Giao Trnh Lap Trnh PLC Chng 01 Trang: 1

CHNG
01

1.1.CAU TRUC CUA MOT HE THONG IEU KHIEN T ONG:

Vi s phat trien khoa hoc ky-thuat hien nay, mot he
thong ieu khien t ong c hnh thanh t cac thanh phan
nh sau:
C CAU HOAT ONG : Bao gom cac thiet b hay cac kh cu
nh sau:
ong c ien.
Kch thuy lc, kh nen.
Valve ien t .
...
CAC CAM BIEN: Nhiem vu cua cac cam bien dung thu
thap d lieu; cac cam bien co the thuoc cac dang nh
sau:
Tiep iem hanh trnh.
Te bao quang ien.
Nhiet tr (Thermistor).
Cam bien phat hien tiep can (magnetic pick-up).
.. . .
CAC THIET B LAP TRNH HAY THIET B NOI KET : Nhiem
vu cua cac thiet b
lap trnh hay noi ket la x ly cac d lieu ghi nhan c t
cac cam bien va cap cac tn hieu en c cau tien hoat ong
(cac bo Driver) e ieu khien c cau hoat ong. Vi cac
thiet b lap trnh chung ta co the s dung cac dang sau:
PLC (Programmable Logic Controller).
Bo vi ieu khien (Micro Controller).
Cac mach ien t ieu khien, s dung phoi hp
cac mach tng ong (analog) va mach so (digital).
Cac thiet b ket noi thng tm thay tren he thong
ieu khien t ong co ien trc ay bao gom:
Relay, contactor.
Cac thiet b dung kh nen, thuy lc. . .
...
CAC C CAU TIEN HOAT ONG (TANG EM- DRIVER):
Nhiem vu cua cac thiet b trong c cau nay la ieu
khien cong suat. Khi nhan tn hieu t cac thiet b lap trnh,
cac thiet b trong c cau tien hoat ong ieu khien thay oi
trang thai hay cac che o cua thiet b trong c cau hoat ong
. Cac thiet b trong tang em hay tien hoat ong co the la:
contactor; bo bien tan; bo phan chia kh nen. . .

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Giao Trnh Lap Trnh PLC Chng 01 Trang: 2

C-CA
U HOAT O
NG

O
NG C IE N, KCH THU
Y
LC , KH NEN.
VALVE IE N T..

KHA
U CHA
P HA
NH

CA
M BIE
N
C CA
U TIE
N HOAT
TIE
P IEM HANH TRNH ONG (DRIVER)
TEBAO QUANG IE N KHA
U IE
U KHIE
N
THERMISTOR CONTACTOR
CAM BIEN PHAT HIE
N TIE
P BIE
N TA
N
CAN. . . XU
LY
DLIE
U BOPHA
N CHIA KH NE
N

THIE
T-B
THU-THA
P DLIE
U LA
P TRNH IE
U KHIE
N CO
NG SUA
T

PLC
BOVI IEU KHIEN
MAC H IE
N T. . .

THIET-B
NOI KET

RELAY
THIE
T BKH NE
N;
THIE
T BTHU
Y LC . . .

GIAO TIE
P GI
A CON NG
I V
I THIE
T BMA
Y MO
C

CA
C BOPHA
N GIAO TIE
P

NU
T NHAN, CONTACT,
MA
N HNH,
BA
N PHM
HANDHOLE

HNH 1.1: S o mo ta cau truc cua he thong t ong.

CAC BO PHAN GIAO TIEP: Ngoai cac thanh phan thuoc
vong ieu khien kn
tren, e co the thc hien s giao tiep gia con ngi en
cac may moc thiet b trong he thong t ong; chung ta phai
s dung en cac bo giao tiep. Mot cac tong quat cac thiet
b hay kh cu thuoc bo phan giao tiep bao gom:
Nut nhan, contact. .
Ban phm va may tnh PC.
Man hnh co lap trnh.
Handhold (bo ban phm lap trnh ben ngoai)
Trong hnh 1.1; chung ta co mot lu o mo ta tng
quan gia cac khau thanh phan trong he thong ieu khien t

