GRAVITY BASED POWER GENERATION

A SEMINAR REPORT

SUBMITTED BY

PRAKHAR PANDEY

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

Of
Bachelor of Engineering
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

AT
PS Institute OF Technology and Science
Department of EN
Kanpur
April/2017
 CERTIFICATE

We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the

B.Tech. Major Project Report entitled Gravity Based Power
Generation, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award
of the Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering and submitted to the Department of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering of PSIT- Kanpur UP is an authentic record of
my own work carried out during the Academic year 2016-17

The matter presented in this Report has not been submitted by

us for the award of any other degree elsewhere.

Prakhar Pandey
Group Leader
Group-14

This is to certify that the above statement made by the

candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge.

Signature of Supervisor(s)

Date: Sawan Kr. Sharma

Project
Supervisor(s

Dr. Anshuman Tyagi

Head
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 It is my privilege to express our sincerest regards to our project guide, Mr. Sawan
Kumar Sharma, for their valuable inputs, able guidance, encouragement, whole-hearted
cooperation and constructive criticism throughout the duration of our project. We deeply
express our sincere thanks to our Head of Department Dr. Anshuman Tyagi for encouraging
and allowing us to present the project on the topic GRAVITY BASED POWER
GENERATION at our department premises for the partial fulfillment of the requirements
leading to the award of B-Tech degree. We take this opportunity to thank all our lecturers
who have directly or indirectly helped our project. We pay our respects and love to our
parents and all other family members and friends for their love and encouragement through
out our career. Last but not the least we express our thanks to our friends for their cooperation
and support.

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ABSTRACT
 Conserving energy has become the biggest issue in present scenario. Due to the
development and modernization the electricity demand is increasing at high extent. To fulfil
this demand globally which is without any harmful effect on environment is possible by using
gravity power generation. The reason behind generating power by using gravity is that it is
available all over the earth.
Comparing to the other sources like chemical, thermal and other sources gravity is
weak, is scalable. This weakness is due to uniformity, or steady state of our interactions with
gravity. As gravity is weak as compared to the other sources, it cannot be efficiently
converted into electrical energy or in the other form. The concept of gravity power generation
is simple. The basic concept of gravity power generation mechanism is, when a body moves
down from higher altitude to lower one its potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.
This motion is converted into circular motion and that circular motion is converted into
electricity by using AC GENERATORS.
Our aim is to create a solution that is affordable - without locking people into on-
going costs but not at the expense of quality or elegant design. Gravity Light offers people
an opportunity to break the fuel poverty cycle cause by kerosene lamps. This starts a positive
cycle - of money saved, increased productive hours and improved health. In parallel, by
replacing kerosene lamps, GravityLight eliminates the carbon dioxide and black carbon these
emit.
In recent times due to effects of pollution and global warming there is a need for
generating power from renewable sources. The reason for generating power using gravity is
that it is available all over the Earth, abundant and consistent too. In this project, the
gravitational energy of a heavy particle is converted to the electrical energy. When the heavy
particle falls down from a higher altitude to a lower one, its potential energy is converted into
the kinetic energy. Then this energy is converted to electricity by using a synchronous motor.
With the increasing of the altitude of the load, the lighting time increases. If load increases,
power production also increases, but the lighting time decreases.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter No. Title Page No.
 Certificate I
Acknowledgment II
Abstract III
1. Introduction -01
2. Literature Overview -05
3. Working mechanism -08
3.1 Working -08
3.2 Calculation -12
3.3 Result -13
4. System Design -14
4.1 Hardware -14
4.1.1 Synchronous Motor -14
4.1.2 Bicycle wheel -19
4.1.3 Ball Bearing -20
4.1.4 Pulley Belt -21
4.1.5 Load -24
4.1.6 LED -25
4.1.7 Resistors -26
4.1.8 Capacitor -29
4.1.9 Rectifier -30
5. Advantage & Application -33
5.1 Advantages -33
5.2 Applications -33

6. Conclusion & Scope -34

7. References -36
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

During the last few decades power requirement has reached to high extent, for various
purposes, due to ever increasing population, development and modernization. Power can be
harnessed through various methods using Renewable energy source or Non-Renewable
energy source. But all this method used to produce electricity, have their own limitations and
energy can be grasped only in a specific quantity and only for some extent. Therefore there is
vital need for having a source which would generate power overcoming these limitations.
Gravity is one such source which can serve our purpose. Gravitational force is force that
attracts any object with mass. The primary objective is to provide a gravity power generation
mechanism which can continuously convert gravity potential energy into kinetic energy. This
motion is converted into circular motion and is then converted into electricity using a
generator. Thus in this paper we are mainly concerned with study of power generation using a
technique which produces power from gravity force. Gravity engine is a free energy
generator that apparently harnesses power of gravity and use it to make mechanical work.
Even today, after advancement of science and technology, more than 1 billion people
do not have access even to basic electricity. That is almost 1 among every 5 people. These
people use other costly and harmful resources like kerosene to light their homes. Gravity
being one of the fundamental forces of nature is available everywhere across the Earth.
Currently it is a dream to meet all energy requirements of the world. But when we have a
light that gives free, clean energy at least the basic requirement of millions of people will be
fulfilled.
Now a days due to the effects of pollution and global warming there is a need for
generating power from renewable sources. Due to the availability of gravity all over the earth,
abundant and consistent it is very suitable to generating power by using gravity. Energy
demand is increasing day by day with rapid growth in industrialization as well as
modernization. But the energy resources are gradually decreasing at high extent. Within a few
years the energy resources will be finished and hence there will be lack of fuel (coal, wood,
water, etc.) for power generation. The other renewable sources such as solar, wind, biomasses
etc. are available only for a particular duration of time during the day and night. Therefore the
gravity power generation is one of the method to generate powers which fulfil energy
demands and requirements of present time. It is possible to deflect gravitational action away
from an object so that the object is partially deviated. That effect makes it possible to extract
energy from the gravitational field, which makes the generation of gravitational electric
power technologically feasible. Such plants would be near about similar to hydro-electric
plants. Gravitational electric power plant has advantages over the hydro-electric

