Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Stereo Radargrammetry Using Airborne SAR Images With Parameter Optimization
Stereo Radargrammetry Using Airborne SAR Images With Parameter Optimization
Stereo Radargrammetry Using Airborne SAR Images With Parameter Optimization
'DLNL 0DUXNL 6KXML 6DNDL .RLFKL ,WR 7DNDIXPL $RNL -\XQSHL 8HPRWR 6HLKR 8UDWVXND
*UDGXDWH 6FKRRO RI ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6FLHQFHV 7RKRNX 8QLYHUVLW\
$UDPDNL $]D $RED $REDNX 6HQGDLVKL -DSDQ
PDUXNL#DRNLHFHLWRKRNXDFMS
1DWLRQDO ,QVWLWXWH RI ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG &RPPXQLFDWLRQV 7HFKQRORJ\
1XNXL.LWDPDFKL .RJDQHL 7RN\R -DSDQ
Abstract(OHYDWLRQ PHDVXUHPHQW XVLQJ 6\QWKHWLF $SHUWXUH KHDYLO\ GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH DFFXUDF\ RI PHWDGDWD SURYLGHG ZLWK
5DGDU 6$5 LV RQH RI FUXFLDO DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ UHPRWH VHQVLQJ 6$5 LPDJHV 7KH JURXQG VXUIDFH VKRXOG EH PHDVXUHG RQ D
VLQFH WKH XVH RI 6$5 LQ HOHYDWLRQ PHDVXUHPHQW PDNHV LW SRVVLEOH LJKW LQ WKH FDVH RI DQ HPHUJHQF\ RU GLVDVWHU VLWXDWLRQ ZKLOH
WR PHDVXUH D ZLGH UDQJH RI SODQDU DUHD 0RVW RI FRQYHQWLRQDO WKH DFFXUDWH PHWDGDWD PD\ QRW EH JLYHQ LQ WKHVH FDVHV
PHWKRGV QHHG *URXQG &RQWURO 3RLQWV *&3V WR DFKLHYH DFFXUDWH
' PHDVXUHPHQW ZKHUH *&3 DFTXLVLWLRQ LV D WLPHFRQVXPLQJ $GGUHVVLQJ WKH DERYH SUREOHPV WKLV SDSHU SURSRVHV D
DQG FRVWLQWHQVLYH WDVN $GGUHVVLQJ WKH DERYH SUREOHP WKLV QRYHO VWHUHR UDGDUJUDPPHWU\ PHWKRG ZKLFK GRHV QRW QHHG
SDSHU SURSRVHV D VWHUHR UDGDUJUDPPHWU\ PHWKRG XVLQJ DLUERUQH DQ\ *&3 DQG DFFXUDWH PHWDGDWD WR PHDVXUH DQ HOHYDWLRQ RI
6$5 LPDJHV ZLWKRXW *&3 :H GHQH D QHZ VHQVRU PRGHO ZLWK WKH JURXQG VXUIDFH :H GHQH D QHZ VLPSOH VHQVRU PRGHO
RQO\ SDUDPHWHUV SURYLGHG LQ WKH 6$5 LPDJH DFTXLVLWLRQ SURFHVV ZKLFK GHULYHV IURP WKH SULQFLSDO RI VWHUHR YLVLRQ >@ DQG DOVR
ZKLFK GHULYHV IURP WKH SULQFLSOH RI VWHUHR YLVLRQ :H HPSOR\
EXQGOH DGMXVWPHQW VR DV WR PLQLPL]H UHSURMHFWLRQ HUURUV LQ '
SURYLGH D WKHRUHWLFDO IRUPXOD WR FDOFXODWH D ' SRLQW IURP
PHDVXUHPHQW VLQFH WKH SURSRVHG VHQVRU PRGHO LV EDVHG RQ VWHUHR WZR 6$5 LPDJHV :H FDQ HPSOR\ EXQGOH DGMXVWPHQW ZKLFK LV
YLVLRQ :H DOVR HPSOR\ 3KDVH2QO\ &RUUHODWLRQ 32& ZKLFK WKH RSWLPL]DWLRQ WHFKQLTXH ZKLFK ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG LQ D HOG RI
LV D VXESL[HO LPDJH PDWFKLQJ PHWKRG XVLQJ SKDVH LQIRUPDWLRQ FRPSXWHU YLVLRQ >@ WR RSWLPL]H WKH PHWDGDWD DQG PLQLPL]H
REWDLQHG E\ 'LVFUHWH )RXULHU 7UDQVIRUP ')7 RI JLYHQ LPDJHV UHSURMHFWLRQ HUURUV LQ ' PHDVXUHPHQW VLQFH WKH SURSRVHG
