2014 SPECIAL

TNPSC Group II & VAO

-

gy;Yaph; jd;ik
,dj;njhlh;G njhFg;gpay;

1. G+kpapy; G+r;rpfs;> G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs;> KJnfYk;G gpuhzpfis tifg;gLj;Jf?

G+r;rpfs; G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; KJnfYk;G gpuhzpfs;
750>000 250>000 47>000

2. gy;NtW caphpdq;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfis ehk; gy;Yaph; jd;ik

vd;fpNwhk;.

3. caphpdq;fis ,dk; fz;lwpjy;> ngahpLjy; kw;Wk; tifg;gLj;Jjy;

Mfpatw;Wld; njhlh;Gila caphpaypd; gphpT tifg;ghl;bay; vdg;gLk;.

4. tifg;ghl;baypy; Kiwg;gLj;Jjy;> xd;WNrh;j;jy; Mfpa nghUs;fSk; tUk;.

5. ]p];lNkbf;]; vd;w ,e;jr; nrhy;iy Kjd;Kjypy; jdJ E}ypy;

gad;gLj;jpath; ahh;?
fNuhy]; ypd;Ndah];
Fwpg;G:- ]p];lkh Ner;RNu vd;w E}ypy; gad;gLj;jpdhh;.

6. caphpdq;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; ,dj;njhlh;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; mitfisf;

FOkq;fshfg; gphpj;J Kiwahf tifg;gLj;JjNy ,dj;njhlh;G njhFg;gpay;
vd;W tiuaWf;fyhk;.

7. MA+h;Ntj kUj;Jtj;jpd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gl;l gz;ila fhy ,e;jpa

kUj;Jth; rhuf;.

8. kUj;Jtj;jpd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gl;lth; ahh;?

`pg;Nghfpnul;l]; (460-377 fp.K.)

9. Kjd;Kiwahf kUj;Jtg; gaDf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fhky;

caphpdq;fis tifg;gLj;j Kaw;rp nra;jth;fs; ahh;?
mhp];lhl;bYk; mtuJ khzth; jpNah/gu];l]Pk; (370-282 fp.K.)

10. nraw;if tifghl;L Kiwia Kjd; Kiwahf jdJ E}ypy;

mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; ahh;?
g;isdp j vy;lh; (23-79 fp.gp.)
Fwpg;G:- `p];Nlhhpah ehr;Ruhyp]; vd;w jdJ E}ypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.

11. Kjd; Kiwahf ve;j xU caphpdj;jpd; tiff;Fk; rpw;wpdk; vd;w nrhy;iy

mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Mq;fpy ,aw;if mwpQh; ahh;?
[hd;Nu

12. ,U nrhy; ngahpL Kiwia cUthf;fpa ,aw;if mwpQh; ahh;?

];tPld; ehl;L ,aw;if mwpQh; fNuhy]; ypd;Nda];
Fwpg;G:-

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 ,th; 18 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jth;. ,th; tifg;ghl;baypd; je;ij vd;W
jw;NghJ mwpag;gLfpwhh;. ];gp\p]; g;Nsz;l;Nluk; (1753) vd;w mtuJ E}ypy;
5900 jhtur; rpw;wpdq;fisAk; ]p];lkh Ner;RNu (1758) vd;w E}ypy; 4200
tpyq;F rpw;wpdq;fisAk; tpthpj;Js;shh;.

13. tifg;ghl;bay; vd;w thh;j;ijia Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpa epGzh; ngah;

vd;d?
];tp]; gpnuQ;Rj; jhtutpay; epGzh; mf];bd;-guhk];Nlfz;Nlhy;

14. Gwj;Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;fg; gz;Gfspy; xj;J fhzg;gl;L

jq;fSf;Fs;shfNt ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;J tskhd re;jjpfis cUthf;Fk;
caphpfspd; $l;lNk rpw;wpdk; vd;W tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.

15. ve;j xU tifg;ghl;bYk; fhzg;gLk; VO Kf;fpa FOkq;fshtd:-

1. cyfk; my;yJ NguuR> 2. /igyk; my;yJ gphpT>
3. tFg;G> 4. Jiw> 5. FLk;gk;> 6. Nghpdk;> 7. rpw;wpdk;

16. Fwpg;gpl;l xU FOkj;jpd; ghpzhk tuyhW /igNyhn[dp vdg;gLk;.

17. caphpdq;fspd; ghpzhk njhlh;gpd; mbg;gilapy; mikahj tifghLfis

nraw;if tifg;ghLfs; vd;W miof;fpNwhk;.

18. nraw;if Kiw tifghLfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:-

caphpdq;fis mtw;wpd; gad;jU jd;ikf;F Vw;wthW tifg;gLj;Jjy;>
mstpd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;Jjy; (rpW nrb> Gjph;r; nrb)> G+f;fspd; epwk;
kw;Wk; R+o;epiyapaypy; caphpdj;jpd; gq;F Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
tifg;gLj;Jjy; Mfpait nraw;if Kiw tifghLfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;
MFk;.

19. fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; (1758) midj;J caphpdq;fisAk; ,uz;L

cyfq;fshf gphpj;Js;shh;.
mit. 1. jhtu cyfk; 2. tpyq;F cyfk;

20. jhtucyfk;> ,jpy; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; (GNuhNfhpahl;Lfs;) xspr;Nrh;f;ifj;

jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; xspr;Nrh;f;if Ghpahj G+Q;irfs; ,itahTk; mlq;Fk;.

21. tpyq;F cyfk;> ,jpy; xU nrhy;yhy; Md GNuhl;Nlh Nrhthd;fSk; gy

nry;fshy; Md tpyq;Ffs; my;yJ nkl;lh Nrhthd;fSk; mlq;Fk;.

22. rpy caphpdq;fs;> jhtug;gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Fg; gz;Gfs; Mfpa

,uz;ilANk ngw;wpUe;jd.
(v.fh.) A+f;spdh> ];ghQ;fs;.

23. A+f;spdhtpd; fz;Gs;spapy;> M];lhf;]he;jpd; (tpyq;Ffspy; fhzg;gLk; epwkp)

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

24. ];iyk; Nkhy;Lfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; caphpdq;fs; mkPgh Nghd;w

cly;eyj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk; G+Q;irfisg; Nghy fdpAWg;Gfis
cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd.
25. midj;Jk; caphpdq;fisAk; mtw;wpw;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; ghpzhkj; njhlh;gpd;
mbg;gilapy; Ie;J cyfq;fshf tifg;gLj;jpath; ahh;?
R.H. tpf;Nlf;fh; (1969) vd;w mnkhpf;f tifg;ghl;bay; epGzh;.
Kf;fpa gz;Gfs;:-
2

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 nry;ypd; mikg;G GNuhNfhpNahl; my;yJ A+NfhpNahl;
2. czT+l;l Kiw jw;rhh;G Cl;lKiw my;yJ gpw Cl;lKiw
3. cly; mikg;G xU nrhy;yhy; MdJ my;yJ gy nry;fshy; MdJ.
4. FOkg; ghpzhkk; my;yJ ghpzhkj; njhlh;G
Ie;J cyfq;fs; :-
1. nkhdpuh 2. GNuhl;b];lh 3. G+Q;irfs; 4. jhtuq;fs; 5. tpyq;Ffs;

26. iuNrhgpak;> m]l;Nlhghf;lh; kw;Wk; fpsh];bhpak; Nghd;w ghf;Bhpaq;fs;

tspkz;ly iel;u[id epiy epWj;jp mk;Nkhdpahthf khw;wk; nra;fpd;wd.
,e;epfo;rr
; p caphpay; iel;u[d; epiy epWj;jk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

27. midj;Jk; xU nry; jhtuq;fSk; /igl;Nlhg;shq;f;ll

; d; vdTk; midj;J xU
nry; tpyq;FfSk; R+g;shq;ld; vdTk; nghJthf miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

28. gf;rd
P pah Nghd;w G+Q;irfs; xl;Lz;zpfshfTk; iuNrhg;g]; Nghd;w Vida
G+Q;irfs;> ,we;j mq;fg; nghUl;fisr; rhhe;J thOk; kl;Fz;zpfshfTk;
cs;sd.

29. G+Q;irfspd; clyk; nky;ypa ,io Nghd;w vz;zw;w i`/ghf;fshy;

Mdit.

30. G+Q;irfspd; nry; Rth; ifl;bd; vd;w nghUshy; MdJ.

31. jhtu cyfpy; kpfg;nghpa gphpTfis My;fhf;fs;> gpiuNah/igl;Lfs;>

nlhpNlh/igl;Lfs; [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs; kw;Wk; MQ;rpNah ];ngh;k;fs; ,j;jhtu
cyfj;ijr; rhh;e;jit.

32. f];FA+l;lh xU xl;Lz;zp MFk;.

33. neg;ge;nj]; kw;Wk; buhn]uh G+r;rpAz;Zk; jhtuq;fs; MFk;.

34. fpshkpNlhNkhdh]; kw;Wk; FNshnuy;yh Mfpait jhtu cyfpy;

Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

35. 1970 Mk; Mz;L thf;fpy; %yf;$W mwptpaywpQh;fs; GNuhNfhpNahl;Lfs;

Kw;wpYk;> NtWgl;l njhlh;gpy;yhj ,U gphpTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd vdf;
fz;lwpe;jdh;.

36. 1990 Mk; Mz;L C. Nth];> O. fhz;ly

; h;> kw;Wk; M.L. tPyp]; vd;w %d;W
%yf;$W mwptpaywpQh;fs;> Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; xU Gjpa
tifg;ghl;bid mwpKfg;gLj;jpdh;.

37. Gjpa tif ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; midj;J caphpdq;fSk; 3 Kf;fpag;

gphpTfs; Mfg; gphpf;fg;gl;ld. mitahtd?
1. A+Nfhpah (midj;J a+NfhpNahl;LfisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ)
2. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; (Vw;fdNt ed;F mwpag;gl;l GNuhNfhpNahl;Lf;fis
cs;slf;fpaJ)
3. Mh;f;fpah (Kd;dhy; Mh;f;fpghf;Bhpaq;fs; vd miof;fg;gl;lit>
GNuhNfhpNal;Lfis cs;slf;fpait> ,it ngUk;ghYk; mjpf fLikahd
#o;epiyfspy; tho;git> ,e;j tifghL jw;NghJ midj;J caphpay;
ty;Yeh;fshYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ)

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38. NehAw;w ,iyapd; rhw;wpid Nehapy;yhj ,iyapy; njspj;jhNy mJ
Neha;tha;g;gl;lJ vd;gjid ep&gpj;Jf; fhl;bath; ahh;?
Nkah;

39. NehAw;w ,iyapd; rhw;wpid ghf;Bhpah tbfl;b %yk; tbfl;bd gpwFk; $l

mr;rhW njhw;Wj;jd;ik tha;e;jjhf ,Ue;jjhy;> ,j;njhw;Wj; jd;ikf;Ff;
fhuzq;fs; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; my;y vd;gjid ntspg;gLj;jpath; ahh;?
INthNdh];f;fp vd;w u\pa mwptpay; mwpQh;

40. itu]; mlq;fpa rhwpid njhw;Wj;jd;ik tha;;e;j capUs;s jputk; vd;W

mioj;jth; ahh;?
lr;R Ez;Zaph; ty;Yeh; nga;[Phpq;f;
Fwpg;G:-
gpd;dh; ,JNt tPhpad; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.

41. Nehia cz;lhFk; Jfs;fs; itu];fs; vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.

42. itu];fis gbftbtpy; jdpg;gLj;jpa epGzh; ahh;?

mnkhpf;f caph; Ntjpapay; epGzh; W.M. ];lhd;yp (1935)
Fwpg;G:-
,JNt ituhy[p vd;w Gjpa mwptpay; gphpT Muk;gkhf mbNfhypaJ.

43. itu];fs; vyf;lu; hd; Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; kl;LNk fhzty;yd.

44. Guj ciwahy; #og;gl;l epa+f;spf; mkpyj;ij cilait.

45. epA+f;spf; mkpyk; b.vd;.V my;yJ Mh;.vd;.V MFk;.

46. itu];fs; nry;Yf;Fs;Ns thOk; fl;lha xl;Lz;zpfs;

47. itu];fs; NeNdh kPl;lh; vd;w myfpdhy; msf;fg;gLfpd;wd. (1 NeNdhkPl;lh; =

10-9 kPl;lh; my;yJ 1 kPl;lh; = 10-9 NeNdhkPl;lh;) nghJthf itu];fspd; msT
20 NeNdhkPl;lhpypUe;J 300 NeNdhkPl;lh; tiu cs;sd.

48. itu];fs; vj;jid tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd? mit ahit?

itu];fs; %d;W Kf;fpa tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mitfs;:-
1. fd rJu tbtk; : gyNfhzKilait my;yJ Nfhstbtk;. v.fh. mbNdh
itu];fs;> vr;.I.tp.
2. RUs; tbtk; : (v.fh.) Gifapiy nkhirf; itu]; (TMV)> ,d;/GSad;rh
itu];
3. rpf;fyhd my;yJ mrhjhuz tbtk;
(v.fh.) ghf;bhpNah/Ng[;> ghf;]; itu];

49. itu];fs; vj;jid Kf;fpa ghfq;fis nfhz;Ls;sd? mjd; ngah;fs; vd;d?

1. Nfg;rpl; vdg;gLk; Gujciw
2. epa+f;spf; mkpyk;

50. Xk;Gaph;r; nry;Yf;F ntspNa ngUf;fk; mila Kbahj> njhw;Wj;jd;ik

tha;e;j> xU KOikahd itu];fSf;F tPhpahd; vd;W ngah;.
4

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51. Guj ciwaw;w> tl;l tbtkhd Xhpio Mh;.vd;.V-it tPuha;L vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

52. gphpahd;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

,it Nehia cz;lhf;f ty;y Gujj;Jfs;fs;. kdpjd; kw;Wk; Vida
tpyq;Ffspd; kj;jpa euk;G kz;lyj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk; gy Neha;fSf;F ,it
fhuzkhf cs;sd. (v.fh.) f;Uapl;];/ngy;l; - N[fg; Neha;

53. ];lhd;yp G&rpdh; gphpahd;fspy; Muha;r;rp nra;J 1998 ,y; Nehgy; ghpirg;
ngw;whh;.

54. xk;Gaphpapd; mbg;gilapy; itu];fs; vj;jid tiffshf

tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd?
4 tiffshf> mitahtd>
1. jhtu itu];fs; : My;fh itu];fisAk; ,it cs;slf;fpait RNA
my;yJ DNA cilait
2. tpyq;F itu];fs; : kdpj itu];fisAk; ,it cs;slf;fpait RNA
my;yJ DNA cilait
3. G+Q;irfspd; itu];fs; (ikf;Nfh itu];fs;) : <hpio RNA cilait
4. ghf;Bhpahtpd; itu];fs; (ghf;BhpNah/Ng[;fs;) ,it raNdhNg[;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpait. DNA cilait.

55. ghf;BhpNah/Ng[;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

ghf;Bhpaq;fisj; jhf;fp NehAz;lhf;Fk; itu];fs; ghf;BhpNahNg[;fs; my;yJ
/Ng[;fs; vd;W nghJthf miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it jiyg;gpul;il tbtk;
cilait. epA+f;spf; mkpyk; DNA MFk;. v.fh:- T2> T4> T6 ghf;Bhpah
Ng[;fs;.

56. tPhpaKs;s /Ng[pd; ngUf;fk; fPo;f;fz;l gbfspy; eilngWfpwJ.

1. xl;bf;nfhs;Sjy;> 2. CLUTjy;>
3. /Ng[pd; ghfq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLjy;> 4. Nrh;f;if
5. Kjph;r;rp miljy;> 6. Nra; /Ng[;fspd; ntspNaw;wk;.

57. /Ng[pd; xUq;fpize;j epA+f;spf; mkpyj;jpw;F GNuh/Ng[;fs; vd;W ngah;.

58. xk;Gaph; nry;ypd; FNuhNkhNrhkpd; xU gFjp NghyNt nray;gl;L ,e;j

gNuh/Ng[; mjDilNag; ngUf;fkilfpwJ. ,jw;F iyNrhn[dp vd;W ngah;.