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 plant, such as not needing of fuel and not polluting the environment. However, the
gravitational electric plant would be much smaller than hydro-electric plants. The location of
that plant would not be restricted to suitable water elevations and gravitational electric power
plants and their produced energy would be much expensive. If the gravitational power
electric generation comes under operation and working then it can replace all existing nuclear
and fossil fuel plants and it would essentially solve the problem of global warming to the
extent it is caused by fossil fuel used.
Approximately 1/3 of the World's population is off-grid (having no access to mains
power). This situation is not set to change in the near future, according to the World Bank and
the World Health Organisation, and is identified as a major obstacle to the proliferation of
education, and recognised as a limiting factor for growth in developing economies. The vast
proportion of existing solutions for heat and light in remote, off-grid, areas rely on bio-mass
(carbon-based fuel sources). Concerns over ecological impact aside, a reliance on burning
biomass for lighting (specifically oil) is expensive, keeping millions in fuel poverty, is
unhealthy (producing toxic fumes and poor quality light) and dangerous (fire).

The charity Solar Aid identified kerosene (known in the UK as paraffin) as the
predominant, bio-mass fuel source burned for lighting across developing African nations.
They also identified some obstacles to the adoption of alternatives to kerosene that seemed to
exist. Consequently, they formulated a brief for us to design a non-kerosene powered product
that they felt would be more readily adopted by end users in these markets. This project was
started in mid-2008. They had observed that many individuals own traditional kerosene
lamps and have usage patterns that are highly adapted to these devices, such as night
fishermen who hang the robust, tin (and fragile glass) products on the end of long poles,
erected at the prow of fishing boats. Solar-aid felt that if these kerosene lamp bodies could be
adapted to run off a non-biomass power source, while maintaining familiar product
semantics, consumer acceptance would be more widely, and quickly, achieved. In addition to
this, Solar Aid identified a price barrier, and suggested that any solution should have
maximum target retail.

Purchase, as and when the opportunity arose, without the need to save-up. This was
seen as key due to the lack of consumer credit mechanisms in their target markets. Lastly,
they felt that an additional benefit to the adaptation of existing kerosene lamps would be
access to funding mechanisms within the carbon credits scheme for which they could qualify,
where they hoped to trade carbon credits through demonstrating quantities of converted
lamps that no-longer relied on carbon-based fuel sources.

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 Fig. 1.1 Functional block diagram of gravity based power generation

1.1 What Is Gravity Power Generation

The generation of power by using gravity as a form of energy is known as gravity
power generation. This is of the most latest practice to deploy supply to the remote area
which are too far from substations and are unable to get the supply. Hence this technique
provide with power supply in hilly areas where its impossible for a transmission line to
reach and by using the natural phenomenon of gravity the power can be generated.

1.2 Need Of Gravity Power Generation

The motion of celestial bodies such as a moon, the earth, the planets etc. has been a
subject of great interest for a long time. Famous Indian Astronomer and mathematician, this
motion and wrote his conclusion. About a thousand years after Aryabhat, the brilliant
combination of Tycho Brahe[1546-1601] and Johanaase Kepler[1571-1630] studied the
planetary motion in great detail.
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 They all came to point that there must be a force responsible for such a motion. The
year 1665 was very fruitful as a question strike before Sir Issac Newton, that what is the force
that produces this acceleration? Thus this force that pulls objects toward centre of the earth
was found out and proved, to be named as, Gravitational force. Various mechanisms are
further developed to utilize this gravitational force for producing required power. Maximo
Gomez-Nacer have designed a system of obtaining electricity by means of use of the force of
gravity, by incorporating pendulums whose weight and velocity provide energy for electricity
generation. Another such mechanism is developed by Chun-Chan Wang [Kaohsiung City]
which generates energy using gravity conversion unit that produces positive torques by
adopting outward-spreading single directional swing arms and reduces the negative torques
by cooperating with folding action of single directional swing arms.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE OVERVIEW

NEED AND ADVANTAGES:

Energy is usually defined as the ability to do work. This is an anthropocentric and
utilitarian perspective of energy; however, it is a useful definition for engineering where the
aim of machines is to convert energy to work. As a more general description, we would say
that energy is a fundamental entity whose availability and flow are required for all
phenomena, natural or artificial. An understanding of how energy is generated and measured
is central to our decisions concerning the use and conservation of energy. Large-scale
production of energy evolved over centuries but grew radically in the last 400 years and
especially since the Industrial Revolution. A century of development and commercialization
of electric power technology has ensured an easy supply, and continuous measurement.
Energy is derived in usable forms from numerous sources, such as flowing water, fossil fuels
(e.g., coal and natural gas), uranium, and the sun. Electricity is a widely used form of energy.
Any of these sources can be used to generate electricity. Liquid fuels such as gasoline and
diesel derived from fossil fuels are a widely used source of energy. These fuels form the basis
of our easy transportation. A complete understanding of the complexities of the energy
systems within the natural environment requires knowledge of some basic physics and
chemistry.
An energy system may be thought of as an interrelated network of energy sources and
stores of energy, connected by transmission and distribution of that energy to where it is
needed. The transformation from stores of energy in food to work, and subsequent dissipation
of energy is an example of such a system. The starting point of all energy in this "food chain"
or chain" (considering only the vegetable and cereal part of our food) is the sun.

