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Ee6303 Uw Lic
Ee6303 Uw Lic
com
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UNIT-I
IC FABRICATION
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INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
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Typical wafer
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Epitaxial growth
1. Epitaxy means growing a single crystal silicon
structure upon a original silicon substrate, so that
the resulting layer is an extension of the substrate
crystal structure.
2. The basic chemical reaction in the epitaxial
growth process of pure silicon is the hydrogen
reduction of silicon tetrachloride.
1200oC
SiCl+ 2H <-----------> Si + 4 HCl
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Oxidation
1. SiO2 is an extremely hard protective coating & is
unaffected by almost all reagents except by
hydrochloric acid. Thus it stands against any
contamination.
2. By selective etching of SiO2, diffusion of impurities
through carefully defined through windows in the
SiO2 can be accomplished to fabricate various
components.
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Oxidation
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Oxidation
oxide
thickness
t
t
time, t
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Photolithography
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Photographic mask
The development of photographic mask
involves the preparation of initial artwork and its
diffusion. reduction, decomposition of initial
artwork or layout into several mask layers.
Photo etching
Photo etching is used for the removal of SiO2
from desired regions so that the
desired2impurities can be diffused
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Diffusion
The process of introducing impurities into
selected regions of a silicon wafer is called
diffusion. The rate at which various impurities
diffuse into the silicon will be of the order of
1m/hr at the temperature range of 9000 C to
11000C .The impurity atoms have the tendency
to move from regions of higher concentrations
to lower concentrations
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Dielectric isolation
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Metallization
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1. It is a good conductor
2. it is easy to deposit aluminium films using vacuum
deposition.
3. It makes good mechanical bonds with silicon
4. It forms a low resistance contact
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IC packages available
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UNIT-II
Characteristics of Op-Amp
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OPERATION AMPLIFIER
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Op-amp symbol
+5v
Non-inverting input
2
7 0utput
6
inverting input 4
3
-5v
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Inverting Op-Amp
Rf
VOUT VIN
R1
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Non-Inverting Amplifier
R1
VOUT VIN 1
R2
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Voltage follower
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DC characteristics
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DC characteristics
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DC characteristics
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DC characteristics
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DC characteristics
THERMAL DRIFT
Bias current, offset current and offset voltage
change with temperature. A circuit carefully nulled at
25oc may not remain so when the temperature rises to
35oc. This is called drift.
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AC characteristics
Frequency Response
AC characteristics
Frequency Response
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Slew Rate
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UNIT-III
Applications of Op Amp
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Instrumentation Amplifier
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Instrumentation Amplifier
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Differentiator
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Integrator
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Differential amplifier
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Differential amplifier
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Summer
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Comparator
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Comparator
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Applications of comparator
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Schmitt trigger
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Schmitt trigger
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Multivibrator
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Monostable multivibrator
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Astable multivibrator
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Astable multivibrator
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Bistable multivibrator
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Vsat R2 Vsat R2
VUT ; VLT
R1 R2 R1 R2
Assuming R1 2 R2 where
|+Vsat| = |-Vsat| T t1 t 2 2 ln
R1 = Rf C
If R2 is chosen to be 0.86R1, then T = 2RfC and
1
f
2R f C
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Circuit Waveforms
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Filter
Filter is a frequency selective circuit that passes
signal of specified Band of frequencies and attenuates
the signals of frequencies outside the band
Type of Filter
1. Passive filters
2. Active filters
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Passive filters
Passive filters works well for high frequencies.
But at audio frequencies, the inductors become
problematic, as they become large, heavy and
expensive.For low frequency applications, more number
of turns of wire must be used which in turn adds to
the series resistance degrading inductors performance
ie, low Q, resulting in high power dissipation
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Active filters
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Active Filters
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f
atten . (dB) at f log x atten . (dB) at f dec
fc
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2-pole 3-pole
4-pole
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An Example
2-pole 3-pole
4-pole
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Example
Minimum # of poles = 4
Choose C = 0.01 mF; R = 5.3 kW
From table, Av1 = 1.1523, and Av2 = 2.2346.
Choose RI1 = RI2 = 10 kW; then RF1 = 1.5 kW, and RF2 =
12.3 kW .
