgj.kdrkZ psd fy[kus dh rkjh[k ls igys dh dksbZ
rkjh[k psd ij fy[krk gS] rks ,sls psd dks iwoZ
fnukafdr (Ante-dated) psd dgk tkrk gSA
(68) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
mkj fnukafdr psd (Post-dated Cheque) : ;fn fdlh
psd dk vkgj.kdrkZ psd fy[krs le; ml ij dksbZ
vkxkeh rkjh[k fy[k nsrk gS] rks ,sls psd dks mkj
fnukafdr (Post-dated) psd dgk tkrk gSA ,slk psd
fof/k&vekU; rks ugha gksrk] vfirq ml rkjh[k ls izHkkoh
gksrk gS] tks mlesa fy[kh xbZ gSA
MkV (Draft) : ;g ,d ,slk lk[k izi= gS] ftlesa
fdlh cSd a }kjk viuh fdlh vU; 'kk[kk dks ikod
(Payee) ds vkns'kkuqlkj MkV esa mfYyf[kr /kujkf'k
ekx ij Hkqxrku djus dk vkns'k gksrk gSA MkV fdlh
cSd a }kjk igys ls Hkqxrku izkIr djds tkjh fd;k tkrk
gS rFkk ftl O;fDr vFkok laLFkk ds uke MkV cuk;k
tkrk gS] mldh igpku djus ds ckn bldk Hkqxrku
dj fn;k tkrk gSA MkV Hkh pSd dh Hkkfr js[kkafdr
vFkok vjs[kkafdr gks ldrk gSA
lek'kks/ku x`g vFkok
vFkok Dyh;fjax gkml (Clearing House)
: lek'kks/ku x`g vFkok Dyh;fjax gkml izk;% izR;sd ,sls
'kgj esa gksrk gS] tgk 3&4 vFkok mlds vf/kd cSd a as gksrh
gSAa Dyh;fjax gkml og LFkku gS tgk fofHkUu cSd a ksa ds
izfrfuf/k izfrfnu ,d= gksrs gSAa bl LFkku ij mu
izfrfuf/k;ksa ds e/; psdksa dk vknku&iznku rFkk tek&[kpZ
gksrk gSA bl izdkj ;gk gtkjksa psdksa dk ysu&nsu cgqr gh
ljyrk ls rFkk FkksM+s le; esa gh lEiUu gks tkrk gSA bl
izf;k dks lek'kks/ku (Clearing) dgrs gSAa Hkkjr esa ftu
'kgjksa esa fjtoZ cSd
a dh 'kk[kk gS] ogk fjtoZ cSd
a dh 'kk[kk
ugha gS] ogk LVsV cSd a dh eq[; 'kk[kk esa lek'kks/ku x`g
gksrk gSA
psd dysD'ku (Cheque Collection) : tc psd 'kgj ds
ckgj fdlh vU; LFkku ij Hkqxrku ds fy, Hkstk tkrk
gS] rks bls gh dysD'ku dgrs gSAa ,sls psd dk Hkqxrku
izkIr djus ds fy, cSd a xzkgd ls Mkd&O;; ,oa
deh'ku ysrh gSA
ckW.M (Bond) vFkok fMcsUpj (Debenture) : ckW.M ,oa
fMcsUpj dk vFkZ _.ki=ksa ls gksrk gS] ftUgsa dsUnzh;
ljdkj] jkT; ljdkj vFkok fdlh laLFkku }kjk _.k
ysdj tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA la;qDr iwth dEifu;k _.k
izkIr djus ds fy, vius fMcsUpj tkjh djrh gSAa bu
ckW.Mksa dks gLrkUrfjr Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS] tks laLFkk
bUgsa tkjh djrh gSAa os bu ij /kkjd dks ,d fuf'pr
nj ls C;kt Hkh nsrh gSAa
/kkjd ckW.M (Bearer Bond) : /kkjd ckW.M os _.ki=
gS]a ftudk Hkqxrku ifjiDork ij dksbZ Hkh izkIr dj
ldrk gSA bu ij u rks [kjhnnkj dk uke fy[kk gksrk
gS vkSj u gh gLrkUrfjr djrs le; budh ihB ij
gLrk{kj gh djus gksrs gSAa izk;% budk mi;ksx dkys /ku
dks lQsn /ku esa cnyus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
lLrh eqnzk (Cheap Money) : og eqnzk ftls uhph C;kt
nj (Low interest rate) ij izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS]
lLrh eqnzk dgykrh gSA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
 cSd a nj (Bank Rate) : cSd a nj ls vfHkizk; ml nj ls
gS] ftl ij dsUnzh; cSd a lnL; cSd
a ksa ds izFke Js.kh ds
fcyksa dh iqudZVkSrh djrk gS vFkok Lohdk;Z izfrHkwfr;ksa
ij _.k nsrk gSA dqN ns'kksa esa bls dVkSrh&nj Hkh dgk
tkrk gSA cSd a nj esa ifjorZu djds dsUnzh; cSd a ns'k esa
lk[k dh ek=k dks izHkkfor dj ldrk gSA
[kqys cktkj dh f;k, (Open Market Operations) :
;g Hkh dsUnzh; cSd a }kjk lk[k fu;a=.k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ
mik; gSA [kqys cktkj dh f;kvksa ds vUrxZr dsUnzh;
cSda }kjk eqnzk cktkj esa fdlh Hkh izdkj ds fcyksa vFkok
izfrHkwfr;ksa dk ;&fo; gksrk gS] ijUrq ladh.kZ vfkZ esa
blls vfHkizk; dsUnzh; cSd a }kjk dsoy ljdkjh
izfrHkwfr;ksa dk ;&fo; gksrk gSA
E;wpqvy Q.M (Mutual Fund) : E;wpqvy Q.M ds
vUrxZr tu&lk/kkj.k ds fuos'k ;ksX; /ku dks ,sfPNd
vk/kkj ij ,df=r djds fofu;ksx ds csgrj voljksa esa
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldh LFkkiuk izk;% fuos'k
lEcU/kh fu.kZ; ysus okyh n{k fokh; laLFkkvksa }kjk dh
tkrh gSA Hkkjr esa ;wfuV VLV vkWQ bf.M;k] LVsV cSd a ]
dukjk cSd a ] cSd
a vkWQ bf.M;k] bf.M;u cSd a rFkk thou
chek fuxe vkfn us bl izdkj ds E;wpqvy Q.M
LFkkfir fd, gSAa
izfrHkwfr (Security) : izfrHkwfr ,d O;kid 'kCn gSA ,d vFkZ
esa izfrHkwfr 'kCn dk iz;ksx izi=ksa ds :i esa fokh;
ifjlEifk;ksa rFkk 'ks;j] fMcsUpj o vU; _.ki=ksa vkfn ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA cSfa dax esa ).kksa dh tekur ds lUnHkZ esa
Hkh ^izfrHkwfr* dkQh iz;qDr gksrk gS] tgk izfrHkwfr ls vfHkizk;
ml chfer fgr ls gksrk gS] tks _.k ds Hkqxrku u gksus dh
fLFkfr esa mRiUu gksrk gS vFkkZr~ izfrHkwfr _.k dk chek gksrh
gSA cSd a ksa }kjk _.kh dh O;fDrxr vFkok n`'; izfrHkwfr ij
_.k iznku fd;k tkrk gSA
izkFkfed izfrHkwfr (Primary Security) : izkFkfed
izfrHkwfr ls vfHkizk; ml izfrHkwfr ls gksrk gS] tks _.k
dks eq[;r% lqjf{kr djrh gS rFkk ;g izfrHkwfr _.kh
}kjk iznk dh tkrh gSA
ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;k (Government Securities) :
ljdkjh izfrhkwfr;ksa esa ljdkjh izfrKk&i=
(Government promissory notes), jk"Vh; cpr
izek.k&i= rFkk jk"Vh; cpr ;kstuk] okgd cU/kd i=
(Bearer bounds) vkfn lfEefyr fd, tkrs gSAa cSd a bu
izfrHkwfr;ksa dh tekur ij ljyrk ls _.k iznku dj
ldrs gS]a D;ksfa d bu izfrHkwfr;ksa dk ewY; fLFkj jgrk gS
rFkk ;s lqjf{kr le>h tkrh gSA
lkof/k tek (Time Deposits) : lkof/k tekvksa ds
vUrxZr mu leLr tek jkf'k;ksa dks lfEefyr
fd;ktkrk gS ] tks ,d fu/kkZfjr vof/k ds fy, cS ad
ds ikl tek dh tkrh gS aA ;g tek jkf'k fofufnZ "V
vof/k lekIr gksus ij ns; (Repayable) gksrh gSA
cS ad ,slh tek jkf'k;ksa ij vis{kkr ph nj ls
C;kt nsrs gS aA bl izdkj ds tek cS adksa }kjk izk;%
lkof/k tek [kkrs (Fixed Deposit Account) rFkk
vorhZ tek [kkrs (Recuring Deposit Account) esa
Lohdkj fd, tkrs gS aA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
ekx tek (Demand Deposits) : ekx tekvksa ds
vUrxZr mu leLr tek jkf'k;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k
tkrk gS] tks tekdrkZ }kjk viuh bPNkuqlkj pkgs tc
okil ekxh tk ldrh gSAa cSd a ksa esa pkyw [kkrs (Current
Account) rFkk cpr [kkrs (Saving Account) esa tek
jkf'k;k ekx tek ds vUrxZr vkrh gSAa
cpr cS ad [kkrk (Savings Bank Account) : cpr
cS ad [kkrk mu O;fDr;ksa ds fy, gS ] tks viuh Hkkoh
vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, viuh orZ eku
vk; dk dqN Hkkx cpkdj j[kuk pkgrs gSaA bl
[kkrs esa tek jkf'k ij dq N C;kt Hkh fn;k tkrk gSA
izR ;sd dys.Mj eghus ds nlosa fnu ds vUr ls
