5.1 A flexible circular area is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 150 kn/m2.

The
diameter of the loaded area is 2 m. determine the stress increase in a soil mass at a point located
3 m below the center of the loaded area (A. I. Setiyono)

q = 150 kn/m2

b=2m

z = 3m

12 s 10 1
n= n= =0,7071
22 s 20 = 2

{ [[ ( ) ] }
1
q=q 1
2 3
A. b 2
1+
2. z

{ [[ ( ) ] }
1
q=150 1
2 3
- 2 2
1+
2.3

- q=150 ( 0,14618 )

- q=21,928 kn /m2

{ [[ ( ) ] }
n
q=q 1
2 1
B. b
2
2
n+
2. z
 {[ }
0,7071
q=150 1
2 1
2
( )]
2
- 0,7071 +
2
2.3

- q=150 ( 0,09546 )

- q=14,320 kn /m2

5.2 Refer to figure 5.4, which shows a flexible rectangular area. Given B1 = 4 ft, B2 = 6 ft, L1
= 8 ft, and L2 = 10 ft. If the area is subjected to a uniform load of 3000 lb/ft2, determine the stress
increase at the depth of 10 ft located immediately below point O. (Anissa A. M.)

B1 I III
B2 II IV

L1 L2

B(1,3) 4
m1=m3= = =0.25
z 10

B(2,4 ) 6
m 2=m 4 = = =0.6
z 10

L(1,2) 8
n1=n2= = =0.8
z 10
 L(3,4 ) 10
n3=n4 = = =1
z 10

m1 ; n1 =0,25 ; 0,8=0,06175 ( interpolasi )

m2 ; n 2=0,6 ; 0,8=0,12474

m3 ; n 3=0,25 ; 1=0,067045 ( interpolasi )

m4 ; n4 =0,6 ; 1=0,13605

lb
1=q0 . I 1=3000.0,06175=185,25
ft 2

lb
2=q 0 . I 2 =3000.0,12474=374,22 2
ft

lb
3=q 0 . I 3 =3000.0,067045=201,135 2
ft

lb
4=q0 . I 4 =3000.0,13605=408,15 2
ft
 lb
total=185,25+374,22+201,135+408,15=1168,755 2
ft

5.3. Repeat problem 5.2 with the following B1= 4 ft, B2= 10 ft, L1= 8 ft, L2= 12 ft, and the
uniform load on the flexible area = 2500 lb/ft2. Determine the stress increase below point O at a
depth 20 ft. use Eq (5.29) and s= 0 (Bendhova)

B(1,3) 4
m1=m3= = =0.2
z 20

B(2,4 ) 10
m2=m4 = = =0.6 5
z 20

L(1,2) 8
n1=n2= = =0.4
z 20

L(3,4 ) 12
n3=n4 = = =0,6
z 20
m1 ; n1 =0,2; 0,4=0,0214

m2 ; n 2=0,5 ; 0,4=0,0459

m3 ; n 3=0,2 ; 0,6=0,0282

m4 ; n4 =0,5 ; 0,6=0,0610

lb
1=q0 . I 1=2500.0,0214=53,5
ft 2

lb
2=q 0 . I 2 =2500.0,0459=114,75
ft 2

lb
3=q 0 . I 3 =2500 .0,0282=70,5
ft 2

lb
4=q0 . I 4 =2500 .0,0610=152,5
ft 2
 lb
total=53,5+114,75+70,5+152,5=391,25 2
ft

5.4 Using Eq. (5.10) to determine the stress increase at z = 10ft below the center of the

area described in problem 5.2 (Damayanti)

I III

II IV

B 5
m1=m2=m3=m4 = = =0.5
z 10

L 9
n1=n2=n3 =n4 = = =0.9
z 10
* Variation of I value with difference m and n

m1 ; n1 =m2 ; n2 =m3 ; n3 =m 4 ; n4 =0,5 ; 0,9=0,11584

lb
1= 2= 3 = 4=q0 . I 1234 =3000 .0,11584 =347,52
ft 2

So, the stress increase at z = 10ft below the center of the area :

lb
total=347,52+347,52+ 347,52+347,52=1390,08
ft 2
5.5 Refer to Figure P5.5. using the procedure outlined in section 5.5, determine the average
stress increase in the clay layer below the center of the foundation due to the net foundation load
of 900 kN (Dimas W.)