WR REWDLQ GHQVH DQG DFFXUDWH FRUUHVSRQGHQFH EHWZHHQ WZR 6$5 VHQVRU PRGHO LV EDVHG RQ VWHUHR YLVLRQ 7KURXJK DQ H[SHULPHQW
LPDJHV 7KURXJK DQ H[SHULPHQW XVLQJ 6$5 LPDJHV ZH GHPRQ XVLQJ 6$5 LPDJHV ZH GHPRQVWUDWH WKDW WKH SURSRVHG PHWKRG
VWUDWH WKDW WKH SURSRVHG PHWKRG XVLQJ RQO\ RQOLQH SDUDPHWHUV XVLQJ RQO\ RQOLQH SDUDPHWHUV H[KLELWV HFLHQW SHUIRUPDQFH RI
H[KLELWV HFLHQW SHUIRUPDQFH RI UDGDUJUDPPHWU\ FRPSDUHG ZLWK HOHYDWLRQ PHDVXUHPHQW HYHQ LI D *&3 LV QRW DYDLODEOH
,QWHUIHURPPHWULF 6$5 ,Q6$5
KeywordsSAR, radargrammetry, InSAR, bundle adjustment ,, *eometric 0odel of 6$5
,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ ZH GHQH D QHZ VLPSOH VHQVRU PRGHO
, ,ntroduction GHWHUPLQHG E\ RQO\ SDUDPHWHUV SURYLGHG LQ WKH 6$5 LPDJH
(OHYDWLRQ PHDVXUHPHQW XVLQJ 6\QWKHWLF $SHUWXUH 5DGDU DFTXLVLWLRQ SURFHVV :H DOVR SURYLGH D WKHRUHWLFDO IRUPXOD WR
6$5 LV RQH RI WKH PDMRU DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ UHPRWH VHQVLQJ FDOFXODWH ' SRLQWV IURP WZR 6$5 LPDJHV DQG WKH VHQVRU
EHFDXVH RI LWV VLJQLFDQW DGYDQWDJHV L PHDVXUH D ZLGH UDQJH PRGHO
RI SODQDU DUHD LL GRHV QRW QHHG WR VHW DQ\ PRQLWRULQJ GHYLFH
RQ WKH JURXQG DQG LLL DFTXLUH LPDJHV LQ DOO GD\ DQG DOO A. Sensor Model and Intrinsic Parameters of SAR
ZHDWKHU FRQGLWLRQV ,Q SDUWLFXODU WKH XVH RI DLUERUQH 6$5
:H FRQVLGHU WZR FRRUGLQDWH V\VWHPV VXFK DV D ' LPDJH
PDNHV LW SRVVLEOH WR REVHUYH DQ DUHD ZLWK IUHH LJKW SDWK
TXLFNO\ ZKLOH WKH VSDFHERUQH 6$5 REVHUYHV RQO\ DQ [HG DUHD FRRUGLQDWH V\VWHP IRU DQ 6$5 LPDJH DQG D ' UDGDU FRRUGLQDWH
ZLWK D [HG SDWK RQFH HYHU\ VHYHUDO GD\V +HQFH WKH DLUERUQH V\VWHP IRU D WDUJHW DUHD DV VKRZQ LQ )LJ ,Q WKH ' LPDJH
FRRUGLQDWH V\VWHP WKH FRRUGLQDWH LV LQGLFDWHG E\ u, v WKH
6$5 LV H[SHFWHG WR EH XVHG LQ SURPSW UHVSRQVHV WR GLVDVWHUV
RULJLQ O LV ORFDWHG DW WKH XSSHU OHIW DQG WKH KRUL]RQWDO D[LV u
,QWHUIHURPHWU\ DQG VWHUHR UDGDUJUDPPHWU\ DUH ZLGHO\XVHG DQG WKH YHUWLFDO D[LV v FRUUHVSRQG WR WKH $]LPXWK GLUHFWLRQ DQG
WHFKQLTXHV WR H[WUDFW KHLJKW LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP 6$5 GDWD >@ WKH 5DQJH GLUHFWLRQ UHVSHFWLYHO\ ,Q WKH ' UDGDU FRRUGLQDWH
7KHVH WHFKQLTXHV DUH QRW IXOO\ XWLOL]H WKH DGYDQWDJH RI 6$5 V\VWHP WKH FRRUGLQDWH LV LQGLFDWHG E\ X, Y, Z WKH RULJLQ O LV
LQ HOHYDWLRQ PHDVXUHPHQW VLQFH WKH\ KDYH WR XVH *URXQG ORFDWHG DW VHD OHYHO DQG WKH D[HV IRU X Y DQG Z FRUUHVSRQG WR
&RQWURO 3RLQWV *&3V LQ RUGHU WR PHDVXUH DQ HOHYDWLRQ DQG WKH 5DQJH GLUHFWLRQ WKH $]LPXWK GLUHFWLRQ DQG WKH HOHYDWLRQ
FRUUHFW VHQVRU PRGHO SDUDPHWHUV>@ ,Q DGGLWLRQ D HOG VXUYH\ GLUHFWLRQ UHVSHFWLYHO\ :H GHQH D SURMHFWLRQ PRGHO GHVFULE