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Giao Trnh Lap Trnh PLC Chng 01 Trang: 3

ong,. Trong o, chung ta co the thay c he thong ieu

khien thc chat bao gom hai khau chnh:
Khau chap hanh.
Khau ieu khien.
KHAU CHAP HANH:
Thao tac hay tac ong len nguyen lieu hoac san
pham.
Khau chap hanh bao gom cac bo khi ong, may
cong cu, may c cho phep thc hien cac qua trnh che
bien san pham.
Chung ta co the hnh dung khau chap hanh qua cac th du
sau:
ong c ien khi ong cac bang chuyen van
chuyen.
Kch kh nen ieu khien nh hng chuyen cac
kien hang.
Kch thuy lc am bao ong m may dap.
...
KHAU IEU KHIEN:
Khau ieu khien co chc nang :
Tao ra cac tn hieu (hay cac lnh) ieu khien
khau chap hanh.
Nhan cac thong tin phan hoi va co chc nang
phoi hp cac thao tac hay cac hanh ong.
Khau ieu khien co the thc hien theo mot trong
hai dang cong nghe nh sau: logic ket noi hay logic lap
trnh.
Ket noi logic co the xem nh mot dang x ly cac
thong tin theo dang song song (ong thi); cung mot luc chung
ta co the yeu cau thc hien nhieu tac vu, hay tac ong len
nhieu thanh phan trong he thong (xem s o mo ta trong hnh
1.2). Vi cong nghe logic ket noi , s van hanh cua he
thong c xac lap bang phng phap noi ket gia cac
thanh phan ieu khien khac nhau. Nh vay, khi thay oi qua
trnh van hanh, chung ta bat buoc phai thay oi s ket noi
gia cac thanh phan (thay oi noi ket phan cng).
Vi cong nghe logic lap trnh, s van hanh cua he
thong xac lap theo chng trnh nh trc va thc thi theochu
ky bang bo vi x ly. Khi thay oi qua trnh van hanh cua he
thong, chung ta co the thay oi chng rtnh ma khong can
thay oi cac ket noi bo cam bien va thiet b tien khi
ong.

IE
N RELAY

LOGIC KE
T NO
I

KH NE
N VALVE IE
U KHIE
N

PLC

HNH 2.2:
LOGIC KE
T NO
I VI IE
U KHIE
N Cac cong
nghe ieu
MA
Y TNH PC
khien

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Giao Trnh Lap Trnh PLC Chng 01 Trang: 4

1.2.CAU TRUC CUA MOT PLC:

PLC la thuat ng viet tat t danh t : PROGRAMMABLE
LOGIC CONTROLLER.
Cau truc tong quat cua mot PLC bao gom cac thanh
phan sau:
Bo nguon.
Bus (Tram).
Bo nh.
Bo vi x ly CPU.
Cac ngo vao va ra.
BO NGUON: co nhiem vu cung cap ien ap can thiet t
nguon ien li
xoay chieu thong dung 110V (hay 220V) hoac nguon ap mot
chieu 24V en cac board mach ien t cua PLC.
BUS(TRAM): la tap hp cac lien ket ien theo dang song
song (cac ng
lien ket nay co the di dang mach in hay cap nhieu si
ruot). So lng day dan cau tao nen BUS phu thuoc vao tai
lng cua cac tn hieu thong tin en BUS (khi truyen d lieu 8
bits ta can cap co 8 si ruot; khi truyen du lien 16 bits ta can
cap 16 ruot).
Ta co hai loai BUS: xoay chieu (AC) va mot chieu (DC).
BO NH: Bo nh thng c chia thanh hai nhom chnh:
BO NH ONG (RAM : Random Access Memory) ay la
bo nh khong co nh cac d lieu. Cac d lieu c
oc va ghi bi bo vi x ly trong suot qua trnh PLC hoat
ong.
BO NH TNH (ROM : Read Only Memory) ay la bo
nh co cac d lieu co nh; cac d lieu nay ch c
oc bi bo vi x ly trong suot qua trnh PLC hoat ong.
Vi bo nh tnh (tuy theo loai ROM) ta co the co cac
dang nh sau:
PROM (ROM Programmable) : khong the xoa.
EPROM : bo nh cua ROM co the xoa bang tia cc
tm.
EEPROM : bo nh cua ROM co the xoa bang ien.
Dung lng cua bo nh c bieu dien bang so t hay
so byte ma bo nh co the cha ; trong o moi t tng ng
vi 1 byte cha 8 bits. n v o lng cua bo nh thng c
tnh theo KILO BYTE (1 KB tng ng 2 10 = 1024 bytes). Cau truc
ben trong bo nh co the mo ta n gian nh sau (xem hnh
1.3)
Muon truy xuat oc d lieu trong bo nh, ta thc hien
trnh t sau ay:
au tien nhap tn hieu ma a ch can truy xuat
vao cac bus a ch.
Phat tn hieu chon la che o oc vao ng tn
hieu oc/ ghi.
Khi co ay u cac tn hieu tren, bo nh se xuat
cac d lieu ang lu tr tren cac bus d lieu.