ysdj ml eghus dh vfUre rkjh[k rd dh vof/k esa
tks Hkh U;wure tek ckdh jgrh gS] mdls vk/kkj ij
C;kt fn;k tkrk gSA
pkyw [kkrk (Current Account) : ;g ,d izdkj dk
ekx tek (Demand Deposit) [kkrk gS ftlesa ls fdlh
Hkh dk;Z fnol dks vusd ckj fdruh Hkh jkf'k dk
ysu&nsu fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu [kkrksa esa tek jkf'k;ksa
ij dksbZ C;kt ugha fn;k tkrk] cfYd cSd a ysu&nsuksa
(Transactions) dh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij dqN lsok 'kqYd
(Service charge) [kkrk/kkjh ls olwy djrs gSAa
LekVZ dkMZ (Smart Card) : Mkd foHkkx }kjk pqfuank 'kgjksa
esa izkjEHk dh xbZ izhfe;e cpr cSd a lsok ds vUrxZr
izR;sd [kkrsnkj dks ,d ^LekVZ dkMZ* tkjh fd;k tk,xk]
ftlls orZeku dkxt dh iklcqd O;oLFkk lekIr gks
tk,xhA ^LekVZ dkMZ* ds ek/;e ls [kkrsnkj fdlh ,d
fuf'pr Mkd?kj ds LFkku ij fofHkUu Mkd?kjksa esa vius
[kkrs esa /ku tek djk ldsaxs rFkk fudky ldsx a As
vfuoklh ok #i;k [kkrk [Non-Resident (External)
Rupee Accounts] : bl izdkj ds [kkrs ize[ q k O;kikfjd
cSd
a ksa esa vfuoklh Hkkjrh;ksa ds uke esa [kksys tk ldrs gSAa
;g [kkrs Hkkjrh; #i;ksa esa [kksys tkrs gSAa [kkrksa dk ewy/ku
rFkk ml ij vftZr C;kt dks fcuk fdlh dfBukbZ ds
tekdrkZ dks mlds ns'k okil dj fn;k tkrk gS] ijUrq
#i;ksa dks fons'kh eqnzk esa ml nj ls ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk
gS] tksfd /ku Hkstus dh rkjh[k dks ykxw gksrh gSA bu [kkrksa
ij fn;k x;k C;kt dj eqDr gksrk gSA ,sls [kkrs vfuoklh
Hkkjrh;ksa (NRIs) rFkk Hkkjrh; ewy ds fonsf'k;ksa }kjk [kksys
tk ldrs gSAa vU; fons'kh yksxksa dks ,sls [kkrs [kksyus dh
vuqefr ugha gSA
fofue; lk/; foi= (Negotiable Instrument) :
fofue;&lk/; foi= ,d fyf[kr izi = gksrk gS] tks
fof/k vFkok O;kikfjd izFkk ds vUrxZ r vUrfjr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA tks O;fDr ,slk izi = ln~Hkko ls rFkk
ewY ; ds cnys (in good faith and for value) izkir
djrk gS] ml O;fDr dks ,sl s izi = ij leqfpr
LokfeRo j[kus dk fo'ks"kkf/kdkj izkIr gksrk gS pkgs
mlds vUrj.kdrkZ dk ml foi= ij dksbZ LokfeRo
ugha Fkk vFkok nks"kiw.kZ LokfeRo FkkA opu&i=
(Promissory note), fofue;&i= (Bill of exchange)
rFkk psd (Cheque) dh x.kuk fofue; lk/; foi=ksa
ds vUrxZ r dh tkrh gSA bu foi=ksa dk fu;eu
^fofue; lk/; foi= vf/kfu;e* (Negotiable
Instruments Act) ds }kjk gksr k gSA
(69)
 ^vkWu&QkeZ okVj eSustesaV* (On-Farm Water
Management) Ldhe % dsUnzh; fok lgk;rk }kjk
,d ubZ Ldhe 'On-Farm Water Management' ekpZ
2002 esa iwohZ&Hkkjr esa Qly mRiknu c<+kus ds ms';
ls 'kq: dh xbZA bl Ldhe dk eq[; ms'; ^xzkm.M
,.M ljQsl okVj* ds vR;f/kd nq#i;ksx dks jksddj
,oa mlds dq'ky mi;ksx ls [kk|kUuksa ds mRiknu ,oa
mRikndrk esa o`f) djuk j[kk x;k Fkk] ftlesa] ckn
esa vkfFkZd enn 20% ykHkkFkhZ }kjk] 30% Hkkjr
ljdkj (GOI) }kjk ,oa 50% 'NABARD' }kjk 'Bank
Loan' ds :i esa j[kh xbZ] ysfdu o"kZ 2006&07 ls
;g Ldhe cUn dj nh xbZ gSA
eqDr cUnjxkg % eqDr cUnjxkg ,d ,slk iku uxj gS
;k mldk dksbZ Hkkx gS tks oLrqvksa dks yknus vkSj
mrkjus fu;kZr ,oa vk;kr ds fy, lhek 'kqYd ;k blh
izdkj ds vU; fu;a=.kksa ls eqDr gksrk gSA eqDr cUnjxkg
ij vk;kfrr ;k fu;kZfrr vf/kdka'k olrq,a lhek 'kqYd
ls eqDr gksrh gS]a ijUrq dqN fof'k"V oLrqvksa ij lhek
'kqYd nsuk Hkh iM+rk gSA bls eqDr {ks= Hkh dgrs gSAa
gkaxdkax] flaxkiqj] dksius gsxu vkaf'kd :i ls eqDr
iku gSA
dj] midj rFkk vf/kHkkj (Tax, Cess and Sur-charge) :
dj] midj rFkk vf/kHkkj dj dh Js.kh esa vkrs gS]a fdUrq
midj rFkk vf/kHkkj dj ls fHkUu gSa fdlh ms'; fo'ks"k dh
iwfrZ ds fy, dj ugha yxk;k tkrk] tcfd midj rFkk
vf/kHkkj nksuksa gh fdlh ms'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, jktLo dh
mxkgh ds fy, yxk, tkrs gSAa midj dj ds lkFk dj
vk/kkj ij gh fdlh fo'ks"k iz;kstu ds fy, yxk;k x;k dj
gS] tcfd vf/kHkkj dj ds ij dj gS] ftldh x.kuk dj
nkf;Ro ij dh tkrh gSA lkekU;r;k vf/kHkkj izR;{k dj ij
yxk;k tkrk gS] tcfd midj izR;{k rFkk ijks{k dj nksuksa
ij yxk;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj fl)kUrr% midj dj
vk/kkj ij yxk;k tkrk gS] tcfd dj Hkkj dj nkf;Ro ij
yxk;k tkrk gSA
iqu% vf/kHkkj rFkk midj dh izkfIr dks jkT;ksa ds forj.k
;ksX; iwy (Divisible Pool) esa ugha Mkyk tkrkA blds
jktLo dks mu ms';kas ij yxk;k tkrk gS] ftuds fy,
bUgsa yxk;k tkrk gSA
udn vkj{k.k vuqikr (Cash Reserve RatioCRR) :
fjtoZ cSd a vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 42(1) ds vUrxZr
vuqlfw pr cSd a ksa dks ;g vfuok;Z gS fd os viuh
tekjkf'k ds de&ls&de 3% ds cjkcj jde fjtoZ cSd a
ds ikl udn :i esa tek j[ksa fjtoZ cSd a dks ;g
vf/kdkj gS fd og bl vuqikr dks 3% ls c<+kdj 15%
rd dj ldrk gSA bl vuqikr esa o`f) djus dk
ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd cSd a ksa ds ikl udn dks"k esa deh
gks tkrh gS ftlds dkj.k _.kksa vkSj vfxzeksa dh ek=k
Hkh de gks tkrh gSA 24 vizy S ] 2010 ls Hkkjr esa ;g
nj 6-0 izfr'kr gSA
(70) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
epsZUV cSfa dax (Merchant Banking) : okf.kfT;d cSfa dax
ds vUrxZr vkS|ksfxd rFkk O;kikfjd laLFkkuksa dks
fof'k"V izdkj dh lsok,a miyC/k djkbZ tkrh gSAa blesa
ifj;kstuk lEcU/kh ijke'kZ (Project Counselling),
O;ogk;Zrk fjiksVZ (Feasibility report) rS;kj djuk]
izLrkoksa ij ljdkj dh lgefr izkIr djuk] u, fuxZeksa
(New issues) ds izcU/kd ds :i esa dk;Z djuk]
dk;Z'khy iwth (Working capital) dh O;oLFkk djuk
vkfn ckrsa mYys[kuh; gSAa
ns'kh cSda O;oLFkk (Indigenous Banking) : Hkkjr esa
ns'kh cSd a O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr ljkZQ] lsB] lkgwdkj]
egktu] 'ksh vkfn dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS] tks
#i;k m/kkj nsrs gSa rFkk gqf.M;ksa vFkok vkUrfjd
fofue;&i=ksa }kjk fok izcU/k djrs gSAa ns'kh cSd a j vius
fe=ksa rFkk lEcfU/k;ksa ls tek Hkh Lohdkj djrs gSAa ;s
fjtoZ cSd a ds izR;{k fu;a=.k esa ugha gksrAs
oSf'od xko (Global Village) : lwpuk rduhd ds {ks=
esa gqbZ vHkwr&iwoZ kafr] pkgs og mixzg ds ek/;e ls
gqbZ gks ;k ekbksoso ls ;k fd dEI;wVj iz.kkyh ls] gekjs
fy, ,d uohu nqfu;k izLrqr djrh gSAa lwpuk ds ekeys
esa nqfu;k dk vkdkj fnu&izfrfnu NksVk gksrk tk jgk gS
vFkkZr~ ge ,d&nwljs ds vR;f/kd fudV vkrs tk jgs
gSAa ek'kZy edyqgku blh fLFkfr dks gh ^Xykscy foyst*
;k ^fo'oLrjh; xko* dgrs gSAa
;wjks&LVkj (Euro-Star) : baxyS.M vkSj kal dks jsyekxZ
ls tksMu+ s ds fy, leqnz ds uhps cukbZ xbZ lqjx a ls
gksdj pyus okyh jsy;k=h xkM+h dks ^;wjks LVkj* dk uke