Using procedure at section 5.5

A=1.83 m x 1.83 m=3.3489 m2

P 900 kN kN
q o= = =268.745 2
A 3.3489 m 2
m

1.83m

1.83m

0.915m

0.915m

B 0.915
m 2= = =0.158
H 2 5.79

L 0.915
n2= = =0.158
H 2 5.79
 I a( H )=0.075
Referring to figure 5.7, 2

B 0.915
m 1= = =0.334
H 1 2.74

L 0.915
n1= = =0.334
H 1 2.74

I a( H )=0.133
Referring to figure 5.7, 1

av(H 2/ H 1) =qo [ H 2 I a ( H )H 2 I a ( H )
2

H 2H 1
1

]
av(H 2/ H 1) =268.745 [ 5.79( 0.075)2.74(0.133)
5.792.74 ]
kN
av ( H 2/ H 1 )=6.153
m2

kN
av ( H 2/ H 1 )total=4 x 6.153=24.612
m2

5.6 Solve Problem 5.5 using 2:1 method [Eqs. (5.14) and (5.84)]. (Erwin L.)

A=1,83 x 1,83=3,3486 m2

900 kN
q 0= =268,745 2
3,3489 m

268,745 x 1,83 x 1,83

b =96,7482
= ( 1,83+1,22 ) ( 1,83+1,22 )
 268,745 x 1,83 x 1,83
m= =151,169
( 1,83+0,61 )( 1,83+ 0,61 )

268,745 x 1,83 x 1,83

top= =268,745
( 1,83+0 ) ( 1,83+0 )

1
av = x (268,745+4 x 151,169+96,7482) = 161,694
6

5.7 Figure P5.7 shows an embankment load on a silty clay layer. Determine the average
stress increase at points A, B, and C, which are located at a depth of 5 m below the ground
surface. (Fathonah H.)

Following are given =

z=5m m = 2/1 = 2 m n = 2/1 = 2 m

H = 10 m b=6m = 17 kN/m3

Determine the average stress increase at points A, B, and C!

Answer : 6m

a h
a = h 1 + m2
= 20 m
= T=b+ 2mh
20 m z=5

= 10 1 + 22
1 = 6 + 2 . 2. 10

= 10 5 m 1 = 46 m

We have
0
0
Qo = H = (17 kN/m3) (10 m)

= 170 kN/m2
m
5

Point A

20 m 3m 3m 20 m
 +

qo = 170 kN/m2 qo = 170 kN/m2

A(1) 5m A(2)

A1 A2

B1 / Z = 3/5 = 0,6 B2 / Z = 20/5 = 4

A = A1 + A2

= qo [ ILeft + IRight ]

= 170 [ 0,472 + 0,472 ]

= 160,48 kN/m2

Catatan : Untuk I dapat dilihat di grafik Influence Value di lembar akhir.

Point B

20 m

qo = (10 m) (17 kN/m3)

10 m = 170 kN/m2

B1/z = 0/5 = 0 B2/z = 20/5 = 4 I = 0,430

B(1) = 170 kN/m2 . 0,430

B (1) 5m = 73,1 kN/m2

+
6m 20 m

qo = (10 m) (17 kN/m3)

10 m = 170 kN/m2
 B1/z = 6/5 = 1,2 B2/z = 20/5 = 4 I = 0,493

B(2) = 170 kN/m2 . 0,493

B(2) 5m = 83,81 kN/m2

3m -
qo = (1,5 m) (17 kN/m3)

10 m = 25,5 kN/m2

B1/z = 0/5 = 0 B2/z = 3/5 = 0,6 I = 0,161

B(3) = 25,5 kN/m2 . 0,161

B(3) 5m = 4,11 kN/m2

The total stress increase at point B is

B = B(1) + B(2) - B(3)

= 73,1 kN/m2 + 83,81 kN/m2 4,11 kN/m2

= 152,8 kN/m2

Point C
20 m 6m 20 m
10 m

5m

20 m

qo = (10 m) (17 kN/m3)

= 170 kN/m2

10 m B1/z = 20/5 = 4 B2/z = 0/5 = 5

I = 0,161

C(1) 5m C(1) = 170 kN/m2 . 0,161

C = 27,37 kN/m2

6m 20 m

10 m

C(2)

qo = (10 m) (17 kN/m3)