59. GNuh/Ngi[j; jd; [PNdhkpy; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ghf;Bhpa nry; iynrhn[dpf;

ghf;Bhpak; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

60. GNuh/Ng[;> rpy Gjpa gz;Gfis ghf;Bhpaj;jpw;F toq;FfpwJ> ,jw;F

iyNrhn[dpf; khw;wk; my;yJ /Ng[pdhy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; vd;W ngah;.

61. b/g;jPhpah Ngrpy;y]; vd;w ghf;Bhpaj;jpdhy; cz;lhf;fg;gLk; rpy er;Rg;

nghUl;fs; MFk;.

62. rkPgj;jpa Muha;r;rpfspd; Kbtpd; gb irkd; itu]; (SV-40) vd;Dk; b.vd;.V.

itu]pk; nul;Nuh itu];fs; vdg;gLk; Mh;.vd;.V itu];fSk; Gw;WNehiaj;
Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd vd;W fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

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63. Gw;W Nehiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; itu];fs; Gw;W Nehia cUthf;Fk;
itu];fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
64. rhh;]; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; Neha; jw;NghJ njd;fpof;F Mrpah> tl
mnkhpf;fh kw;Wk; INuhg;gh Mfpa ehLfspy; ,Ug;gjhf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

65. rhh;]; Neha;> NfhNuhdh itu];fs; vdg;gLk; ciwAs;s itu];fshy;

cz;lhfpwJ.

66. Ez;Zaph;fspd; cyfj;ij Kjd; Kjyhf 1676 Mk; Mz;L Mz;ld;thd;

Y}td;`hf; vd;w mwptpay; mwpQh; jdJ vspa Ez;Nzhf;fpap;d; %yk;
fz;lwpe;jhh;.

67. $l;L Ez;Nzhf;fpiaf; fz;lwpe;jjpd; %yk; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; ntsp cyFf;Fj;

njhpa itj;jth; ahh;?
`Pf;

68. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; kpfr; rpwpa caphpfs; Mdjhy; ,it vt;thW

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?
kpfr; rpwpa Ez;Zaphpfs; my;yJ Ez;zpa tpyq;Ffs;
vd;wiof;fg;gl;ld.

69. ghf;Bhpaq;fisg; gw;wp tphpthf Muha;e;j Y}ap gha;];lh; (1822-95) Neha;fs;

gw;wpa n[h;k; nfhs;ifia ntspapl;lhh;.

70. tpyq;FfSf;F Vw;gLk; Neha;fSf;F ,e;j ghf;Bhpaq;fs; jhd; fhuzk; vdf;

$wp Neha;fSf;Fk;> Ez;Zaph;fSf;Fkhd njhlh;gpid epUgpj;jth; ahh;?
,uhgh;l; Nfhr; vd;w n[h;kd; ehl;L Ez;ZaphpaywpQh;.

71. Kjd; Kjypy; ghf;Bhpah vd;w nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;jpath; Vud;gh;f; (1829)

vd;gtuhthh;.

72. ghf;Bhpaq;fisg; gw;wp tphpthf;fg; gbf;Fk; gphpTf;F ghf;Bhpahy[p my;yJ

ghf;Bhpaapay; vd;W ngah;.

73. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; midj;Jk; GNuhNfhpNahl;bf; mikg;Gila xU nry;

caphpfshFk;.

74. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; kpf Ez;zpait> ,it ruhrhpahf 0.5 Kjy; 1 ikf;uhd;

tpl;lKk; 3 Kjy; 5 ikf;uhd; tiuapyhd ePsKk; cilad.

75. fhkd;ry; vd;why; vd;d?

fhkd;ry; vd;gJ ,uz;L Nrh;e;J thOk; caphpfspy; xd;W gadilAk;>
kw;nwhd;W ve;jtpjg; gaDk; ,d;wpf; fhzg;gLk;. (c.k;.) kdpjr; rpWFlypy;
thOk; v];nrhprpah Nfhiy.

76. ghf;Bhpahtpd; tbtq;fs;?

1. Nfhs tbtk; 2. Nfhy; tbtk; 3. jpUF tbtk;
4. rpy ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; tbtq;fs; khWk; jd;ik cilait. mjhtJ ,it
xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;. (v.fh.) Mh;j;Nuhghf;lh; ,it
gpspNahkhh;/gpf; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
6

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77. Ntjpj; J}z;ly; efh;T vd;why; vd;d?
Ntjpr; rkpf;iQfisf; firapiofs; fz;lwpe;J mjid Nehf;fp efh;fpd;wd.
,e;j tif ,af;f Kiwf;F Ntjpj; J}z;ly; efh;T vd;W ngah;.

78. rpy tif ghf;Bhpaq;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l jpirapy; rhjfkhd Ntjpg;nghUl;fs;

my;yJ> czTg; nghUl;fspd; J}z;lYf;F Vw;g mjid Nehf;fp efh;jiy
Neh;kiw Ntjpj; J}z;ly; efh;T vd;fpNwhk;.

79. Ntjpg; nghUis tpl;L (jPik tpistpf;ff;$ba) tpyfpr; nry;Yk; epfo;T

vjph;kiw Ntjpj;J}z;ly; efh;T vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

80. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; jq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd cztpid jhNkj; jahhpj;Jf;

nfhs;tjhy;> mit jw;rhh;G Cl;l ghf;Bhpaq;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

81. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; rpy xsp jw;rhh;G Cl;l ghf;Bhpaq;fs; (v.fh.) ];ighpy;yk;.

82. ghf;Bhpaq;fs; rpy Ntjpr; jw;rhh;G Cl;l ghf;Bhpaq;fs; (v.fh.) iel;uNrh

Nkhdh]; kw;Wk; iel;Nuh ghf;lh;.

83. ikf;Nuhfhf;f]; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; fl;lhaf; fhw;W Rthrpfshf tho;fpd;wd.

84. epiykhWk; fhw;wpy;yhr; Rthrg; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; fhw;Wr; Rthrpfs; vdTk;

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

85. fhkPl;Lfspd; cUthf;fk;> fhkPl;Lfspd; ,izT Mfpatw;Wld; epfOk;

Kiwahd ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;gJ ghf;Bhpaq;fspy; fpilahJ.

86. ghf;Bhpaq;fspy; [Pd;fspd; kWNrh;f;if epfo;T?

%d;W ntt;NtW tpjq;fspy; ghf;Bhpaq;fspy; [Pd;fspd; kWNrh;f;if
epfo;TfpwJ. mitahtd.
1. ,izT
2. l;uhd;];lf;\d;
3. ,ay;G khw;wk;

87. kdpjdpd; md;whl tho;tpy; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; ngUk;gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd.

88. ghf;Bhpaq;fshy; jhtuq;fSf;F cz;lhFk; rpy Neha;fs;

xk;Gaph; jhtuj;jpd; Neha; cz;lhf;Fk; ghf;Bhpaj;jpd;

Nehapd; ngah;
ngah; ngah;
vYkpr;ir rpl;u]; Nfd;rh; Nre;NjhNkhdh]; rpl;hp
ney; ghf;l;Bhpa ntg;G Nre;NjhNkhdh]; XiuNr
gUj;jp Nfhz ,iyg;Gs;sp Nre;NjhNkhdh]; khy;Nt]pNauk;
Nghp jP ntg;G Neha; #NlhNkhdh]; NrhyNd]PNauk;
Nful; nkd; mOfy; vh;tpdpah Nful;NlhNthuh

89. ghf;Bhpaq;fshy; tpyq;FfSf;F cz;lhFk; rpy Neha;fs;

xk;Gaph; tpyq;fpd;
Nehapd; ngah; Neha; cz;lhFk; ghf;Bhpaj;jpd; ngah;
ngah;
MLfs; Me;j;uhf;]; Ng]py;y]; Me;j;uh]p];

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 khLfs; GUnry;Nyh]p]; GUNry;yh mNghh;l]];
nrk;kwp MLfs; G&nry;Nyh]p]; GNuhnry;yh nkypl;Nld;]p];

90. ghf;Bhpahf;fshy; kdpjDf;F Vw;gLk; rpy Neha;fs;

Nehapd; ngah; Neha; cz;lhf;Fk; ghf;Bhpahtpd; ngah;

fhyuh tpg;hpNah fhyNu
il/gha;L rhy;nkhndy;yh il/gp
ba+gh;FNyhrp]; ikf;Nfhghf;Bhpak; l;A+gh;FNyhrp];

91. jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; Mfpatw;wpd; ,we;j clyq;fs; kl;Fz;zp

ghf;Bhpahf;fshy; rpijf;fg;gLtjhy;> mtw;iw ,aw;if fopT ePf;fpfs; vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

92. Ng]py;y]; uhNkh]]; kw;Wk; Ng]py;y]; ikfha;l]; Nghd;w

mk;Nkhdpahthf;Fk; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; ,we;j jhtu> tpyq;F clyq;fspypUf;Fk;
rpf;fyhd Gujq;fis mk;Nkhdpahthf khw;wpa gz;G mk;Nkhdpak; cg;Gfshf
khw;Wfpd;wd.

93. iel;Nuhghf;lh; kw;Wk; iel;uNrhkhdh]; Nghd;w iel;Nul;lhf;Fk; ghf;Bhpaq;fs;

mk;Nkhdpak; cg;Gf;fis iel;i ; ul;L kw;Wk; iel;Nul;lhf khWfpd;wd.

94. m]l;Nlhghf;lh;> fpsh];bhpak; kw;Wk; iuNrhgpak; Nghd;w iel;u[id

epiyg;gLj;Jk; ghf;Bhpaq;fs; tspkz;ly iel;u[id mq;ff iel;u[dhf
khw;Wfpd;wd.

95. ghiyj; japuhf khw;w Nyf;NlhNgrpy;y]; gy;Nfhpf]; ghf;BhpaKk; ghyhilf;

fl;bahf Nyf;Nlh Ngrpy;y]; m]pNlh/Nghg]; vd;w Nyf;bf; mkpy
ghf;BhpaKk; cgNahfg;gLfpd;wd.

96. m]pl;bf; mkpy ghf;Bhpaj;jpd; (m]pl;Nlhghf;lh; m]pl;il) nrayhy; tpdpfh;

(m]pl;bf; mkpyk;) cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

97. fpsh];bhpak; m]pl;Nlhgpa+l;bypf;fk; vd;w fhw;wpy;yh Rthr ghf;Bhpaj;jpd;

nehjpj;jy; nray; %yk; fUk;Gr; rf;ifapypUe;J gpA+l;ily;> My;f`hy;>
nkj;jpy; My;f`hy; kw;Wk; m]pl;Nlhd; Mfpait ngwg;gLfpwJ.

98. fpsh];bhpak; Nghd;w rpy ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; nray;fshy; ehh;jUk;

jhtuq;fspypUe;J ehh;fs; gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,JNt nul;bq; vdg;gLfpwJ.

99. ghf;Bhpahf;fspypUe;Nj Ez;Zaph;nfhy;ypfs; ngwg;gLfpd;wd> mit ahit?

gh]p;l;uh]pd; (Ng]py;y]; rg;by];) ghypkpf;]pd; (Ng]py;y]; ghypkpf;rpd;)
];nlug;Nlhikrpd; (];nlug;Nlhikr]; fpidurpa];)

100. kdpjf; Flypy; thOk; v];nrhp]Pah Nfhiy itl;lkpd; K kw;Wk; B

Mfpatw;iw ngUkstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ.

101. fpsh];bhpak; vd;w ghf;Bhpahtpd; rpw;wpdq;fs; gy rh;f;fiuia nehjpf;f nra;J

itl;lkpd; B2 it cw;gj;jpr; nra;fpd;wd.

102. kdpj ,d;Rypd; [Pid ghf;BhpahTf;F khw;wp tzpf hPjpahf ngUkstpy;

,d;Rypid cw;gj;jp nra;tJ ,jpy; xU Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j ntw;wp MFk;.

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103. Ngh]p];y]; tifiar; rhh;e;j Nghpy;y]; JhpQ;nQd;rp]; Nghd;w
ghf;Bhpaq;fs;> G+r;rpfs; kw;Wk; tz;zj;Jg; G+r;rpfspd; GOf;fisf; nfhy;y
gad;gLfpd;wd.

104. G+Q;irfs; gr;irak; my;yhj A+NfhpNahl;bf; caphpdq;fs;.

105. fhshd;fs; Nkhy;Lfs; kw;Wk; <];l;Lfs;; ntF rhjhuzkhff; fhzg;gLk;

G+Q;irfs;.

106. G+Q;irfisg; gw;wp mwptpay; gphpT ikf;fhy[p (G+Q;irapay;) vdg;gLfpwJ.

107. G+Q;irapd; nry;fspd; Rthpd; ngah; vd;d?

ifl;bd; vdg;gLk; mrpl;ily; FSf;Nfhrikd; myFfshy; Md xU
ghypkhpdhy; MdJ

108. G+Q;irfspy; gr;irak; fpilahJ

109. G+Q;irfs; kl;Fz;zpahfNth> xl;Lz;zpahfNth my;yJ $l;LapuhfNth

cs;sd.

110. Jizg;gphpT Nk];bNfhikf;Nfhbdh G+Q;irfisj; jtpu midj;J

G+Q;irfSk; efUk; jpwdw;wit.

111. G+Q;irfspd; ,dg;ngUf;fk; tpthp?

];Nghh;fspd; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpd;wd. vdpDk; ghypdg; ngUf;fKk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.

112. G+Q;irapd; mikg;G tptuk;?

G+Q;irapd; clyikg;G jdp tpjkhdJ. ,jd; clyk; xU nry; my;yJ gy
nry;fshy; MdJ. gy nry;fshy; G+Q;ir ed;F fpisj;Jg; gpd;dpa E}y;
tbt i`/ghf;fs; vdg;gLk; ,iofshy; Mdit.

113. i`/ghf;fs; midj;Jk; Nrh;e;J nkhj;jkhf ikrPypak; vd;W

miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

114. irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; A+NfhpNahl;Lr; nry;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Ez;ZWg;Gfs; vit?

1. ikl;Nlh fhz;lh; pad;fs;
2. Nfhy;if cWg;Gfs;
3. vz;Nlhg;gpshr tiy
4. iuNghNrhk;fs;
5. thf;FNthy;fs;
Fwpg;G:-
Kjph;e;j i`ghf;fspy; thf;FNthy;fs; nghpadthfTk; irl;Nlhgpshrk; Rtiu
xl;ba xU nky;ypa glykhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

115. G+Q;irfspd; czt+l;l Kiw:-

G+Q;irfs; gpw Cl;l Kiwiaf; nfhz;lit. mjhtJ mitfSf;F
fdpkq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l fhh;gd; Njitg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; mkpNdh
mkpyq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l iel;u[Dk; Njitg;gLfpwJ. G+Q;irfspd;
czT+l;l Kiw nghJthf cwpQ;RKiw vdTk; tpthpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

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116. ,we;j mOfpag; nghUl;fspypUe;J jq;fs; Cl;lj;ijg; ngWk; caphpfs;
kl;Fz;zpfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.

117. kw;nwhU caphpapd; cs;Ns my;yJ mjd; Nky; thOk; xU caphpNa

xl;Lz;zp vdg;gLk;.

118. xl;Lz;zpf;F czT kw;Wk; ,Ug;gplk; Mfpatw;iw mspf;Fk; caphp xk;Gaphp

vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

119. xl;Lz;zpfs; capUs;s nry;fspy; kl;LNk tho;e;J tsUk;> ,it fl;lha

xl;Lz;zpfs; my;yJ caph;rhh;G [Ptpfs; vdg;gLfpwJ.

120. khWk; xl;Lz;zpfs; vd;why; vd;d?