fn;k x;k gSA
ykQj o (Laffer Curve) : vkVZ ykQj }kjk
izfrikfnr rFkk vejhdh tuZfyLV twM oSfUuLdh }kjk
cgqizpkfjr ykQj o ml fLFkfr dh O;k[;k djrk gS
tc ;g ekudj pyk tkrk gS fd ;fn djkjksi.k dh
njksa dks de dj fn;k tk, rks ljdkj dks izkIr gksus
okys jktLo esa o`f) gksxh] ysdu ;g o`f) ,d lhek
rd gh gksxhA djksa dh njksa esa bl lhek ls vf/kd deh
dj fn, tkus ij djkxr jktLo esa deh vk,xhA iwoZ esa
blh vo/kkj.kk dks vejhdh jk"Vifr jksukYM jhxu rFkk
fczfV'k iz/kkuea=h ekjxzVs FkSpj viuk pqds gS]a ysfdu
mUgsa lQyrk izkIr ugha gqbZ FkhA
gjh iapk;r % xzk eh.k jkst xkj miktZ u ;kst ukvksa ds
vUrxZr miyC/k fuf/k;ksa dh lgk;rk ls ouhdj.k
dk;Z 'kq : djus gsrq xzk e iapk;rksa dks iz sf jr djus ds
iz ;kst u ls i;kZo j.k vkS j ou ea=ky; }kjk ,d
iq jLdkj izkjEHk fd;k x;k gSA bl dk;Z e ds rgr~
izR ;sd ftys esa xzk e lHkk ds ouhdj.k ds ckjs esa
fd, x, iz ;klksa dk 4 o"kksZa ds i'pkr~ ewY ;kadu
fd;k tk,xk vkSj tks xzke lHkk bl lEcU/k esa lcls
vPNk izn'kZ u djsxh mUgsa ftys dh lcls ^gjh
iapk;r* gksus ds fy, ,d yk[k #i, dk uxn
iq jLdkj iznku fd;k tk,xkA
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
 Lo;a lgk;rk lewg (Self Help GroupSHG) :
Hkkjr es a Lo.kZ t;Urh xz k e Lojkst xkj ;kst uk
(SGSY) dk ,d egRoiw . kZ ?kVd (Group
Approach) gS A bldk lEcU/k xjhcks a dks la x fBr
djds ^Lo;a lgk;rk lewg * (SHG) dk fuekZ . k
djuk gS A ,d Lo;a lgk;rk lewg esa xjhch js[ kk ls
uhps ds ifjokjks a ls lEcfU/kr 10 ls 20 O;fDr gks
ldrs gS a rFkk ,d O;fDr ,d ls vf/kd lewg dk
lnL; ugha gksuk pkfg,A igkM+h {ks =ks a rFkk
jsf xLrkuh {ks =ks a esa rFkk fodykax O;fDr;ks a ds
ekeyksa es a ;g la[ ;k 5 ls 20 rd gks ldrh gS A
^Lo;a lgk;rk lewg * es a efgykvksa ds fy, ojh;rk
iz nku dh xbZ gS A ;g ;kst uk ,d _.k ,oa lfClMh
;kst uk gS ] ftlesa _.k ,d iz eq [ k rRo gS A
fHkUu&fHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ks a es a lfClMh dh lhek
ifj;kst ukvks a ykxr dh vyx7vyx fuf'pr dh
x;h gS A Lo;a lgk;rk lewg ks a ds fy, lfClMh
ifj;kst uk ykxr dk 50%, fdUrq vf/kdre 1-25
yk[k #i, fu/kkZ f jr dh xbZ gS A flap kbZ
ifj;kst ukvks a ds fy, lfClMh dh dksb Z fokh; lhek
ugha j[kh xbZ gS A lfClMh dk;sZ kj gS A
vkmVde ctV (Outcome Budget) : vkmVde ctV
ds vUrxZr ,d fokh; o"kZ ds fy, fdlh ea=ky; vFkok
foHkkx dks vkcafVr fd, x, ctV esa vuqJo.k rFkk
ewY;kadu fd, tk ldus okys HkkSfrd y{;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k
bl ms'; ls fd;k tkrk gS fd ctV ds f;kUo;u dh
xq.kokk dks ij[kk tkuk lEHko gks ldsA
Hkkjr esa dsUnzh; ljdkj us bl ubZ i)fr dks o"kZ
2005&06 ds ctV esa izLrkfor fd;k FkkA buesa igyh
ckj fok ea=h }kjk 25 vxLr] 2005 dks laln esa izLrqr
fd;k FkkA o"kZ 2005&06 ds ctV esa bls dsoy
vk;kstukxr ctV ds fy, gh izLrqr fd;k x;k Fkk]
ysfdu Hkfo"; esa bls vk;kstuk fHkUu ctV esa ykxw djus
dk ljdkj dk bjknk gSA bl izdkj vkmVde ctV
lkekU; ctV dh rqyuk esa ,d dfBu izf;k gS] ftlesa
fokh; izko/kkuksa dks ifj.kkeksa ds lUnHkZ esa ns[kk tkuk
gksrk gSA
lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e % fdlh O;fDr dks] tksfd
lwpuk ikus dk bPNqd gS] lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e
2005 gSA bldh izLrkouk esa yksdrkaf=d vkn'kksZa dks
loksZifj ekurs gq, ekuk x;k gS fd laons u'khy lwpuk
dh xksiuh;rk cukus dh tkudkjh dks NksMd + j 'ks"k
tkudkjh ls ukxfjdksa dks voxr djkuk gksxkA ;s
ljdkjh] v)Z&ljdkjh Lok;k laLFkk,a] uxj iapk;r]
uxjikfydk,a] xzke iapk;r bR;kfn lHkh dks ykxw gksxkA
***************
{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
LoPNUn m|ksx (Footloose Industries) : LoPNUn
m|ksx ,sls m|ksx dks dgk tkrk gS ftls dgha Hkh
LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkkZr` ftlds fy, ifjogu
ykxrksa dk dksbZ egRo ugha gksrkA ,sls m|ksx dPps eky
ds lzksr ds fudV LFkkfir ugha fd, tkrs tSlk fd ykSg
,oa bLikr m|ksx ds lkFk gksrk gSA LoPNUn m|ksx
izk;% fo'ofo|ky;ks]a vuql/a kku dsUnzksa ds fudV LFkkfir
fd, tkrs gSAa ;s xSj&izn"w k.kdkjh m|ksx gSAa
xzke Kku dsUnz % dsUnz ljdkj us o"kZ 2005&06 ds ctV
esa 100 djksM+ dh ykxr ls xzke Kku dsUnz LFkkfir
djus dh ?kks"k.kk dh FkhA ljdkj dk ;g dne xkoksa
vkSj 'kgjksa ds chp lwpuk izkIr djus ds fy, fczt dk
dk;Z djsxkA bu lwpuk dsUnksa ij xzkeh.kksa rFkk fdlkuksa
dks f"k lEcfU/kr ubZ tkudkjh] cktkj Hkko] f"k mit
ds foi.ku dh tkudkjh] cktkj dh ekx] f'k{kk] lwpuk
,oa lapkj vkfn ewyHkwr t:jrksa dks iwjk djsxkA gkykafd
xkoksa dks lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dk ykHk igqpkus dk dk;Z
igys gh dqN futh dEifu;ks]a vkS|ksfxd izfr"Bkuksa ,oa
jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk 'kq: fd;k tk pqdk gSA
fdlku dky lsUVj % vkt ds nkSj esa fdlku dky
lsUVj cnyrs xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh ubZ rLohj is'k djrs gSAa
bu dsUnksa ls xzkeh.kksa vkSj fdlkuksa dks f"k] i'kqikyu]
eRL;ikyu] e/qkeD[kh ikyu] js'kedhV ikyu ,oa vU;
f"k ls lEcfU/kr O;olk;ksa dh vk/kqfudre tkudkjh
iznku djus ds lkFk gh mudk bu {ks=ksa esa vkus okyh
dfBukb;ksa ,oa leL;kvksa ds mfpr lek/kku Hkh lq>k,
tkrs gSA ;s fdlku dky lsUVj mkj izn's k] jktLFkku]
rfeyukMq vkSj egkjk"V lfgr ns'k ds vkB izkUrksa esa
xzkeh.kksa dks c[kwch lykg] lgk;rk vkSj ekxZn'kZu dj
jgs gSAa bu dsUnzksa ij miyC/k Vksy h uEcj 1551 ij
ns'k ds fdlh Hkh dksus ls Qksu ij vko';d tkudkjh
eqr esa izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
lkoZtfud mie
mie lfefr % lkoZtfud mie lfefr
(Committee on Public Under-takings) laln dh ,d
fefr gS ftlesa jkT; lHkk ls 7 rFkk yksd lHkk ls 15
lnL; vFkkZr~ dqy 22 lnL; lfEefyr gksrs gSAa bldk
dk;Z lkoZtfud mieksa ds izfrosnuksa vkSj
fglkc&fdckr ij fopkj djuk rFkk egkfu;a=d ,oa
ys[kk ijh{kd ds izfrosnuksa dh tkp djuk gSA
,lVhVh flD;ksfjVh Vkt a Ds 'ku VSDl % 'ks;j cktkj esa
izfrHkwfr;ksa (Securities) ds [kjhnus ;k cspus ij
flD;ksfjVh Vkt a Ds 'ku VSDl yxrk gSA bls gVk, tkus
dh vk'kk Fkh] ysfdu 2009&10 ds ctV esa blesa dksbZ
cnyko ugha fd;k x;k gSA
(71)
 izeq[k fu;qfDr;k
'kkUrk flUgk % v/;{k] jk"Vh; cky vf/kdkj laj{k.k gk#fgdks dqjksMk (Haruhiko Kuroda) : v/;{k] ,f'k;kbZ
vk;ksx (NCPCR) fodkl cSd
a A

oku dh&ewu nf{k.k dksfj;k % egklfpo (UNO). ekfj;ks&Mk?kh bVyh ds Mario Draghi % v/;{k]
;wjksfi;u lsUVy cSd
a (ECB) 1 uoEcj] 2011 ls 31
geZu oku jkWEiqbZ csfYt;e ds iz/kkuea=h % v/;{k]
vDVwcj] 2019 rd
;wjksih; la?k (EU).
