Name Definition
1. Fallacy of ambiguity A fallacy wherein an unclear
phrase with multiple
definitions is used within the
argument
1.1. Equivocation/ A type of ambiguity that uses
lexical ambiguity a term in one sense in one
premise, then in another
sense in another premise
1.2. Amphiboly/ A type of ambiguity that relies
grammatical ambiguity
on an ambiguous word
or grammatical structure to
confuse or mislead
an audience
1.3. Accent/ A type of ambiguity that
prosodic ambiguity depends on where the stress
is placed in a word or
sentence
a. Large numbers Applying large values in
statements to make it more
convincing to the readers
b. Small numbers It is the reverse idea of large
numbers
c. Not quite large These are values that act as
psychological boundaries and
these can be found especially
in the prices of goods
1.4. Composition A fallacy that refers to arguing
that the characteristics of
parts or members are
necessary characteristics of
the whole or set
Examples
It is said that we have a good
understanding of our
universe. Therefore, we know
exactly how it began and
exactly when.
All living beings come from
other living beings. Therefore,
the first forms of life must
have come from a living
being. That living being is
God.
All rulers are 12 inches and
Henry V was a ruler.
All compasses can make
circles and a camper uses a
compass
All old men and women are
exempted from the fire drill.
There are good managers
and employees in a
restaurant.
Millionaires do not steal. and
Millionaires! Do not steal!
Lets eat, grandfather. and
Lets eat grandfather.
The daily allowance of a
worker is 2,000(Korean wons,
instead of P90).
A person can argue that
university teachers are
severely underpaid because
their monthly salary is just
equivalent to $600.
A sandwich gets priced at
29.95 pesos, a pizza at 295
pesos, a car at 799,000
pesos.
A product may be advertised
as consisting of only genuine,
top-of-the-line components
(which are individually good),
thus arguing that it must be a
good product.
1.5. Division A fallacy that refers that the
characteristics of the whole
are necessary characteristics
of the parts
2. Fallacies of relevance A fallacy wherein the
conclusion does not
necessarily nor reasonably
follow from the premises
2.1. Argumentum A fallacy that is often resorted
ad baculum to by those who prefer to use
their superiority in strength or
authority to win a argument
2.2. Argumentum A fallacy of attacking the
ad hominem character or circumstances of
an individual who is advancing
a statement or an argument
instead of trying to disprove
the truth of the statement or
the soundness of the
argument
a. Abusive A type of argumentum ad
hominem where one focuses
on a characteristic of the
author which is incompatible
with his statement, and uses
that characteristic to reason
out that the statement is not
valid nor credible
b. Circumstantial A type of argumentum ad
hominem in which one argues
against a statement by saying
that the author himself has
contradicted that statement
c. Call for perfection A type of argumentum ad
hominem in which you
discredit a person, and argue
that his statements are not
credible, since he has made a
mistake before.
2.3. Straw man A fallacy in which one person
misrepresents the argument
of his opponent
A good team may include one
or a few who do not measure
up to the rest.
If you do not agree with my
political opinions, you will
receive a grade of F for this
course.
If you will not eat your
vegetables, you will be weak
and not be healthy.
A prosecutor asks the judge to
not admit the testimony of a
burglar because burglars are
not worthy.
Francis Bacons philosophy
should be dismissed since
Bacon was removed from his
chancellorship for dishonesty.
My point might be bad, but
yours is worse.
A math teacher may still be
good at teaching math even if
he has made a few mistakes
in computing his students
grades.
Senator Jones says that we
should not fund the attack
submarine program. I
disagree entirely. I cant
understand why he wants us
to leave us defenceless like

2.4. Connotation A fallacy when a statement
fallacy contains a harsh word,
possibly used in jest, but
which one picks up to
emphasize the negative or
prejudicial sense of the
statement.
2.5. Contextomy A fallacy that is known to be
the practice of quoting out of
context
2.6. False A fallacy that occurs when an
attribution advocate appeals to an
irrelevant, unqualified,
unidentified, biased, or
fabricated source in support of
an argument
2.7. Argumentum A fallacy that a proposition is
ad ignorantiam true simply on the basis that it
has not been proved false or
that it is false simply because
it has not been proved true
2.8. Argumentum A fallacy that lies in arguing
ad verecundiam that the statement must be
valid or credible because it
comes from a person
recognized as an authority,
but in another field of
specialization
2.9. Ad populum A fallacy that appeals to
emotions with the involvement
of large groups
a. Rally tactic A tactic in which you arouse
the emotions and enthusiasm
of a large number of
participants and get them to
agree to just about anything
you say even if you do not
that.