LV UHTXLUHG WR JHW WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ RI *&3V RQ WKH DUHD WR LQJ D UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH ' UDGDU FRRUGLQDWH X, Y, Z
EH REVHUYHG LQ DGYDQFH 7KHUHIRUH LW LV KDUG WR XVH WKHVH DQG WKH ' LPDJH FRRUGLQDWH u, v E\
WHFKQLTXHV LQ DQ HPHUJHQF\ RU GLVDVWHU VLWXDWLRQ 2Q WKH RWKHU
u = u Y,
KDQG WKHUH DUH D IHZ PHWKRGV ZKLFK GR QRW XVH *&3 LQ
HOHYDWLRQ PHDVXUHPHQW >@ >@ ,WV PHDVXUHPHQW DFFXUDF\ LV v = v X + X + Z Z DS L ,
978-1-4673-7297-8/15/$31.00 2015
c IEEE 258
Azimuth u , v LV GHQHG E\
O
u = u Y,
v = v X + X + Z Z DS L ,
Digital Image
u = u X VLQ + Y FRV + tY ,
O
v = v X + X FRV Y VLQ + tX + Z Z DS L ,
Range
3D point corresponding to
the origin of (a)
(a) (b) ZKHUH u, v DQG u , v DUH WKH FRRUGLQDWHV RQ WKH 6$5 LPDJH
IURP WKH RUELW DQG UHVSHFWLYHO\ u v Z DS L DQG X
DUH LQWULQVLF SDUDPHWHUV IRU RUELW DQG u v Z DS L DQG
)LJ 'HQLWLRQ RI FRRUGLQDWH V\VWHPV D ' LPDJH FRRUGLQDWH V\VWHP X DUH LQWULQVLF SDUDPHWHUV IRU RUELW ,I u, v DQG u , v DUH
DQG E ' UDGDU FRRUGLQDWH V\VWHP D FRUUHVSRQGLQJ SRLQW SDLU ZH FDQ FDOFXODWH WKH ' FRRUGLQDWH
X, Y, Z E\ VROYLQJ (T 2QH DSSURDFK LV WR VROYH DOO
WKH HTXDWLRQV DV D OHDVW VTXDUHV SUREOHP ZKLOH LW LV YHU\
ZKHUH X LV WKH KRUL]RQWDO GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ WKH SODWIRUP DQG WLPHFRQVXPLQJ WR VROYH WKH OHDVW VTXDUHV SUREOHP IRU DOO WKH
WKH RULJLQ LQ WKH ' UDGDU FRRUGLQDWH V\VWHP D S L LV WKH PHDVXUHPHQW SRLQWV 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG ZH HPSLULFDOO\ FRQ
GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ WKH SODWIRUP DQG WKH RULJLQ LQ WKH ' UDGDU UPHG WKDW WKUHH RI IRXU HTXDWLRQV DUH HQRXJK WR REWDLQ WKH '
FRRUGLQDWH V\VWHP Z LV WKH DOWLWXGH RI WKH SODWIRUP DQG u FRRUGLQDWH X, Y, Z DQDO\WLFDOO\ ZKRVH DFFXUDF\ LV FRPSDUDEOH
DQG v DUH HTXDO WR WKH LQYHUVH RI WKH UHVROXWLRQ LQ WKH D]LPXWK WR VROYH WKH OHDVW VTXDUHV SUREOHP RI IRXU HTXDWLRQV ,I WKH
GLUHFWLRQ DQG WKH VODQW UDQJH GLUHFWLRQ UHVSHFWLYHO\ ,Q WKLV URWDWLRQ DQJOH LV QRW ]HUR ZH FDQ VHOHFW (TV DQG
SDSHU ZH DVVXPH WKDW WKH DOWLWXGH RI WKH SODWIRUP Z LV 7KHQ WKH ' FRRUGLQDWH X, Y, Z LV JLYHQ E\
FRQVWDQW ,I WKH PRPHQWDULO\ DOWLWXGH LQIRUPDWLRQ LV JLYHQ ZH
FDQ VHW WKH YDULDEOH DOWLWXGH Z LQVWHDG RI WKH FRQVWDQW YDOXH RI u u
X = FRV tY ,
Z DS L LV FDOFXODWHG IURP WKH WLPH GLHUHQFH EHWZHHQ HPLWWLQJ VLQ u u
D VLJQDO DQG UHFHLYLQJ LWV HFKR X LV FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ Z DQG u
DS L E\ WKH 3\WKDJRUHDQ WKHRUHP $V D UHVXOW SDUDPHWHUV WR EH Y = ,
u
FRQVLGHUHG LQ WKH DERYH PRGHO DUH u v Z DQG DS L ZKLFK
DUH SURYLGHG IURP WKH 6$5 LPDJH DFTXLVLWLRQ SURFHVV ,Q WKH v
Z = Z + DS L X + X .