tqvku lksekfo;k % egkfuns'kd] vUrjkZ"Vh; Je laxBu
vgen lyhe % egklfpo] n{ksl (SAARC)
izk-s osn izdk'k % v/;{k] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx
,l-
,l- okbZ dqjS'kh % eq[; pquko vk;qDr 30 tqykbZ] 2010
(UGC).
ls
eerk 'kekZ % v/;{k] jk"Vh; efgyk vk;ksx 2 vxLr]
MkW- Mh-
Mh- lqCckjko % xouZj (RBI)
2011 ls
ikLdy ykeh kal % egkfuns'kd] WTO
vkj-
kj- oh-
oh- duksfj;k % v/;{k] Hkkjrh; okf.kT; ,oa m|ksx
vrqy dqekj jk; % lhbZvks ,oa ,eMh] Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd
ifjla?k (FICCI) vizSy] 2012
fok fuxe (IFCI)
fte ;ksx
a fde % v/;{k] fo'o cSd
a
HkwiUs nz dqekj jkBh % v/;{k] ,dkf/kdkj ,oa izfrcU/kkRed
vkj-
vkj- ds- mik/;k; % ps;jeSu lgizcU/k funs'kd
O;kikj O;ogkj vk;ksx (MRTPC)
ch,l,u,y
MkW- ve`rk iVsy % v/;{kk] us'kuy Ms;jh MsoyiesUV cksMZ
(NDDB)
jktsUnz ,l-
,l- iokj % v/;{k] us'kuy ,lksfl,'ku vkWQ
lkWVos;j ,.M lfoZlt s dEiuht (NASSCOM)
fLVhu yxkMZ % izcU/k funs'kd] vUrjkZ"Vh; eqnzkdks"k
2011&12 ds fy,
(IMF), twu 2011
izrhi pkS/kjh % v/;{k] SBI vizy
S ] 2011
ekjxzVs pku % egkfuns'kd] WHO
ts- ,l-
,l- ljek % v/;{k] Hkkjrh; nwjlapkj fu;ked
izdk'k c['kh % ps;jeSu] lgizcU/k funs'kd] NABARD
izkf/kdj.k (TRAI)
twu 2011 ls vDVwcj 2013 rd
fljkt gqlSu % v/;{k] lgizcU/k funs'kd] Hkkjrh; [kk|
jktho dqekj % egklfpo] fQDdh (FCCI) ebZ] 2011
fuxe (FCI)
vkj-
vkj- oh-
oh- oekZ % v/;{k] lgizcU/k funs'kd] jk"Vh; vkokl uanu fuysdf.k % v/;{k] fof'k"V igpku la[;k
a (NHB) flrEcj] 2010
cSd
izkf/kdj.k (Unique Identification Authority of India)
lkseiky % v/;{k] jk"Vh; fdlku vk;ksx
e/kq dUuu % izcU/k funs'kd] ckWEcs LVkWd ,Dlpst
a
jru VkVk % v/;{k] fuos'k vk;ksx (BSE)

;w- ds- flUgk % v/;{k] lsch (SEBI) 17 Qjojh] 2011 lSe fi=ksnk % v/;{k] jk"Vh; Kku vk;ksx (National
ls Knowledge Commission)

vkj-
vkj- ,e-
,e- ekyk % v/;{k lgizcU/k funs'kd] IDBI vkj ds flUgk % funs'kd] HkkHkk ,Vksfed fjlpZ lsVa j
(BARC)
MkW- lh-
lh- jaxjktu % v/;{k] iz/kkuea=h dh vkfFkZd
lykgdkj ifj"kn~ (EAC) 12 vxLr] 2009 ls ,l] v;j % egkfuns'kd] Hkkjrh; f"k vuqlU/kku
ifj"kn~ (ICAR)

(72) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 T. I. Heighlights
ECONOMICS
Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd o`f) ds fy, cukbZ xbZ iapo"khZ; leewY; ls lacfa /kr gksrk gS&
;kstukvksa dks vafre :i ls dkSu vuqeksfnr djrk gS \ &og nj ftl ij 'ks;j tkjh fd;k tkrk gS
&jk"Vh; fodkl ifj"kn xkS.k cktkj (Secondary market) dk lac/a k fdlls gS \
Hkkjr esa ,d #i;s ds djsUlh uksVksa ij fdlds gLrk{kj &izfrHkwfr;ksa dh iqu% fch rFkk [kjhn
jgrs gSa \ &lfpo] fok ea=ky; cSd
a nj ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \
Hkkjr esa lcls yEck jk"Vh; jktekxZ jk- jk- la[;k&7 &og nj ftl ij lsUVy cSd a okf.kfT;d cSd a ksa dks
fdu nks LFkkuksa dks tksM+rk gS \ m/kkj nsrs gSa
&okjk.klh vkSj dU;kdqekjh vFkZ'kkL= esa fuos'k ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \
;kstuk vk;ksx dk igyk v/;{k dkSu Fkk \ &LVkWd vkSj fMcsp a j
&iafMr tokgjyky usg: ,dekdZ fdlds fy, fn;k tkrk gS \ &f"k inkFkZ
fdlh ns'k dh Jfed 'kfDr D;k gksrh gS \ ;kstuk vk;ksx ds v/;{k dkSu gksrs gSa \ &iz/kkuea=h
&jkstxkj ds fy, miyC/k tula[;k dk Hkkx ns'k ds vxE; {ks=ksa esa LFkkuh; vko';drkvksa dh
Hkkjr esa lcls cM+h cpr fdl {ks=d esa gksrh gS \ v/fkdrj vkiwfrZ dkSu djrk gS \
&?kjsyw {ks=d &xzkeh.k dqVhj m|ksx
gokyk cktkj fdlls lEcfU/kr gS \ fuoy jk"Vh; mRikn ekywe djus ds fy, ge ldy
&xSj&dkuwuh fons'kh eqnzk fofue; jk"Vh; mRikn esa ls D;k ?kVkrs gSa \ &gzkl
^vFkZ'kkL= dk firk* fdls dgk tkrk gS \ fdlh oLrq ds fy, ekax o ij tk,xk] tc&
&,Me fLeFk &miHkksDrk dh vk; c<+x s h
Hkkjr esa {ks=h; xzkeh.k cSd
a ksa us fdl o"kZ dke djuk 'kq: ,d QeZ lqrqyu&Lrj fcUnq ij rc gksrh gS] tc
fd;k Fkk \ &1975 bZ- esa mldh&
fdl Hkkjrh; cSd a dh fons'kksa esa lcls vf/kd la[;k esa &lhekar ykxr lhekar jktLo vk; gks
'kk[kk, gSa \ &Hkkjrh; LVsV cSd a eqnzk dk eq[; dk;Z fdl :i esa dk;Z djuk gS \
Hkkjr ljdkj dks jktLo dh lcls vf/kd jkf'k fdlds &fofue; dk ek/;e
tfj, izkIr gksrh gS \ &mRikn 'kqYd eqnzk dk eq[; dk;Z fdl :i esa dk;Z djuk gS \
eqnzk lapyu dh xfr fdldh lwpu gS \ &fofue; dk ek/;e
&jk"Vh; vk; ls eqnzk dh ekax dk vuqikr eqnzk ds voewY;u ls fdldk mYys[k gksrk gS \
Hkkjr ds izFke ^VsM s ikWbUV* dk mn~?kkVu fdl 'kgj esa &eqnzk ds ckgjh ewY; esa deh
fd;k x;k \ &ubZ fnYyh fdlh oLrq dh ekax fdl ij fuHkZj djrh gS \
ipkl iSls dk flDdk dSlk eqnzk gS \ &lhfer oS/k eqnzk &[kjhnus dh 'kfDr
ykWMZ dhUl ds vuqlkj] C;kt dh nj fdldh iwfrZ vkSj Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a ds djsUlh uksV ds ihNs dqN
ekx }kjk fu/kkZfjr gksrh gS \ &/ku@eqnzk ifjlEifk;k gksrh gS]a ;s ifjlaifk;k fdldh fu/kkZfjr
,d ,dkf/kdkjh vius ykHk dks vf/kdre dc djrk ek=k@jkf'k ls de ugha gksuh pkfg, \
gS \ &tc lhekUr ykxr lhekUr jktLo &lksuk vkSj fons'kh izfrHkwfr;k
^dks;yk* D;k ekuk tkrk gS \ &miHkksDrk eky Hkkjr ljdkj ds lkoZtfud _.k izpkyuksa dks dkSu
vfrfjDr fuos'k O;; rc rd gksxk tc rd iwth dh lapkfyr djrk gS \ &Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a
lhekUr mRikfnrk& &C;kt dh nj ls vf/kd gks phu dh djsUlh eqnzk D;k dgykrh gS \ &;wvkWu
iw.kZ cktkj dk ;g vFkZ gksrk gS fd& ^vksiu LdkbZ ikWfylh* ls D;k vk'k; gS \
&dbZ fosrk gSa vkSj dbZ [kjhnnkj
[kjhnnkj gSa &futh vkSj lkoZtfud foeku lsok] nksuksa dk dk;kZUo;u
^nqyZHk eqnzk* D;k gksrh gS \ ^Qsjk* dk D;k vFkZ gS \
&ftldk ckgjh fons'kh ewY; c<+ jgk gks &fons'kh eqnzk fofu;eu vf/kfu;e
fok vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk gS \ ^,u baDok;jh buVZ n uspj ,aM dkWftt vkWQ oSYFk
&Hkkjr ds jk"Vifr vkWQ us'kUl* ds ys[kd dkSu gSa \ &,Me fLeFk
fdl eqnzk dk #i, dh n`f"V ls lcls vf/kd ewY; gS \ _.k fu;a=.k dk;Zokgh fdlds }kjk lapkfyr dh tkrh
&ikSM a gS \ &okf.kT; cSd a
mRikn 'kqYd fdl ij yxk;k tkrk gS \ &mRiknu fjtoZ cSda dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ Fkh \
eqDr O;kikj (Free trade) dk vfHkizk; gS& &1 tuojh] 1935 dks
&varjkZ"Vh; O;kikj] ftlesa eky rFkk lsokvksa dk ^pqx
a h dj* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \
vfu;af=r vknku&iznku gksrk gS &uxj fuxe {ks= esa eky ds izo's k ij yxk;k x;k dj
cSd
a nj (Bank Rate) dh o`f) ls ^eqDr vkdk'k uhfr* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \
&sfMV egaxk gks tk;sxk &ok;q ifjogu esa futh ,tsfa l;ksa dks 'kkfey djuk

{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (73)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 vkbZ- lh- vkbZ- lh- vkbZ- (ICICI) dSlh laLFkk gS \ la?k ljdkj ds dj jktLo esa lcls cM+k lzkrs dkSu&lk
&fokh; laLFkk gS \ &lhek 'kqYd
eqnzk&LQhfr ,oa ewY; o`f) ds dky esa eqnzk dh iwfrZ& ;fn isIlh dh dher dksd rFkk 7&vi dh dher dh
&c<+ tkrh gS rqyuk esa ?kV tk, rks dksd rFkk 7&vi dh ekx ij
fdlds fu;kZr }kjk lokZf/kd fons'kh eqnzk vftZr dh D;k izHkko iM+x s k\ &?kV tk,xk
tkrh gS \ &jRu ,oa vkHkw"k.k fu;r ykxr dks vkSj fdl uke ls tkuk tkrk gS \
,f'k;u fodkl cSd a dk eq[;ky; dgk gS \ &euhyk&euhyk esa &ewy ykxr
ykxr
^,e- ,e- ,Dl-* (MMX) VSDuksykWth fdlds }kjk izkjaHk Hkkjr fdl ns'k dks lcls vf/kd fu;kZr djrk gS \
gqbZ \ &buVsy &la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk
fdl O;fDr us ^lEifk ds Je&fl)kUr* ds i{k esa nh?kkZo/kh okyh lkE;koLFkk esa dksbZ izfr;ksxh QeZ D;k
leFkZu fd;k Fkk \ &ts- ,l-
,l- fey vftZr djrh gS \ &vf/k&lkekU; ykHk
nksgjh dher fu/kkZj.k dk D;k vFkZ gS \ mRiknu izdk;Z ds lkFk fdldk lac/a k gS \
&iz'kklu }kjk fu/kkZfjr dher vkSj [kqys cktkj dh &vkxr o fuxZr dk
dher Dykfldh iz.kkyh ds vuqlkj] cpr fdldk izdk;Z gS \
vk;kr (Imports) dk vf/kdre Hkkx dgk ls vkrk gS \ &dher Lrj dk
& vks- ih-
ih- bZ- lh-
lh- (OPEC) og fLFkfr] ftlesa eky dks rHkh miyC/k djk;k cspk
vUrjkZ"Vh; fokh; fuf/k (Moneatry Fund) dk eq[;ky; tkrk gS tcfd dherksa esa o`f) gks pqdh gks] rks mls D;k
dgk fLFkr gS \ &okf'kaxVu Mh-Mh- lh-
lh- dgrs gSa \ &dkyk cktkjh
tc fdlh oLrq X dh LFkkukiUu dh dher mrjrh gS] ^^vkfFkZd vi{k;** fl)kUr ds izorZd dkSu Fks \
rc X dh ekx& &mrjrh gS &nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth
,d 45 dk iwfrZ p D;k iznf'kZr djrk gS \ D;k izkjaHk djus ds ckn vUu dh forj.k iz.kkyh nks
&bdkbZ ykspnkj iwfrZ Lrjksa ij gksus yxh gS \
Hkkjr esa f"k {ks= esa fu;qDr Jfed la[;k dqy Jfed &y{;kuqlkj lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh
la[;k dk fdruk izfr'kr gS \ &yxHkx 64% Hkkjr esa pkyw miHkksx ds Lrj esa o`f) ds dkj.k ,d
,d "kd ds }kjk VSDVj dk ; D;k gS \ dkSu&lk Hkkoh ifj.kke gksus okyk gS \
&fu;r fuos'k &Hkfo"; esa vf/kd iwt
a h&lap;
mRiknu dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr dh izeq[k [kk| Qly D;k fdl inkFkZ dk ewY; ?kV tkus ij Hkh mlds ekx esa
gS \ &pkoy o`f) ugha gksxh \ &ued
oLrq&fofue; og i)fr gS] ftles& a fefJr vFkZ&O;oLFkk fdl vkfFkZd iz.kkyh dk lUnHkZ
&,d oLrq dk nwljh oLrq ds lkFk fofue; gksrk gS lwpd gS \
tc iw.kZ mi;ksfxrk ,d fcUnq esa vf/kdre gS rc mikar &ftlesa ljdkjh {ks= rFkk futh {ks= nksuksa lkFk&lkFk
mi;ksfxrk dSlh gksxh \ &'kwU; dke djrs gSa
tc dqy jktLo ds leku gh dqy ykxr gksrh gS] rc izfro"kZ ^miHkksDrk fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS \
ml fLFkfr dks D;k dgrs gSa \ &larqyu&Lrj fcUnq &15 ekpZ
i.; dh dher vkSj mldh ekx dk D;k lac/a k gS \ ^dkjk/kku ds vfHkfu;eks*a (Canons of Taxation) dk
&izfrykse lac/a k izorZd dkSu Fkk \ &,Me fLeFk
dher ds c<+us ds dkj.k jk"Vh; vk; ds c<+us dks D;k jkT; lgdkjh cSd a ksa dks fokk iznku djus dk dk;Z dkSu
dgrs gSa \ &jk"Vh; vk; eqnzk dh c<+r djrk gS \ &Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a
ljdkj dks tks ikuh dk 'kqYd fdlku vnk djrk gS] Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds fdl {ks=d esa loksZPp
og fdls lwfpr djrk gS \ &e/;orhZ miHkksx mRikndrk gS \ &f"k
ys[kk ds 'kCnksa esa ^vafre eky* dk D;k rkRi;Z gS \ jk"Vh; vk; ys[kk }kjk fdlds lEiw.kZ vk; vkSj O;;
&vkjafHkd eky $ fuoy fuos'k & iwthxr gkfu dk v/;;u gksrk gS \ &vFkZO;oLFkk
;oLFkk
^dksVk* D;k gS \ &vk;kr dh ek=k dh lhek jkT; ljdkj ds jktLo dk lzksr D;k gS \
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a ds eqDr cktkj izpkyu dk D;k &f"k vk;dj
rkRi;Z gS \ &izfrHkwfr dk O;kikj ljdkjh ctVksa esa thjks csl ctV igys dgk izLrqr
f"k dk O;kikjhdj.k fdls lwfpr djrk gS \ fd;k x;k \ &;w- ,l-
,l- ,-,- esa
&fo; ds fy, lL; dk mRiknu mRiknu fdl iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk eq[; ms'; vkfFkZd
ekx o dher vkSj ekx dh ek=k esa dSlk lEcU/k vkRe&fuHkZjrk Fkk \ &prqFkZ ;kstuk
iznf'kZr djrk gS \ &O;qRekuqikrh vkSj izfrykse jk"Vh; vk; ds vkdyu dh rS;kjh fdldk nkf;Ro gS \
Hkkjr dh jk"Vh; vk; dk lcls cM+k va'k dgk ls vkrk &dsUnzh; lkaf[;dh; laxBu
gS \ &izkFkfed {ks= ls ;kstuk vk;ksx dk v/;{k dkSu gksrk gS \
T;ks&a T;ksa mRiknu esa o`f) gksrh gS] vkSlr fu;e ykxr &iz/kkuea=h
ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gS \ &de gksrh gS nh?kZdky esa Hkh Hkwfe ij fdjk;k D;ksa fy;k tkrk gS \
&bldh iwfrZ nh?kZdky esa csyksp gksrh gS

(74) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 fdlh vfr fodflr ns'k ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa f"k Hkkjr us iapo"khZ; ;kstuk, dgk ls xzg.k dh \
dk lkis{k ;ksxnku gksrk gS \ &vis{kkr fuEu &HkwriwoZ lksfo;r lkektoknh x.kra= la?k ls
,d fuf'pr lhek ds ckn fokh; ?kkVk fuf'pr :i ls Hkkjr esa dsUnz jkT; fokh; lac/a kksa esa xkMfxy QkewZyk
fdldh vksj vxzlj gksxk \ &LQhfr dgk iz;ksx esa vkrk gS \
vFkZ'kkL= dk tud fdls dgk tkrk gS\ &,Me fLeFk &jkT;ksa ds chp dsUnznzh; ;kstuk lgk;rk jkf'k ckVus ds
vFkZ'kkL= esa ^^cktkj** ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \ fy,
&izfr;ksfxrk dh mifLFkfr fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk dh /kkj.kk ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \
Hkkjr esa fdl izdkj dh okf.kT;h; cSfa dax O;oLFkk gS \ &futh rFkk lkoZtfud {ks=ksa dk ,d lkFk vfLrRo
&fefJr cSfa dax ljdkjh ca/ki=ksa dh fch vk;] dkSu&ls vk;&O;;d
Hkkjr esa iwth cktkj esa Js"B cktkj dk lUnHkZ D;k gS \ ctV 'kh"kZd ds varxZr vkrh gS \
&fo|eku izfrHkwfr;ksa dk O;kikj djus okyk cktkj &iwthxr izkfIr;k
fdlds }kjk Hkkjr ljdkj dks lokZf/kd jktLo izkIr Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa dk izeq[k jktLo&lzksr D;k gS \