= 170 kN/m2
 B1/z = 6/5 = 1,2 B2/z = 20/5 = 4 I = 0,493

C(2) = 170 kN/m2 . 0,493

= 83,81 kN/m2

-
20 m 3m

qo = (10 m) (17 kN/m3)

10 m = 170 kN/m2

B1/z = 3/5 = 0,6 B2/z = 20/5 =4

I = 0,472

C(3) 5m C(3) = 170 kN/m2 . 0,472

= 80,24 kN/m2

The total stress increase at point C is

C = C(1) + C(2) - C(3)

= 27,37 kN/m2 + 83,81 kN/m2 80,24 kN/m2

= 30,94 kN/m2

5.8 A planned flexible load area (see Figure P5.8) is to be 2 m x 3.2 m and carries a
uniformly distributed load of 210 kN/m 2. Estimate the elastic settlement below the center of the
loaded area. Assume that Df = 1.6 m and H=. Use Eq. (5.33). (Firdania S.)
Answer:
2
1s
Se = qo(B) Es IsIf

= 210
2
B = 2 =1m

=4
L
m = B = 1.6
H

B
n = ( ) = 1 =
2

From table 5.8 F1 = 0.688. From table 5.9 F2 = 0.003

12 s
Is = F1 + 1s F2
1( 2 ) (0.3)
Is = 0.688 + 1(0.3) 0.003

Is = 0.688 + 0.0017
Is = 0.6897
For s = 0.3, Df/B = 1.6/4 = 0.4 and B/L = 0.625, the value of I f is about
0.85375 (Table 5.10).
2
1(0.3)
Se = (210) (4x1) ( 8500 ) (0.6897) (0.85375)

Se = 0.05295 m
5.9 Redo problem 5.8 assuming that Df = 1.2 m and H = 4 m (Kriswinharsenn C. S.)

Diket: B x L = 2 m x 3.2 m ; q0= 210 KN/m2 ; Df =1,2 ; H =4 m ; Es = 8500 KN/m2 ; s =0,3

Dit : elastic settlement ( center )/ Se= ?

Jawab :

B 2
B center = 2 = 2 =1m

center = 4

L 3,2
m= B = 2 = 1,6
 H 4
n= B = 2 = 4
( ) ( )
2 2

berdasarkan table 5.8 dan 5.9, maka di dapat F1 = 0,460 ; F2 = 0,057, jadi di dapat;
12 S
Is = F1 + 1 S x F2

12(0,3)
Is = 0,460 + 10,3 x 0,057 =0,493

Df 1,2 B 2
Untuk s = 0,3; =
B 2 = 0,6; L = 3,2 = 0,625

Maka di dapat If = 0,785 ( interpolasi table 5.10 )

12
S e =q 0 ( B ' ) IS If
Es

2
10.3
S e =210 ( 4 1 ) 0,4930,785
8500

S e =0,0348 ft = 0.4176 inch

5.10 Consider a flexible foundation measuring 5ft x 10ft in a plan on a soft saturated clay (Ms
= 0,5). The dept of the foundation is 4 ft bellow the ground surface. A rigid rock layer Is located
at 40 ft bellow the bottom of foundation. Given qo = 3000 lb/ft2 and for a clay Es = 1875 lb/in2.
Determine the average elastic settlement of foundation. Use Eq (5.30) (Matthew R.)

Diketahui :

B = 8 ft

L = 10 ft

Df = 4 ft
H = 40 ft

Es = 1875 lb/in2 = 270.000 lb/ft2

qo = 3000 lb/ft2

Dari grafik diatas, didapatkan A1 = 0,9 dan A2 = 0.925

0.9 0.925 3000 5

Se= =0,04625 ft=0.555
270.000

5.11 Figure 5.16 shows a foundation of 10 ft x 6.25 ft resting on a sand deposit. The net load
per unit area at the level of the foundation, qo, is 3000 lb/ft2. For the sand, s = 0.3, Es = 3200
lb/in2, Df = 2.5 ft and H = 32 ft. Assume that the foundation is rigid, and determine the elastic
settlement the foundation would undergo. Use Eqs (5.33) and (5.41). (Maulidya K.)
Jawab :
 D f 2,5 ft B 6,25 ft
= =0,4 = =0,625
B 6,25 ft ; L 10 ft

From the interpolation of table 5.10 If = 0,8475

Calculation of Se below the center of the Foundation [ Eq. (5.33)]

B 6,25 ft
= =3,125 ft
B = 2 2

=4

L 10 ft
= =1,6
m = B 6,25 ft

H 32
= =10,24
B 3,125
n =
( )
2

From the interpolation of table 5.8 F1 = 0,5982.