SURSRVHG VHQVRU PRGHO WKHVH SDUDPHWHUV DUH FDOOHG LQWULQVLF v
SDUDPHWHUV RI 6$5
$V PHQWLRQHG DERYH RXU SURSRVHG PRGHO LV UHSUHVHQWHG E\
LQWULQVLF DQG H[WHUQDO SDUDPHWHUV DV ZHOO DV D VWHUHR FDPHUD
B. 3D Coordinate Transformation and External Parameters of PRGHO XVHG LQ VWHUHR YLVLRQ >@ +HQFH WKH XVH RI WKH SURSRVHG
SAR VWHUHR 6$5 PRGHO DOORZV XV WR DSSO\ D VHW RI WHFKQLTXHV XVHG
LQ VWHUHR YLVLRQ WR UDGDUJUDPPHWU\
:H QRZ FRQVLGHU WKDW WZR 6$5 LPDJHV RI WKH VDPH DUHD
DUH DFTXLUHG IURP WZR GLHUHQW RUELWV ZKHUH RQH RUELW LV
DQG WKH RWKHU RQH LV 7KHQ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH ,,, ' 0easurement from 6$5 ,mages
' FRRUGLQDWH X, Y, Z LQ WKH RUELW DQG WKH ' FRRUGLQDWH 7KLV VHFWLRQ GHVFULEHV D ' PHDVXUHPHQW DOJRULWKP XVLQJ
X , Y , Z LQ WKH RUELW FDQ EH GHQHG E\ WKH SURSRVHG JHRPHWULF PRGHO DV PHQWLRQHG LQ WKH SUHYLRXV
VHFWLRQ 7KH SURSRVHG DOJRULWKP FRQVLVWV RI YH VWHSV L
X X
Y = R Y + t,
JURXQG SURMHFWLRQ LL H[WHUQDO SDUDPHWHU HVWLPDWLRQ LLL
FRUUHVSRQGHQFH PDWFKLQJ LY SDUDPHWHU RSWLPL]DWLRQ DQG Y
Z Z ' PHDVXUHPHQW
ZKHUH WKH URWDWLRQ PDWUL[ R DQG WKH WUDQVODWLRQ YHFWRU t DUH L *URXQG 3URMHFWLRQ
GHQHG E\
7KHUH LV D ODUJH GHIRUPDWLRQ EHWZHHQ WZR 6$5 LPDJHV
FRV VLQ tX DFTXLUHG LQ WKH GLHUHQW RUELWV VLQFH WKH VSDWLDO UHVROXWLRQ
R = VLQ FRV , t = tY ,
RI 6$5 LPDJHV LQ WKH JURXQG UDQJH GLUHFWLRQ LV GLHUHQW
EHWZHHQ RUELWV DQG WKH DSSHDUDQFH RI 6$5 LPDJHV LV VLJQL
FDQWO\ FKDQJHG GHSHQGLQJ RQ RUELWV :H KDYH WR FRUUHFW LPDJH
UHVSHFWLYHO\ ,Q WKLV SDSHU WKH URWDWLRQ PDWUL[ R DQG WKH GHIRUPDWLRQ RI 6$5 LPDJHV E\ SURMHFWLQJ 6$5 LPDJHV RQWR
WUDQVODWLRQ YHFWRU t DUH FDOOHG H[WHUQDO SDUDPHWHUV RI 6$5 WKH XY SODQH E\ (T DQG VR DV WR SHUIRUP VWDEOH DQG
DFFXUDWH ' PHDVXUHPHQW ,Q WKLV SDSHU ZH SHUIRUP JURXQG
SURMHFWLRQ XVLQJ (T DQG ZLWK Z = 7KH 6$5 LPDJH
C. Theoretical Formula for 3D Measurement SURMHFWHG RQWR WKH XY SODQH LV FDOOHG WKH JURXQG UDQJH LPDJH
DQG WKH RULJLQDO 6$5 LPDJH EHIRUH JURXQG SURMHFWLRQ LV FDOOHG
7KH WKHRUHWLFDO IRUPXOD IRU ' PHDVXUHPHQW XVLQJ WZR WKH VODQW UDQJH LPDJH
6$5 LPDJHV LV GHULYHG IURP (TV DQG )URP (TV
DQG WKH UHODWLRQVKLS DPRQJ X, Y, Z u, v DQG LL ([WHUQDO 3DUDPHWHU (VWLPDWLRQ
N