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Giao Trnh Lap Trnh PLC Chng 01 Trang: 5

A CH

THANH PHA N LOGIC

LU GI CAC TRANG THAI
GIA
I MA
BUS

CUA NO (SAU KHI CAC

A CH TN HIEU NGOVAO
BIEN MA
T)
U OC/ GHI

LOGIC CHON
OC/ GHI
TN HIE

BUS DLIE
U

HNH 1.3: Cau truc ben trong mot bo nh.

VI X LY (CPU): Thuat ng CPU c viet tat t danh t
Central Processing
Unit . ay la bo phan au nao cua PLC, nhiem vu cua CPU la
lien ket thng xuyen cac chng trnh ang cha trong bo
nh. Qua trnh hoat ong cua CPU c tom tat n gian nh
sau:
Theo chng trnh a c nap san, CPU kiem tra cac
thong tin va cac so lieu nhan c t cac module
nhap (input), cac c quan ieu khien, cam bien. . .
Phat lnh ieu khien en cac c cau tien hoat
ong thong qua cac module xuat (output).
CAC NGO VAO VA RA:
Khi PLC lien ket vi cac module ben ngoai tren cac ngo
vao va ra, ta co the phan chia phng phap lien ket thanh hai
dang:
Dang logic.
Dang truyen d lieu.
Khi cac ngo vao ra dang logic: module tren ngoa vao cho
phep ghi nhan (bat- capture) cac trang thai cua cam bien.;
ong thi chuyen oi tn hieu ien nhan c sang cac trang
thai logic (0 hay 1). Tai cac module tren ngo ra cho phep tac
ong len cac c cau khi ong c lien ket vi no; ong
thi cac module ngo ra co the chuyen oi cac trang thai logic
(0 hay 1) sang cac tn hieu ien (xem hnh 1.4).

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Giao Trnh Lap Trnh PLC Chng 01 Trang: 6

PLC

MODULE MODULE
NGOVA
O NGORA

Capteur

VALVE IE
N T
HAY CUON DAY CONTACTOR
AT TRONG MAY

NGUO
N NUO
I NGUO
N NUO
I

HNH 1.4: Cac ngo ra va vao lien ket theo dang logic.
Khi cac ngo vao va ra lien ket theo dang truyen d lieu;
tren cac ngo vao hay ra ta co the thc hien theo mot trong hai
phng an truyen d lieu song song hay noi tiep. Tng ng
vi moi phng phap truyen d lieu nay, tren moi ngo vao
hay ra ta can co bo noi ket gia thiet b ngoai vi vi bo vi
x ly ben trong PLC. Phng thc thc hien ket noi trnh bay
trong hnh 1.5.

HNH 1.5: Cac bo noi ket truyen d lieu theo phng thc song
song hay noi tiep.
1.3.NGUYEN-TAC VAN HANH CUA MOT PLC:
T rc tien chung ta thong nhat ve nh ngha cho cac
thuat ng sau:
D LIEU:
S bieu dien thong tin theo qui c di dang thch hp
e mot thiet b (hay may moc) dung lap trnh co the hieu
va x ly c.
LNH :

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Giao Trnh Lap Trnh PLC Chng 01 Trang: 7

Lnh la thanh phan c ban cua mot chng trnh cho biet
phep toan hay hanh ong nao o phai thc hien.
CHNG TRNH:
Chng trnh la mot day cac lnh sap xep trat t theo
mot chuoi hanh ong noi tiep nhau, cac hanh ong nay thc
hien bi bo vi x ly.
K hi van hanh theo trang thai bnh thng, PLC thc hien
co chu ky.
CHU KY :
Chu ky van hanh cua PLC la khoang thi gian gia hai
lan nhap cac tn hieu (vat ly) ngo vao.
Trong moi chu trnh hoat ong, PLC thc hien tuan t 3 giai
oan tac ong:
BC 1: Bo vi x ly ghi nhap cac trang thai logic
tren cac ngo vao va chuyen cac trang thai logic nay vao
trong bo nh d lieu.
BC 2: Vi x ly thc hien cac lnh cha trong bo
nh chng trnh theo tuan t t lnh au tien en lnh cuoi
cung. Chng trnh thc hien vi cac trang thai ngo vao a
c ghi nhan trong bo nh d lieu. Sau cung cac ket qua
cua moi lnh c xuat vao bo nh d lieu.
BC 3: Vi x ly tap hp cac trang thai logic cua
ket qua ngo ra (ang c cha trong bo nh d lieu) chuyen
en cac module tren ngo ra.
Nguyen tac van hanh n gian cua PLC c tom tat
trong hnh 1.6.