From the interpolation of table 5.9 F2 = 0,0247.

12 s
Is = F 1 + 1s x F2

1(2 0,3)
= 0,5982 + 10,3 x 0,0247
 = 0,6123

12
S e =q 0 ( B ' ) IS If
Es

2
10,3
= 3000 . (4 x 3,125) . 460800 . 0,6123 . 0,8475

= 0,0384 ft 0,4608 inch

Calculation of Se for Rigid Foundation

From Eq. (5.41)

Se (rigid) 0,93 . Se (flexible, center)

(0,93) . (0,4608)

0,4285 inch

5.12 Repeat problems 5.11 for a foundation size = 1,8 m x 1,8 m and with q0 = 190 kN/m2 , Df
= 1,0 m, H = 15 m and soil conditions of = 0,4 , Es = 15.400 kN/m2 and = 17 kN/m3.
s

(Rahayu W.)
Answer :

D f 1,0 m L 1,8 m
= =0,555 = =1
B 1,8 m ; B 1,8 m

From table 5.10. If = 0,795

Calculation of Se below the center of the Foundation [ Eq. (5.33)]

B 1,8 m
= =0,9 m
B = 2 2

=4

L 1,8 m
= =1
m = B 1,8 m

H 15
= =16,666
B 1,8
n =
( ) 2 2
From table 5.8. F1 = 0,519. From table 5.9. F2 = 0,011.

12 s
Is = F 1 + 1s x F2

1(2 x 0,4 )
= 0,519 + 10,4 x 0,011

= 0,523

12
Se = q0 . ( .B) . Es . Is . If

2
10,4
= 190 . (4 x 0.9) . 15400 . 0,523 . 0,795

= 0,016 m 0,6299 inch

Calculation of Se for Rigid Foundation

From Eq. (5.41)

Se (rigid) 0,93 . Se (flexible, center)

(0,93) . (0,6299)

0,585807

0,586 inch
5.13 For a shallow foundation supported by silty clay, as shown in Figure 5.17, the following
are given :

Length, L = 2 m

Width, B = 1 m

Depth of foundation, Df = 1 m

Thickness of foundation, t = 0.23 m

Load per unit area, qo = 190 kN/m2

Ef = 15 106 kN/m2

The silty clay soil has the following properties :

H=2m

s = 0.4

Eo = 9000 kN/m2

k = 500 kN/m2/m

Using Eq. (5.46), estimate the elastic settlement of the foundation. (Rizki P.)

Answer :

q o B I I F I E
S= (1 s )
Eo

B =
4 BL

=
4 1 2

=1.596 m

H
I =0.78 berdasarkan dan (grafik/tabel)
B
 E 9000
= = =11.279
k B 500 1.596
H 2
= =1.253
B 1.596

1
I F= +
4 EF 3

( )(
2t
4.6+10
B
E + k
B )
2

1
+
4

[ ]
15 106 3
2 0.23
4.6+10
1.596 1.596 ( ) 0.786
9000+( 2
500 )
1
I E =1
Be
3.5exp ( 1.22 s 0.4 ) ( Df
+1.6 )
1
1
0.918
3.5 exp (1.22 0.40.4 ) ( 1.596
1
+ 1.6 )

190 1.596 0.78 0.786 0.918

S e= ( 10.42 )
9000

0.015929 m=15.929 mm

5.14 A plan class for a square fondation measuring 3m x 3m, supported by a layer of sand (see
figure 5.17). Led Df = 1,5 m , t = 0,25 m , Eo = 16000 KN/m, k = 400 KN/m/m , s = 0,3 , H =
20 m , Ef = 15x10 KN/m , and qo = 150 KN/m. Calculate the elastic settlement. Use Eq (5.46)
(Shoffan A. T.)