EP = ||m,i mUHS,i P|| + ||m,i mUHS,i P|| ,
i=
ZH HVWLPDWH WKH URWDWLRQ PDWUL[ R DQG WKH WUDQVODWLRQ 7KLV VHFWLRQ GHVFULEHV SHUIRUPDQFH HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKH SUR
YHFWRU t LH WKH H[WHUQDO SDUDPHWHUV RI 6$5 LPDJH XVLQJ SRVHG PHWKRG 7R HYDOXDWH WKH DFFXUDF\ RI WKH SURSRVHG
WKH ODWLWXGH DQG ORQJLWXGH LQIRUPDWLRQ DW WKH LPDJH FRUQHUV PHWKRG ZH HPSOR\ WKH 'LJLWDO 6XUIDFH 0RGHO '60 DV D
ZKLFK LV LQFOXGHG LQ WKH PHWDGDWD 2QH LPDJH LV URWDWHG E\ JURXQG WUXWK ZKLFK LV DFTXLUHG E\ DQ DLUSODQH ODVHU PHDVXUH
WKH HVWLPDWHG URWDWLRQ DQJOH WR FRUUHFW LPDJH URWDWLRQ PHQW V\VWHP DQG ZKRVH PHDVXUHPHQW DFFXUDF\ LV P
LLL &RUUHVSRQGHQFH 0DWFKLQJ
ZH REWDLQ FRUUHVSRQGLQJ SRLQW SDLUV EHWZHHQ WKH JURXQG A. Dataset
UDQJH LPDJHV XVLQJ WKH FRUUHVSRQGHQFH PDWFKLQJ PHWKRG XVLQJ
:H XVH WZR GDWDVHWV VXFK DV $RED\DPD DQG <DVRHQ LQ
3KDVH2QO\ FRUUHODWLRQ 32& >@ 7KH FRUUHVSRQGHQFH PDWFK
WKH H[SHULPHQWV
LQJ PHWKRG XVLQJ 32& HPSOR\V L D FRDUVHWRQH VWUDWHJ\
XVLQJ LPDJH S\UDPLGV IRU UREXVW FRUUHVSRQGHQFH VHDUFK DQG LL 7KH WDUJHW DUHD RI $RED\DPD LV ORFDWHG DW 1
D VXESL[HO WUDQVODWLRQDO GLVSODFHPHQW HVWLPDWLRQ PHWKRG XVLQJ DQG ( 6HQGDL -DSDQ ZKLOH WKDW RI <DVRHQ LV
32& IRU ORFDO EORFN PDWFKLQJ >@ &RUUHVSRQGLQJ SRLQW SDLUV ORFDWHG DW 1 DQG ( 6HQGDL -DSDQ %RWK
RQ WKH VODQW UDQJH LPDJH DUH REWDLQHG E\ DSSO\LQJ WKH LQYHUVH DUHDV LQFOXGH D PRXQWDLQ ZLWK IRUHVW XUEDQ DUHD DQG ULYHU
WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI URWDWLRQ FRUUHFWLRQ DQG JURXQG SURMHFWLRQ WR 7KH VL]H RI WKH WDUJHW DUHD LV NPNP 7ZR 6$5 LPDJHV DUH
WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ SRLQW SDLUV RQ WKH JURXQG UDQJH LPDJHV DFTXLUHG ZLWK DERXW LQWHUVHFWLRQ DQJOH EHWZHHQ WZR RUELWV
LY 3DUDPHWHU 2SWLPL]DWLRQ E\ 3L6$5 ZKLFK LV WKH DLUERUQH ; EDQG 6$5 GHYHORSHG E\
1DWLRQDO ,QVWLWXWH RI ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG &RPPXQLFDWLRQV 7HFK
:H RSWLPL]H WKH LQWULQVLF DQG H[WHUQDO SDUDPHWHUV LQ QRQOLQ QRORJ\ 1,&7 -DSDQ 7DEOH , VKRZV WKH VSHFLFDWLRQ RI 6$5
HDU RSWLPL]DWLRQ E\ PLQLPL]LQJ UHSURMHFWLRQ HUURU XVLQJ EXQGOH LPDJH DFTXLVLWLRQ SURFHVV DQG )LJ VKRZV WZR 6$5 LPDJHV
DGMXVWPHQW >@ ZKLFK LV NQRZQ DV RQH RI WKH RSWLPL]DWLRQ LH VWHUHR 6$5 LPDJH XVHG LQ WKH H[SHULPHQW ,QWULQVLF