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 Fig.2.1 Natural Energy Sources

This natural energy system is part of a larger system that includes nutrients from the
soil as input, other energy for cooking as input, etc. Figure 1 is drawn to show the parts of
transformation of this initial solar energy up to its final dissipation and one storage system
(fossil fuels). A complete concept map would show all the other factors. The numerous
energy systems in nature include the food chain, the climate and ocean systems, and the
cycles of various materials such as water, carbon, and nitrogen. Most of the energy systems
currently in use, both natural and man-made, originate in the Earth-Sun relationship. The
fossil fuels we use today are stores of solar energy. Photosynthesis is an example of solar
radiant energy transformed into stores of chemical energy that plants and animals (including
humans) use to maintain themselves. The conversion of solar radiant Energy System 2 energy
through photosynthesis is a fundamental natural energy system. The food chain is an example
of a natural, solar based energy system that has sustained human life on Earth. Often we take
for granted that energy will always be available for us to use. We fail to recognize the
complexities of the energy systems that drive these environmental phenomena and sustain life
on Earth. We are intricate parts of the system as end users, completing the dissipation of
energy to forms that are so spread out that it is impossible to use that energy again. Fossil
fuels (coal, oil, gas) result from a transformation of plant and animal material over millions of
years. The solar energy originally stored in the plant or animal is eventually converted into
energy stored in carbon and hydrogen bonds of the fossil fuel. The fuels that took millions of
years to make are being used at an enormously rapid rate.
Fossil fuels and fuels like uranium are "spent" once they are used to obtain energy.
These are called non-renewable sources of energy. Although new plants can be planted that
eventually turn to coal, the process takes millions of years and that is why coal and other
fossil fuels are considered non-renewable.
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 Solar and wind energy arrive or circulate air on the Earth everyday. These sources are
called renewable. Wood and trees used as fuel are called renewable, because they can be
replanted. However, when we use them so that the rate of use far exceeds the rate of
replenishment (trees take time to grow), referring to these sources as "renewable" can be a
misnomer! Energy use in each human activity has grown exponentially since the early days
of human civilization. For example, technological capabilities enable us to travel more and
process more food. Figure 3 shows the amount of energy (in calories) we spend for each
calorie of food we get. It shows that technologies have mechanized and made large
production systems of cultivation and fishing. These systems involve large expenditures of
energy. This shows that for wet rice production in Asian countries, it takes between 0.02 and
0.1 calories of energy to produce 1 calorie worth of rice as food. Large-scale food production
consumes enormous amounts of energy. For example, it takes over 2 calories of energy input
to produce 1 calorie worth of eggs in large-scale farms, and it takes 10-15 calories of input
for every calorie worth of beef produced in the U.S.. Note how the intensity of energy
consumption for U.S. food production has grown almost ten-fold in the 20th century. Add to
this the fact that for every calorie of energy our body gets, we have to take in over 5 calories
worth of food. We are intricate parts of the system as end users, completing the dissipation of
energy to forms that are so spread out that it is impossible to use that energy again.

(1)Renewable Sources Of Energy

A renewable natural resource is one that can be renewed, or replenished in a
reasonable amount of time (in years or a human-life span), once it has been used. Renewable
energy is generated from natural sources (sun, wind, rain, tides, and vegetation) and can be
generated again and again when needed. It is generally replenished naturally. For example,
trees are a renewable resource because once a tree is removed and used, a new tree can grow
in its place

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 CHAPTER 3
Working Mechanism

3.1 working:
1. A gravity power generation mechanism comprising:
A gravity energy conversion unit including a transmitting member, the transmitting
member circulating correspondingly to a direction of gravity and being installed with
a plurality of single directional swing arms outside thereof, the gravity energy
conversion unit producing a larger positive torque by casting the single directional
arms outwards and producing a smaller negative torque by cooperating with an
inward-folding action of the single directional swing arm, so as to continuously cast
the single directional arms by means of gravity, after being cast, the single directional
swing arm, under the action of gravity, continuously descends from high to low, so as
to make the connected transmitting member continuously operate too, thus
converting gravity potential energy into kinetic energy and then transmit the kinetic
energy out to perform an energy conversion power generation.

2. The gravity power generation mechanism as claimed in claim 1 further

comprising a power generating unit, the power generating unit including a generator
which is driven by the transmitting member of the gravity energy conversion unit,
and the power generating unit converting energy to generate electricity by use of the
generator.

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 3. The gravity power generation mechanism as claimed in claim 2, wherein the
gravity energy conversion unit includes:
at least two wheel members which are pivotally disposed along the direction of
gravity;
at least one transmitting member which is installed on the wheel members; and
a plurality of single directional swing arms which are positioned outside the
transmitting member by single directional pivot seats, and the single directional pivot
seats only allow the respective single directional arms to pivotally rotate in opposite
direction of the transmitting member.

4. The gravity power generation mechanism as claimed in claim 3, wherein

the single directional swing arms are equidistantly positioned outside the transmitting
member by use of the single directional pivot seats.
gravity power generation mechanism as claimed in claim 3, wherein the respective
single directional swing arms is installed with a gravity member, each single
directional swing arm includes at least one swing rod and a pivot rod that are
pivotally coupled to each other, an outer end of the swing rod is disposed with the
gravity member, and the other end of the swing rod utilizes an axial elongated pivot
hole thereof to restrict a pivot pin of the pivot rod, the pivot rod is pivotally coupled
to and restricted by the single directional pivot seat, and the swing rod and the pivot
rod have a predetermined extension distance there between to generate an extension
inertial force.

5. The gravity power generation mechanism as claimed in claim 3, wherein the

single directional pivot seats only allow the respective single directional swing arms
to be pivotally folded 90 degrees in opposite direction of the transmitting member,
and the respective single directional swing arms freely rotate within a horizontal and
vertical angle with respect to the transmitting member.

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 Fig. 3.1 A gravity power generation system

7. A gravity power generation mechanism comprising: a gravity energy conversion

unit including a transmitting member, the transmitting member utilizing a plurality of wheel
members to circulate correspondingly to a direction of gravity, the transmitting member being
installed with a plurality of single directional swing arms outside thereof, the gravity energy
conversion unit produces a larger positive torque by casting the single directional arms
outwards and produces a smaller negative torque by cooperating with an inward-folding
action of the single directional swing arms, so as to make the transmitting member
continuously self-generate energy; and a power generating unit including a connecting shaft
and a generator, one end of the connecting shaft being connected to the wheel members of the
gravity energy conversion unit and driven by the wheel members, the connecting shaft
transmits rotational kinetic energy to the generator, at this moment, the generator rotates to
generate electricity.
8. The gravity power generation mechanism as claimed in claim 7, wherein the
gravity energy conversion unit includes two wheel members, a transmitting member and a
plurality of single directional swing arms, the two wheel members are pivotally disposed
along the direction of gravity and the transmitting member is mounted on the two wheel
members, the transmitting member and the two wheel members are drivingly linked to each
other, the single directional swing arms utilize single directional pivot seats to be
equidistantly positioned outside the transmitting member, and the single directional pivot
seats only allow the respective single directional swing arms to pivotally rotate in opposite
direction of the transmitting member,
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 each single directional swing arm includes at least one swing rod and a pivot rod that are
pivotally coupled to each other, an outer end of the swing rod is disposed with a gravity
member, and the other end of the swing rod uses an axial elongated pivot hole thereof for
restricting a pivot pin of the pivot rod, and the pivot rod is pivotally coupled to and restricted
by the single directional pivot seat to generate an extension inertial force; the power
generating unit includes a connecting shaft, a fly wheel and a generator, the connecting shaft
is installed with an universal joint, and one end of the connecting shaft is connected to the
wheel members of the gravity energy conversion unit and driven by the wheel members, the
connecting shaft transmits rotational kinetic energy to the generator after using the fly wheel
to enhance inertial force.