B
C1 OC CA
C TRANG THA
I NGOVA
O

B
C2 THC THI CHNG TRNH

B
C3 XUA
T CA
C TN HIE
U NGORA

HNH 1.6: Cac thao tac trong mot chu ky van hanh cua PLC.
1.4.CAC YEU CAU OI VI PLC CONG NGHIEP:
T rong qua trnh van hanh, cac yeu to anh hng en
trang thai hoat ong cua PLC bao gom 3 yeu to anh hng
chnh nh sau:
ANH HNG VAT-LY: bao gom cac yeu to ve nhiet o,
o am cua moi trng khong kh va o rung.
ANH HNG IEN: bao gom cac tn hieu nhieu tia va
cac tn hieu nhieu truyen trong day dan.
Cac tn hieu nhieu trong day dan sinh ra do s noi ket
gia nhieu thiet b vi nhau trong he thong PLC. Muon bao
ve chong lai cac anh hng nay chung ta can cac bo loc
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Giao Trnh Lap Trnh PLC Chng 01 Trang: 8

ngng ien ap, bo loc tre va dung cac bien ap cach ly khi
cap nguon cho PLC.
IEU KIEN NGUON : bao gom anh hng do nguon ien
li chnh sinh ra.
Cac s co do nguon anh hng en che o hoat ong
cua PLC co the liet ke nh sau:
S co mat nguon thoang qua.
S bien oi mc ien ap nguon (qua ap +10% ; hay
thap ap 15% so vi gia tr nh mc).
Nhieu truyen theo ng day.
Muon bao ve cho PLC trong cac trng hp nay, ta lap
at cac bo loc nguon trc khi cap en PLC, ong thi s
dung kem theo bo UPS e chong tnh trang ien ap mat ot
bien hay thap ap, qua ap di mc qui nh.
1.5.HNH DANG CUA MOT SO PLC:
Trong giao trnh nay, nham giup sinh vien co the s
dung va lap trnh ieu khien dung PLC mot cach cu the;
chung toi ch gii thieu hai dang PLC sau ay:
MODICON TSX NANO (cua nha san xuat
TELEMECANIQUE ).
FX 2N (cua nha san xuat MITSUBISHI).
Tuy nhien, vi moi nha san xuat tuy thuoc : muc tieu
ieu khien, pham vi ieu khien, mc o phc tap cua qua
trnh ieu khien (so lng ngo vao va ngo ra tren PLC. .);
chung ta co nhieu ho PLC khac nhau:
Vi nha san xuat TELEMECANIQUE, chung ta co cac
ho PLC (hnh 1.7):
MODICON TSX NANO.
MODICON TSX MICRO.
MODICON TSX PREMIUM.
Khi lap trnh van hanh PLC chung ta co the thc hien theo
mot trong hai phng thc sau:
Dung bo nap t ban phm ngoai, thng goi la hand
hold.
Dung may tnh PC vi phan mem lap trnh chuyen dung
tuy tng loai PLC.
Cac ky-thuat nay se c trnh bay trong cac chng sau.

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 PLC
Giao Trnh Lap Trnh PLC Chng 01 Trang: 9
PLC
TSX
TSX
Nan
Nan
o
o

PLC
PLC
TSX
TSX
Mic
Mic
ro
ro

PLC TSX Nano

PLC TSX Nano

PLC TSX
PLC TSX
Premium
Premium

Hand
Hand
hold
hold

HNH 1.7: Hnh dang cac PLC TSX cua nha san xuat MODICON
TELEMECANIQUE

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Giao Trnh Lap Trnh PLC Chng 01 Trang:10

LAP TRNH
LAP TRNH
PLC QUA
PLC QUA
THIET B
THIET B
HAND HOLD
HAND HOLD

LAP
LAP
TRNH
TRNH
PLC
PLC
DUNG
DUNG
MAY
MAY
HNH 1.8 : Cac phng thc lap trnh cho PLC. TNH PC
TNH PC

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Giao Trnh Lap Trnh PLC Chng 01 Trang:11

H
H
A
A
N
N
D
D
H
H
O
O
L
L
D
D

PLC FX
PLC FX
ON
ON
CUA
CUA
NHA
NHA
SAN
SAN
XUAT
XUAT
MITSUBIS
MITSUBIS
HI
HI

PLC MELSEC - AnS

HNH 1.9 : Mot so cac dang PLC cua nha san xuat MITSUBISHI

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