NtW rpy G+Q;irfs; Xk;Gapiuj; jhf;fp nfhy;fpwJ. gpd;dh; mjd;
vQ;rpait kPJ kl;Fz;zpahf tho;fpwJ. ,it khWk; xl;Lz;zpfs; my;yJ
jpRr;Nrj caphpfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

121. fl;lha xl;Lz;zpfs; CLUTtjw;Fk;> cwpQ;Rtjw;Fk; rpy rpwg;G

mikg;Gfis cUthf;Ffpd;wd? mjd; ngaH vd;d?
`h];Nlhhpahf;fs;

122. G+Q;irfspd; ,uz;L Kf;fpakhd $l;Laph; tho;f;if vJ?

1. iyf;fd;fs; 2. ikf;Nfhiurhf;fs;

123. My;fhf;fSf;F ,izahf xU tFg;ghf fUjg;gl;L jhNy/igl;lh vd;w

gphptpd; fPo; jhtucyfpy; G+Q;irfs; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

124. va;d;]; nthh;j; (1973) vd;w G+Q;irapay; ty;Yeuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l

G+Q;irfspd; tifghL ntg;];lh; vd;gtuhy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

125. kpf;N]hikf;Nfhl;lh kpfTk; mrhjhuzkhd caphpfs;.

126. kpf;N]hikf;Nfhl;lh ];iyk; Nkhy;Lfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

127. irNfhik rPl;Lfs; ,izTg; G+Q;irfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

128. nry;Rth; ifl;bd; kw;Wk; irl;Nlhrd; vd;Dk; nghUspdhy; Mdit.

129. rhjhuzkhf fUg;G nuhl;bf;fhshd;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; iuNrhg]; kw;Wk;

kpA+f;fh; irNfhikf;Nfhl;bdh gphpitr; rhh;e;jit.

130. iuNrhg]; kpA+f;fiug; Nghd;Nwf; fhzg;gLk; rhWz;zp MFk;.

131. M];NfhikrPl;LfSf;Nf chpj;jhd gz;ghd ,g;G+Q;irfspy; M];Nfh];Nghh;fs;

cUthfpd;wd.

132. M];Nfh ];Nghh;fs; M];f]; vdg;gLk; ig Nghd;w mikg;gpy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

133. M];NfhikrPl;Lfspy; epiwa M];f];fs; njhFg;Gfshfr; Nrh;e;J

M];Nfhfhh;g; vdg;gLk; fdpAWg;igj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.

134. fdpAWg;Gfspd; tiffs;?

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 fdpAWg;Gfs; 3 tifg;gLk;.
1. fpwp];NlhjPrpak; ,it cUz;il tbtk; Kbait. (v.fh.) a+Nu\pak;
2. ghpjPrpak; ,it FLit tbtk; (v.fh.) ePa+Nuh];Nghuh
3. mg;NghjPrpak; ,it fpz;zk; tbtk; (v.fh.) ngi]]h

135. ,dg;ngUf;f i`/ghf;fspd; Edpapy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; Fz;lhe;jb tbt

ngrpbak; vd;w mikg;Ng ngrpbNahikrPl;Lfs; vd;w ngah; tuf; fhuzkhapw;W.

136. Nkk;ghL mile;j ngrpbNahikrPl;Lfs; ngrpbNahfhh;gG

; fs; vdg;gLk;
fdpAWg;Gfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.

137. ngdprpypak; nehl;Nll;lk; vd;w G+Q;irapypUe;J ve;j kUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ?

ngd;rpypd;

138. ngd;rpypd; vd;w kUe;J ahuhy;> ve;j Mz;L fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ?

gphpl;ld; ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j mnyf;]hz;lh; /gpsk;kpq; vd;gtuhy; 1928-Mk;
Mz;L fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

139. <];l;Lfs;> fhshd;fs;> l;u/gy;fs; kw;Wk; Nkhuy;fs; Nghd;w G+Q;irfs;

czthf cl;nfhs;sj; jFe;jit.

140. mfhhpf]pd; rpw;wpdq;fshd m.ig];Nghu];> m.Mh;ntd;]p]; Mfpait

cz;zj; jFe;jit.

141. thy;Nthpnay;yh thy;Nt]p> th.il]; Nghuh Mfpa cz;zf;$ba fhshd;fs;

kpfg;nghpa mstpy; tzpf hPjpahf cw;gj;jpr; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

142. rhuhaj; njhopw;rhiyAk;> nuhl;bj; njhopw;rhiyAk; vjid ntFthfr;

rhh;e;Js;sd?
<];l;Lfs; (rhf;Nuhik rPl;Lfs;)

143. My;f`hy; rhuhaj; njhopw;rhiyfspYk;> CO2 nuhl;bj; njhopw;rhiyfspYk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

144. caph;Ntjp kugpay; vd;W Njhd;wp gpd;dh; %yf;$W caphpay; vd;W

fth;rr
; pfukhf khwpajw;F ePA+Nuh];Nghuh fpuhrh vd;w G+Q;irapy;
Muk;gp;f;fg;gl;l Muha;r;rpNa mbg;gilahapw;W.

145. ePA+Nuh];Nghuh> M];gh;[p];y]; Mfpa G+Q;irfs; ,d;wsTk; kugpay;

Muha;r;rpf;F gad;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

146. G+Q;irfs; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; ,wg;G $l KOik ngwhJ vd;w $w;W

ahUilaJ?
gh];l;rhpd;

147. LSD (D iynrh;[pf; mkpyk; ilvjpy; mikL) vh;fhl; vdg;gLk;.

148. fpshtpnrg;]; gh;G+hpah G+Q;irapypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.

149. 1845-Mk; Mz;L mah;yhe;J ehl;by; ve;j g+Q;ir cUisf;fpoq;F gapiuj;

jhf;fp cUisf;fpoq;fpd; mOfy; Nehia Vw;gL;j;jpaJ?
/igl;lh/Njhuh ,d;/ng];ld;];

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150. gUj;jpapd; thly; Neha; /gA+Nrhpak; Mf;]p];Nghuk; vd;w G+Q;irapdhy;
NehAz;lhfpwJ.

151. fliyapd; ,iyg;Gs;sp Neha; nrh;f;Nfh];Nghuh ngh;nrhNdl;lh vd;w

G+Q;irapdhy; tUfpwJ.

152. fUk;gpd; rpfg;G mOfy; Neha; nfhypl;Nlhbiuf;fk; /gy;Nfl;lk; vd;w

G+Q;irapdhy; tUfpwJ.
153. kdpjh;fspd; rpy G+Q;ir Neha;fs;
kdpjh;fspd; rpy G+Q;ir Neha;fs; NehAz;lhf;Fk; G+Q;irfs;
1. cUisg;GO (Bdpah) vg;gpnlh;Nkh/igl;lhd;
2. cUisg;GO (Bdpah) biuf;Nfh/igl;lhd;
3. Nfd;bbahrp]; Nfd;blh My;gpfd;];

154. gphpT A+ikf;Nfhlh

cl;gphpT irNfhikf;Nfhbdh
tFg;G irNfhik]Pl;];
Jiw kpA+f;fNuy;];
FLk;gk; kpa+f;fNu]p
Nghpdk; kpa+f;fh;

155. kpa+f;fh;> xU kl;Fz;zp G+Q;ir MFk;.

156. kpa+f;fh; nghJthf Crpf; fhshd; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

157. kpa+f;fiu fUg;G nuhl;bf; fhshd; vdTk; miog;gJz;L.

158. kpa+f;fh; Nghpdj;jpy; vj;jid rpw;wpdq;fs; cs;sd?

50 rpw;wpdq;fs;.

159. <ukhd nfl;Lg;Nghd nuhl;bapy;> mOfp;g;Nghd gok; kw;Wk; fha;fwpfspy; kw;Wk;

nfl;Lg;Nghd mq;ffg; nghUl;fspd; kPJ xl;lil Nghd;W glh;e;J
fhzg;gLfpwJ.

160. kpa+f;fhpd; clyk; ntz;ikahd nky;ypa gQ;R Nghd;w ,iofshy; MdJ.

,ij ik]Pypak; vd;gh;.

161. kpa+f;fh; vg;NghJk; mjpf mstpy; fpisj;Jk; gy epA+f;spa];fisf; nfhz;Lk;

fhzg;gLfpwJ> ,jw;F ]PNdhi]bf; epiy vd;W ngah;.

162. ik]Pypaj;jpd; xt;nthU ,iof;Fk; i`/gh vd;W ngah;.

163. kpa+f;fhpd; ,dg;ngUf;fk; tptuk;?

kpa+f;fhpy; nt[pNll;bt; KiwapYk;> ghy; kw;Wk; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;f
KiwfspYk; eilngWfpwJ. ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fKiw ntF rf[khf
kpa+f;fhpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

164. nt[pl;Nlbt; ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?

i`/ghf;fs; Jz;lhtjpd; %yk; xt;nthU Jz;Lk; tsh;e;J Gjpa
ikrpypaq;fis cUthf;FfpwJ.

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165. ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk; fpshikNlh];Nghh;fs; kw;Wk; ];ngud;[pNah];Nghh;fs;
%yk; eilngWfpwJ. rpy rkaq;fspy; MapNlh];Nghh;fs; %ykhfTk; ,J
eilngWk;.

166. Xa;T epiyapYs;s ];Nghh;fs; fpshikNlh];Nghh;fs; MFk;.

167. rhpahd <ug;gjKk; ntg;gepiyAk; tsh;rr ; pf;F cfe;j #o;epiyAk; tha;f;Fk;

NghJ ikrpypaj;jpypUe;J nky;ypa epkph; ,iofs; i`/ghf;fs; nrq;Fj;jhf
tsh;fpd;wd. mit vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?
];NghuhQ;rpNah /Nghh;fs; my;yJ ];Nghuff; fhk;Gfs;

168. ];NghuhQ;rpNah cUz;ilahf> epiwa ];Nghh;fis cs;slf;fpakhf >

fhYnky;yhit Edpapy; jhq;fpa ];NghuhQ;rpakhf khWfpwJ.

169. tskw;w> cUz;il tbt ikag;gFjp> ];Nghh;fs; mw;w gFjp fhYnky;yh

vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

170. kpAf;fhpy; ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; N`khjhypf; MfNth my;yJ n`bNuhjhypf;

MfNth ,Uf;fyhk;.

171. + jd;ikAs;s kw;Wk; - jd;ikAs;s i`ghf;fNs ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfshf

nray;gLfpd;wd.

172. ,izT Kiwapy; kpAf;fhpy; ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; eilngWfpwJ.

173. ntt;NtW ghy; jd;ik cila (+ jd;ik my;yJ jd;ik) ,UNtW

jhtuq;fspd; i`/ghf;fs; kpf mUfUfhf tUk; NghJ GNuhNfkPl;Lfs;
vdg;gLk; Gilg;Gfs; ,U i`ghf;fspd; gf;fthl;L Rth;fsp;Yk;
cz;lhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

174. Gilg;Gfs; ,ize;J fhQ;RNf\d; Foha; my;yJ ,izTf; Foha;

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

175. kpa+f;fhpd; Edpghfk; NfkPl;lhQ;rpak; vd;Wk;> mbghfk; ]];ngd;]hh;

vdg;gLfpwJ.

176. rPNdhNfkPl;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d?

xt;nthU NfkPl;lhQ;rpaj;jpYs;s GNuhl;Nlh gpshrf; $Wfs; xU NfkPl;lhf
cUkhWfpd;wd. ,it gy epa+f;spay; nfhz;lit> ,itfNs rPNdhNfkPl;Lfs;
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

177. fy;tpapy;yhkNyNa Vi]Nfh];Nghh; vdg;gLk; jbj;j ciuaw;w nky;ypa

ciwahy; Md ghh;j;njNdh];Nghh;fis cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd.

178. rpy fhyk; Xa;T epiyf;Fg; gpd;dh; irNfh];Nghh; Kisf;fj; Jtq;FfpwJ.

ntspg;Gw ciw ntbj;J cl;Gw ciw ];NghuhQ;rpNah/Nghh; (];Nghuff;
fhk;G) my;yJ GNuhikrpypakhf Foy; Nghd;w tbtpy; tsh;fpwJ.

179. N`hNkhjhyp]k; (xj;j clyk; nfhz;lit) vd;why; vd;d?

xNu ik]pypaj;jpd; i`ghf;fs; ,iztjd; %yk; xU irNfh];Nghh;
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLkhdhy; me;j epiyf;F N`hNkhjhyp]k; vd;W ngah;. xj;jghy;
jd;ikAs;s i`ghf;fs; kl;LNk ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;a N`hNkhjhypf;
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 rpw;wpdq;fSf;Fj; Njit. cjhuzk; kpAf;fh; `Pkhyp]; xU N`hNkhjhypf;
rpw;wpdkhFk;.

180. n`l;bNuhjhypf; rpw;wpdkhd kp.kpA]pNlhtpy; ntt;NtW jd;ik (+ jd;ik

kw;Wk; - jd;ik)nfhz;l ,U jhy];fSf;fpilapy; ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk;
eilngWfpwJ.

181. n`bNuhjh]p]k; vd;why; vd;d?

kpAf;fhpy; ghypdg; ngUf;fj;jpd; NghJ ,U NtWgl;l ghy;jd;ik
(];ln
; ua;d;) nfhz;l ik]Pypaq;fs; mLj;jLj;j tsu Nehpl;lhy; ,Utif
i`/ghf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa irNfhl;Lfs; kpFjpahf cz;lhFk;. ,e;j epfo;rr
; p
n`bNuhjhyp]k; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gpLfpwJ.

182. My;fhf;fisg; gw;wpa mwptpay; Jiw My;fhy[p my;yJ /igf;fhy[p vd;W

miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

183. jd;dpr;irahf ePhpy; kpjf;Fk; my;yJ jdpj;J ePhpy; ePe;Jk; Ez;zpa

My;fhf;fs; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?
/igl;Nlh gpshq;f;lhd;fs;

184. fly;fs; Vhpfspd; Mokw;w fiu Xug; gFjpfspy; mbapy; xl;b thOk;
My;fhf;fs; nge;jpf; vdg;gLfpd;wd.

185. My;fhf;fspd; rpy rpw;wpdq;fSk;> G+Q;irfSk; Nrh;e;J fhzg;gLk; jhtug;gphpT

iyf;fd;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.

186. vg;gp/igl;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d?

xU rpy My;fhf;fs; kw;w My;fhf;fs; my;yJ Vidaj; jhtuq;fspd;
kPJ njhw;Wj; jhtukhf tho;fpd;wd. ,it vg;gp/igl;Lfs; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

187. rpy My;fhf;fs; ypj;Njh/igl;Lfs; my;yJ ghiw tho; My;fhf;fs; MFk;.

188. vspa> Ez;zpa xU nry; caphpfspypUe;J kpfg;nghpa Nkf;Nuh]p];b]; vd;w

fly;ghrp tiu My;fhf;fspd; jhyq;fs; tpj;jpahrg;gLfpd;wd.

189. xU nry; My;fhf;fs; fpshkpNlhNkhd]; Nghy efUk; jpwd; cs;sjhfNth

my;yJ FNshnuy;yh Nghy efUk; jpwdw;Nwh fhzg;gLk;.

190. ngUk;ghd;ikahdit ,iofshy; Md clyj;ij cilait? mjw;F v.fh.

jUf?
(v.fh.) ];igNuhifuh

191. rpy My;fhf;fs; kpfg;nghpa clyj;ij cilad. mjw;F v.fh:- fhnyh;g;gh>

rh;fh]k;> yhkpNdhpah> /gpa+f];> Nkf;Nuh]p];l;b];

192. My;fhf;fspd; tbtq;fs; ahit?

My;fhf;fspd; gRq;fzpfq;fs; gytifahd tbtq;fis cilait. v.fh:-
1. fpshkpNlhNkhdh]py; - fpz;z tbtKk;
2. ];igNuhifuhtpy; - hpg;gd; tbtKk;
3. irf;dPkhtpy; - el;rj;jpu tbtKk;
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193. raNdhghf;Bhpaq;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ePyg;gRk; ghrpfisj; jtpu
midj;Jg; ghrpfSk; ve;j nry; mikg;ig cilait?
A+NfhpNahl;bf; nry;

194. My;fhf;fspy; vj;jid tifahd xspr;Nrh;f;if epwkpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?

My;fhf;fspy; %d;W tifahd xspr;Nrh;f; ;if epwkpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mitahtd:-
1. gr;irak;
2. fhNuhl;bdha;Lfs;
3. gpypGujq;fs;

195. ePhpy; fiuaf;$ba gpyp Gujq;fis /igf;Nfh vhpj;jphpd; (rpfg;G) kw;Wk;

/igf;Nfhradpd; (ePyk;) epwkpfs; nghJthf NuhNlh/grp tFg;gpYk;
raNdh/igrp tFg;gpYk; KiwNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

196. NuhNlh/igrp tFg;gpy; /GNshhpbad; ];lhh;r; /NgNahigrp tFg;gpy;

NykpNdhpad; ];lhh;r;Rk; a+f;spNdh/igrp tFg;gpy; ghuhikyhDk; Nrkpg;Gg;
nghUl;fshf cs;sd.