9. The gravity power generation mechanism as claimed in claim 7, wherein a

configuration path of the wheel members and the transmitting member of the gravity energy
conversion unit is allowed to be similar to a round shape, an elliptic shape, a rectangular
shape or a triangular shape and is designed correspondingly to the direction of gravity.

10. The gravity power generation mechanism as claimed in claim 7, wherein the
transmitting member and the wheel members of the gravity energy conversion unit are
designed as a cooperation of a chain and chain wheels, a cooperation of a belt and pulleys or
a cooperation of a wheel rail belt and driving delivery wheels.

Fig.3.2 A gravity power generation system

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3.2 Calculations:

The diagram above has Ar, Br and Cr are:

Ar = rotational speed of the small pulley A with the generator attached, (4)
Br= rotational speed of the large pulley B,(3) Cr= rotational speed Cr of the small
sprocket C that's attached to the large pulley (2).
By starting with the generator, in this case a synchronous motor is used. When it is turned the
shaft of a motor, the motor acts like a generator, producing electricity. There is a small pulley
that is attached to the generator shaft and its diameter is 5.25 cm. and circumference is 16.5
cm.
Now there needs a rotational speed for the small pulley of 5-6 RPM to find some
combination of large pulley with attached small pulley (or sprocket in this case), and possibly
more than one of them that would cause a mass to fall at a reasonably slow speed for long
enough to light the LED for a reasonably long time.

Fig. 3.3
Using 1 kg of load, the potential energy of the load for an altitude of 145 cm,Ep=mass
gravity constant height of the load =mgh= 1kg 9.81 ms-2 1.45m =14.23 J
This potential energy is converted to the electrical energy by the generator. Hence,
Generator output =Voltage Current flow time of load landing=VIt=3.2 V 12 mA 42 s =
1.62 J
The height from where the load is falling by the gravity is, h= 145cm.
Time required to fall the load, t= 42 s.
Hence, velocity of the falling mass, v= 3.45 cm per second.
Efficiency= (Output energy /Input Energy)*100%
= (1.62J/14.23J)*100% =11.23%

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3.3 Results:
For 1kg of load from a height of 1.45m the input energy is 14.23 J and the output by
the generator is 1.62J. Hence the efficiency of gravity powered light is 11.23%.
Some observational graph are made from the gravity light for different weights are given
below:

Fig. 3.4 Graph between Time to Height

Fig. 3.5 Graph between Voltage to Weight

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 CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM DESIGN

Power generation is done through various methods, some of which uses Renewable
energy sources and some use Non Renewable Energy Resources. But all this methods can be
used to produce the Electrical energy only for some extent. The energy generated from
Renewable sources is also not continuous throughout the day for 24hrs.Therefore a source
through which energy can be harvested continuously for 24hrs is to be found. Gravity is the
force that is present on the earth at every instant of time, hence with suitable mechanism it
can be used as a source to generate Electrical energy. An arrangement is made in such a way
that the Kinetic Energy of a body due to the gravitational force is converted into electrical
energy.

4.1 Hardware
In the above system following are some of the hardware which are used
1. Synchronous machine
2. Bicycle Wheel
3. Ball Bearing
4. Pulley and Belts
5. Load
6. Steel Flat Bar
7. LED Light
8. Resistor
9. Capacitor
10. Rectifier

4.1.1 Synchronous machine

4.1.1.1 Synchronous motor
The synchronous electrical generator (also called alternator) belongs to the family of
electric rotating machines. Other members of the family are the direct current (dc) motor or
generator, the induction motor or generator, and a number of derivatives of all these three.
What is common to all the members of this family is that the basic physical process involved
in their operation is the conversion of electromagnetic energy to mechanical energy, and vice
versa. Therefore, to comprehend the physical principles governing the operation of electric
rotating machines, one has to understand some rudiments of electrical and mechanical
engineering
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Theory of operation
When the motor is supplied with a.c. power supply, the stator poles get energised.
This in turn attracts (opposite) the rotor poles, thus both the stator and rotor poles get
magnetically interlocked. It is this interlock which makes the rotor to rotate at the same
synchronous speed with the stator poles. The synchronous speed of rotation is given by the
expression Ns=120f/P.
When the load on the motor is increased gradually, the rotor even though runs at same
speed, tends to progressively fall back in phase by some angle, ", called the Load Angle or
the Coupling Angle. This Load angle is dependent on the amount of load that the motor is
designed to handle. In other words, we can interpret as the torque developed by the motor
depends on the load angle, ".The electrical working of a Synchronous Motor can be
compared to the transmission of power by a mechanical shaft. In the figure are shown two
pulleys, A" & B". Pulley A" and the pulley B" are assumed to be keyed on the same
shaft. Pulley A" transfers the power from the drive through the shaft, in turn making the
pulley B" to rotate, thus transferring power to the load.

Fig. 4.1 Detailed sketch of synchronous motor

A permanent magnet synchronous generator is a generator where the excitation field

is provided by a permanent magnet instead of a coil. The term synchronous refers here to the
fact that the rotor and magnetic field rotate with the same speed, because the magnetic field is
generated through a shaft mounted permanent magnet mechanism and current is induced into
the stationary armature
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 Synchronous generators are the majority source of commercial electrical energy. They
are commonly used to convert the mechanical power output of steam turbines, gas
turbines, reciprocating engines and hydro turbines into electrical power for the grid. Some
designs of Wind turbines also use this generator type.

