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.

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mravay
21-01-2012, 02:25 AM

, ( ) :

= 4
= = () is
= 60 =
= 2 = 48
= 30 ( , )

:
, , -,

10 = 1
35 = 1
20 = 1
10 = 1 (24 )
50 = 1
6 = 1
2 = 1 , =

= 6 .
= 3 , 1/1687.5
=100 .
= 3 .
= 3 ,
= 3 .
= 5 , = 8
=15 , = 2 .
15 = , . , ( )
,
. .
2 = .
6 7 = , .
4 = .

mravay
21-01-2012, 02:27 AM

, ,
.
=
= ( ; )
=
= 3
= 2

= 7
8 =
= ( )
-

15 =
30 = 1
12 = 1
= 100 = 1200 = 36000 = 18000 = 1500

1 =
30 = 1
12 = 1
= 100 = 36000
- , , :
2 ( , ) = 1 =
4,000 + 400 + 400 = 4,800 = 1
3,000 + 300 + 300 = 3,600 = 1
2,000 + 200 + 200 = 2,400 = 1
1,000 + 100 + 100 = 1,200 = 1
12,000 = 4 = 1 ( )

mravay
21-01-2012, 02:28 AM

1000 = 1 = 1 ( ) ( ; ).
( )

30 = 1 ( 59 20 )
12 = 1 (31 10 4 )
50 = 1
2 = 100 = 1 ( )(31 10 40 )

10,000 , :

4 (1,728,000 )-
3 (1,296,000 )-
2 (864,000 ) -
1 (432,000 ) -

, 1000
= (43 20 )
"- - ", = 1000 .
= 4 32 . .
71 (306,720,000 ) . .
, - , (1,728,000 = 4 ) ( -
.)
864,000,0000 - , , 14

(14 71 ) + (15 x 4 )

= 994 + (60 )

= 994 + (6 x 10)

= 994 + 6

= 1,000

mravay
21-01-2012, 02:28 AM

, , ,
, ,

100,000,000,000,000

, ,
, , , , , ,

17 / 18 3102 .. ,

mravay
21-01-2012, 02:29 AM


8 (13 ..) . 13 .. 16 .. (8-10 )
.

:

8 = 1
1
= 16 21 (mm)
4 = = 62 83 ;
8 = ( ) = 125 mm 167 mm ;
12 = 1 (
) = 188 mm 250 mm
2 = 1 () = 375 mm 500 mm
4 = 1 = 1.5 2.0 m
2 = 1 = 3 4 m
5 = 1 = 15 m 20 m
2 = 1 = 30 m 40 m
100 = 1 ( ) = 3 (km) 4
4 = 1 = 13 km 16 km
1,000 = 1 = 13,000 Km 16,000 Km

mravay
21-01-2012, 02:30 AM

- 2,057,152
2,047,540,985,856,000 216.5 ) ,
,

7 = 1

( )
:

2500 ()
1333.33 ()
14,400 (1337.8 m) 5 () , = 2,880 (267.56 m).
= 720
( )
1 = 20 ( 2,603.7 m)
1 = 20 ( 130.19 m)
1 = 13.9
1 = 16 ( 508.72 m)
1 = 4 ( 31.80 m)
1 = 4 (7.95 m)

mravay
21-01-2012, 02:31 AM

, 0.12125

1 = 12 = 11.67 ( , )
1 = 8 = 0.97
1 = 2.3325 ( 5.142 ) = 12 ( )

= = 1.06 ( , )
= 4.677 kg (10.3 ) =
=


= 1
= 10
= 100
= 1000
= 10000
= 100000
= 10^6
= 10^7
= 10^9

mravay
21-01-2012, 02:32 AM
'10'
10

= 10^11
= 10^13
= 10^15
= 10^17
= 10^19
= 10^21
= 10^23
= 10^25
= 10^27
- = 10^29
= 10^31
= 10^33
= 10^35
-= 10^37
= 10^39
= 10^41
= 10^43
= 10^45
= 10^47
= 10^49
'50'
10
= 10^51
= 10^53

mravay
21-01-2012, 02:34 AM



329369
/ ,
,

, ,

mravay
21-01-2012, 02:36 AM

, , , , , ,

"practically all topics taught in school mathematics today are directly derived from the work of
mathematicians originating outside Western Europe before the twelfth century A.D."