gksrk gS \ &mRiknu 'kqYd &Hkw&jktLo
Hkkjr esa ).k fu;a=.k dk izpkyu fdlds }kjk fd;k leLr ekx fdldk ;ksxQy gS \
tkrk gS \ &Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a &miHkksx ,oa mRiknu dk
Je&foHkktu dh lhek D;k gS \ &dk;Z&LFkku ekx vf/kd ykspnkj dc dgh tkrh gS \
ukckMZ (NABARD) fdldk uke gS \ &tc dher dh ekewyh ifjorZu ls ekx esa fo'kky
&f"k lgk;d fof'k"V cSd a dk ifjorZu gks tkrk gS
fdl jkT; esa Hkkjr ds dqy js'keh diM+s dk 50% tula[;k ds ?kuRo dk lwpd D;k gS \
mRiknu gksrk gS \ &dukZVd &tula[;k&Hkwfe vuqikr kr
Hkkjr esa cSda ksa dk igyh ckj jk"Vh;dj.k dc gqvk Fkk \ fdlh vkfFkZd iz.kkyh esa mR"V voLFkk ls D;k vfHkizk;
&1969 bZ- esa gS \ &fLFkj fodkl dk izkjEHk
xk/khoknh vFkZO;oLFkk fdl fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr Fkh \ dher Lrj esa o`f) ds izHkko ls okLrfod etnwjh ij
&U;kl/kkfjrk D;k izHkko iM+rk gS \ &?kV tkrh gS
fo'o cSd a dk eq[;ky; dgk gS \ &okf'kaxVu Mh- Mh- lh-lh- esa fdl iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa Hkkjr ds fodkl dk izkFkfed
,f'k;k ,oa iz'kkUr ds fy, vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd vk;ksx nkf;Ro ljdkjh {ks= dks LFkkukUrfjr dj fn;k x;k Fkk\
(ESCAP) dk eq[;ky; dgk fLFkr gS \ &cSd
a kd esa &izFke ;kstuk
Hkkjr ds fdl m|ksx esa vf/kdre deZpkfj;ksa dks
fdlh leqnk; ds LokLF; dk lcls vf/kd laons u'khy
ladsrd D;k gS \ &f'k'kq&e`R;q nj jkstxkj feyk gqvk gS \ &diM+k m|ksx
LQhfr dk ,d vfuok;Z y{k.k D;k gS \
o"kZ 1998 esa vFkZ'kkL= ds fy, ukscy s iqjLdkj fotsrk
MkW- veR;Z lsu fdl vkfFkZd fodkl ds ekxksZa ds i{k esa &dher esa o`f)
Fks \ &dY;k.k vFkZ'kkL= lekdfyr xzkeh.k fodkl dk;Ze gS &
ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn ^mi;ksfxrk* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \ &,d lk{kjrk dk;Ze
&fdlh i.; }kjk iznk larqf"V izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa loksPZ p izkFkfedrk fdls nh
uE; fofue; nj iz.kkyh ds varxZr fofue; nj fdlds xbZ Fkh \ &f"k dks
}kjk fu/kkZfjr gksrh gS \ thou&Lrj fu/kkZj.k ds fy, D;k egRoiw.kZ gS \
&fons'kh fofue; cktkj esa ekx vkSj iwfrZ dh 'kfDr;k &okLrfod etnwjh
fdlh mRikn ds fy, cktkj ds vkdkj dk lanHkZ fdlls lektoknh fpard fdl {ks= esa lekurk ds vf/kdkj dks
gksrk gS \ c<+kus dh odkyr djrs gSa \ &vkfFkZd {ks=
&mRiknd ftl HkkSxksfyd {ks= ds fy, O;oLFkk djrs gSa ;FkkewY; dj fdlds vuqlkj yxk;k tkrk gS \
vkfFkZd leL;k eq[;r% D;ksa mRiUu gksrh gS \ &mRikndksa }kjk iznRr ewY; ds vuqlkj
&lalk/kuksa dh nqyZHkrk ls fof/k ds vuqlkj yksxksa rFkk ljdkj }kjk Lohdkj dh xbZ
og C;kt nj ftl ij okf.kfT;d cSd a fjtoZ cSd a vkWQ eqnzk dks D;k dgrs gSa \ &oS/k eqnzk
bafM;k ls /ku m/kkj ysrs gS]a mls D;k dgrs gSa \ mRiknu ykxr ij jk"Vh; vk; fdlds cjkcj gksrh gS \
&cSda nj &fuoy jk"Vh; mRikn & vizR;{k dj $ lgk;rk
;fn fdlh i.; dh ekx esa ifjorZu dh nj ml i.; mPp lkafof/kd udnh vuqikr&
dh dher dh rqyuk esa vf/kd rhoz gks] rks og ekx &m/kkj dks izfrcfU/kr lhfer djrk gS
dSlh gksxh \ &ykspnkj ml fLFkfr dks D;k dgrs gS]a ftlesa cgqr lh QesZa ,d
Hkkjr esa lcls cM=k fu;ksDrk dkSu gS \ &Hkkjrh; jsy tSls eky dk mRiknu djrh gSa \ &iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk
vUR;ksn; dk;Ze dk izeq[k ms'; D;k gS \ csfglkc /ku dk mi;ksx fdlh mRiknu dk;Z esa djus ds
&xzkeoklh fu/kZuksa dk mRFkku fy, ljdkj us dkSu&lh ;kstuk 'kq: dh gS \
Hkkjr dh fokh; jkt/kkuh dgk gS \ &eqEcbZ &fo'ks"k cs;jj ckW.M~l
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a fdl iz.kkyh ds vuqlkj uksV tkjh dksphu fjQkbujh* fdl {ks=d ds vUrxZr vkrh gS \
djrk gS \ &U;wure vkj{k.k iz.kkyh &la;qDr {ks=d

{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (75)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 ;w- Vh- vkbZ- dSlh laLFkk gS \ mi;ksfxrkokn dk eq[; i+{k leFkZd dkSu gS \
&vkS|ksfxd fokh; laLFkk &tsjes h cSFa ke
ljdkj dh dj rFkk O;; lEcU/kh uhfr dks D;k dgk ^udnh fjtoZ vuqikr* ftruk de gksxk] cSd a ksa }kjk
tkrk gS \ &jktdks"kh; uhfr m/kkj nsus dh xqt a kb'k mruh gh& &cM+h gksxh
ml /kujkf'k dks D;k dgk tkrk gS] tks fdlh ns'k esa Hkkjr esa jkT;ksa ds fy, jktLo dk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ
C;kt dh vuqdy w njsa izkIr djus ds ms'; ls mlesa lzksr D;k gS \ &fch dj
izokfgr gks tkrh gSa \ &mRizokgh /ku gkWV euh Hkkjr dh izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa fdldh izkFkfedrk
Hkkjr dk og dkSu&lk cUnjxkg gS ftls ^eqDr O;kikj nh xbZ Fkh \ &f"k dks
{ks=* dgk tkrk gS \ &dkaMyk vFkksZik; _.k ls D;k rkRi;Z gS \
^^izR;sd dks mldh {kerk ds vuqlkj] ds LFkku ij &Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a (RBI) ls ljdkj dk vLFkk;h dtZ
izR;sd dks mldh vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj**& ;g lkE;okn eq[;r% fdldk egRo nsrk gS \
fl)kUr fdldk gS \ &lkE;okn
&lkE;okn dk &vkfFkZd lerk dks
^Vh vkj vkbZ ih ,l* (TRIPS) dk iw.kZ :i D;k gS \ ^^O;kikj fodkl izkf/kdj.k** laLFkk lEcfU/kr gS&
&VsM
s fjysVM s bUVySDpqvy izkWiVhZ jkbV~l &fu;kZr lao/kZu ls
ldy ykHk dk D;k vFkZ gS \ vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRikfnr vfUre eky ,oa lsokvksa ds /ku
&dqy O;; ij dqy izkfIr;k dk ekid gS& &ldy jk"Vh; mRikn
dkSu&lk m|ksx lHkh vkS|ksfxd xfrfof/k;ksa dh vk/kkj fl)kUrr% nks ns'kksa ds chp O;kikj fdl fy, fd;k
Hkwfe rFkk ^ekr` m|ksx* ekuk tkrk gS \ tkrk gS \ &ykxrksa esa rqyukRed vUrjksa ds dkj.k
&yksgk rFkk bLikr m|ksx Je&foHkktu eq[;r% fdldk ifj.kke gS \
jk"Vh; vk; ys[kkdj.k esa fuoy jk"Vh; mRiknu dk &fo'ks"kKrk dk
D;k vfHkizk; gS \ &ldy jk"Vh; mRikn&ewY;gzkl fofHkUu vkS|ksfxd QesZa eq[;r% fdlds v/khu ltkrh;
fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk eq[; ms'; D;k gS \ eky dk mRiknu djrh gSa \ &iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk
&O;kikj izfrcU/kksa dks 'kuS% 'kuS% ?kVkrs gq, vUrjkZ"Vh; cgqjk"Vh; fuxe dks vkSj D;k dgk tkrk gS \
O;kikj ds ifj.kke esa o`f) djuk &jk"Vikj fuxe
fdlds vurxZr iwjs cktkj esa ,d leku dher izpfyr miHkksDrk fdlh oLrq dh ftruh dher nsus dks rs;kj gS]