Fig 4.2 Rotor movement

In the majority of designs the rotating assembly in the centre of the generatorthe
"rotor"contains the magnet, and the "stator" is the stationary armature that is electrically
connected to a load. As shown in the diagram above, the perpendicular component of the
stator field affects the torque while the parallel component affects the voltage. The load
supplied by the generator determines the voltage. If the load is inductive, then the angle
between the rotor and stator fields will be greater than 90 degrees which corresponds to an
increased generator voltage. This is known as an overexcited generator. The opposite is true
for a generator supplying a capacitive load which is known as an under excited generator. A
set of three conductors make up the armature winding in standard utility equipment,
constituting three phases of a power circuitthat correspond to the three wires we are
accustomed to see on transmission lines. The phases are wound such that they are 120
degrees apart spatially on the stator, providing for a uniform force or torque on the generator
rotor. The uniformity of the torque arises because the magnetic fields resulting from the
induced currents in the three conductors of the armature winding combine spatially in such a
way as to resemble the magnetic field of a single, rotating magnet. This stator magnetic field
or "stator field" appears as a steady rotating field and spins at the same frequency as the rotor
when the rotor contains a single dipole magnetic field. The two fields move in
"synchronicity" and maintain a fixed position relative to each other as they spin.
They are known as synchronous generators because f, the frequency of the induced
voltage in the stator (armature conductors) conventionally measured in hertz, is directly
proportional to RPM, the rotation rate of the rotor usually given in revolutions per minute (or
angular speed). If the rotor windings are arranged in such a way as to produce the effect of
more than two magnetic poles, then each physical revolution of the rotor results in more
magnetic poles moving past the armature windings.
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 Each passing of a north and South Pole corresponds to a complete "cycle" of a magnet
field oscillation. Therefore, the constant of proportionality is where P is the number of
magnetic rotor poles (almost always an even number), and the factor of 120 comes from 60
seconds per minute and two poles in a single magnet

Fig 4.3 Phasor Diagram of Motor

This information can be used to determine the real and reactive power output from the
generator.

Fig. 4.4 Phasor diagram

In a permanent magnet generator, the magnetic field of the rotor is produced by

permanent magnets. Other types of generator use electromagnets to produce a magnetic field
in a rotor winding. The direct current in the rotor field winding is fed through a slip-ring
assembly or provided by a brushless exciter on the same shaft.
Permanent magnet generators (PMGs) or alternators (PMAs) do not require a DC supply for
the excitation circuit, nor do they have slip rings and contact brushes. A key disadvantage in
PMAs or PMGs is that the air gap flux is not controllable, so the voltage of the machine
cannot be easily regulated. A persistent magnetic field imposes safety issues during assembly,
field service or repair. High performance permanent magnets, themselves, have structural and
thermal issues. Torque current MMF vectorially combines with the persistent flux of
permanent magnets, which leads to higher air-gap flux density and eventually, core
saturation. In these permanent magnet alternators the speed is directly proportional to the
output voltage of the alternator.

Generators may be classified by method of excitation, number of phases, the type of rotation,
and their application.

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By excitation
There are two main ways to produce the magnetic field used in the alternators, by
using permanent magnets which create their own persistent magnetic field or by using field
coils. The alternators that use permanent magnets are specifically called magnetos. In other
alternators, wound field coils form an electromagnet to produce the rotating magnetic field.
All devices that use permanent magnets and produce alternating current are called
PMA or permanent magnet alternator. A "permanent magnet generator" (PMG) may produce
either alternating current, or direct current if it has a commutator. If the permanent magnet
device makes only AC current, it is correctly called a PMA.

Direct connected DC generator

This method of excitation consists of a smaller direct-current (DC) generator fixed on
the same shaft with the alternator. The DC generator generates a small amount of electricity
just enough to excite the field coils of the connected alternator to generate electricity. A
variation of this system is a type of alternator which uses direct current from the battery for
excitation, after which the alternator is self-excited.
Transformation and rectification
This method depends on residual magnetism retained in the iron core to generate
weak magnetic field which would allow weak voltage to be generated. The voltage is used to
excite the field coils for the alternator to generate stronger voltage as part of its build
up process. After the initial AC voltage build-up, the field is supplied with rectified
voltage from the alternator.
Brushless alternators
A brushless alternator is composed of two alternators built end-to-end on one shaft.
Smaller brushless alternators may look like one unit but the two parts are readily identifiable
on the large versions. The larger of the two sections is the main alternator and the smaller one
is the exciter. The exciter has stationary field coils and a rotating armature (power coils). The
main alternator uses the opposite configuration with a rotating field and stationary armature.
A bridge rectifier, called the rotating rectifier assembly, is mounted on the rotor. Neither
brushes nor slip rings are used, which reduces the number of wearing parts. The main
alternator has a rotating field as described above and a stationary armature (power generation
windings).
Varying the amount of current through the stationary exciter field coils varies the 3-
phase output from the exciter. This output is rectified by a rotating rectifier assembly,
mounted on the rotor, and the resultant DC supplies the rotating field of the main alternator
and hence alternator output. The result of all this is that a small DC exciter current indirectly
controls the output of the main alternator.
Early Honda four-cylinder motorcycles (CB750F, CB350F, CB500F, CB550F) used a
brushless Hitachi 200W alternator. This had a fixed "rotor" winding on the outer cover; the
outer end of the iron core was a disc that closed the outer rotor pole. The rotor comprised two
intermeshed six- pole "claws" welded to and spaced apart by a non-magnetic ring. It bolted
directly to the end of the five-bearing crank by the hub of one pole. The other pole had an
open end to receive the stator winding.
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 The outer cover also mounted the three-phase stator windings. The magnetic circuit
had two auxiliary air gaps between the rotor and its stationary core. The regulator was a
conventional automotive type with vibrating points. As it had no slip rings, it was very
compact and rugged, but due to the auxiliary air gaps, it had poor efficiency.