WHFKQLTXHV XVHG LQ VWHUHR YLVLRQ VLQFH WKHVH SDUDPHWHUV LQFOXGH SDUDPHWHUV IRU WZR 6$5 LPDJHV DUH DOPRVW WKH VDPH DV VKRZQ
HUURUV GXULQJ WKH SURFHVV RI 6$5 LPDJH DFTXLVLWLRQ /HW P LQ 7DEOH , 7KH VL]H RI 6$5 LPDJHV LV , , SL[HOV
EH LQWULQVLF DQG H[WHUQDO SDUDPHWHUV WR EH RSWLPL]HG DQG )LJ D , , SL[HOV )LJ E , ,
m,i = u , v i DQG m,i = u , v i EH WKH iWK FRUUHVSRQGLQJ SL[HOV )LJ F DQG , , SL[HOV )LJ G
7$%/( ,9 6ummary of experimental results with changing the window size of 32&based correspondence matching 0ean 6' the number of ' points
and computation time
$RED\DPD <DVRHQ
:LQGRZ VL]H >SL[HOV@ 0HDQ >P@ 6' >P@ RI ' SRLQWV 7LPH >VHF@ 0HDQ >P@ 6' >P@ RI ' SRLQWV 7LPH >VHF@
B. Experiments ERWK PHWKRGV 7KH PHDQ RI HUURUV IRU ,Q6$5 LV QRW FDOFXODWHG
LQ WKH H[SHULPHQW VLQFH WKH ' SRLQW FORXGV FDOFXODWHG E\
:H UHFRQVWUXFW ' SRLQWV IURP WKH VWHUHR 6$5 LPDJH DV ,Q6$5 GR QRW KDYH WKH DEVROXWH HOHYDWLRQ YDOXH 7KH SURSRVHG
VKRZQ LQ )LJ XVLQJ WKH SURSRVHG PHWKRG :H DOVR REWDLQ ' PHWKRG DIWHU SDUDPHWHU RSWLPL]DWLRQ VLJQLFDQWO\ LPSURYHV
SRLQWV XVLQJ VLQJOHSDVV ,Q6$5 IRU WKH SXUSRVH RI SHUIRUPDQFH WKH DFFXUDF\ RI ' UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ FRPSDUHG ZLWK WKDW EHIRUH
FRPSDULVRQ ZKLFK LV DFTXLUHG E\ WKH LQWHUIHURPHWULF IXQFWLRQ SDUDPHWHU RSWLPL]DWLRQ 7KH SURSRVHG PHWKRG ZLWK SDUDPHWHU
RI 3L6$5 :H DOLJQ WKH ' SRLQWV DQG '60 XVLQJ WKH RSWLPL]DWLRQ H[KLELWV EHWWHU SHUIRUPDQFH WKDQ ,Q6$5 VLQFH 6'
,WHUDWLYH &ORVHVW 3RLQW ,&3 DOJRULWKP >@ DQG HYDOXDWH WKH RI WKH SURSRVHG PHWKRG LV ORZHU WKDQ WKDW RI ,Q6$5 DQG DOVR
UHVLGXDO HUURU RI HOHYDWLRQ :KHQ DSSO\LQJ WKH ,&3 DOJRULWKP WKH QXPEHU RI ' SRLQWV IRU WKH SURSRVHG PHWKRG LV PRUH WKDQ
ZH OLPLW WKH JHRPHWULF WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI ' SRLQWV WR URWDWLRQ WKDW RI ,Q6$5 IRU ERWK GDWDVHWV
DQG WUDQVODWLRQ LQ WKH XY SODQH 7KHUHIRUH ZH GR QRW DOLJQ
' SRLQWV LQ Z GLUHFWLRQ 7KH LQWULQVLF DQG H[WHUQDO SDUDPHWHUV 7DEOH ,9 VKRZV WKH VXPPDU\ RI H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV ZKHQ
RI 6$5 LPDJHV DUH FDOFXODWHG IURP WKH PHWDGDWD SURYLGHG ZLWK FKDQJLQJ WKH ZLQGRZ VL]H RI LPDJH PDWFKLQJ 7KH VPDOOHU