197. Nre;Njh/igrp kw;Wk; Ngrpy;NyhpNah/igrp My;fhf;fs; nfhOg;G> vz;nza;

kw;Wk; ypg;gpLfis Nrkpj;J itf;fpd;wd.

198. firapiofs; vj;jid tiffshf gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,U tifahd

firapiofs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. rhl;il tif
2. bd;ry; tif

199. ,uz;L fir ,iofSk;> rk ePsKk; nfhz;bUe;jhy; mtw;iw INrhfhd;l;

vd;W miof;fpNwhk;.

200. n`l;bNuhfhd;l; tifapy; ,uz;L firapiofSk; ePsj;jpy; my;yJ tbtj;jpy;

NtWgLfpd;wd.

201. My;fhf;fspy; %d;W tifahd ,dg;ngUf;f Kiwfs; tpthpf;fTk;?

1. cly; ,dg; ngUf;fk;
2. ghypyh ,dg; ngUf;fk;
3. ghy; ,dg; ngUf;fk;

202. cly; ,dg; ngUf;fk; Jz;lhjy; Kiw Ntw;wplf; fpisfs; Njhd;Wjy;

Kiwap;y; cly; ,dg;ngUf;fk; eilngWfpwJ.

203. ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk; gytifahd ];Nghh;fspd; %yk; eilngWfpwJ.

204. #];Nghh;fs;> VgpshNdh];Nghh;fs; kw;Wk; VifNdl;Lfs; Mfpait

rpytifahd ghypyh ];Nghh;fs; MFk;.

205. ghy; ,dg; ngUf;fj;jpy; ,uz;L Nfkpl;Lfs; ,izfpd;wd. ,izAk;

Nfkpl;Lfs; xNu jhyspypUe;J Njhd;wpdhy; mij N`hNkhjhypf; vd;Wk;
ntt;Ntwhd jhy]pypUe;J Njhd;wpdhy; mij n`l;bNuhjhypf; tif vd;Wk;
miof;fpNwhk;. ,izAk; Nfkpl;Lfs; INrhNfkpl;Lfs; my;yJ
n`l;bNuhNfkpl;Lfs; MFk;.

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206. INrhNfkp vd;why; vd;d?
,jpy; Gw mikg;G> nray;jd;ik Mfpa ,uz;bYk; xj;j xNu
khjphpahd ,U NfkPl;Lfs; ,izfpd;wd. (v.fh.) ];igNuhifuh kw;Wk;
fpshkpNlhNkhdh]pd; rpy rpw;wpdq;fs;.

207. n`l;bNuhNfkpapd; tiffis tpthp?

,t;tifapy; NtWghL cila ,uz;L Nfkpl;Lfs; ,izfpd;wd. mJ
,Utifg;gLk;. 1. midNrhNfkp 2. CNfkp

208. CNfkp tif ,iztpy; Mz;Nfkpl;L Me;jNuhRtha;Lfs; vd;Wk; ngz;

NfkPl;L mz;lk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

209. Me;jNuhRtha;Lfis cUthf;Fk; Mz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs; Me;jphpbak;

vd;Wk;> mz;lj;ij cz;L gz;Zk; nry; CNfhdpak; vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

210. Me;jNuhRtha;Lk;> mz;lKk; ,ize;J cUthFk; nry; irNfhl; MFk;.

211. F.F. /gphpl;r; jdJ My;fhf;fspd; mikg;G kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;Dk;

E}ypy; My;fhf;fis 11 tFg;Gfshf gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy;
tifg;gLj;jpAs;shh;. mitahtd:-
1. epwkpfspd; Nrh;f;if
2. Nrkpg;Gg; nghUl;fs;
3. firapiofspd; mikT
4. jhy]; mikg;G
5. ,dg;ngUf;fk;

212. My;fhf;fspd; 11 tFg;Gfs; tpthp?

1. FNshNuh/igrp 2. Nre;Njh/igrp 3. fpiuNrh/igrp 4.
Ngrpy;NyhpNah/igrp 5. fphpg;Nlh/igrp 6. ilNdh/igrp 7. FNshNuhNkhdhbdp
8. A+f;spNdh/igrp 9. /NgNah//igrp 10. NuhNlh/igrp 11. kpf;Nrh/igrp.

213. Nghh;/iguhtpd; rpw;wpdq;fs; [g;ghd;> ,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; fyp/Nghh;dpah

ehLfspy; cl;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

214. my;th> yhkpNdhpah> rh;fh]k; kw;Wk; Fnshnuy;yh Mfpa My;fhf;fSk;

gyehLfspy; czthf cz;zg;gLfpd;wd.

215. fly;ghrp vdg;gLk; yhkpNdhpah> /gpA+f;f]; kw;Wk; M];Nfh/gpy;yk; Mfpa

My;fhf;fs; tPl;L tpyq;FfSf;Fk; fhy;eilfSf;Fk; czthf
mspf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

216. M]py;yNlhhpah> mdhgpdh> eh];lhf; kw;Wk; mNyhrpuh Mfpa ePyg;gRk;

ghrpfs; tspkz;ly iel;u[id epiyg;gLj;jp kz;tsj;ij mjpfhpf;fpd;wd.

217. mfhh;> mfhh; n[ypbak; kw;Wk; fpuh]PNyhpah Mfpa rpfg;G My;fhf;fspypUe;J

jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

218. My;[pdpf; mkpyk; vdg;gLk; $o;kk; gOg;G My;fhf;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.

219. mNahbd; nfy;g; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; gOg;G My;fhf;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.

220. ilNal;likl;L vd;why; vd;d?

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 ilNal;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; (fpiuNrh/igrp) My;fhf;fspd; rpypf;fh
epuk;gpa nry; Rth;fspy; ghiw Nghd;W gbAk; nghUNs ilNal;likl;L
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

221. tpz;ntspg; gazq;fspd; NghJ Co2 kw;Wk; clypUe;J ntspahFk; fopTg;

nghUl;fis ntspNaw;wTk; cgNahfg;gLj;jgLk; My;fh vJ?
FNshnuy;yh ighpdha;Nlhrh vd;w My;fh

222. FNshnuy;ypd; vd;w Ez;zpaph; nfhy;yp FNshnuy;yhtpypUe;J vLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

223. rpy rkaq;fspy; My;fhf;fs; g;Sk;fs; vdg;gLk; mlh;e;j mikg;igj;

Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.

224. Jiw : fhQ;RNfy;];

FLk;gk; : i]f;dpNk]p
Nghpdk; : ];igNuhifuh

225. ed;dPh; nfhz;l Fsq;fs;> Fl;ilfs;> Vhpfs; Kjyhdtw;wpy; kpf mjpf

mstpy; kpje;J thOk; gr;ir My;fhthd ,jd; ngah; vd;d?
];igNuhifuh

226. ];igNuhifuhtpd; kw;nwhU ngah; vd;d?

ePh;g;gl;L

227. ];igNuhifuh ,iofspy; kpA+]pNy[; gbe;Js;s fhuzj;jhy; kpfTk;

tOtOg;ghf cs;sJ.

228. ];.ml;Ndl;lhtpy; xl;b thOk; jd;ik fhzg;gLfpwJ.

229. N`g;buh Nghd;w Nthpfs; nfhz;L rpy rpw;wpdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

230. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; ];igNuhifuh rpw;wpdk; vJ?

];. nfhyk;gpahdh

231. ik#hpy; cs;s N[hf; ePh;tPo;rr

; papy; ];. N[hnfd;]p]; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

232. irl;Nlh gpshr ,iofs; gpiukhh;bay; Al;hpf;fps; vdTk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

233. ];igNuhifuhtpy; fhzg;gLk; gRq;fzpfq;fs; Fwpg;gplj; jFe;jit.

234. ];igNuhifuhtpd; ,dg;ngUf;fk; tpthp?

1. nt[pNlbt; ,dg;ngUf;fk;
2. ghh;j;njNdh];Nghh;fs;> VifNdl;Lfs; kw;Wk; Vg;sNdh];Nghh;fs;
%yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk;
3. ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk;

235. xt;nthU nry;ypYk; cs;s cl;nghUl;fs; xUq;fpize;J xU ciwahy;

#og;gl;L VirNfh];Nghh;fshf my;yJ ghh;njNdh];Nghh;fshf cUkhWfpd;wd.

236. ghh;j;njNdh n[dp]p]; ];igNuhifuh fphPd;Nyz;bfhtpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

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237. ];igNuhifuh /ghh;Nyhtp[ vd;Dk; jhtuj;jpy; jbj;j ciwAs;s
VifNdl;Lfs; cz;lhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

238. ];igNuhifuhtpd; vl;L rpw;wpdq;fs; vjd; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpd;wd?

Vg;sNdh];Nghh;fs;

239. ];igNuhifuhtpy; ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; ve;j rpwg;G NfkPl;Lfspd; ,iztpdhy;

Vw;gLfpwJ?
Vg;sNdhNfkPl;Lfs;> ,jw;F Vg;sNdhNfkp vd;W ngah;.

240. ];igNuhifuhtpd; fhzg;gLk; ,izT tpthp?

,izT ,U tifg;gLfpwJ.
1. Vzp ,izT 2. gf;f ,izT

241. ];igNuhifuhtpd; rpw;wpdq;fs; N`hNkhjhypf; MfNth my;yJ n`bNuhjhypf;

rpw;wpdq;fshfNth cs;sd.

242. vjph; vjpuhf cs;s ,U ,iofspd; Vg;sNdh NfkPl;Lfs; ve;j Kiwapy;

,izfpd;wd?
Vzp xj;j ,izT

243. fhQ;RNf\d; Foy; topahf mkpgha;L ,af;fk; %yk; efUk; nraypy; <LgLk;
g;NshNdhNfkPl; Mz; NfkPl;lhfTk;> Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; NfkPl; ngz;
NfkPl;lhfTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

244. ,uz;L NfkPl;LfSk; ,ize;j gpd; i]Nfhl; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

245. irf;Nfhl;ilr; Rw;wp jbg;ghd ciw tsh;e;J fhzg;gLfpwJ> mjd; ngah;

vd;d?
irNfh];Nghh;
246. N`hNkhjhypf; rpw;wpdq;fspy; gf;f,izT tifapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk;
eilngWfpd;wJ.

247. xNu ,ioapd; mLj;jLj;Js;s xd;wd; fPo; xd;Ws;s nry;fspy; Vg;sNdh

NfkPl;Lfs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
248. Kisj;jYf;F Kd;dh; ve;j gFg;ig Nkw;nfhz;L ehd;F `hg;shapL
epA+f;spa];fis Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ.
bg;shapL irNfhl; kpah]p];

249. gpiuNah/igl;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d?

tho;f;ifr; Row;rpia KOikahf;f ,d;dKk; <uj;ij ek;gp thOk;>
th];Fyhh; jpRf;fsw;w (th];Fyhh; jpRf;fshd iryk;> /GNshak; fpilahJ)
epy tho; jhtuq;fNs /gpiuNahigl;Lfs;. vdNt ,it jhtu cyfpd; ePh;
epy tho;td vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
250. gpiuNahigl;bd; Mz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;gpd; ngah; vd;d?
Me;jphpbak;

251. gpiuNahigl;bd; ngz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;gpd; ngah; vd;d?

Mh;f;fpNfhdpak;

252. jhtu clyk; jhy]; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

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253. gpiuNah/igl;bd; ghypdg; ngUf;fk; ve;j tifiar; rhh;e;jit?
CNkf];

254. gpiuNahigl;Lfspd; tho;f;if Row;rpia tpthp?

tho;f;if Row;rpapy; xw;iw ka Nfkpl;Nlhigl;L re;jjpAk; ,ul;ilka
];NghNuh/igL re;jjpAk; khwp khwp tUk;.

255. xw;iwka re;jjp vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?

Nfkpl;Nlh/igl;L re;jjp

256. Nfkpl;Lfs; ve;j gFg;gpd; %yk; Njhd;Wtjhy; ,it xw;iw kakhdit?

ikl;lhrp];

257. gpiuNahigl;by; NfkPl;Lfs; ,ize;J vjid Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd?

,ul;ilka irNfhl;

258. gpiuNahigl;bd; irNfhl; ve;j re;jjpahf tsh;fpwJ?

,ul;il ka ];igNuh/igl;L

259. gpiuNahigl;by; xw;iwka ];Nghh;fs; ve;j re;jjpia cUthf;Ffpd;wd?

Nfkpl;Nlh/igl; re;jjp

260. gpiuNahigl;Lfspd; tifghL $Wf?

gpiuNahigl;Lfs; %d;W Kf;fpa tFg;Gfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
gpiuNah/igl;Lfs;

1. n`g;ghl;bf;Nf 2. Me;Njhnruhl;Nl 3. k];i]

(<uy; tbt) (nfhk;G tbt) (kh];fs;)
v.fh. hpf;]pah v.fh. Me;Njhnrhu]; v.fh. /gpA+Ndhpah

261. gpiuNah/igl;Lfspy; tpiy kjpg;gw;w ve;j vhpnghUs; gad;gLfpwJ?

fhpiag; Nghd;W gPl; vdg;gLtJ

262. tFg;G : n`g;ghbNf

Jiw : khh;f;Nfd;\pNayp];
FLk;gk; : hpf;]pNa]p
Nghpdk; : hpf;]pah

263. hpf;]pNa]p FLk;gj;jpy; kpf mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w Nghpdk; vJ?

hpf;]pah

264. hpf;]pah Nghpdj;jpy; nkhj;jk; vj;jid rpw;wpdq;fs; cs;sd?

130 rpw;wpdq;fs;

265. hpf;]pah Nghpdj;jpy; Kf;fpakhditfs; vit?

1. hpf;]pah /g;Sapl;ld;]; 2. hp. fhd;n[l;bfh 3. hpf;]pah FU]pNal;lh
4. hpf;]pah fh\pahgp[ 5. hpf;]pah `khynad;]p];
6. hpf;]pah b];fyh;

266. ,e;jpahtpy; kl;LNk fhzg;gLk; hpf;]pahtpd; rpw;wpdq;fs; vit?

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 hp. fhd;n[l;bfh> hp. fh\;ahgp[

267. hpf;]pah rpw;wpdq;fspy; ePh;tho; jhtuk; vJ?

hp;/g;Sapl;ld;];

268. hpf;]pah jhtu cyfpy; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?

Mk;/gpgpad; (ePh;> epyk; tho;td)

269. hpf;]pahtpy; cs;s re;jjpfs; vd;d?

Nfkpl;Nlh/igl;> ];NghNuhigl;

270. hpf;]pah Nthpd; Ntiyfis NthpfSk; nra;fpd;wd? mitfis tpthp?

,it ,U tifg;gLk;. Kisfs; Nghd;w cs;Rth; kbg;Gfisg; ngw;w
Roiy ciwNthpfs; kw;Wk; ,tw;iwg; ngw;wpuhj rk ciwNthpfs; vd
,Utifahd Nthpfs; hpf;]pahtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

271. jhy]pd; cs;sikg;G tpthp?

jhy]pd; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wj;jpy; vspa jpR mikg;G
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,U gFjpfs; ,jpy; njspthfj; njhpfpd;wd.
1. czT jahhpf;fty;y lhh;]]; gFjp kw;Wk;
2. Nrkpg;Gj; jpR nfhz;l ntd;lu; y; gfjp vd;gd ,itfshFk;.

272. hpf;]pahtpy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;?

