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Survey Results
(Saturday) (Thanks for the feedback!)
45%
40%
35%
% of Students
30% 2008
25% 2009
20%
Next Monday is a holiday! 15%
2010
2011
10% 2012
5%
2013
Tuesday (Feb 17) we will have class! 0%
2014
1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 11+
Hours/Week
1
Class 15 Is the following possible?
Properties of Single Phase Materials
Connection to Material Balances
20 kg
Ideal Assumptions 30 kg
Yes! Yes!
Yes!
Even for liquid systems!
2
Mass and Mole Fractions
Liquid Mixtures
Have Units!
In general, liquid volume is not conserved
V = V1 + V2 + VE
(same with moles)
Contraction or expansion occurs because of the
difference in interactions between like and unlike
molecules Look at units of density equation
VE typically small. Assume VE = 0 for this course. n
1 xi
This implies that liquid volumes are additive
n i 1 i
1 xi
How does this relate
to density?
i 1 i /
Example Gases
What is the density of a mixture containing 20 wt% Equation of State (EOS)
A (A = 1 g/cm3) and the balance B (B = 2 g/cm3)? relates amount (moles) to
V, T, P
1 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.8
Many different equations
A B 1 2 of state
represent behavior of real
Therefore, = 1.67 g/cm3 systems
Ideal Gas Law
Simplest equation of state
If you used = xi i, you would have calculated Most widely used
= 0.2*1 + 0.8*2 = 1.8 g/cm3 . Oops!
3
Ideal Gas Constant Ideal Gas Constant
In Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
R is universal (independent of species)
}
Nice table in the back cover of the book for
different units
For ideal gas eqn
In Mechanical Engineering, the MW of the
species is included, so there is a different Dr. Fletcher says that
students mix these up, so
} For Energy
P MW yi P MWi
or i
RT RT
8314.3 or
8.3143 or
4
Gas Flows under Standard
Standard Conditions Conditions
Provide a reference point for reporting gas flows SCM: standard cubic meters (m3 STP)
Convenient for use in calculations with ideal gas law SCF: standard cubic feet (ft3 STP)
Units generally reported by flow meters SCFM: standard cubic feet per minute (ft3/min STP)
SI American Engineering
SCMH: standard cubic meters per hour (m3/hr STP)
Ts = 0oC = 273K Ts = 492oR (i.e., 32F)
Ps = 1 atm Ps = 1 atm SCFH: standard cubic feet per hour (ft3/hr STP)
Vs = 0.022415 m3 (22.415 L/mol) = 359 ft3/lb-mol SCCM: standard cubic centimeters per minute
ns = 1 gmol ns = 1 lb-mol (cm3/min STP)
Society of Petroleum SLPM: standard liters per minute (lit/min STP)
Used frequently Engineers
by author
(common industrial standard)
Ts = 60oF
Ps = 14.7 psia
P T 1 atm 745 R
V Vs s 3.95 105 SCFM 4.60 10 ft / min
5 3
5
Gas Mixtures Gas Mixtures (cont.)
Partial pressure of component A In LaBarge, Wyoming, there is a
Dr. Fletcher, natural gas well for ExxonMobil
pA = yAPtot I want another
example! Gas composition coming from the
Daltons Law well is:
yCO2 = 0.70
total P = sum of partial pressures yCH4 = 0.25
yH2S = 0.05
Example: At sea level, what is the partial If the total pressure in the well is 20
pressure of O2? Jae,
I am so glad you asked!
atm, what is the partial pressure of
CH4?
pO2 = yO2 Ptot = 0.21*1.0 atm = 0.21 atm
PCH4 = yCH4 Ptot
Good for both ideal and non-ideal gases! = (0.25)(20 atm)
= 5 atm
HW Hints
5.12 gas cylinders
Total mass = mtank + mgas
mgas = ngas MWgas
With constant volume at STP, n = constant
5.23 workbook
5.27 breathing
Find Vin , convert to m in Body