I have a lot of stupid
employees, the American
boss said.
This would be the best of all
possible worlds, if there was
no religion in it! John Adams
Some experts think that these
satellite images may be of
Noahs Ark. based on the
research of Noahs Ark when
in fact it is one not some
In spite of all the talk, not a
single flying saucer report has
been authenticated. We may
assume, therefore, there are
not such things as flying
saucers.
Linus Pauling, winner of two
unshared Nobel prizes, one
for chemistry, another for
peace, stated his daily
medication of Vitamin C
delayed the onset of his
cancer by twenty years.
(Winning Nobel Prizes in
chemistry and for peace does
not imply expertise in the
prevention of disease.)
Therefore, vitamin C is
effective in preventing cancer.
Everyones doing it, therefore
it must be good.
A person might get a group of
students and adults to agree
that the price increase
imposed by oil companies is
bad because it could cause
the upward spiralling of prices
 present the arguments
anymore
b. Band wagon A tactic in which you convince
an individual to believe in
something or do something
because everybody else
seems to believe in it or do it
c. Accident A fallacy that is known as the
failure to note exceptions
d. Converse accident A fallacy that is known as
hasty generalization
An informal fallacy of faulty
generalization by reaching an
inductive generalization based
on insufficient evidence
essentially making a hasty
conclusion without
considering all of the variables
2.10. False cause The fallacy committed when
an argument mistakenly
attempt to establish a casual
connection
a. Post hoc ergo propter A fallacy that the onset of a
hoc cause always precedes the
onset of its effect naturally, but
not everything that happens
after is the effect
b. Cum hoc ergo propter A fallacy which points to
hoc correlation as necessarily
implying causation
c. Non causa pro causa The fallacy of making a
mistake about the ascription
of some cause to an effect
2.11. Petitio principii/ A fallacy in which a conclusion
arguing in a circle is taken for granted in the
premises
2.12. Affirming the A fallacy when the argument
consequent is one of entailment, or uses
an if then relationship, you
of other important goods.
Everyone is voting for David,
so definitely he is the best
presidential candidate.
Cutting people with a knife is
a crime. Surgeons cut people
with knives. Therefore,
surgeons are criminals.
Because you allowed Jill, who
was hit by a truck, to hand in
her assignment late, you
should allow the entire class
to hand in their assignments
late.
Napoleon became a great
emperor because he was so
short.
After smoke comes out of an
electronic component, it no
longer works. Therefore, the
smoke was magic, and made
the component work.
The rooster crows every
morning, therefore the rooster
causes the sun to come up.
On a South Pacific island,
where lice are common, we
noticed that sick people
tended have fewer lice than
healthy people. We conclude
that having lice actually
promotes health.
Cigarette smoke causes
cancer because it is
carcinogenic.
If Bill Gates owns Fort Knox,
then he is rich. Bill Gates is
rich. Therefore, Bill Gates
 may not establish the truth of
the then clause and argue
that the if clause must be true
2.13. Denying the A fallacy that is establishing
antecedent that the if clause is false and
arguing the then clause must
be false
2.14. Argumentum A fallacy in which the then
by innuendo clause is withheld
2.15. Bipolar A fallacy when you simplify
orientation possibilities into only two
polarities
2.16. Complex A fallacy that involves the
question formulation of a statement
It is also known as the fallacy
of many questions
2.17. Argumentum A fallacy which is simply
verbosium offering so much information
and so many statements
which your opponent might
not be able to check for truth
or validity, especially the
statements seem well-
researched (though they may
just be cases of false
attribution)
2.18. Ignoratio A logical fallacy that consists
elenchi in apparently refuting an
opponent while actually
disproving something not
asserted
owns Fort Knox.
If it is raining, then the grass
is wet. It is not raining.
Therefore, the grass is not
wet.
He is already 40 years old
and still single.
A person likes opera,
therefore he hates pop music.
What wrong answer did you
copy from your seatmate?
Dr Professor Pete said, with
the utmost eloquence,
masterful stage presence,
and unshakable confidence,
that 1+1=3. Therefore, 1+1=3.
Dr Xavier will make a good
department chairman
because he finished his Phd
with honors.