1. cly; ,dg; ngUf;fk;
2. ghy; ,dg; ngUf;fk;

273. hpf;]pahtpy; ve;j rpw;wpdj;jpy; jhy]pd; ntd;l;uy; gug;gpy; Ntw;wplf; fpisfs;

mit gpd; jdpj;Jg; gphpe;J Gjpa clyq;fisj; jUfpd;wd?
hp/GSl;ld;];

274. hpf;]pahtpy; ve;j jhtuj;jpy; Nfhil fhyj;jpy; ePh; twl;rpahy; Edpg;gFjpfs;

jtpu Vida fhkpl;Nlh/igl; jpRf;fs; mope;J tpLfpd;wd?
hpf;]pah `pkhyad;]p];

275. hpf;]pahtpy; ve;j rpw;wpdj;jpy; ,sk; iurhapLfspd; Edpg; gFjpapy; gFg;Gfs;

epfo;e;J nry;jpus;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd?
hpf;]pah fpshf;fh

276. hpf;]pah fpshf;fhtpd; kw;nwhU ngah; vd;d?

n[k;khf;fs;

277. hpf;]pahtpd; ngUk;ghyhd rpw;wpdq;fs; ve;j tifiar; Nrh;e;jit?

khNd\pa];

278. N`hNkhjhypf; vd;why; vd;d?

Mz;> ngz; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs; xNu jhtuj;jpy; mikj;jpUj;jy;.
,ij N`hNkhjhypf; vd;Wk; toq;Fth;. cjhuzk; hp.fpshf;fh> hp.Nfd;[bfh
Kjyhdit N`hNkhjhypf; rpw;wpdq;fs;
279. hpf;]pahtpy; cs;s rpw;wpdq;fs; vit?
n`l;bNuh jhypf;

280. hpf;]pahtpy; cs;s Mz; jhy];fs; vij kl;Lk; nfhz;Ls;sd?

Me;njhpbaq;fs;
20

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281. hpf;]pahtpy; cs;s ngz; jhy];fs; vij kl;Lk; nfhz;Ls;sd?
Mh;f;fpNfhdpaq;fs;

282. hpf;]pahtpy; Me;njhpbaj;ijg; ngw;w miw Me;njhpba miw vd;Wk;>

Mh;f;fpNfhdpaj;ij cs;slf;fpa miw Mh;f;fp Nfhdpa miw vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

283. hpf;]pahtpd; Me;njhpbaj;jpDs; vd;d cs;sJ?

Mz;lN ; uhirl;Lfs;

284. Mz;lN; uhirl;Lfs; Kjph;rr

; papd; NghJ ve;j tpe;jZthf cUkhWfpd;wd?
Me;njNuhRtha;L my;yJ ];ngh;k;

285. ntd;ll; iur; Rw;wp ,U mLf;Ffs; nfhz;l ciw Njhd;wp vjid

Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ?
Nfypg;l;uh

286. hpf;]pahtpy; ];NghNuh/igl; jiyKiwapd; Kjy; nry; vJ?

bg;shapL irNfhl;

287. hpf;]pahtpd; Nkw;Gwr; nry; vgpNg]y; nry; vd fPo;g;Gw nry; i`NghNgry;

nry; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

288. hpf;]pahtpd; ve;j fUtpd; ,Unry;fs; NkYk; gFg;gile;J ehd;F nry; epiy
milfpd;wd?
];NghNuh/igl; : vgpNg]y; kw;Wk; i`g;NghNg];y;

289. hpf;]pahtpd; ];NghNuh/igl; re;jjp fUtpy; Njhd;Wk; ,UgFjpfs; vit?

ntspg;Gw Mk;/gpjPrpak; kw;Wk; cl;Gw vz;NlhjP]pak; vd;gitNa MFk;.

290. hpf;]pahtpy; vz;N;lhjPrpak; ve;j nry; jpuis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ?

];NghNuh[Pd;]; nry;

291. ];Nghh; jha; nry;fs; kpahbf; gFg;ig Nkw;nfhs;tjhy; vjid

Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd?
nll;uLfs;

292. ];NghNuh[Pd]; nry;fspypUe;J vit Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd?

];Nghh; jha; nry;fs;

293. ];Nghhpd; mikg;gpy; ntspg;Gwk; cs;s fpA+l;bd; nfhz;l mLf;F vt;thW

toq;fg;gLfpwJ?
vN]h]; Nghhpak;

294. ];Nghhpd; mikg;gpy; ika mLf;fpd; ngah; vd;d?

kPN]h];Nghhpak;

295. ];Nghhpd; mikg;gpy; cs;sLf;F vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?

vz;Nlh];Nghhpak;

296. ];Nghh; Kisj;J vt;thW khWfpwJ?

fhkPl;Nlhigl;lhf

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297. hpf;]pahtpy; jiyKiw vg;Nghpdj;jpy; cz;lhf;fg;gLfpd;wd?
`hg;shapL NfkPl;Nlh/igl; jiyKiwAk;> bg;shapL ];NghNuh/igl;
jiyKiwAk; khwp khwp ,g;Nghpdj;jpy; cz;lhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

298. N`g;shapL jiyKiw vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?

NfkPl;Nlhigl;

299. NfkPl;Lfs; vjd; %yk; cz;lhf;fg;gLfpd;wd?

iklhrp];

300. hpf;]pahtpd; Mz;> ngz; NfkPl;Lfs; ,ize;J vjid cUthf;Ffpd;wd?

bg;shapL irNfhl;

301. bg;shapL irNfhl;il ve;j jiyKiwia Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ?

bg;shapL ];NghNuhigl;

302. hpf;]pahtpd; ];NghNuh/igl;bypUe;J kpah]p]; gFg;G %yk; vjid

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd?
];Nghh; nll;uLfs;

303. hpf;]pahtpy; fhzg;gLk; re;jjp khw;wk; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?

cU Xt;th re;jjp khw;wk;

304. th];Fyhh; jpRf;fis cila kpfj; njhd;ikahd jhtuk; vJ?

nlhpNlh/igl;Lfs;

305. nlhpNlhigl;Lfs; vjid cilait?

flj;J jpRf;fshd iryk; kw;Wk; /GNshaj;ij cilait

306. midj;J th];Fyhh; jhtuq;fSk; ve;j xNu gphptpy; itf;fg;gLfpd;wd?

buf;fpNah/igl;lh

307. th];Fyhh; jpRf;fs; ve;j jiyKiwapy; fhzg;gLk; jpRf;fs; MFk;?

];NghNuh/igl;L

308. nlhpNlh/igl;Lfs; th];Fyhh; jpRf;fSld; $ba ve;j jhtuk; MFk;?

G+thj;jhtuk;
309. nlhpNlh/igl;Lfspy; tho;f;ifr; Row;rpapy; ve;j jiyKiw khw;wk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ?
njspthd n`l;bNuhkhh;/gpf; jiyKiw

310. nlhpNlh/igl;Lfspy; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk; vjd; %yk; eilngWfpwJ?

];Nghh;fs;

311. nlhpNlh/igl;Lfspd; rpw;wpdq;fspd; tiffis $Wf?

rpy rpw;wpdq;fs; n`l;bNuh];Nghu]; mjhtJ ,uz;L tifahd
];Nghh;fis cUthf;Fgit. 1. nghpa nkfh];Nghh; 2. rpwpa ikf;Nuh];Nghh;

312. ];Nghufj;jpy; ve;j Fd;wy; gFg;Gf;Fg; gpwF ];Nghh;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd?

];Nghh; jha; nry;fs; Fd;wy;

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313. ];Nghufq;fis cila ,iyfs; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?
];NghNuh/gpy;fs; my;yJ ];Nghuf ,iy

314. ];Nghh;fs; Kisj;J vjid Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd?

Nfkpl;Nlh/igl;il

315. rpwpa ,iyfSld; $ba nlhpNlh/igl;LfSf;F (v.fh.) jUf?

irNyhl;lk;> iyf;NfhNghbak;> nryh[pndy;yh [rhapl;l];> <f;F]pl;lk;

316. nguzpfSf;F rpy (v.fh.) jUf?

ne/g;Nuhnyg;g]; x/gNahf;sh]k; M];kz;lh> g;nlhp];> mbahz;lk;>
khh;rPypah> mNrhyh> rhy;tpdpah.

317. gpiuNah/igl;L Nghd;witfs; xNu xU tifahd ];Nghh;fis kl;LNk

cz;;lhf;Ftjhy; mjd; tifapd; ngah; vd;d?
N`hNkh];Nghu];

318. nlhpNlh/igl;Lfspd; tpij cs;s jhtuq;fspd; ghpzhkj;jpy; vJ Kf;fpa

gq;F tfpf;fpwJ?
n`l;bNuh];Nghhp

319. nlhpNlh/igl;Lfspy; vjpypUe;J GOf;nfhy;yp kUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ?

biuahg;nlhp]; vd;w nguzpapd; iuNrhk; kw;Wk; ,iyf;fhk;gpypUe;J
ngwg;gLfpwJ.

320. ve;j nguzpapd; ];NghNuhfhh;g; rpy Mjpthrpfshy; cz;zg;gLfpwJ?

khh;rPypah (ePh; nguzp)

321. gphpT : buf;fpNah/iglh

JizgphpT : Buhg;rplh
tFg;G : nyg;Nlh];NghhpNal;Nl
Jiw : /gpyf;Nfy;];
FLk;gk; : nld;];Nll;\pNarp
Nghpdk; : ne/g;Nuhypgp];

322. ne/g;Nuhypgp]; vd;w Nghpdk; Vwj;jho vj;jid rpw;wpdq;fs; nfhz;l

ntg;gkz;ly NguzpahFk;?
30 rpw;wpdq;fs;
323. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; ngUk;ghyhd rpw;wpdq;fs; vq;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
epy thoplq;fspy;
324. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; rpy rpw;wpdq;fs; vt;thW cs;sd? v.fh. jUf?
epy thoplq;fspy; (v.fh.) ne. thYgpyp]; kw;Wk; ne. uNkhrh
325. ne/g;Nuhypgp]; ,e;jpahtpy; vj;jid rpw;wpdq;fs; cs;sd?
Ie;J rpw;wpdq;fs;
326. ne/g;Nuhypgp]; nghJthf fhzg;gLgit vit?
ne. mf;A+l;lh kw;Wk; ne. bAgNuhrh
327. ];Nghuh/igl;bd; Gw mikg;gpy; fhzg;gLgit ahit?
kl;lepyj;jz;L> Nth;fs; kw;Wk; ,iyfs;
328. khTg; nghUl;fisAk;> ePiuAk; Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; fpoq;Ffs; vjpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
ne. bAgNuhrh
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329. ne/g;Nuhypgp]; gy ,iyfis cila Kjph;e;j kl;lepyj;jz;L vjid
nfhz;lJ?
bf;bNah];by;
330. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; nky;ypa Rth;fis nfhz;l nry;fshy; Md ntspg;Gw
mLf;fpd; ngah; vd;d?
vgpg;nsk;kh
331. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; ve;j Nth;fs; tYtspg;gjhf cs;sJ?
];fpspnud;ifkh
332. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; mLf;fpd; ngah; vd;d?
nghpirf;fps;
333. th];Fyhh; njhFg;G ve;j jd;ik cilaJ?
ilahh;f; kw;Wk; vr;rhh;f;
334. ne/g;Nuhypgp]; iryk; jl;bd; ,U Gwq;fspYk; fhzg;gLgit vd;d?
GNshak;
335. $l;lypiyf; fhk;gpd; FWf;Fntl;by; vit cs;sJ?
Gwj;Njhy;> mbj;Njhy;> jsj;jpR kw;Wk; ];By;
336. ftl;Lf; fpisj;jy; Kiwapy; fpisj;j kl;lepyj;jz;bd; %yk; vit
eilngWfpwJ?
cly; ,dg; ngUf;fk;
337. neg;/Nuhypgp]pd; Kjph;e;j ];Nghhpiyfspd; mbg;ghfj;jpy; fhzg;gLgit vit?
];NghNuhQ;rpaj; njhFg;Gfs; my;yJ Nrhu];
338. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; Kjph;e;j GNuhjhy]; vt;tsT tpl;lk; nfhz;L> mjid
kz;zpy; Cd;w Nthpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ?
3 kp.kP 8 kp.kP
339. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; Me;jphpbaq;fs; vjd; mbapy; ikaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ?
GNuhjhy];
340. ne/g;Nuhypgp]pd; Mh;f;fpNfhdpaq;fs; vjd; mUfpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
Edpgs;sj;jpd;
341. ne/g;Nuhypgp]py; xt;nthU Kjph;e;j Me;jhpbaKk; 30-4 gy
firapiofisAila vjid cUthf;FfpwJ?
Mz; NfkPl;Lfs; my;yJ Me;jNuh Nrtha;Lfs;
342. ne/g;Nuhypgp]py; ve;j gFg;Gfs; kPz;Lk; epfo;tjhy; irNfhl; gy nry;
fUthf tsh;fpwJ?
ikl;lhbf;
343. ne/g;Nuhypgp]py; fUtpy; NkYk; gy Gw cUthf;f khw;wq;fs; epfo;tjhy; ve;j
jhtuk; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ?
];NghNuh/igl; jhtuk;

([pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs;)
344. kpf ntw;wpfukhf epyr;R+oypy; thOk; Nkk;ghL mile;j jhtuq;fs; vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?
tpijj; jhtuq;fs;

345. tpijj; jhtuq;fspd; %d;W Kf;fpa Njhw;wq;fs; tpthp?

1. n`l;bNuh];Nghhpapd; Njhw;wk;
2. tpijfs; cUthf;fk;
3. ePe;Jk; jd;ikaw;w Mz; NfkPl;Lfs; Njhd;Wjy;

346. tpijj; jhtuq;fs; ve;j tifiar; rhh;e;jit?

n`l;bNuh];Nghu];

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347. tpijj; jhtuq;fspy; ikf;Nuh];Nghh; vd;gJ vd;d?
kfue;jj;J}s;

348. tpijj; jhtuq;fspy; vJ fUg;igiaf; Fwpf;Fk;?

nkfh];Nghh;

349. tpijj; jhtuq;fspy; Nth;> jz;L kw;Wk; ,iyfspy; th];Fyhh; jpRf;fs;

fhzg;gLk;. ,jpy; ,uz;L tFg;Gfis $Wf?
1. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k; 2. MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;

350. ];ngh;nkl;Nlh/igl;lh gphptpd; gpd; jq;fpa tFg;gpd; ngah; vd;d?

[pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs;

351. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs; tpijfs; vt;thW cs;sd?

,tw;wpd; tpijfs; jpwe;jit mjhtJ MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fspy; cs;sit Nghy
,it fdpj;Njhypdhy; %lg;gltpy;iy. [pk;Ndh]; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F jpwe;j
vd;w nghUSk; ];nkh;Nkh]; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F tpijfs; vd;w nghUSk;
cz;L.

352. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs; ve;j fhyj;jpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gl;ld?

kPNrhNrhapf; (225 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G)

353. gRik epwk; khwhj> Crpapiyfis cilait vit?

Nfhdp/ngh;fs;

354. ,e;jpa Jizf;fz;lj;jpy; Crpapiyf; fhLfs; vq;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd?

`pkhyag; gpuNjrk;

355. Nfhdp/ngh;fs; vd;gJ vd;d?

igd;> /gH> ]G&];> nrlhh;> Fg;u]; kw;Wk; nrf;nfha;ah n[[hd;lb
; fh
(fpl;lj;jl;l 100 kPl;lh; caukhd nul;Tl; kuk;) MFk;.

356. [pk;Ndh];ngh;Nk kw;Wk; MQ;rpNah];ngh;NkfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s Ntw;Wikfs;.

tFg;G [pk;Ndh];ngh;Nk (irf;fLfs;> tFg;G MQ;rpNah];ngh;Nk (G+f;Fk;

Nfhdp/ngh;fs; kw;Wk; [pq;Nfhf;fs;) jhtuq;fs;)
1. iryj;jpy; Foha;fs; fpilahJ. iryj;jpy; Foha;fs; cs;sd.
buf;fPLfs; kl;LNk cs;sd. (ePl;Nlyp]; /GNshaj;jpYk; Jiz nry;fs; cs;sd.
jtpu) /GNsaj;jpy; Jiz nry;fs;
fpilahJ.
2. $k;Gfs; fhzg;gLk; ,tw;wpy; kyh;fis cUthf;Fk; ,jpy;
];Nghufq;fSk; ];Nghh;fSk; cUthFk;. ];Nghufq;fSk; ];Nghh;fSk; cUthFk;.
3. tpijfs; jpwe;jit. mjhtJ tpijfs; tpijfs; R+y; igf;Fs; %lg;gl;Ls;sd.
R+y;igf;Fs; %lg;gltpy;iy
4. R+y;ig ,y;yhjjhy; fdp fpilahJ. fUTWjYf;Fg; gpd; R+y;ig fdpahf
khWfpwJ.

357. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fspd; tho;f;ifr; Row;rpapy; fhzg;gLk; re;jjp khw;wk; vJ?

N`hl;bNuhkhh;gpf;

358. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs; vjw;F ,ilg;gl;ldthf cs;sd?

nlhpNlh/igl;LfSf;Fk;> MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fSf;Fk;

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359. jhtu clyj;jpd; ngah; vd;d?
];NghNuh/igl;L

360. ];Nghh;fs; vt;thW fhzg;gLfpd;wd?

neUf;fkhf mike;j $k;Gfs; my;yJ ];nlhuigy];

361. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fspd; ];Nghh;fs; Kisj;J vjid Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd?

fhkpl;Nlh/igl;Lfis

362. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fspd; tifg;ghL tpthp?

Nrk;gh;nyapd; [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fis ,uz;L tFg;Gfshfg; gphpj;Js;shh;.
1. tFg;G irf;fNlh/igl;lh
2. tFg;G Nfhdp/ngNuh/igl;lh

363. Nfhdp/Ngh; jhtuq;fspd; kuf;fl;ilfs; vjw;F gad;gLfpd;wd?

fhfpj cw;gj;jp

364. igd]; jhtuj;jpd; nurpdpypUe;J vit ngwg;gLfpwJ?

lh;gd;ild;
Fwpg;G:-
ngapz;l; kw;Wk; ghyp\;fspy; ,J fiug;ghdhfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
kUj;Jtj;jpYk; ,J typ> %r;Rf; NfhshW Nghd;w Neha;fSf;F kUe;jhfpwJ.

365. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fspd; vit cz;zj; jf;fit?

igd]; [puhh;bahdhtpd; tpijfs;

366. v/gpl;uhtpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; v/gpl;iud; vd;w my;fyha;L vjw;F kUe;jhfpwJ?

M];j;Jkh kw;Wk; Rthrf; NfhshW Neha;fs;

367. igdrpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; vJ ePh;f;frpitj; jLg;gjpYk;> ,izg;Gg; gFjpfis

%LtjpYk; gad;gLfpwJ?
Nuhrpd; vd;w nurpd;

368. tifghl;L epiy

gphpT : irf;fNlh/igl;lh
tFg;G : irf;flhg;rplh
Jiw : irf;fNly;];
FLk;gk; : irf;fNlrp
Nghpdk; : irf];
369. irf;fNly;]; Jiwap;d; gutyhf fhzg;gLk; Nghpdk; vJ?
irf];

370. ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; irf];fs; ahit?

ir. nrh;rpdhyp];> ir. ngf;bNdl;lh> ir. uk;/ig kw;Wk; ir. ngl;Nlhik

371. ,e;jpahtpy; Njhl;lq;fspy; tsh;f;fg;gLk; irf]; rpw;wpdk; vJ?

ir. nutY}l;lh

372. ve;j irf]; rpw;wpdj;jpd; ,sk; ,iyfspd; rhW tapw;W NfhshWfs> thA
njhy;iy> ,uj;j the;jp kw;Wk; Njhy; Neha;fSf;F kUe;jhf cs;sJ?
ir. nrhprpdhyp];

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373. ve;j irf]; rpw;wpdj;jpd; jahhpf;fg;gLk; ijyk; jiytyp> jiyr;Rw;W kw;Wk;
njhz;ilf; fk;ky; Nghf;f gad;gLfpwJ?
ir. nutY}l;lh

374. ];NghNuh/igl; Nth;fspd; tiffs; vit?

Nth;fs;: irf;f]; ,Utpjkhd Nth;fs; cs;sd.
1. rhjhuz Nth;fs; 2. vjph; Gtprhh;girT nfhz;l gtoNth;fs;

375. irf]pd; cauk; vt;tsT?

Vwj;jho 1.5 kPl;lh; Kjy; 3 kPl;lh; tiu

376. irf]pd; ,iyfis tpthp?

irf;f]; <Ut ,iyfs; nfhz;lJ. mitahtd :-
1. gRk; ,iyfs; my;yJ jd;takhf;Fk; ,iyfs;
2. nrjpy; ,iyfs;

377. FWNtl;by; Nth; Gwj;Njhy; ve;j jpRit nfhz;lJ?

Gwzp kw;Wk; ika th];Fyhh;

378. nghpnlh;k; vd;why; vd;d?

jf;if> jf;iff; Nfk;gpak; kw;Wk; jf;ifg; Gwzp my;yJ ,uz;lhk; epiy
Gwzp Mfpa gFjpfs; xU Nru nghpnlh;k; vdg;gLk;.

379. Gwzpjurk; vjdhy; epiwe;j nry;fshy; MdJ?

ghud;ifkh

380. irf]; jz;bd; ikaj;jpy; ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; Md vit fhzg;gLfpwJ?

gpj;

381. ed;F tsh;r;rp mile;j irf;f]; jz;L vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?

khNdhirypf;

382. th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; ve;j vOj;J tbtpy; mike;Js;sd?

jiyfPo; XNkfh (W)

383. irf;f]pd; rpw;wpiyapd; Njhw;wk; vd;d?

rpw;wpiy :- irf;f]pd; rpw;wpiy FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wj;jpy; gpd;tUk;
jpRf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. Nky; kw;Wk; fPo; Gwj;Njhy; 2. mbj;Njhy; 3. ,iyapilj; jpR 4.
flj;Jk; jpR 5. th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs;.

384. irf;f]pd; mbj;Njhy; ve;j nry;fshy; MdJ?

];fpspnud;ifkh

385. ,iyapilj; jpR ve;j jpRit cilaJ?

NgypNrl; kw;Wk; flw;gQ;R ghud;ifkh

386. NgypNrl; kw;Wk; flw;gQ;R ghud;ifkh ,uz;bYk; mjpfkhf vit

fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
gRq;fzpkq;fs;

387. irf;f]pd; ,dg;ngUf;fk; tpthp?

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 irf;f]; cly; ,dg;ngUf;f kw;Wk; ghypd ,dg;ngUf;f Kiwfspy;
,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpwJ.

388. cly; ,dg;ngUf;fk; ve;j cUthf;fj;jpd; %yk; eilngWfpwJ?

Ntw;wpl nkhl;Lfs; kw;Wk; gy;gpy;fs;

389. irf;f]pd; ghypdg;ngUf;fk; tpthp?

irf;f]; fz;bg;ghf ilNa\pa]; jhtukhFk;> mjhtJ Mz; kw;Wk;
ngz; jhtuq;fs; Jy;ypakhf NtWgLfpd;wd.

390. irf;f]pd; Mz; jhtuk; ve;j mikg;ig cz;lhf;Fk;?

Mz;$k;G my;yJ Mz; ];l;Nuhgpy];

391. 3-5 ikf;Nuh];NghuRk; nfhz;l njhFg;Gfs; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?

Nrhu];

392. ryh[h vd;why; vd;d?

xNu xU R+yiw nfhz;l nghpa epAnry;y]; cila R+yhf cs;sJ.
epAnry;y]; R+Yld; ,ize;J epAnry;y]pd; Kidapy; kl;Lk; gphpe;J
epAnry;yhh; myfhf cs;sJ. ,q;F R+y;Jis cs;sJ. ,jd; vjph;Kid
ryh[h vd miof;fg;gLk;.

393. ngz; Nfkpl;Nlh/igl; tsu tsu vit mopf;fg;gLfpwJ?

epAnry;y];

394. rhjhuzkhf xU Mz; NfkPl;L kl;Lk; xU Mh;f;fpNfhdpaj;Js; nrd;W

mz;lj;NjhL ,ize;J fUTWjy; epfo;e;J vij cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ?
irNfhl;

395. irf;f]pd; tpij %d;W jiyKiwfis $Wf?

R+Yiwapy; ,Ue;j Njhd;wpa tpijAiw Kjy; ];NghNuh/igl;
epiyiaAk;> fUT+z; Nfkpl;Nlh/igl; epiyiaAk; xU Gjpa ];NghNuh/igl;
epiyiaAk; fhl;LfpwJ.

396. caphpdq;fspd; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;fspd; mbg;gil myfhfj; jpfo;tJ

vJ?
nry;

397. tpyq;F nry;ypy; gpsh];kh rt;tpdhYk;> jhtu nry;ypy; nry;Rth; kw;Wk;

gpsh];kh rt;tpdhYk; R+og;gl;L capHfspd; xU myfhfj; jpfo;tNj nry;
vd;W tiuaWj;j mwpQh;fs; ahh;?
Y}ap kw;Wk; nrf;Nftpl;];

398. nry;iyg; gw;wpa ve;j xU Muha;r;rpAk;> Ez;Nzhf;fp ,d;wp KbahJ vd;W

Kjd;Kjyhf Muha;e;j mwpQh; ahh;?
Mz;lhd; thd;Y}td;`hf; (1632-1723)

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399. Mz;lhd; thd;Y}td;`hf; jhNd tbtikj;j jdJ vspa Ez;Nzhf;fpapd;
%yk; Muha;e;j nry;fs; ahit?
ghf;Bhpah> GNuhl;Nlh Nrhtd;fs;> ];ngh;nkl;lNrhthd;fs;> ,uj;jr;rptg;gZf;fs;

400. rPrhj; jf;ifapd; nky;ypa rPty;fis Muha;e;j NghJ mjpy; fhzg;gl;l

Njd;$L Nghd;w kpfr;rpwpa mikg;ig nry; vd;W ngahpl;L mioj;j mwpQh;
ahh;?
uhgh;l; `Pf;> 1655-,y;

401. 1838-Mk; Mz;L jhtuq;fs; midj;Jk; jhtu nry;fspdhy; Mdit vd;W

fz;lwpe;J $wpath; ahh;?
n[h;kd; ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j jhtutpay; epGzh; khj;jpNah]; \pyPld;

402. 1839-Mk; Mz;L tpyq;Ffspy; Muha;r;rp nra;J tpyq;FfSk; nry;fshy;

Mdit vd;W fz;lwpe;jth; ahh;?
clw;$W epGzh; jpNahlh; \pthd;

403. 1858-Mk; Mz;L nry; nfhs;if ahuhy; vOjg;gl;lJ?

&Nlhy;/g; tph;Nrh

404. 1831-Mk; Mz;L Mh;f;fpL Nth; nry;fsp;y; epa+f;spai]f; fz;lwpe;jth; ahh;?

uhgh;l; g;nusd;
Fwpg;G:- ,J kpf Kf;fpakhd fz;Lgpbg;ghFk;.

405. 1840-Mk; Mz;L nry;fspd; cs;Ns fhzg;gLk; tbtbg;ghd nghUl;fSf;F

GNuhl;Nlh gpshrk; vd;W ngahpl;lth; ahh;?
Gh;fpd;[p

406. 1932-Mk; Mz;by; vJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lTld; nry; kw;Wk; nry;ypd;

Ez;ZWg;Gfis gw;wpaj; jfty;fs; ekf;F fpilf;f fz;Lgpbj;j
Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; ngah; vd;d?
vyf;l;uhd; Ez;Nzhf;fp

407. mikg;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nry;fs; vj;jid tiffshf

tifg;gLj;jg;gl;ld? mit ahit?
1. GNuhNfhpNahl;bf;
2. A+NfhpNahl;bf;

408. njhlh;e;J b.vd;.V. thdJ J}J Mh;.vd;.V.thf khw;wg;gLtJ vt;thW

miof;fg;gLtJ?
gb vLj;jy;

409. mstpYk;> tbtj;jpYk; ve;j nry;fs; kpfTk; NtWgLfpd;wd?

A+NfhpNahl;bf; nry;fs;

410. kpfg;nghpa nry; irf]; jhtuj;jpd; vJ MFk;?

R+y;

411. ve;j Nehiag; gw;wp NkYk; mwptjw;fhfNt mwptpay; ty;Yeh;fs; nry;

tsh;rr
; p kw;Wk; nry; gFg;igf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfis jPtpukhf Muha;e;J
tUfpwhh;fs;?
Gw;WNeha;

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412. jhtunry;> tpyq;Fnry;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?

jhtu nry; tpyq;F nry;

1. nry;YNyh]pdhy; Md cWjpahd nry; Rth; fpilahJ. gpsh];kh rt;Tjhd;
nry;Rth; cz;L. nry;iy ntspg;Gwk; R+o;e;Js;sJ.
2. jhtu nry;fs; nry; Rtiu tpyq;F nry;ypd; tbtk; jpl;ltl;lkhdJ
ngw;wpUg;gjdhy; njspthd> jpl;ltl;lkhd ,y;iy. tbtk; khwpf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;.
tbtj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd. nry;ypd; tbtk;
epue;;jukhdJ.
3. gpsh];bLfs; cs;sd. Kf;fpakhdJ gpsh];bLfs; fpilahJ.
gRq;fzpfk; MFk;.
4. thf;FNthy;fs; vz;zpf;ifapy;
thf;FNthy;fs; fpilahJ. my;yJ kpf
Fiwe;jit nghpa mstpyhdit. FiwthfTk; rpwpaitahfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
5. Nkk;ghL milahjj; jhtuq;fspy; midj;J tpyq;F nry;fspYk;
kl;LNk nrd;lN ; uhNrhk;fs; cs;sd. nrd;NuhNrhk;fs; cs;sd.
6. bf;bNah Nrhk;fs; (Nfhy;[p cWg;Gfs;)irl;Nlh gpshrj;jpy; xOq;fhf
irl;Nlh gpshrj;jpy; gutyhff; xw;iwr; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Foptw;w jl;L Nghd;w
rt;tpdhy; Md Nynky;yhj jl;Lf;fis FWfpa fpz;zk; Nghd;Nwh cs;sd.
cilait. xd;Wf; nfhd;W njhlh;Gila Foy;fs;
Nghd;w gFjpfis cilait
7. A+NfhpNahl;bf; jhtu nry;fspy; midj;Jr; nry;fspYk; cs;sd.
kl;LNk iyNrhkPrhk;fs; cs;sd.
8. tpyq;Fr; nry;iyf; fhl;bYk; tpyq;F nry;fs; rpwpait
jhtunry;fs; nghpait
9. Nrkpg;G nghUshf jurk; cs;sJ. fpisf;Nfh[d; Nrkpg;G nghUshf
cs;sJ.
10. irl;Nlh gpshr gFg;gpd; NghJ irl;Nlh gpshr gFg;gpd; NghJ nry;ypd;
nry;ypd; ikaj;jpy; nry;jl;L tpspk;gpypUe;J ikaj;ij Nehf;fp xU
cUthfpwJ. gs;sk; Njhd;WfpwJ.

413. nry;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l nraiyr; nra;tjw;fhf rpy khw;wq;fis miljiyNa

vd;d miljy; vd;fpNwhk;?
NtWghL miljy;

414. nry;ypd; nraYf;F Vw;wthW mjd; cUtKk; khw;wk; milfpwJ. ve;j

caphpay; Nfhl;ghl;bid epUgpf;fpd;wJ?
tbtk; nraypd; gpujpgypg;G

415. 1839- Mk; Mz;L nry; nfhs;if apid ve;j ,U mwpQh;fs; Nrh;e;J
ntspapl;ldh;?
\p`yPld; kw;Wk; \;thd;

416. nry; nfhs;ifapd; mwptpay; Muha;rr

; p vj;jid epiyfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd?
1. cw;WNehf;fy; 2. a+fq;fis ntspaply; 3. nfhs;if cUthf;Fjy; 4.
nfhs;ifapy; khw;wk; nra;jy;

417. ve;j jhtutpay; epGzuhy; cw;W Nehf;fy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ?

\pypld; (1804-1881)

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418. rt;tpdhy; R+og;gl;L epa+f;spai]f; nfhz;Ls;s xU mikg;Ng nry; vd
nry;iy tiuaWj;jth; ahh;?
n[h;kdp ehl;L tpyq;fpay; epGzh; \;thd;

419. xt;nthU nry;Yk; epa+f;spai]f; nfhz;Ls;s vtw;why; Mdit?