Applications of Synchronous Motors

These motors are used as prime movers (drives) for centrifugal pumps, belt-driven
reciprocating compressors, Air Blowers, Paper Mills, rubber factories etc., because of
their high efficiency & high speeds (r.p.m above 600).
Low speed Synchronous motors (r.p.m below 600), are widely used for driving many
positive displacement pumps like screw & gear pumps, vacuum pumps, chippers,
metal rolling mills, aluminium foil rolling machine

4.1.2 Bicycle wheel

A bicycle wheel consists of a central hub and a round rim, joined by a number
of spokes. Spokes radiate from the hub to the rim, where they are anchored in a screw-thread
attachment called a nipple. By tightening and loosening the nipples, it is possible to bring the
wheel back into round (vertical true) or remove a side to side wobble (lateral true).
Spokes may be arranged in a variety of patterns, of which three-cross, four-cross and
radial are the most common. The pattern affects the strength, weight and characteristics of the
wheel but is not particularly relevant to the process of truing.

Fig .4.5 A bicycle wheel

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4.1.3 Ball Bearing
Ball bearings are pretty simple. At their very simplest, they're made with just three
parts: two rings and the balls that are held between them. However, that can make for a pretty
crappy bearing, because the balls with rub against each other and friction is bad if you want
your bearing to work efficiently.
Here is a nice illustration of the parts of a ball bearing. You should definitely click on
this link and look at the picture, because it provides a better explanation of bearing parts than
I could ever put into text form. So, go click on the picture. From this point forward, I am
going to assume that you know the names of the parts in that picture. Just a note, that the
"separator" in the picture is sometimes referred to as a "cage", so don't be confused if you see
me refer to a cage.
Basically, there are 3 types of bearings:
Steel/Metal - These are the basic metal bearings that most people are familiar with.
Every part of the bearing (or almost every part) is made with a type of steel. Bearings
can be made with chrome steel, stainless steel, or carbon alloy steel.
to steel types is available here. Sometimes in metal bearings, the cage is made with
nylon.
Ceramic - Sometimes called "full ceramic" bearings, every part of ceramic bearings
are made with ceramic. The most common material is silicon nitride.
Hybrid - These bearings are made with ceramic balls, but have steel inner and outer
rings (hence the name).
Plastic - I know I said there are three types of bearings, but I'm including this one just
in case anyone has a question about it. Plastic bearings are all plastic and made with
nylon, sometimes with glass balls. They're cheap and lightweight, but you don't want
to use it in your spinner. Don't do it. You're probably going to have a bad time.
Main Advantages and Disadvantages to Each Type:
Steel/Metal
Pros: Low cost, lots of variety and widely available

Cons: Heavy, noisy, can lack chemical resistance (depending on type of steel)
Hybrid Ceramic
Pros: Lighter weight than full-metal bearings, more resistant to corrosion, less noise,
less vibration
Cons: Expensive

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Full Ceramic
Pros: High speed and acceleration capacity, long-lasting, reduced need for lubrication,
quiet, low vibration, lightweight
Cons: Most expensive
Plastic
No.

Fig.4.6 Ball Bearing

4.1.4 Pulley and Belts

As long as a conveyor system performs as its meant to, it goes unnoticed, which is a
tad ironic considering the importance of this equipment within a business ventures
production chain. Its only when the mechanism stutters to a halt that we give the apparatus
the credit it deserves. In the industrial realms where quarried rocks and ore-rich aggregate are
conveyed along steel-laced conveyor belts, the parts list were proposing rises exponentially,
positioning high horsepower electrical motors next to precisely engineered pulleys. Belt
cleaners and conveyor guards act as supplementary components while load chutes and
discharge buckets sit at either end of this kilometres long belt system, keeping the chain of
movement flowing from ore seam to surface processing stations.
Its hard to discriminate between these parts when theyre sitting in a sub-surface
mine because theyre masked by toughened conveyor belts and narrow subterranean
chambers, but bystanders can easily see the importance of pulleys if they stop and look
closely. The pulleys appear round when viewed at their profile edges, but the shape resolves
to a long cylinder passing beneath the conveyor belt if more light is added to the scene. The
rolled cylinders support the belt, lifting and moving the strip horizontally forward or through
angled inclines. Further pulleys are strategically located at set intervals along the strip of
moving material, acting as deflecting and belt tracking managers until the belt reaches the
return pulley, at which point rollers and tensioning mechanisms keep the system tuned.
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 Its this configuration of pulleys and belts that determine the carriage characteristics of
transported raw material.

Fig. 4.7 A pulley system

A set of pulleys assembled so that they rotate independently on the same axle from a
block. Two blocks with a rope attached to one of the blocks and threaded through the two sets
of pulleys form a block and tackle.
A block and tackle is assembled so one block is attached to fixed mounting point and
the other is attached to the moving load. The ideal mechanical advantage of the block and
tackle is equal to the number of parts of the rope that support the moving block.
In the diagram on the right the ideal mechanical advantage of each of the block and tackle
assemblies shown is as follows:

Gun Tackle: 2

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 Fig. 4.8 Tackle of Different Types

Luff Tackle

Double Tackle: 4

Gym Tackle: 5

Threefold purchase: 6

ROPE AND PULLEY SYSTEM

A rope and pulley systemthat is, a block and tackleis characterised by the use of a
single continuous rope to transmit a tension force around one or more pulleys to lift or move
a loadthe rope may be a light line or a strong cable. This system is included in the list
of simple machines identified by Renaissance scientists.
If the rope and pulley system does not dissipate or store energy, then its mechanical
advantage is the number of parts of the rope that act on the load. This can be shown as
follows.
Consider the set of pulleys that form the moving block and the parts of the rope that
support this block. If there are p of these parts of the rope supporting the load W, then a force
balance on the moving block shows that the tension in each of the parts of the rope must
be W/p. This means the input force on the rope is T=W/p. Thus, the block and tackle reduces
the input force by the factor p.
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The simplest theory of operation for a pulley system assumes that the pulleys and
lines are weightless, and that there is no energy loss due to friction. It is also assumed that the
lines do not stretch.