-- Joseph, George Ghevarughese, "Foundations of Eurocentrism in Mathematics," Race and Class,

XXVII, 3(1987), p. 13-28.

() -

( - )

( (
()

,
,
, ,
( ? / )


, ,
,
60

mravay
21-01-2012, 02:38 AM

() ( )

() ( )

) ( )

) ( )
) ( )

) ( )

Some of the areas of mathematics studied in ancient and medieval India include the following:

: (Decimal system), (Negative numbers) (see Brahmagupta), Zero (see

Hindu-Arabic numeral system), Binary numeral system, the modern positional notation numeral
system, Floating point numbers (see Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics), Number theory,
Infinity (see Yajur Veda), Transfinite numbers, Irrational numbers (see Shulba Sutras)

: Square roots (see Bakhshali approximation), Cube roots (see Mahavira),

Pythagorean triples (see Sulba Sutras; Baudhayana and Apastamba state the Pythagorean theorem
without proof), Transformation (see Panini), Pascal's triangle (see Pingala)

: Quadratic equations (see Sulba Sutras, Aryabhata, and Brahmagupta), Cubic equations and
Quartic equations (biquadratic equations) (see Mahavira and Bhskara II)

(): Formal grammars, formal language theory, the Panini-Backus form (see
Panini), Recursion (see Panini)

: Fibonacci numbers (see Pingala), Earliest forms of Morse code (see Pingala), Logarithms,
indices (see Jaina mathematics), Algorithms, Algorism (see Aryabhata and Brahmagupta)

: Trigonometric functions (see Surya Siddhanta and Aryabhata), Trigonometric series (see
Madhava and Kerala school)

mravay
21-01-2012, 02:39 AM

0.05, 0.1,
0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 500
, 0.367
,

mravay
21-01-2012, 02:40 AM

,

, -
,

,
,

mravay
21-01-2012, 02:40 AM
, , , , , 1000
. . / / 800 . . 600 . .
 ,

6 . .



2 ,
. .

-
,
1000 . .
-

mravay
21-01-2012, 02:41 AM

, ,

, ,

. .

-

mravay
21-01-2012, 02:42 AM


/
/ :

1. , 2. , 3. , 4. 5.

3 . . 2 . .

.
.
2, 3 4 ,
2 , ,






,
,
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mravay
21-01-2012, 02:43 AM

,


,

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mravay
21-01-2012, 02:44 AM
, -
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mravay
21-01-2012, 02:46 AM

,

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,

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9

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12




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mravay
21-01-2012, 02:46 AM

,

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,

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12




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mravay
21-01-2012, 02:48 AM

,
,
,
8 , 9 , 9 ., 9
, 10
, , 11 , , 11 , , 11
, , 11
,
,
, 956 ,
, 11 ,

mravay
21-01-2012, 02:49 AM
()

: 300

, 1588-1648,
: ,


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:
:

, 662 .

, 1170-1250, , , ..... 0
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amol05
21-01-2012, 08:14 PM
+++++++++++

Chandrshekhar
21-01-2012, 08:20 PM
,,,

mravay
22-01-2012, 12:53 AM
+++++++++++

,,,

...........................................

mangaldev
23-01-2012, 11:47 PM
AvayRay ji
- , |
|

mravay
24-01-2012, 09:07 AM

= 1
= 10
= 100
= 1000
= 10000
= 100000
= 10^6
= 10^7
= 10^9

mravay
24-01-2012, 09:08 AM
10
10

= 10^11
 = 10^13
= 10^15
= 10^17
= 10^19
= 10^21
= 10^23
= 10^25
= 10^27
- = 10^29
= 10^31
= 10^33
= 10^35
-= 10^37
= 10^39
= 10^41
= 10^43
= 10^45
= 10^47
= 10^49

mravay
24-01-2012, 09:09 AM
50
10

= 10^51
= 10^53

Badtameez
24-01-2012, 09:21 AM

Neelima
26-01-2012, 05:51 PM

mangaldev
27-02-2012, 11:11 PM
50
10

= 10^51
= 10^53

mravay
19-01-2015, 07:11 PM

|

Teach Guru
23-01-2015, 10:49 PM

crushh
07-10-2015, 05:47 PM