Solution:

from Eq (5.43), the equivalent diameter is :

 Be=
4 BL

=
4.3.3
=3,385 m

Eo 16000
= = =11,816
k . Be 400 . 3,385

H 20
= =5,90
Be 3,385

H
From figure 5.18, for =11,816 and =5,9
, the value of IG 0,91
Be

1
If = +
4 Ef 2t
3
4,6+10
Eo+
Be
k( () )Be
2

1
+
4

[ ]
3
15 x 106
4,6+10
3,385
2. 0,25
3,385 [ ]
16000+
2 (
( 400 ) )
1
+
4 4,6+10 ( 899,4423457 ) x 3,22 x 103

= 0,815

1
IE=1
3,5 exp (1,22 s 0,4 ) ( DfBe +1,6)

1
1
= 3,5 exp [ (1,22 ) ( 0,3 ) 0,4 ] ( 3,385
1,5
+1,6 )
 = 0,9233

From Eq (5.46)

qo . Be . IG . If . Ie
(1 s 2)
Se = Eo

150 . 3,385 .0,91 . 0,815 .0,9233

=
( 10,3 2)
16000

= 0,01977 m

= 19,77 mm

5.15 Solve problem 5.11 with Eq. (5.49). For the correction factor C2, use a time of 5 years for
creep and, for the unit weight of soil, use = 115 lb/ft3 (Sisilya P.)

Penyelesaian:

PENURUNAN MENURUT SCHMERTMANN

Iz . H
S = C1 C2 C3 q

( Es )

115 lb
'
x 2,5 ft
ft 3
zD
(
C1 = 10,5 q' =10,5 )
3000 2
lb
=0,0958

ft

C2 = 1+0,2 log ( 0,15 ) = 1,339

10
C3 = 1,03 0,03 L/B 0,73 = 1,03-0,03
=0,982
6,25
 q'

Izp = 0,5 + 0,1 '
vp

3000

= 0,5 + 0,1 115 x ( 2,5+ 32 )

= 0,587

lb
3000
Ukuran pondasi 6,25 ft x 10 ft qo= ft 2 Df = 2,5 ft

lb

ft 3

B=6,25

H = 32 ft

Iz
z ; Iz = (0,1 + 0,587) / 2 = 0,3435
Es
 Iz . H 0,3435 x 32
Es = 38400 = 2,8625x10-4

Iz . H
S = C1 C2 C3 q

( Es )

S = 0,0958 x 1,339 x 0,982 x 3000 x 2,8625x10-4

S = 0,1081 ft

Jadi penurunan tanah selama 5 tahun adalah 0,1081 ft

Answer:

St=C q ( EsI )
q=qL = 195 - 18*1.5 = 168 kn/m3
z 0=L=181.5=27 kn /m3

C=10.5 ( z q0 )=10.5 ( 168

27
)=0.9196
q
z=
( L+ Z )(B+ Z)
195
z 1= =12.3809 kn
( 1.5+2 )( 2.5+2 )
 195
z 2= =1.9549 kn
( 1.5+8 )( 2.5+8 )
195
z 3= =0.7625
( 1.5+14 )( 2.5+14 )
1
av= ( z 1+ z 2+ z 3 )
6
1
( 12.3809+1.9549+0.7625 )=2.5136 kn
6

0.1 q 0.1168
I =0.4+ =0.4+ =1.217
av 2.5163
Nilai 0.4 didapatkan berdasarkan grafik dibawah

I 1.217
Es
6000 0.000203
12000 0.000101
10000 0.000122
Total 0.000426

St=C q ( EsI )
St=0.91961680.000426=0.0618 m

Diketahui :

B = 6 ft
Se = 1 in.
Df = 3 ft
Ditanyakan : q net ...??
Jawab :

N 60 B+1
qnet=
4 ( )
B
Fd . Se

qnet=
11 6 +1
4 ( )
6 [ (
. 1+ 0,33 .
3
6)]
.1

qnet=4,360 kip/ft

5.18 A shallow foundation measuring 4.2m x 1.2m in plan is to be constructed over a

normally consolidated sand layer. Given: Df = 1m, N60 increases with depth, N60 ( in the depth of
stress influence) = 11, and qnet = 210 kN/m2. Estimate the elastic settlement using Burland and
Burbidge's method. (Yudha H.)