Select standard values: 5.1 kW, 1.5 kW, and 12 kW.
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Attenuation (dB)
BPF BRF
f f
fcl fctr fcu fcl fctr fcu
The quality factor, Q, of a filter is given by: f ctr
where BW = fcu - fcl and
Q
BW
f ctr f cu f cl
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BW 2 BW BW 2 BW
f cl f ctr
2
; f cu f ctr
2
4 2 4 2
A broadband BPF can be obtained by combining a LPF and a HPF:
The Q of
this filter
is usually
> 1.
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f ctr 1
BW
Q 2pR1C
C1 = C2 = C
R2 = 2 R1
R1
R3
2Q 2 1
R3 can be adjusted or trimmed
1 R1
f ctr 1 to change fctr without affecting
2 2pR1C R3 the BW. Note that Q < 1.
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The equations for R1, R2, R3, C1, and C2 are the same as before.
RI = RF for unity gain and is often chosen to be >> R1.
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Classification of ADCs
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UNIT-IV
Special ICs
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555 IC
The 555 timer is an integrated circuit
specifically designed to perform signal
generation and timing functions.
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Astable multivibrator
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Astable multivibrator
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Monostable multivibrator
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1. Frequency multiplier
2. Frequency synthesizer
3. FM detector
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UNIT-V
APPLICATION ICs
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IC Voltage Regulators
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Design equations:
Vref ( R1 R2 )
Vo
R2
R1 R2 0.7
R3 Rsens
R1 R2 I max
Choose R1 + R2 = 10 kW,
and Cc = 100 pF.
External pass transistor and To make Vo variable,
current sensing added. replace R1 with a pot. 97
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R 4 Vo 0.7(R 4 R 5 )
I L (max)
R 5 R sens
0.7(R 4 R 5 )
I short
R 5 R sens
0.7Vo
R sens
I short(Vo 0.7) 0.7I L (max)
With external pass transistor Under foldback condition:
and foldback current limiting
0.7R L (R 4 R 5 )
R 2 Vref Vo '
Vo R 5 R sens R 4 R L
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It is used to obtain an
output > the Vreg
value up to a max.of
37 V.
R1 is chosen so that
R1 0.1 Vreg/IQ,
where IQ is the
Vreg Vreg ) of
R1 (Vocurrent
quiescent
Vo Vreg I Q R2 R2 regulator.
or the
R1 V I R
reg Q 1
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(a) (b)
Circuit with capacitors Circuit with protective
to improve performance diodes
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3(VCC Vsweep )
fo
2 RC1Vtotal
where R = RA = RB
If pin 7 is tied to pin 8,
3
fo
RA
5RAC1 1
2 RA RB
For 50 % duty cycle,
+VCC > Vsweep > Vtotal + VEE + 2 fo
0.3
where Vtotal = VCC + |VEE| RC1
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Isolation Amplifier
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ISOLATION AMPLIFIER
Purposes
To break ground to permit incompatible circuits
to be interfaced together while reducing noise
To amplify signals while passing only low
leakage current to prevent shock to people or damage to
equipment
To withstand high voltage to protect people,
circuits, and equipment
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Methods
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OPTOCOUPLER
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OPTOCOUPLER
A very common application for the opto coupler is a FAX
machine or MODEM, isolating the device from the
telephone line to prevent the potentially destructive spike
in voltage that would accompany a lightning strike. This
protective tool has other uses in the opto electronic area.
It can be used as a guard against EMI, removing ground
loops and reducing noise.
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Applications
Inter- and intra-chip optical interconnect and clock
distribution
Fiber transceivers
Intelligent sensors
Smart pixel array parallel processors
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Approaches
Conventional hybrid assembly: multi-chip modules
Total monolithic process development
Modular integration on ICs:
epitaxy-on-electronics
flip-chip bump bonding w. substrate removal
self-assembly
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General Description
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Features
Wide supply voltage range
Low quiescent power drain
Voltage gain fixed at 50
High peak current capability
Input referenced to GND
High input impedance
Low distortion
Quiescent output voltage is at one-half of the supply
voltage
Standard dual-in-line package
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