GNuhl;Nlh gpshrk;

420. caphpdj;jpd; nkhj;j tpisTfs; vit?

nry;fspd; $l;Lr; nray;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; nkhj;j nray;gL jpwNd MFk;.

421. ghf;Bhpahf;fSf;Fk;> raNdh ghf;Bhpaq;fSf;Fk; (ePyg; gRk; ghrpfs;) xOq;fhd

fl;like;j vit fpilahJ?
ePa+f;spa];

422. rpy GNuhl;NlhNrhtd;fs; vij nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy?

nry;yikg;G

423. khw;wq;fSld; $ba ______ vd;w me;j];Jf;F cah;j;jg;gl;lJ?

nry;tpjp my;yJ nry;Nfhl;ghL

424. nry;ypd; mikg;igAk;> nray;fisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ vJ?

DNA

425. Gtpf; Nfhsj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; midj;J caphpfSk; mitfspd; nry;fspd;

mbg;gilapy; ,uz;L nghpa gphpTfshf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;ld? mit ahit?
GNuhNfhpNahl;Lfs; kw;Wk; A+NfhpNahl;Lfs;

426. vit GNuhNfhpNahl;Lfs; MFk;?

ghf;Bhpahq;fs; kw;Wk; raNdhghf;Bhpaq;fs;

427. vit a+NfhpNahl;Lfs; MFk;?

G+Q;irfs;> jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs;

428. midj;J GNuhNfhpNahl;L nry;fspYk; kugpay; jfty;fs; Kw;wpYkhf my;yJ

ngUk;ghd;ikahf ikaj;jpy; mike;Js;s tl;ltbt> jdpj;j> b.vd;.V
%yf;$wpy; mike;Js;sij vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
,d;]pgpad;l; epa+f;spa]; my;yJ epa+f;spaha;L

429. rpy ghf;Bhpaq;fspd; nry;rt;T nry;ypd; cl;Gwk; vtw;iw rpy ePl;rpfshf

cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd?
kPNrhNrhk;fs;

430. ghf;Bhpa nry;fspy; nry; rt;tpd; ntspg;Gwk; mij xl;ba nry;Rth; xd;Wk;
cs;sJ. mJ vtw;why; MdJ?
ngg;bNlh fpisf;fhd;> xypNfhrhf;fiuLfs; kw;Wk; Gujj;jpdhy; Md
$l;Lg;nghUl;fs;

431. ve;j ghf;Bhpaq;fspy; nky;ypa nry;RtUf;F ntspg;GwKk; mrhjhuzkhf xU

rt;T fhzg;gLfpwJ?
v];nrhprpah Nfhiy
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432. v];nrhprpah Nfhiyapy; nry; Rthpd;Wk; ve;j ,ilntspahy;
gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?
nghpgpsh];kpf;

433. GNuhNfhpNahl;L ghf;Bhpaq;fs; fpuhk; rhaj;ij Vw;gjpy;iy? vdNt mit

vt;thW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd?
fpuhk; nefl;bt; tif

434. jbg;ghd nry;Rtiug; ngw;W> ntspr;rt;T mw;W fhzg;gLgit vit?

Ng]py;y]; ghypkpr;rh> ,it fpuhk; rhaj;ij Vw;gjhy; ,it fpuhk; gh]pl;bt;
tif vdTk; mwpag;gLfpwJ.

435. GNuhNfhpNahl;bf; nry;ypy; iuNghNrhk;fs; gy xd;W Nrh;e;J ve;j

njhFg;Gfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
ghypiuNghNrhk;fs; my;yJ ghypNrhk;fs;

436. GNuhNfhpNahl;bf; nry;ypd; ikag;gFjpapy; vit cs;sJ?

epa+f;spNahgpshrk;

437. midj;Jj; jhtu tpyq;F cyf caphpdq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ vJ?

a+NfhpNahl;Lfs;

438. a+NfhpNahl;Lfs; vtw;wpy; mlq;Fk;?

xU nry; g+Q;irfs; (v.fh.) <];L> kw;Wk; GNuhl;NlhNrhtd;fs; midj;Jk;

439. GNuhNfhpNahl;Lr; nry;fisg; NghyNt a+NfhpNahl;Lr; nry;fSk; vjdhy;

R+og;gl;Ls;sJ?
gpsh];kh rt;T

440. a+NfhpNahl;Lfspy; xt;nthU nry; Ez;ZWg;Gk; ve;j xU Kf;fpag; gq;fpid

tfpf;fpd;wJ?
nry;ypd; tsh;r;rpapYk;> tsh;rpij khw;wj;jpYk;

441. a+NfhpNahl;Lr; nry;fspy; fhzg;gLk; kpfg; nghpa Ez;ZWg;G vJ?

epa+f;spa];

442. nry;ypd; ngUk;ghyhd epa+f;spa]; vjpy; cs;sJ?

b.vd;.V

443. a+NfhpNahl;bf; nry;fspy; b.vd;.V.thdJ 1 Kjy; 50 tiuapyhd ePs> ve;j

mikg;Gfspy; gfph;e;jspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?
FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;

444. xU caphpapd; FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; fhzg;gLk; nkhj;j b.vd;.V itAk; vt;thW

miof;fpNwhk;?
[PNdhk;

445. a+NfhpNahl;Lfspd; nry;ypd; Mw;wy; tsh;rr

; pij khw;wq;fs; vjpy; epfo;fpd;wd?
ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpaq;fs;

446. rt;T tiyg;gpd;dy;fspdhy; Md vjpy; Gujq;fSk;> ypg;gpLfSk;

cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd?
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 vz;Nlhgpshr tiy

447. a+NfhpNahl;Lfspy; vq;F nfhOg;G mkpyq;fSk;> mkpNdh mkpyq;fSk;

rpijf;fg;gLfpd;wd?
ngh; Mr;]pNrhk;fs;

448. a+NfhpNahl;Lr; nry;fspd; irl;Nlh Nrhy;>Guj ,iofshy; Md xU

mikg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jd; ngah; vd;d?
irl;Nlhgpshr vYk;Gf;$L

449. jhtunry;Yf;F nry;YNyh]; kw;Wk; NtW gy ghypkh;fspdhy; Md cWjpahd

vJ cs;sJ?
nry;Rth;

450. rpy ghpr;rpakhd GNuhNfhpNahl;Lf;fs; vit?

ghf;Bhpaq;fs;> ,io ghf;Bhpaq;fs; (Mf;bNdh ikrPl;Lfs;) kw;Wk; raNdh
ghf;Bhpaq;fs;

451. rpy ghpr;rakhd a+NfhpNahl;Lfs; vit?

g+Q;irfs;> jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs;

452. kpfj; njhd;ikahd xsp Ez;Nzhf;fpiag; gad;gLj;jp> nry;fNs caphpd;

mbg;gil myF vd;gij tpsf;fpath;fs; ahh;?;
\;yPld; kw;Wk; \;thd;

453. Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; fpilf;Fk; gpk;gq;fspd; jd;ikahdJ vjd; mbg;gilapy;

mike;Js;sJ?
xspapd; jd;ik> cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gl;l kpd;dZ Ez;Nzhf;fpapd;
jd;ik kw;Wk; nry; my;yJ jpR jahhpf;fg;gl;l tpjk;

454. nghUsUF nyd;R E}W klq;F ngUf;fKk; (nghJthf 100 nyd;R

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ) fz;zUF nyd;R gj;J klq;F ngUf;fk; cilaJ
vd;why; ,Wjpahf fz; my;yJ jpiuapy; tpOk; gpk;gk; vj;jid klq;fhFk;?
100 10

455. nghJthf xsp Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; gad;gLk; khjphpg; nghUl;fs; ve;j fiurypy;

epiy epWj;jg;gLfpd;wd?
My;f`hy; my;yJ /ghh;khy;bi`L mlq;fpa fiurypy;
456. xsp Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; ghuh/gpd; my;yJ gpsh];bf;fpy; Gijf;fg;gl;L ve;j
fUtpiag; gad;gLj;jp xU rpy ikf;Nuh kPl;lh; jbg;Gs;s nky;ypa Jz;Lfshf
rPtg;gLfpd;wd?
ikf;NuhNlhk;

457. kpd;dZ Ez;Nzhf;fpAk; ve;j Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; mbg;gilapNyNa

mike;Js;sJ?
xsp Ez;Nzhf;fp

458. kpd;dZ Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; vjdhy; Md vjph;kpd; Gyk; kpd;rhuj;jhy;

R+lhf;fg;gLk; NghJ kpd;dZf;fs; ntspahfpd;wd?
lq;];ldhy; Md

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459. kpd;dZ Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; mjpfgl;r NtWgLj;Jk; jpwd; fzf;F G+h;tkhf
0.005mm my;yJ xsp Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; NtWg;gLj;Jk; jpwid fhl;bYk;
vj;jid klq;F mjpfk;?
ehw;gjhapuk; klq;F

460. kpd;dZ Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; cz;ikapy; ,jd; NtWgLj;Jk; jpwd; vt;tsT

MFk;?
0.1n.m.

461. kpd;dZ Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; vtw;iw gad;gLj;jp vjph;kiw rhatpisit

cz;lhf;Fk;?
gh];/Nghlq;f;];bf; mkpyk; kw;Wk; a+uhdpy; cg;Gf;fs;

462. nry; Rtiu Kjd; Kjypy; 1865 Mk; Mz;L fz;lwpe;jth; ahh;?
`Pf;

463. `Pf; Kjd; Kjypy; ve;j nry;ypy; nry;Rtiuf; fz;lwpe;jhh;?

fhh;f; nry;

464. nry;Rthpd; cUthf;fj;jpy; ikl;lh]pd; BNyh/Ng]; epiyapy; vit mfd;W

gPg;gha; Nghd;W tbtk; ngWfpd;wd?
/guhf;Nkhgpsh];ll;Lfs;

465. nry;ypd; ikag;gFjpapy; vtw;wpw;F ,ilNa Md Kjy; gphptpidj;

Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ?
nry;jl;L> Nra; GNuhl;Nlhgpshrq;fSf;F

466. nry;jl;L Njhd;Wk; gFjpfsp;y; ve;j ,iofs; kiwe;J nry; jl;ilr; Rw;wp
kl;Lk; njd;gLfpd;wd?
/gpuhf;Nkhgpsh];l;L ,iofs;

467. nry;jl;L gbg;gbahf khw;wk; mile;J ve;j nry; ,ilntspg; nghUis

cUthf;Ffpd;wJ?
ikaj;jl;L

468. jhtu nry; %d;W ghfq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ? mit ahit?

1. ikaj;jl;L
2. Kjd;ik Rth;
3. ,uz;;lhk; epiyr;Rth;

469. ghf;Bhpaq;fspy; nry;Rth; vtw;why; MdJ?

ngbNlhfpisf;fhspdhy;

470. G+Q;irapy; nry;Rth; ve;j nghUshy; MdJ?

ifl;bd;

471. ngUk;ghyhd jhtu nry; RtHfs; vtw;why; Mdit?

nry;YNyh]pdhy;

472. nry;YNyh]; jtpu NtW vitfs; nry;Rthpd; kPJ gbe;J fhzg;glyhk;?

n`kpnry;YNyh];> ngf;bd;> ypf;dpd;> fpa+l;bd;> Rghpd; kw;Wk; rpypf;fh
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473. irl;Nlhgpshr gFg;gpd; NghJ Kjd;Kjypy; Njhd;Wk; ika mLf;F> ve;j
gz;gpid cilaJ?
INrhbuhg;gpf;

474. nry;Rthpd; ikaj;jl;L vtw;why; MdJ?

fhy;rpak; kw;Wk; nkf;dPrpak; ngf;Nll;Lfshy;

475. nry;Rthpd; Kjd;ikr; Rth; ve;j gz;gpid cilaJ?

midNrhbuhgpf;

476. Kjd;ikr; Rthpy; Vw;fdNt cs;s Rth;g; nghUl;fSf;F ,ilNa GJ Rth;

nghUl;fs; gbtjhy; tsh;fpw> ,j;jifa tsh;rr
; papd; ngah; vd;d?
,ilr; nrUfy;

477. nry; Rthpy; Kjd;ikr; Rtiu kl;LNk ngw;Ws;sit vit?

ghud;if nry;fs; kw;Wk; Mf;FjpRf;fs;

478. nry;Rthpy; Kjd;ikr; Rthpy; kpf njha;thf mike;J tiyg;gpd;diy

cUthf;Fgit vit?
n[y; Nghd;w jsg; nghUspy; Gije;J fhzg;gLk; nry;YNyh]; Ez; ,iofs;

479. Kjd;ikr; Rthpy; Ez; ,iofs; Gije;J fhzg;gLk; jsg;nghUs; vtw;why;

MdJ?
ePh;> n`kp nry;YNyh];> ngf;bd; kw;Wk; fpisf;NfhGujq;fs;

480. Kjd;ikr; Rthpy; ve;j jsg;nghUSld; Ez; ,iofisg; gpizf;fpwJ?

nyhkp nry;YNyh];

481. Kjd;ikr; Rthpy; ve;j jsg;nghUs; epug;Gg; nghUshf cs;sJ?

ngf;bd;

482. nry; Kjph;r;rp mile;jTld; jbkdhd ve;jr; Rth; Kjd;ikr; RtUf;F cs;Ns
cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ?
,uz;lhk; epiyr;Rth;

483. Gjpa Rth; nghUl;fs; Vw;fdNt cs;s nry; Rth;gn ; ghUl;fs; kPJ gbtjdhy;
jbkdpd; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ> ,jd; ngah; vd;d?
Nky; glh;jy;
484. ,uz;lhk; epiy Rth; cUthjy; midj;Jr; nry;fspYk; xNu khjphpahf
miktjpy;iy> ,jd; fhuzkhf vitfs; NtWghL milfpd;wd?
ghud;ifkh> Nfhyd;ifkh> ];fPsuP d;ifkh> ehh;fs; kw;Wk; buf;fPLfs;

485. ,uz;lhk; epiyr; Rthpd; Ez; ,iofs; gy jpf;Ffspy; gy mLf;Ffshf kpf

neUf;fkhf mike;J vjdhy; Md jsg;nghUspy; Gije;Js;sJ?
ngf;bd; kw;Wk; n`kpnry;YNyh]pdhy;

486. ,uz;lhk; epiyr; Rthpy; gbe;J fhzg;gLgit vit?

ypf;dpd;> Rghpd;> jhJg;nghUl;fs;> nkOF> lhdpd;fs;> nurpd;fs;> fk; fhy;rpak;
fhh;gNdl;L kw;Wk; fhy;rpak; Mf;]Nyl;L Nghd;w fdpk cg;Gf;fs;> rpypf;fh

487. ,uz;lhk; epiyr; Rth; ve;j gz;gpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ?

md;INrhbuhg;gpf;
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488. ,uz;lhk; epiyr;Rthpy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W ,ilNa CLUtpr; nry;Yk; ,uz;L
mikg;Gfspd; ngah;fs; vd;d?
xd;W nry;YNyh]pdhy; Md Ez; ,iofs; kw;nwhd;W njhlh;e;J cs;s
Ez;Jis ,ilntspfs;

489. xt;nthU nry;YNyh]; %yf;$Wk; ,izf;fg;gl;l FSf;Nfh]; gbf

myFfshy; Md vtw;why; Mdit?
ePs rq;fpypfshy;

490. nry; Rthpy; rq;fpyp %yf;$Wfspd; xt;nthU fw;iwAk; vt;thW

miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
iknry;Ny

491. iknry;Ny mikg;ig gw;wp Kjd; Kjypy; fUj;J njhptpj;jth; ahh;?

ehNfyp

492. ,io Nghd;w nry;YNyh]; %yf;$Wfs; fw;iwfshf mike;Js;sJ vd;W

$wpath;fs; ahth;?
/g;Nu itrpypq; kw;Wk; KNyjhyh;

493. xt;nthU fw;iwAk; fpl;lj;jl;l 36 nry;YNyh]; %yf;$Wfis cilaij

vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
njhlf;f ,io

494. nry;iyr; Rw;wpYk; FWfpa Jisfs; cs;sd> mj;Jisfspd; topNa

nky;ypa irl;Nlhgpshr ,iofs; CLUtpr; nry;fpd;wd> ,it nry;fspd;
cs;Ns cs;s nghUl;fis ,izf;Fk; ,t;tpiofSf;F vd;d ngah;?
g;sh];Nkhnl];Nkl;lh

495. gpsh];Nkhnl];Nkl;lh xU njhlh;r;rpahd vjid Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd?