B = 1.2m

L = 4.2m

From Eq
0.75
' B
BR
=1.4
( )
BR

Depth of stress influence

 0.75 0.75
B 1.2
' =1.4
( )
BR
B R =( 1.4 ) ( 0.3 ) ( ) 0.3
1.188 m

From Eq

[ ]
2
L
Se
1.25
B ( ) B q' 0.7

BR
= 1 2 3
L (B ) (P )
0.25+
B ( ) R a

For normally consolidated sand

1=0.14

1.71 1.71
2= 1.4
= =0.06
( N 60) (11 )1.4

3=1

' 2
q =qnet =210 kN /m

So,

[ ]
2
4.2
Se
1.25 ( ) 1.2 210
1.2 0.7

( 0.3 )
=( 0.14 ) ( 0.06 ) ( 1 )
4.2 ( 0.3 ) ( 100 )
0.25+ ( )
1.2

S e =0,19 m
5.19 Refer to figure 5.25. For a foundation on a layer of sand, given :
B=5 ft =60, =26.6 , L=10 ft =120, e=0.5 ft =6 , d=5 ft=60, =109 . The

pressuremeter testing at the site produced a mean Pressuremeter curve for which the Pp(m)
versus R/Ro points are as follow :

What should be the magnitude of Qo for a settlement (center) of 1 ? (Shoffan A. T)

R/ Ro
2
S e /B S e ()
lb/
P p(m )

(1) (2) (3) (4)

0.002 7.2 0.00048 0.0288
0.004 24.2 0.00096 0.0576
0.008 32.6 0.00192 0.1152
0.012 42.4 0.00288 0.1728
0.024 68.9 0.00576 0.3456
0.05 126.1 0.012 0.72
0.08 177.65 0.0192 1.152
0.1 210.5 0.024 1.44
0.2 369.6 0.048 2.88

Berdasarkan figure 5.26, =1.4

f L/ B=0.8+0.2 ( BL )=0.8+ 0.2( 120

60
)=0.9
f e =10.33 ( Be )=10.33( 606 )=0.967
2 10 2
f =1 ( )
90
=1
90( )=0.987
 0.15 0.15
d 60
f d =0.7 1+ ( ) B (
=0.7 1+
60 ) =0.776

f
( L/B) ( f e ) ( f ) ( f d )
f =

f =( 0.9 ) ( 0.967 ) ( 0.987 ) ( 0.776 )=0.667

kN
q o=( 0.667 ) =0.667 x 1.4=0.933
m2

Qo=qo ( B x L )=6719.05 kN =6.71905 MN

5.20 Estimate the consolidation settlement of the clay layer shown in figure P5.5 using the
results of problem 5.5

Answer:

kN
av =24.612
Result of P5.5 = m2

o =( 15.7 ) ( 1.52 )+ (1.22 ) ( 19.249.81 ) + ( 3.05 ) (19.249.81)

o =23.864+11.5046 +28.7615

kN
o =64.1301 2
m

kN
c =100
Preconsolidation pressure = m
2

c 100
OCR= = =1.559 ( Consolidate )
o 64.1301
 overconsolidate o+ av < c Eq .1 .63

Cs Hc + av
S c( p) = log o
1+ eo o

( 0.06 ) (3.05) 64.1301+24.612

S c( p) = log
1+0.68 64.1301

S c( p) =0.0154 m

S c( p) =1.54 cm

5.21 Estimate the consolidation settlement of the clay layer shown in figure P5.5 using the
results of problem 5.6

Answer:

kN
av =24.612
Result of P5.5 = m2

o =( 15.7 ) ( 1.52 )+ (1.22 ) ( 19.249.81 ) + ( 3.05 ) (19.249.81)

o =23.864+11.5046 +28.7615
 kN
o =64.1301 2
m

kN
av =161,694 2
m

kN
c =100
Preconsolidation pressure = m
2

c 100
OCR= = =1.559 ( Consolidate )
o 64.1301

overconsolidate ' o< ' c < ' o+ ' av

' c CcHc ' o+ ' av

+ log
' o 1+ eo ' c
Sc(p) =
CsHc
log
1+ eo

0,06 x 3,05 100 0,25 x 3,05 64,1301+161,694

log + log
= 1+0,68 64,1301 1+0,68 100

= 0,1815 m

= 18,15 cm