Muscles (Pg 12-22, Nelson)

All work to be completed in your workbooks. Full sentence answers or stick

this page in your book.

1. Spend some time looking at pictures of the muscles on page 11. Try
and work out where these muscles are on your own body. Get to know
the major muscle groups (chest, back, arms, legs, torso).
2. Compare and contrast the 3 types of muscles. Draw up a table that
includes purpose, appearance, and whether they are
voluntary/involuntary.

Muscle Purpose Appearance Voluntary/Involu

ntary
Cardiac Muscles Line heart wall Striped Involuntary
Beat/pump appearance
Smooth Muscles Digestion, blood Spindle cells Involuntary
movement
Skeletal Muscles Skeletal Striped cells Voluntary
movements

3. Summarise the other functions of muscle

All skeletal movements result from muscles pulling on bone. They also
provide support and allow an upright posture. Many muscles contract
statically/isometrically also known as muscle tone. Muscles also
produce heat when energy is produced from foods/fuels to allow
contractions. Skeletal muscles can also contract involuntarily
shivering.
4. Differentiate between
a) ligaments and tendons
Ligaments connect bone to bone. Tendons connect muscle to bone
b) origin and insertion
Origin attaches to a stable or flat bone. Insertion attaches to a bone
it pulls on.
c) agonist prime mover and antagonist Opposite muscle
5. Accurately describe the process of reciprocal inhibition, use an
example to assist your answer.
Reciprocal inhibition occurs when one muscle contracts and its
opposite relaxes to allow movements to occur. Flexion of the Elbow
Biceps contracts Triceps Relax
6. What is a prime mover causes movement (biceps responsible for
flexing elbow) and a stabiliser provides stability to the origin Traps
stabilize the scapula during elbow flexion.
7. Complete Student Activity on page 14. You may complete one or all
tasks, ask teacher for sticky labels for activity 1.
8. Complete Thinking Things Through on Page 16.
1. List 4 examples of fusiform muscles
Any four of the following: biceps, sartorius, rectus abdominus, brachioradialis,
tibialis anterior, illiopsoas, soleus, plantaris or palmaris longus.

2. Pennate muscles have a larger cross sectional area and number of fibres
than fusiform muscles and as such can generate more force and power.
Pennation allows more fibres to be packed into any given length of muscle
when compared to fusiform arrangements.

3. Fusiform muscles are able to generate greater contractile velocities, which

are traded off for lower force outputs. This occurs because longer muscles
can contract over a greater distance and develop higher shortening
velocities.

4. a Ligaments connect bones to bones and if they are stretched will often
lead to immediate inflammation and pain at the site. This will often also be
associated with joint instability because the fit or bone association has
been compromised, and can lead to dislocations and further injuries because
the joints are able to move in excess of their normal range of motion.
b Ligaments connect bones to bones, whereas tendons connect muscles to
bones.
c Ligaments have poorer blood supply than tendons, and are often subjected
to greater stress/force because of the fact that they span a joint.

9. Read Page 16-22. Familiarise yourself with the following terms:

myofibrils, sarcomere, myosin, actin, mitochondria, enzymes, I-band,
A-band, H-zone, motor unit, neurons, synapse.