In equilibrium, the forces on the moving block must sum to zero. In addition the
tension in the rope must be the same for each of its parts. This means that the two parts of the
rope supporting the moving block must each support half the load.

4.1.5 Load
Load may refer to:
Structural load, forces which apply to a structure

Cargo, paraphernalia being transported

Mechanical load, the external mechanical resistance against which a machine, such as
a motor or engine, acts
Electrical load, a device connected to the output of a circuit

Electronic load, a simulated electrical load used for testing purposes

Load (computing), a measure of how much processing a computer performs

Preload (disambiguation), various meanings

Afterload, a medical term describing the maximum effect of a heartbeat driving blood
mass out of the heart into the aorta and pulmonary arteries.

Fig. 4.9 A load (some weight)

 In equilibrium, the forces on the moving block must sum to zero. In addition the
tension in the rope must be the same for each of its parts. This means that the two parts of the
rope supporting the moving block must each support half the load.

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4.1.6 LED light

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) were first developed in the 1960s, but only in the past
decade have LEDs had sufficient intensity for use in more than a handful of lighting
applications (Stringfellow and Craford 1997), and s pecifiers are confronted with an
increasing number of lighting products that incorporate LEDs for certain applications.
Primarily, these applications have taken advantage of the characteristics of LEDs that have
made them most suitable for indication, not illumination (Bierman 1998).

Fig.4.10 A detailed view of LED

Working of LED
A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current.
The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is
applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be
defined as the emission of light from a semi-conductor under the influence of an electric
field. The charge carriers recombine in a forward-biased P-N junction as the electrons cross
from the N-region and recombine with the holes existing in the P-region. Free electrons are in
the conduction band of energy levels, while holes are in the valence energy band. Thus the
energy level of the holes will be lesser than the energy levels of the electrons.

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Some portion of the energy must be dissipated in order to recombine the electrons and the
holes. This energy is emitted in the form of heat and light.
The electrons dissipate energy in the form of heat for silicon and germanium diodes
but in gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) and gallium phosphide (GaP semiconductors, the
electrons dissipate energy by emitting photons. If the semiconductor is translucent, the
junction becomes the source of light as it is emitted, thus becoming a light-emitting diode,
but when the junction is reverse biased no light will be produced by the LED and, if the
potential is great enough, the device will be damaged.

Fig. 4.11 Working mechanism of LED

4.1.7 Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow,
adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines,
among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as
heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads
for generators.
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Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or
operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume
control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical
activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be
composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated
circuits.
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial
resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal
value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component.

Fig. 4.12 A resistor

The behaviour of an ideal resistor is dictated by the relationship specified by Ohm's law:
Ohm's law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is proportional to the current
(I), where the constant of proportionality is the resistance (R). For example, if a
300 ohm resistor is attached across the terminals of a 12 volt battery, then a current of
12 / 300 = 0.04 amperes flows through that resistor.
Practical resistors also have some inductance and capacitance which affect the relation
between voltage and current in alternating current circuits.
The ohm (symbol: ) is the SI unit of electrical resistance, named after Georg Simon
Ohm. An ohm is equivalent to a volt per ampere. Since resistors are specified and
 manufactured over a very large range of values, the derived units of milliohm (1 m =
103 ), kilohm (1 k = 103 ), and megohm (1 M = 106 ) are also in common usage.

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Series and parallel resistors

The total resistance of resistors connected in series is the sum of their individual
resistance values.

Fig. 4.13 Series connection of Resistance

The total resistance of resistors connected in parallel is the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocals of the individual resistors.

Fig. 4.14 Parallel connection of Resistor

For example, a 10 ohm resistor connected in parallel with a 5 ohm resistor and
a 15 ohm resistor produces 1/1/10 + 1/5 + 1/15 ohms of resistance, or 30/11 = 2.727
ohms.
A resistor network that is a combination of parallel and series connections can
be broken up into smaller parts that are either one or the other. Some complex
networks of resistors cannot be resolved in this manner, requiring more sophisticated
circuit analysis. Generally, the Y- transform, or matrix methods can be used to solve
such problems.

Power dissipation
At any instant, the power P (watts) consumed by a resistor of
resistance R (ohms) is calculated as:
 where V (volts) is the voltage across the resistor and I (amps) is the current flowing
through it. Using Ohm's law, the two other forms can be derived. This power is
converted into heat which must be dissipated by the resistor's package before its
temperature rises excessively.
Resistors are rated according to their maximum power dissipation. Discrete
resistors in solid-state electronic systems are typically rated as 1/10, 1/8, or 1/4 watt.
They usually absorb much less than a watt of electrical power and require little
attention to their power rating.
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4.1.8 Capacitor
Capacitors are two-terminal electrical elements. Capacitors a conductors,
usually conduction plates - but any two conductors separated by an insulator- a
dielectric - with connection wires connected to the two conducting plates. Capacitors
occur naturally. On printed circuit boards to wires running parallel to each other on
opposite sides of the board form a capacitor. That's a capacitor that comes about
inadvertently, and we would normally prefer that it not be there. But, it's there. It has
electrical effects, and it will affect your circuit.

Fig. 4.15 Capacitor

Take two electrical conductors (things that let electricity flow through them) and
separate them with an insulator (a material that doesn't let electricity flow very well) and you
make a capacitor: something that can store electrical energy. Adding electrical energy to a
capacitor is called charging; releasing the energy from a capacitor is known as discharging.

A capacitor is a bit like a battery, but it has a different job to do. A battery uses
chemicals to store electrical energy and release it very slowly through a circuit; sometimes (in
the case of a quartz watch) it can take several years. A capacitor generally releases its energy
much more rapidlyoften in seconds or less. If you're taking a flash photograph, for
example, you need your camera to produce a huge burst of light in a fraction of a second. A
capacitor attached to the flash gun charges up for a few seconds using energy from your
camera's batteries. (It takes time to charge a capacitor and that's why you typically have to
wait a little while.) Once the capacitor is fully charged, it can release all that energy in an
instant through the xenon flash bulb. Zap!
 Capacitors come in all shapes and sizes, but they usually have the same basic
components. There are the two conductors (known as plates, largely for historic reasons) and
there's the insulator in between them (called the dielectric). The two plates inside a capacitor
are wired to two electrical connections on the outside called terminals, which are like thin
metal legs you can hook into an electric circuit.