6$5 LPDJHV 1RWH WKDW WKH PHWDGDWD XVHG LQ WKH H[SHULPHQW LV ZLQGRZ VL]H UHVXOWV LQ LQFUHDVH LQ RXWOLHUV WKDW LV WKH QXPEHU
DFTXLUHG GXULQJ RQERDUG LPDJH DFTXLVLWLRQ LH WKH PHWDGDWD RI ' SRLQWV LV GHFUHDVHG ZKLOH WKH UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ HUURU LV
LV QRW UHQHG E\ WKH SRVW SURFHVVLQJ VR DV WR HYDOXDWH RQERDUG QRW VR LQFUHDVHG ,Q DOO WKH ZLQGRZ VL]H 6' RI WKH SURSRVHG
SHUIRUPDQFH 7KH 6$5 LPDJHV ZLWK , , SL[HOV DUH PHWKRG LV ORZHU WKDQ WKDW RI ,Q6$5 7KH VPDOO ZLQGRZ VL]H
WUDQVIRUPHG WR WKH LPDJH ZLWK , , SL[HOV ZKHUH RQH UHVXOWV LQ IDVW FRPSXWDWLRQ RI ' UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ VLQFH
SL[HO FRUUHVSRQGV WR P 32&EDVHG FRUUHVSRQGHQFH PDWFKLQJ RI FRPSXWDWLRQ RI WKH SURSRVHG PHWKRG LV WKH SURFHVV RI
LV SHUIRUPHG LQ DOO WKH SL[HOV RI , , SL[HO DUHD FRUUHVSRQGHQFH PDWFKLQJ :KHQ XVLQJ WKH ZLQGRZ VL]H RI
ZKLFK LV D FRPPRQ DUHD EHWZHHQ WZR 6$5 LPDJHV ,Q WKH SL[HOV ' UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ RI 6$5 LPDJHV XVLQJ WKH
H[SHULPHQW ZH HPSOR\ WKUHH GLHUHQW ZLQGRZ VL]H RI LPDJH SURSRVHG PHWKRG FDQ EH GRQH LQ DERXW PLQXWHV QHYHUWKHOHVV
PDWFKLQJ IRU 32& VXFK DV DQG SL[HOV WKH DFFXUDF\ RI ' UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH SURSRVHG PHWKRG LV
,I WKH SHDN YDOXH RI WKH 32& IXQFWLRQ DQG WKH UHSURMHFWLRQ KLJKHU WKDQ WKDW RI ,Q6$5
HUURU DUH EHORZ WKUHVKROG ZH UHPRYH WKH SRLQW DV DQ RXWOLHU
ZKHUH WKH WKUHVKROG IRU 32& DQG UHSURMHFWLRQ HUURU LV $V REVHUYHG DERYH WKH XVH RI WKH SURSRVHG PHWKRG PDNHV
DQG UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KH SDUDPHWHUV WR EH RSWLPL]HG LQ EXQGOH LW SRVVLEOH WR SHUIRUP IDVW DQG RQOLQH ' UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ IURP
DGMXVWPHQW DUH WKH H[WHUQDO SDUDPHWHUV RI t X DQG tY 7DEOH ,, 6$5 LPDJHV ZLWKRXW DFFXUDWH PHWDGDWD DQG *&3 HYHQ LQ
VKRZV WKH H[SHULPHQWDO HQYLURQPHQW WKH FDVH RI DQ HPHUJHQF\ RU GLVDVWHU VLWXDWLRQ EHFDXVH RI
RSWLPL]LQJ SDUDPHWHUV E\ EXQGOH DGMXVWPHQW
C. Results and Discussion
9 &onclusion
)LJ DQG VKRZ JURXQG UDQJH LPDJH DQG HOHYDWLRQ PDSV
JHQHUDWHG E\ '60 ,Q6$5 DQG WKH SURSRVHG PHWKRG IRU HDFK 7KLV SDSHU SURSRVHG D QHZ VWHUHR UDGDUJUDPPHWU\ PHWKRG
