1.

AC Generator
According to the Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction, whenever a
conductor moves in a magnetic field EMF gets
induced across the conductor. If the close path is
provided to the conductor, induced emf causes
current to flow in the circuit.
Now, see the above figure. Let the
conductor coil ABCD is placed in a magnetic
field. The direction of magnetic flux will be
form N pole to S pole. The coil is connected to
slip rings, and the load is connected through
brushes resting on the slip rings.
Now, consider the case 1 from above
figure. The coil is rotating clockwise, in this case the direction of induced current can be given by Fleming's right
hand rule, and it will be along A-B-C-D.
As the coil is rotating clockwise, after half of the time period, the position of the coil will be as in second
case of above figure. In this case, the direction of the induced current according to Fleming's right hand rule will
be along D-C-B-A. It shows that, the direction of the current changes after half of the time period, which means
we get an alternating current.
2. DC Generator
When an AC motor is in steady-state rotation (motion), the magnetic fields of the rotor and stator rotate
(move) with little or no slippage (near synchrony). The magnetic forces (repulsive and attractive) between the
rotor and stator poles create average torque, capable of driving a load at rated speed. The speed of the stator
rotating magnetic field and the speed of the rotor rotating magnetic field, relative to the speed of the mechanical
shaft, must maintain synchronism for average torque production by satisfying the synchronous speed
relation Otherwise, asynchronously rotating magnetic fields would produce pulsating or non-average torque.
The two main types of AC motors are classified as induction and synchronous. The induction motor (or
asynchronous motor) always relies on a small difference in speed between the stator rotating magnetic field and
the rotor shaft speed called slip to induce rotor current in the rotor AC winding. As a result, the induction motor
cannot produce torque near synchronous speed where induction (or slip) is irrelevant or ceases to exist. In
contrast, the synchronous motor does not rely on slip-induction for operation and uses either permanent magnets,
salient poles (having projecting magnetic poles), or an independently excited rotor winding. The synchronous
motor produces its rated torque at exactly synchronous speed. The brushless wound-rotor doubly fed
synchronous motor system has an independently excited rotor winding that does not rely on the principles of
slip-induction of current. The brushless wound-rotor doubly fed motor is a synchronous motor that can function
exactly at the supply frequency or sub to super multiple of the supply frequency.
3. Transformer

Transformer is a static device (and doesnt contain on rotating parts, hence no friction losses), which
convert electrical power from one circuit to another without changing its frequency. it Step up (or Step down) the
level of AC Voltage and Current.

Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction of two coils or Faraday Laws Of
Electromagnetic induction. When current in the primary coil is changed the flux linked to the secondary coil also
changes. Consequently an EMF is induced in the secondary coil due to Faraday laws of electromagnetic
induction.

The transformer is based on two principles: first, that an electric current can produce a magnetic field
(electromagnetism), and, second that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the
ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction). Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux
that is developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.

A simple transformer has a soft iron or

silicon steel core and windings placed on it(iron
core). Both the core and the windings are
insulated from each other. The winding
connected to the main supply is called the
primary and the winding connected to the load
circuit is called the secondary.

Winding (coil) connected to higher

voltage is known as high voltage winding while
the winding connected to low voltage is known as
low voltage winding. In case of a step up
transformer, the primary coil (winding) is the low
voltage winding, the number of turns of the
windings of the secondary is more than that of
the

primary. Vice versa for step down transformer.

By so doing (variation of flux) energy is transferred from the primary coil to the secondary coil by means
of electromagnetic induction without the change in the frequency of the voltage supplied to the transformer.
During the process, a self induced EMF is produced in the primary coil which opposes the applied voltage. The
self induced EMF is known as back EMF.

Main Constructional Part of Transformer

1. Primary Winding of Transformer- which produces magnetic flux when it is connected to electrical source.
2. Magnetic Core of Transformer- the magnetic flux produced by the primary winding, that will pass
through this low reluctance path linked with secondary winding and create a closed magnetic circuit.
3. Secondary Winding of
Transformer- the flux, produced by
primary winding, passes through the
core, will link with the secondary
winding. This winding also wounds
on the same core and gives the desired
output of the transformer.

1 Oil filter valve 17 Oil drain valve

2 Conservator 18 Jacking boss

3 Buchholz relay 19 Stopper

4 Oil filter valve 20 Foundation bolt

5 Pressure-relief vent 21 Grounding terminal

6 High-voltage bushing 22 Skid base

7 Low-voltage bushing 23 Coil

8 Suspension lug 24 Coil pressure plate

9 B C T Terminal 25 Core

10 Tank 26 Terminal box for protective devices

11 De-energized tap changer 27 Rating plate

12 Tap changer handle 28 Dial thermometer

13 Fastener for core and coil 29 Radiator

14 Lifting hook for core and coil 30 Manhole

15 End frame 31 Lifting hook

16 Coil pressure bolt 32 Dial type oil level gauge