gksrh gS \ &iw.kZ izfrLi/kkZ ml dher rFkk mlds }kjk oLrqr% nh xbZ dher ds
,sYdksgkWyh nzoks]a Lokid vkS"kf/k;ksa rFkk vQhe ij yxk, chp ds vUrj dks D;k dgk tkrk gS \
x, 'kqYd fdl foHkkx ds v/khu vkrs gSa \ &miHkks
&miHkksDrk vf/k'ks"k
&jkT; mRiknu 'kqYd dEiuh fuxe dj fdl ij yxk;k tkrk gS \
Hkqxrku 'ks"k leL;kvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, vYikof/kd &dEifu;ksa dh fuoy vk; ij
_.k fdlds }kjk fn, tkrs gSa \ &vkbZ- ,e-
,e- ,Q-
,Q- vUrjkZ"Vh; eqnzk dks"k (International Monetary Fund)
dkSu&lh lkoZtfud ;wjksih; eqnzk tkjh gqbZ gS \ &;wjks dk eq[;ky; dgk gS \ &okf'kaxVu Mh- Mh- lh-
lh-
O;kolkf;d ysu&nsuksa ls izkIr lQy fch jktLo ij okf.kfT;d cSd a sfMV l`ftr djrs gS& a
yxk, tkus okys dj dks D;k dgk tkrk gS \ &fchdj &viuh tek ds vk/kkj ij
rjyrk vf/keku dk D;k vFkZ gS \ fdlh fu;r vof/k ds fy, dqy jk"Vh; mRiknu dk
&udnh ds :i esa ifjlEifk;k j[kuk eqnzk ewY; D;k dgykrk gS \ &ldy jk"Vh; mRikn
lrr~ Hkqxrku&'ks"k ?kkVs ds dkj.k fxjrs gq, fofue; nj cSd
a nzO; ls rkRi;Z gS& &djsalh uksV
okyh eqnzk dks D;k dgk tkrk gS \ &lqyHk eqnzk fodkl ds {ks= esa vxz.kh m|ksxksa ;Fkk&bysDVkWfuDl rFkk
vUrjkZ"Vh; fok fuxe lEcfU/kr gS& tSo izkS|ksfxdh dks D;k dgk tkrk gS \
&vkbZ- ch-
ch- vkj-
vkj- Mh-
Mh- ls &lujkbt m|ksx
,d o"kZ esa mRikfnr fuxZr dk dqy fuoy ewY; D;k fdlh fodkl'khy ns'ke sa os Lofu;ksftr yksx tks y?kq
gksrk gS \ &cktkj dherksa ij fuoy jk"Vh; mRikn Je&iz/kku dk;Z esa yxs gq, gSAa os fdl {ks=d lsDVj
Hkkjr esa fons'k O;kikj esa enksa dh lkj.khc) lwph ls ls lEcfU/kr gSa \
D;k rkRi;Z gS \ &vukSipkfjd {ks=d
&dsoy jktdh; LokfeRo okys mieksa }kjk vk;kr dh vkbZ- ch- vkj- Mh- (International Bank for
tkus okys ensa Reconstruction and Development) dks vkSj D;k dgk
,dkf/kdkjh izfr;ksfxrk dk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ y{k.k D;k tkrk gS \ &fo'o cSd a
gS \ &mRikn foHksnu ^vkWijs'ku yM* dk rkRi;Z fdl mRiknu ls gS \
fHkykbZ] nqxkZiqj vkSj jkmjdsyk esa yksgs vkSj bLikr ds &nw/k ds mRiknu esa o`f) djus ls
m|ksx fdl iapo"khZ; ;kstuk vof/k ds nkSjku LFkkfir ml lVksfj, dks D;k dgk tkrk gS] tks bl ms'; ls
fd, x, Fks \ &nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk LVkWd dks csp nsrk gS fd dher fxjus ij og mldks
ml lVksfj;k dks D;lk dgrs gSa tks bl n`f"V ls lkSnksa iqu% [kjhn ysxk \ &eanfM+;k fcvj
dh [kjhn djrk gS fd og mUgsa dher c<+us ij fudV lekarj vFkZO;oLFkk dk mn; fdlds dkj.k gksrk gS \
Hkfo"; esa csp nsxk \ &rstfM+;k cqy &dj&vuqikyu ds dkj.k

(76) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 tksf[ke&vadu dk D;k rkRi;Z gS \ tc vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr }kjk fdlh ns'k esa vkfFkZd
&tksf[ke dk chek djkus dk dk;Z xfrfof/k;ksa dks izHkkfor djus fn;k tkrk gS] rks ml
y{k}hi ds yksx ewyr% dkSu Hkk"kk cksyrs gSa \ vFkZO;oLFkk dks D;k dgrs gSa \ &[kqyh vFkZO;oLFkk
&ey;kye HkkSfrd vkxr rFkk HkkSfrd fuxZr ds chp lEcU/k dks
dfdl unh ds lEcU/k esa e/; izn's k] egkjk"V vkSj D;k dgrs gSa \ &mRiknu
&mRiknu Qyu
xqtjkr dk fookn py jgk gS \ &ueZnk lkoZtfud {ks= ds m|ksx dk LokfeRo ,oa izcU/k fdlds
,f'k;k vkSj vejhdk ds rVksa dks Nwus okyk egklkxj }kjk fd;k tkrk gS \ &ljdkj
dkSu gS \ &iz'kkar egklkxj larqyu dher dk D;k vfHkizk; gS \
Hkkjr esa og Qly&ekSle dkSu&lk gS tks ebZ&twu esa &ekxh xbZ ek=k vkiwfrZr ek=k ds cjkcj gS
'kq: gksrk gS vkSj ftlesa /kku vkSj Tokj] cktjk vkfn lEifk dj dSlk dj gS \ &izR;{k dj
eq[; Qlysa mxkbZ tkrh gSa \ &[kjhQ vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl ds fy, dsUnzhr fu;kstu
^,XekdZ* D;k gS \ loZiFz ke fdl ns'k esa viuk;k x;k Fkk \
&;g Js.khr f"ki.;ksa ds fy, tkjh dh xbZ ,d &lksfo;r la?k esa
^foi.ku lhy* gksrk gS eqnzk dk eq[; dk;Z D;k gS \ &ewY; dk ekiu
^fHkykbZ bLikr la;a=* dh LFkkiuk fdl ;kstuk ds ^dher lwpdkad* dk eq[; iz;kstu fdlesa gq, ifjorZuksa
nkSjku dh xbZ Fkh \ &f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds ekius ls gS \ &eqnzk dh ; 'kfDr
vkSlr vk; lhekar vk; ds cjkcj fdlesa gksrh gS \ dsna z vkSj jkT; ds chp dqN dj lalk/kuksa ds fokh;
&iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk esa forj.k dk fuiVkjk fdlds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS \
ml voLFkk esa mRiknu dh ek=k dk fu/kkZj.k dj ysuk &fok vk;ksx
le>nkjh dk dke gS] tc m|ksx py jgk gks& dkSu&lk jkT; cSfa dax f;k&dykiksa dks fofu;fer djus
&_.kkRed
&_.kkRed fuxsfVo izfrQy dh voLFkk esa esa Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a ds vf/kdkj {ks= ls ckgj gS \
vFkZO;oLFkk dks lHkh vuko';d fu;a=.kksa ,oa fofu;eksa &tEew vkSj d'ehj
ls eqDr djus dk D;k rkRi;Z gS \ &mnkjhdj.k vkfFkZd fodkl ds fokh;u ds fy, lkoZtfud {ks=d
eqnzk&LQhfr dks dSls jksdk tk ldrk gS \ dks i;kZIr lalk/ku miyC/k djkuk fdldk lokZf/kd
&eqnzkiwfrZ ?kVkdj egRoiw.kZ fl)kar gS \ &dj uhfr dk
fxjrh fofue; nj dks vkSj D;k dgk tkrk gS \ mRiknu fdl ij fuHkZj djrk gS \
&uE; fofue; nj &mRiknu dkjdksa dh ek=k vkSj xq.kokk rFkk izkS|ksfxdh
U;w;kdZ 'ks;j cktkj esa lwphc) dh tkus okyh Hkkjr dh dh voLFkk ds lfEeJ.k ij
lcls igyh ljdkjh dEiuh dkSu gS \ mDr oLrq dh ekx ftlds fy, miHkksDrk vH;Lr gksrk
&fons'k lapkj fuxe fyfeVsM gS] lkekU;r% dSlh gksrh gS \ &vykspnkj
vk; vkSj miHkksx ds chp lac/a k dks D;k dgrs gSa \ ;fn dksbZ ns'k miHkksDrk&oLrqvksa dks NksMd + j vkSj dksbZ
&miHkksx Qyu mRiknu ugha djrk gS] rks&
la?k ljdkj ds jktLo vk; dk lcls cM+k lzksr D;k &og 'kh?kz gh xjhc cu tk,xk ;fn mldk fons'k
gS \ &dsUnzh; mRikn&'kqYd O;kikj ugha gksxk
^dj ok;rk* dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ D;k gS \ dsUnz ljdkj ds O;; dk lcls cM+k en D;k gS \
&dj&Hkkj dkSu lgu djrk gS \ &C;kt dk Hkqxrku
dqy fu;r ykxr o dSlk gksrk gS \ &leLrjh; isU'ku] csjkstxkjh jkgr vkfn ds :i esa tulk/kkj.k
izfr O;fDr vk; esa o`f) dks yksxksa ds vkfFkZd dY;k.k esa }kjk izkIr fd, x, fgr&ykHk dks D;k dgrs gSa \
o`f) dk ladsr ml fLFkfr esa ugha ekuk tkrk gS ] tc& &varj.k vnk;xh
&,slh o`f) tks f"k mRiknu esa o`f) ds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjr esa fctyh dh fpjdkfyd deh jgh gS] D;ksfa d&
