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Lec 4 Spring 2017 PDF
Lec 4 Spring 2017 PDF
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Chapter 1 and 2 Plus Information
About 2-Stroke Engine
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Air-Standard Dual Cycle (Cont.)
The specific internal energies and temperatures
at each principal state are determined using
methods similar to those used for the Otto and
Diesel Cycles.
Areas on the T-s and p-v diagrams of the Dual
cycle can be interpreted as heat and work,
respectively, as in the cases of the Otto and Diesel
cycles.
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Actual Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines
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BASIC PRINCIPLE OF ENGINES
The chemical energy of the fuel is firstly converted into heat
through combustion, and then the heat is converted into
mechanical work by means of a working medium.
This working medium can be a liquid or a gas. Indeed, the
heat produced by combustion increases its pressure or its
specific volume, and due to its expansion, either propulsion or
mechanical work is obtained.
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Cylinder Head
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Engine Internal
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Piston and Connecting Rod
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TYPES OF IC ENGINES
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Largest Internal Combustion Engine
Wartsila-Sulzer RTA96-C turbocharged two-stroke diesel, built in Finland, used
in container ships
14 cylinder version: weight 2300 tons; length 89 feet; height 44 feet; max. power
108,920 hp @ 102 rpm; max. torque 5,608,312 ft lb @ 102 RPM
Power/weight = 0.024 hp/lb
Also one of the most efficient IC engines: 51%
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Smallest internal combustion engine
Cox Tee Dee 010
Application: model airplanes
Weight: 0.49 oz.
Displacement: 0.00997 in3
(0.163 cm3)
RPM: 30,000
Power: 5 watts
Ignition: Glow plug
Typical fuel: castor oil (10 - 20%),
nitromethane (0 - 50%), balance
methanol
Good power/weight (0.22 hp/lb) but poor performance
Low efficiency (< 5%)
Emissions & noise unacceptable for many applications
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IC ENGINE COMPONENTS
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ENGINE CYLINDER
Diagram of a cylinder as
found in 4 stroke gasoline
engines.:
C crankshaft.
E exhaust camshaft.
I inlet camshaft.
P piston.
R connecting rod.
S spark plug.
V valves. red: exhaust, blue: intake.
W cooling water jacket.
gray structure engine block.
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Engine valve
Valves: Minimum
Two Valves pre Cylinder
Intake Valve lets the air or air fuel mixture to enter the
combustion chamber. (Diameter is larger than the exhaust valve)
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Engines
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Engines
Different arrangement of valve and camshaft.
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Engines
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Engines
Piston Rings
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Engines
Piston
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Engines
Crank Shaft
DAMPNER PULLEY
Controls Vibration
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Engines
Connecting Rod
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Engines
Cylinder head
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Engines
Flywheel
Reduces vibration
Crankcase
Reed valve
Piston
Connecting Crankshaft
Intake port
Rod
Transfer port
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REED VALVES
Reed valves are a type of check valve which restrict
the flow of fluids to a single direction, opening and
closing under changing pressure on each face.
Modern versions often consist of flexible metal or
composite materials (fiberglass or carbon fiber)
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WHY ENGINE OIL IS USED IN 2 STROKE
ENGINE
Unlike four-stroke engine whose crankcase is closed except for its
ventilation system, two-stroke engines use the crankcase as part of the
induction tract, and therefore, oil must be mixed with gasoline to be
distributed throughout the engine for lubrication.
[1] The resultant mix is referred to as petroil.
[2] This oil is ultimately burned along with the fuel as a total-loss oiling
system. This results in increased exhaust emissions, sometimes with
greyish-blue smoke and/or a distinctive odor
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Oil mixing
Pre-mix
Have to mix before
filling tank
Oil injection
Has separate fuel and
oil tank and carburetor
to mix proper amounts
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Compare intake strokes
Two Stroke Four Stroke
Piston BDC to TDC Piston TDC to BDC
A/F/O mixture sucked A/F mixture sucked
into crankcase into cylinder
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Intake/________ Stroke
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Power Stroke
TDC BDC Reed Valve
Shuts
Piston gets to
TDC
Air/Fuel/Oil mixture is now trapped in crankcase
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Crankcase compression (primary compression)
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What is going to happen when the top
of piston gets to here?
Crankcase
Compression
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A/F/O mixture squirts into cylinder
because of crankcase compression
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Piston reaches BDC
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CompressionStroke
Intake/________