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4.1.9 Rectifier
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which
periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The
process is known as rectification. Physically, rectifiers take a number of input.
Including vacuum tube diodes, mercury-arc valves, copper and selenium oxide
rectifiers. Historically, even synchronous electromechanical switches and motors have been
used. Early radio receivers, called crystal radios, used a "cat's whisker" of fine wire pressing
on a crystal of galena (lead sulfide) to serve as a point-contact rectifier or "crystal detector".

Fig. 4.16 A bridge rectifier circuit

According to the conventional model of current flow (originally established

by Benjamin Franklin and still followed by most engineers today), current is defined to be
positive when it flows through electrical conductors from the positive to the negative pole. In
actuality, free electrons in a conductor nearly always flow from the negative to
the positive pole. In the vast majority of applications, however, the actual direction of current
flow is irrelevant. Therefore, in the discussion below the conventional model is retained.
In the diagrams below, when the input connected to the left corner of the diamond
is positive, and the input connected to the right corner is negative, current flows from
the upper supply terminal to the right along the red (positive) path to the output, and returns
to the lower supply terminal via the blue (negative) path.
 (30)

Fig. 4.17 Bridge rectifier polarity

When the input connected to the left corner is negative, and the input connected to the
right corner is positive, current flows from the lower supply terminal to the right along
the red (positive) path to the output, and returns to the upper supply terminal via
the blue (negative) path.

Fig.4.18 Bridge rectifier

 In each case, the upper right output remains positive and lower right output negative.
Since this is true whether the input is AC or DC, this circuit not only produces a DC output
from an AC input, it can also provide what is sometimes called "reverse polarity protection".

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That is, it permits normal functioning of DC-powered equipment when batteries have
been installed backwards, or when the leads (wires) from a DC power source have been
reversed, and protects the equipment from potential damage caused by reverse polarity.

Fig.4.19 AC, half-wave and full wave rectified signals.

Prior to the availability of integrated circuits, a bridge rectifier was constructed from
"discrete components", i.e., separate diodes. Since about 1950, a single four-terminal
component containing the four diodes connected in a bridge configuration became a standard
commercial component and is now available with various voltage and current ratings.
 (32)

CHAPTER 5
ADVANTAGE AND APPLICATION

5.1 Advantages of gravity based power generation

Gravity light needs no operating cost, so it can be operated as the demand of the light.
In the remote areas, it may play a great important role for the education as well as
fulfilling the demand of the power. Moreover, the power can be stored in the battery
so that it may give a great advantage to emergency situation.
A non-renewable source of energy.

Very economical
Widely used in the areas of higher altitudes.

It does not need any repairing cost as it is very robust in nature.

5.2 Application of gravity based power generation

Nearly our fossil fuel will reach to the extinction so the importance of renewable
source of energy is very high.

One major advantage with the use of renewable energy is that as it is renewable
it is therefore sustainable and so will never run out.

Renewable energy facilities generally require less maintenance than traditional

generators. Their fuel being derived from natural and available resources
reduces the costs of operation.

Not only has this but it also helped in protecting the environment as it is none
polluting. So the power generation using gravity shares a huge scope for the
future
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CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND SCOPE
The present invention generally relates to a system and method for a gravity-driven
electric generator having at least one envelope filled with a buoyant gas. In an embodiment,
the gas containing envelope has an escape valve allowing a portion of the buoyant gas within
the container to escape. When a critical amount of gas has escaped or is released from the
envelope, the envelope descends along a support beam (or track) via gravity. The descending
envelope is connected to a power (or electric) generator. A valve on a reservoir containing the
buoyant gas is then opened and the gas may refill the envelope. The filled envelope
containing the buoyant gas then rises with respect to the outside environment. The rising
apparatus then ascends either along a supporting structure, freely through the air, or along a
circular path until a portion of the gas in the envelope is released or compressed and the
process repeats itself.
In an embodiment, when a critical amount of the gas within the envelope has been
compressed, the gas may be automatically or manually released from the envelope. In another
embodiment, the envelope travels along a vertically-aligned circular-path which causes the
apparatus to which it is connected to rotate about an axis. More specifically, the circular
motion of the envelope produces electricity by turning a generator located at the center of the
rotating apparatus. In still another embodiment, the entire apparatus descends in a free fall
manner.
In the preferred embodiment, the method of generating electricity has the steps of:
providing a shaft wherein the shaft is connected to an electric generator, providing an
envelope wherein the envelope has an inlet valve and an outlet valve; providing a source of a
gas wherein the gas is inserted into the inlet valve and released out of the outlet valve of the
envelope and wherein the gas is buoyant with respect to the surrounding environment;
attaching the envelope to the shaft and allowing the envelope to rise with respect to the shaft;
releasing the buoyant gas from the envelope; allowing the envelope to ascend or descend with
respect to the shaft; and producing an electrical current with the generator from the motion of
the envelope along the shaft.
 Hence by using the above system we can easily able to produce polluted free power
which can ease the life of people living in remote and hilly areas.

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SCOPE
Nearly our fossil fuel will reach to the extinction so the importance of renewable
source of energy is very high.

One major advantage with the use of renewable energy is that as it is renewable
it is therefore sustainable and so will never run out.

Renewable energy facilities generally require less maintenance than traditional

generators. Their fuel being derived from natural and available resources
reduces the costs of operation.
Not only has this but it also helped in protecting the environment as it is non-
polluting. So the power generation using gravity shares a huge scope for the
future
 (35)

REFERENCES

Introduction about the fume generations:

http://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=349(Date of access: Sep 20,
2015)
Presentation about the light powered by Gravity:
www.emaze.com/@ALCCZZZI/Gravity-Light(Date of access: Sep 20, 2015
Mr. Rakesh S. Ambade, Mr. Roushan Prabhakar, Mr. Rupesh S. Tayade, A
Review on Gravity Power Generation, International Journal of Innovative
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 3, issue. 4, pp. 11084,
2014
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