gqbZ gks &fctyh dh ekx c<+rh jgh gS] tcfd mldk mRiknu
;fn X eky dh dher de gks tkrh gS vkSj Y dh ekx vkSj forj.k ugha c<+k gS
Hkh de gks tkrh gS] rks & X vkSj Y izfrLFkkuh gSa ifjlEifk;ksa dks udnh esa j[kus dh bPNk D;k dgykrk
udnh fjtoZ vuqikr (CRR) dk fu/kkZj.k vkerkSj ij gS \ &rjyrk vf/keku
fdlds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS \ &lsVa y cSd
a ksa }kjk ekx dk fu;e fdlds chp dk;kZRed lac/a k dks O;Dr
fuxe dj la?k }kjk yxk;k tkrk gS vkSj mldk djrk gS \ &dher rFkk ekxh xbZ ek=k
fofu;kstu fdlds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS \ mRiknd eky dks vkSj D;k dgk tkrk gS \
&jkT;ksa rFkk la?k nksuksa }kjk &iwthxr eky
jkT; ljdkj dks lcls vf/kd jktLo fnyokus okyk izfrLi/khZ eky ds vk;kr ij izfrca/k yxkrs gq, ?kjsyw
dj dkSu&lk gS \ &fch dj m|ksxksa dks izkRs lkfgr djus dh uhfr dks D;k dgk tkrk
dher foHksn dc ykHknk;d gksrk gS \ gS \ &VSfjQ uhfr
&tc nks cktkjksa esa ekx dh yksp fHkUu&fHkUu gks eku yhft, fd eky A vkSj B iwjd gS]a rks A dh dher
^ekx fu;e* ds vuqlkj& esa o`f) gksus dk D;k izHkko iM+xs k\
&tc
&tc dher fxjrh gS rc ekx c<+ tkrh gS & B dh ekx c<+ tk,xh

{tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-} lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn (77)
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 vk; dj dSlk dj gS \ ek dk ,d lkekU; fu;e gS& ^^ekxh xbZ ek=k c<+rh
&izR;{k dj gS**&
okLrfod ldy ?kjsyw mRiknd dks ekik tkrk gS& &dher ?kVus ds lkFk
&fLFkj nkeksa ij Hkkjrh; ;kstuk vk;ksx dk xBu dc gqvk Fkk \
m/kkj yh xbZ fuf/k ds iz;ksx ds fy, fn, x, C;kt dks &o"kZ 1950 esa
D;k dgrs gSa \ &C;kt dh eqnzk nj euh jsV oLrq ds ewY; esa vf/kd ifjorZu gksus ij mldh ekx esa
dqy Qly izfr'kr ds :i esa Hkkjr esa [kk|kUu dk ifjorZu ugha gksrkA bls dkSu&lh ekx dgk tk,xk \
mRiknu gS] yxHkx& & 70% &iw.kZr% csykspnkj
Hkkjr esa dqy fo|qr~ 'kfDr esa ty&fo|qr~ 'kfDr dk phtksa dh ekx esa deh ;k iwfrZ esa o`f) gksus ij D;k
;ksxnku fdruk gS \ &yxHkx ,d&frgkbZ gksrk gS \
mRiknu Qly o.kZu djrk gS& &phtksa dh dhersa de gks tkrh gSgSa
&vkfFkZd lEcU/k dk
Hkkjr esa dkxth uksV eqnzk dks tkjh djus dk iw.kZ
y?kq m|ksxksa ds fy, mPpre fok fudk; dkSu&lk gS \ vf/kdkj fdlds ikl gS \
&SIDBI flMch
&Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a
og nj ftl ij dsUnzh; cSd a okf.kT; cSda ksa ds fcyksa
rFkk izfrHkwfr;ksa dk iquHkkZtu iqucZV~Vk djrk gS] D;k ^vkijs'ku yM* fdl dk;Z ls lEcfU/kr gS \
dgykrk gS \ &cSda nj &nqX/k mRiknu
futh vk/kkfjr lajpuk bUkLVDpj ds fuekZ.k esa #fp izfr o"kZ ^miHkksDrk fnol* dc euk;k tkrk gS \
D;ksa ugha ysrs \ &15 ekpZ
&bldk izfrQy izkIr gksus esa cgqr le; yxrk gS Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a ds eqDr cktkj izpkyu dk D;k
fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ Fkh \ rkRi;Z gS \
&1955 bZ- esa &izfrHkwfr;ksa dk O;kikj
Hkkjr esa xsgw dk lcls vf/kd mRiknu djus okyk jkT; tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk fdlds }kjk f;kfUor dh tkrh
dkSu gS \ &mkj izn's k gS \ &dsUnzh; ljdkj }kjk
nqX/k mRiknu esa lalkj esa Hkkjr dk dkSu&lk LFkku gS \ Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a djsalh uksV tkjh djrk gS &
&igyk &fu;r U;wure vkj{k.k iz.kkyh ds varxZr
Hkkjr esa dsUnzh; cSda dk dkZO; dkSu&lk cSd a fuHkkrk Hkkjr esa FERA dk LFkku ys fy;k gS&
gS\ &Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSd a &FEMA us
Hkkjr esa jk"Vh; vk; dk vkdyu igyh ckj fdlus fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk esa eqnzk ds ewY; vkSj dher Lrj ds
fd;k Fkk \ &nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth us chp dSlk lEcU/k gksrk gS \
ekx iSnk djus ds fy, t:jr gS& &vk; dh &izfrykse buolZ
fdlus dgk Fkk ^^vFkZ'kkL= /ku dk foKku gS** \
ewY; gzkl fdlds cjkcj gksrk gS \
&,Me fLeFk
&ldy jk"Vh; mRikn fuoy jk"Vh; mRikn
egkyuksfcl ekWMy dk lEcU/k fdl iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds
lkFk tksM+k x;k gS \ fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk esa {ks=ksa dks lkoZtfud vkSj futh esa
&nwljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk fdl vk/kkj ij oxhZr fd;k tkrk gS \
Hkkjrh; tula[;k ds bfrgkl esa fdl dky&vof/k dks &m|eksa dk LokfeRo
vkxs dh vksj ,d cM+h Nykx dgk tkrk gS \ LVSxys'ku fLFkfr gS&
& 1921&1931 bZ- &xfrjks/k vkSj eqnzkLQhfr dh
Hkkjr ljdkj dk lcls vf/kd jktLo vftZr djus Mus dk fl)kUr (The theory of Drain) fdlus
okyk ,dek= lzksr gS& izfrikfnr fd;k Fkk \
&lhek dj &nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth
MkW- vYsM ukscy s }kjk fu/kkZfjr v{k; fuf/k esa ls fdl ^miHkksDrk izHkqRo* dk D;k vFkZ gS \
{ks= esa ukscy
s iqjLdkj ugha fn;k tkrk gS \ &miHkksDrk viuh vk; dks viuh bPNkuqlkj O;; djus
&vFkZ'kkL= ds fy, Lora= gS
ljlksa ds cht dk lcls vf/kd mRiknu djus okyk vkfFkZd fodkl dk loksZke lwpdkad miyC/k djk;k
jkT; dkSu gS \ &jktLFkku tkrk gS&
fo'o cSd a dk eq[;ky; dgk gS \ &o"kkZ&izfr o"kZ] izfr O;fDr okLrfod vk; esa o`f) }kjk
&okf'kaxVu Mh-Mh- lh-
lh- esa fdl izdkj ds mRiknksa ds fy, CACP U;wure leFkZu
igyh jk"Vh; vk; lfefr dk xBu dc fd;k x;k Fkk\ dher dh flQkfj'k djrk gS \
&o"kZ 1949 esa &f"k mRikn
tc fdlh oLrq dh ekx o ,Dl&v{k ds lekukarj
izHkkoh ekx fuHkZj djrh gS&
gks] rc ml oLrq dh ekx&yksp gksrh gS& &'kwU;
&iwfrZ
frZ dher ij

(78) lehj Iyktk] eueksgu ikdZ] dVjk] ckale.Mh ds lkeus] bykgkckn {tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-}
Qksu ua- % 0532-3266722] 9956971111] 9235581475
 lko/kku
One Day dh fjfDr;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,
vkt dbZ laLFkku [kqy x, gSa tgk vuqHkoghu
f'k{kd Nk=ksa ds Hkfo"; ls f[kyokM+ djrs gSAa
,sls laLFkku flQZ One Day ds fjfDr;ksa dh
?kks"k.kk dk bUrtkj djrs gSaA ;gk u dksbZ
Research Work gksrk gS u gh Material
DevelopmentA
;s flQZ xko ds Hkksys&Hkkys Nk=ksa dks cjxyk
dj dekbZ dj jgs gSaA tkx:d cus ,oa ges'kk
vuqHkoh] izfrf"Br laLFkku dks pqu]sa tgk xq.kokk]
bZekunkjh ,oa lQyrk dh iwtk dh tkrh gS vkSj
tgk Kku ugha lsyDs 'ku fn;k tkrk gSA

THE INSTITUTE
tgk lsysD'ku ,d ftn gS-
Mob. :0532-3266722, 9956971111, 9235581475