GDWDVHW 7KH FRORU YDOXH IURP EOXH WR UHG FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH XVLQJ WZR DLUERUQH 6$5 LPDJHV :H GHQHG D JHRPHWULF
HOHYDWLRQ DQG WKH ZKLWHFRORUHG SL[HO LQGLFDWHV DQ XQPHDVXU VHQVRU PRGHO ZLWK RQO\ SDUDPHWHUV SURYLGHG LQ WKH 6$5
DEOH SRLQW LH QR GDWD 7KH DSSHDUDQFH RI ,Q6$5 LV VLPLODU LPDJH DFTXLVLWLRQ SURFHVV :H HPSOR\ EXQGOH DGMXVWPHQW >@ WR
WR WKDW RI '60 ZKLOH WKHUH DUH D ORW RI XQPHDVXUDEOH SRLQWV RSWLPL]H SDUDPHWHUV RI WKH SURSRVHG VHQVRU PRGHO 7KURXJK
LQ WKH UHVXOW RI ,Q6$5 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH DSSHDUDQFH DQ H[SHULPHQW XVLQJ 6$5 LPDJHV ZH GHPRQVWUDWHG WKDW WKH
RI WKH SURSRVHG PHWKRG LV DOPRVW WKH VDPH DV WKDW RI '60 SURSRVHG PHWKRG H[KLELWV HFLHQW SHUIRUPDQFH RI UDGDUJUDP
DQG XQPHDVXUDEOH SRLQWV LQ WKH UHVXOW RI WKH SURSRVHG PHWKRG PHWU\ ZLWKRXW *&3 FRPSDUHG ZLWK ,Q6$5
LV OHVV WKDQ WKRVH RI ,Q6$5 7DEOH ,,, VKRZV WKH VXPPDU\ RI
H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV VXFK DV PHDQ RI HUURUV VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ 5eferences
DQG WKH QXPEHU RI ' SRLQWV ZKHUH WKH ZLQGRZ VL]H RI LPDJH
>@ 3*3 +R Geoscience and Remote Sensing ,Q7HFK 2FW
PDWFKLQJ LV SL[HOV 1RWH WKDW HUURUV LQ 7DEOH ,,, DUH
>@ 3 &DSDOGR 0 &UHVSL ) )UDWDUFDQJHOL $ 1DVFHWWL DQG ) 3LHUDOLFH
FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ ' SRLQWV KDYLQJ HUURU RI OHVV WKDQ P VLQFH +LJKUHVROXWLRQ 6$5 UDGDUJUDPPHWU\ $ UVW DSSOLFDWLRQ ZLWK &2602
D ' SRLQW KDYLQJ DQ HUURU RI PRUH WKDQ P LV REYLRXVO\ DQ 6N\0HG VSRWOLJKW LPDJHU\ IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. YRO QR
RXWOLHU DQG VXFK SRLQWV DUH OHVV WKDQ RI DOO WKH ' SRLQWV IRU SS 1RY
40
)LJ *HQHUDWHG HOHYDWLRQ PDSV RI $RED\DPD XSSHU OHIW *URXQG UDQJH LPDJH XSSHU FHQWHU '60 XSSHU ULJKW ,Q6$5 ORZHU OHIW SURSRVHG ZLQGRZ VL]H
LV SL[HOV ORZHU FHQWHU SURSRVHG ZLQGRZ VL]H LV SL[HOV DQG ORZHU ULJKW SURSRVHG ZLQGRZ VL]H LV SL[HOV
[m]
120
)LJ *HQHUDWHG HOHYDWLRQ PDSV RI <DVRHQ XSSHU OHIW *URXQG UDQJH LPDJH XSSHU FHQWHU '60 XSSHU ULJKW ,Q6$5 ORZHU OHIW SURSRVHG ZLQGRZ VL]H LV
SL[HOV ORZHU FHQWHU SURSRVHG ZLQGRZ VL]H LV SL[HOV DQG ORZHU ULJKW SURSRVHG ZLQGRZ VL]H LV SL[HOV