GNuhl;Nlhgpshr rpk;gpsh];l;

496. nry;Rthpy; gpsh];kh rt;tpdhy; R+og;gl;l FWfpa fhy;thapy; cs;s fpisj;j

my;yJ vspa Fohapd; ngah; vd;d?
nl];Nkhl;a+g;A+y;

497. nry;Rthpy; ,uz;lhk; epiyr;Rth; gbag;glhj gFjpapd; ngah; vd;d?

Fopfs;
498. nry; Rthpy; xt;nthU Fopf;Fk; vd;ndd;d cs;sd?
xU Fop miw kw;Wk; Fopr;rt;T

499. Fopfspd; tiffs; 2 tifg;gLk;> mit ahit?

1. vspa Fopfs; 2. tiuAw;w Fopfs;

500. xt;nthU Fopf;Fk; mUNf cs;s nry;ypd; Rthpy; ,izahf fhzg;gLk; xU

Fopapd; ngah; vd;d?
,izf;Fop

501. nry;Rth; nry;Yf;F cs;Ns cs;s vjidg; ghJfhf;fpwJ?

GNuhl;Nlhgpshrk;

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502. vjd; fhuzkhf mjpf ePh; nry;Yf;F cs;Ns nrd;W mjdhy; nry; ntbj;J
tpLtijj; jLf;fpwJ?
vz;Nlh M];kkh]p];

503. nry;Rth;fs; nghUl;fis mjpf J}uj;Jf;F flj;Jtjpy; vtw;wpw;F Jiz

Ghpfpd;wd?
iryk; Foha;fs;> gpuf;fPLfs; kw;Wk; ry;yilf;Foha;fspd; nry;Rth;fs;.

504. midj;J a+NfhpNahl;bf; nry;fspYk; nry; Ez;ZWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; thf;F

Nthy;fisr; Rw;wpYk; fhzg;gLk; nkhj;jj; njhFg;G vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
irl;Nlhgpshr rt;Tj; njhFg;G

505. gpsh];kh rt;T kw;Wk; nry;Yf;Fs;Ns fhzg;gLk; midj;J rt;TfSk;

Nrh;j;J vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
capUs;sitfspd; rt;Tfs;

506. nry; rt;tpd; Ez;mikg;G vt;thW cs;sJ?

nry;rt;T 750A jbkDilaJ.

507. kpd;dZ Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; ,it 3 mLf;Ffisf; nfhz;Ls;sdthff; fhl;rp

mspf;fpd;wd? mit vit?
1. ntspNa cs;s kpd;dZ mlh; mLf;F Rkhh; 200A jbkd; cs;sJ.
2. cl;Gwk; cs;s kpd;dZ mlh; mLf;F Rkhh; 200A jbkd; cs;sJ.
3. eLNt cs;s ntspNa mLf;F Rkhh; 350A jbkd; cs;sJ.

508. nry;rt;tpd; ntsp mLf;Fk;> cl;Gw mLf;Fk; vtw;why; Mdit?

Guj %yf;$Wfshy;

509. nry;rt;tpd; eL mLf;F ,uz;L mLf;Ffis cila ve;j rt;tpd; myF

%yf;$Wfshy; MdJ?
gh];Nghypg;

510. nry;rt;tpd; %tLf;F mikg;Gf;F vd;d ngah;?

myF rt;T

511. rpq;fh; kw;Wk; epf; nfhy;fs; (1972) vd;gth;fshy; tpsf;fg;gl;l ve;j khjphp
midtuhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ?
/GSapl;nkhirf; khjphp

512. nry; rt;tpy; xt;nthU rt;tpw;Fk; xU ______ gf;fKk;> xU ______ gf;fKk;

cs;sd.
irl;NlhNrhypf;> vf;N]hgpsh];kpf;

513. nry; rt;tpd; khjphpg; gb xt;nthU rt;Tk; vtw;why; Md ,Ughpkhd mikg;G

cilait?
gh];/Nghypg;gpLfs; kw;Wk; Gujq;fshy;

514. nry; rt;tpy; ypg;gpL %yf;$Wfs; njhlh;r;rpahd vtw;iw cUthf;Ffpd;wd?

,ul;il mLf;F
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515. Gujq;fs; vj;jid tpjkhd mikg;Gfspy; cs;sd?
1. vf;];bhpd; rpf; my;yJ ntspNa cs;s Gujq;fs;.
2. ,d;bhpd;rpf; my;yJ cs;Ns cs;s Gujq;fs;.

516. czTg; nghUl;fis nry;Yf;F cs;NsAk;> tsh;rpij khw;wq;fshy; cUthd

fopTg; nghUl;fis nry;Yf;F ntspNaAk; mDg;gp Njitaw;w nghUl;fs;
nry;Yf;Fs; Eiotijj; jLg;gJ vJ?
gpsh];kh rt;T

517. nry; rt;tpd; flj;Jk; jpwid vt;thW miof;fpd;Nwhk;?

1. flj;Jj;jpwd; cilait 2. flj;Jj;jpwd; mw;wit
3. Njh;T flj;Jj; jpwd; cilait

518. nry; rt;tpy; xU rt;tpd; flj;Jk; gz;G vjd; mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ?

1. gpsh];kh rt;tpy; cs;s Jisfspd; msT
2. nghUs; %yf;$Wfspd; msT
3. nghUs; %yf;$Wfspy; cs;s kpd;Rik

519. nry;Yf;F xU epiyahd rkepiy epyt vJ cjTfpwJ?

nry; rt;T

520. nry; rt;tpd; topNa nghUl;fs; ve;j VNjDk; xU Kiwapy; flj;jg;gLfpwJ?

1. Mw;wy; Njitaw;w flj;jy;
2. Mw;wy; NjitAs;s flj;jy;

521. nry;Yf;Fs; nghUl;fs; ,aw;gpay; epfo;rr

; pfs; %yk; flj;jg;gLfpd;wd? mit
ahit?
1. guty; 2. rt;T+L guty;

522. ePhpy; fiuaf;$ba nghUl;fSk;> NtW ve;j madpfSk; rt;tpy; cs;s

Jisfspd; %yk; guTfpd;wd?
K+> Cl-> HCO3P Nghd;w madpfs;

523. ,uz;L gf;fq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; kpd;Rikfspd; NtWghl;il

vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
kpd;Rik NtWghL

524. xU nry;ypypUe;J kw;nwhU nry;Yf;F ePiu flj;Jtjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F

tfpg;gJ vJ?
rt;T+L guty;

525. mNef nry;fspd; (jhtuk; kw;Wk; tpyq;F) gpsh];kh rt;Tfs; gy vtw;iwf;

nfhz;Ls;sd?
a+dpNghh;ll
; h;fs;

526. a+dpNghh;ll
; h;fs; flj;jy; ve;nje;j tpjq;fspy; Mw;wy; Njitaw;w guty;
Kiwapdp;d;Wk; NtWgLfpwJ?

1. ,jpy; flj;jypd; tPjk; vjph;ghh;;g;ig tpl kpfTk; mjpfk;.

2. flj;jy; kpfTk; jpl;ltl;lkhdJ.
3. gh];Nghypg;gpL ,ul;il mLf;Ffspd; top KOikahf flj;jy;
epfohky; Fwpg;gpl;l flj;jpg; Gujq;fspd; topahf epfo;fpwJ.
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527. %yf;$Wfs; my;yJ madpfs; Njh;T flj;J rt;tpd; topahf nrwpT Fiwe;j
,lj;jpypUe;J nrwpT mjpfkhd ,lj;Jf;F Mw;wypd; cjtpAld;
flj;jg;gLtij vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
Mw;wy; NjitAs;s flj;jy;

528. gpsh];kh rt;Tfspy; ve;j gy flj;jp Gujq;fs; cs;sd?

ngh;kpNa];fs; my;yJ gpuhd;nyhf;Nf];fs;

529. madpfs; Njh;T flj;J rt;tpd; topahf flj;jg;gLtij ,uz;L tpirfs;

fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mit ahit?
1. rt;tpd; kpd; Rik Mw;wy;
2. madpr; nrwpT NtWghL

530. madpr; nrwpT NtWghL ve;j Mw;wyhy; nrYj;jg;gLk; madp gk;g;gpdhy;

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpwJ?
ATP Mw;wy;

531. nghUl;fs; mjpf mstpy; rt;tpd; topahf nry;Yf;F cs;Ns my;yJ

nry;Yf;F ntspNa Mw;wy; tpirAld; flj;jg;gLjiy vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
vz;Nlhirl;lh]p]; my;yJ vf;N]hirl;lh]p];

532. vz;Nlhirl;lh]p]; NghJ gpsh];kh rt;T xU kbg;ig my;yJ ePl;rpia

Njhw;Wtpg;gjd; %yk; vit cUthf;FfpwJ?
xU ntrpf;fps; my;yJ thf;FNthiy

533. nghUl;fs; jpl&gj;jpy; cl;nfhs;sg;gl;L> ,jpy; <LgLk; nry;fs; mtw;wpd;

ngah; vd;d?
/NgNfhirl;Lfs;

534. czT thf;FNthy;fspy; cs;s nrhpf;fg;glhj czT kPjq;fs; vjd; %yk;

nry;Yf;F ntspNa js;sg;gLfpwJ?
/igNdhirl;lh]p]; (nry; mUe;Jjy;)

535. midj;J a+NfhpNahl;L nry;fSk; rt;tpdhy; R+og;gl;l kw;Wk; Ez;ZWg;Gfs;

Mfpatw;iw vjid nfhz;Ls;sd?
irl;NlhNrhypy;
536. xU jhtu nry; ngw;Ws;s Ez;ZWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; ghfq;fis tpthp?
1. ikl;Nlhfhz;lh; paq;fs;
2. gRq;fzpfq;fs;
3. epa+f;spa];
4. vz;Nlhgpshr tiy
5. Nfhy;if cWg;G (bf;bNah Nrhk;fs;)
6. thf;F Nthy;fs;
7. iuNgh Nrhk;fs;
537. ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpaq;fs; vjid cUthf;Ffpd;wd?
ikaj;jpy; cs;s jsg;nghUspYk; cs;s nehjpfs;> ypg;gpLfs; kw;Wk;
rh;f;fiuapd; ,Wjp Mf;rp[d; Vw;w epiyfis Cf;Ftpj;J ATP ia
cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

538. gRq;fzpkq;fs; vtw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?

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 xsp Mw;wiy> <h;j;J ATP ia cUthf;Fk; epwkpfSk; nehjpfSk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

539. epa+f;spa]py; b.vd;.V. ePskhd mikg;Gfis vjpy; mike;Js;sJ?

FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;

540. vz;Nlhgpshr tiyfspd; 2 tiffs; vit?

1. nrhunrhug;ghdJ 2. totog;ghdJ

541. vz;Nlhgpshr tiyr;rt;Tfspd; kbg;GfspilNa fhzg;gLk; ,ilntspfis

vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
]p];nlh;Nd

542. totog;ghd vz;Nlhgpshr tiyapy; vit fhzg;gLtJ ,y;iy?

iuNghNrhk;fs;

543. jhtu nry;fspy; thf;FNthy;fs; vj;jid rjtPjk; nry;iy epug;gpapUf;Fk;?

70 rjtPjk;

544. ,uj;jr; rptg;gZf;fs; kw;Wk; Kjph;e;j tpe;J nry;fs; ePq;fshf midj;J

GNuhNfhpNahl;L kw;Wk; A+NfhpNahl;L nry;fspy; fhzg;gLgit vit?
iuNghNrhk;fs;

545. a+NfhpNahl;L nry;fspy; fhzg;gLk; kpfg;nghpa Ez;ZWg;G vJ?

epa+f;spa];

546. tsUk; my;yJ NtWghL milAk; nry;fspy; cl;fU> tsh;rr

; pij
khw;wq;fspy; <Lgl;L vitfis cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;?
Mh;.vd;.V. my;yJ b.vd;.V

547. epa+f;spa]; Mh;.vd;.V. Jisfspd; topahf vjw;F mDg;gg;gl;L mq;Nf Guj

cw;gj;jpapy; gq;Nfw;Fk;?
irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpw;F

548. vt;tif nry;fspy; epa+f;spa]; nray; jpwdw;W fhzg;gLk;?

xa;ntLf;Fk; nry;fs;

549. epa+f;spa]py; vit ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; ,aw;gpay; mbg;gil MFk;?

FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;
550. epa+f;spa]py; vit ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; Ntjp mbg;gil MFk;?
[Pd;fs;

551. epa+f;spa]py; ngUk;ghyhd iuNghNrhk; Mh;.vd;.V vjpy; cw;gj;jp MfpwJ?

epa+f;spNahy]py;

552. epa+f;spa]; epa+f;spNahy]; my;yhj gFjp vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?

epa+f;spNahgpshrk;

41

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1. ARIVUKKADAL PATHIPPAKAGAM DD M.O
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553. Njitahd nehjpfspd; cw;gj;jpia fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; nry;ypd;
midj;J tsh;rpij khw;wq;fisAk; vJ fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ?
epa+f;spa];

554. ngw;Nwhh;fsplkpUe;J Nra; jiyKiwf;F kuGg; gz;Gfs; flj;jg;gLtij

fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ vJ?
epa+f;spa];

555. ikl;Nlhfhz;lh; pahtpd; NtW ngah; vd;d?

nry;ypd; Mw;wy; ikak;

556. nry;ypd; Mw;wiy Nrkpj;J ntspapLtJ vJ?

ikl;Nlhfhz;lh; pah

557. ikl;Nlhfhz;lh; pahtpy; ntspaplg;gl;l Mw;wy; vjd; cUthf;fj;jpw;F

gad;gLfpwJ?
V.b.gp. (mbNdhrpd; biugh];/Ngl;)

558. fhw;Ws;s Rthrj;jpy; Vw;gLk; midj;J nry;fspYk; vit jhk; gpujhd Vbgp
cUthf;f ikaq;fshFk;?
ikl;Nlhfhz;lh; pad;fs;

559. irl;Nlhgpshr nkhj;j nfhs;sstpy; ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpad;fs; vj;jid rjtPjk;

cs;sd?
25 rjtPjk;

560. mstpy; ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpad;fis nghpait vit?

epa+f;spa];> thf;FNthy;fs;> gRq;fzpfq;fs;

561. ikl;Nlhfhz;lh; pad;fspd; cl;rt;tpd; Gwg;gug;G vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?

fphp];Nl

562. F1 Jfs;fs; cs;s fphp];Nlrt;tpy; mike;Js;sJ vJ?

Rthrr; rq;fpyp

563. fhw;Ws;s Rthrj;jpy; ETSy; cs;s nehjpfSk;> $l;L nehjpfSk; vt;thW

nray;gLfpd;wd?
vyf;l;uhd; Vw;gpfshf

564. ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpad;fs; jd;idj;jhNd ngUf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; ghjp Rakhd

Ez;ZWg;Gfs; MFk;.

565. ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpa jsg;nghUspy; cs;sit vit?

tl;ltbtkhd DNA %yf;$Wk;> 70s tif iuNghNrhk;fSk;> RNA kw;Wk;
ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpa [Pd;fs; nray;gLtjw;fhd nehjpfSk; cs;sd.

566. kpfg;nghpa irl;Nlhgpshr Ez;ZWg;Gfs; nfhz;lit vit?

gpsh];bLfs;

567. gpsh];bLfspd; %d;W tiffs; vit?

FNshNuh gpsh];Lfs;> FNuhNkh gpsh];Lfs; kw;Wk; ypa+f;Nfh gpsh];Lfs;.

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568. gpsh];bLfspy; fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;il Nrkpf;Fk; gpsh];bLfs; vt;thW
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?
mikNyhgpsh];Lfs;

569. nfhOg;G kw;Wk; vz;nza; nghUl;fisr; Nrkpf;Fk; gpsh];bLfs; vt;thW

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?
,iyNah gpsh];Lfs;

570. Gujj;ijr; Nrkpf;Fk; gpsh];bLfs; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?

GNuhl;bNsh gpsh];Lfs;

571. gRq;fzpfq;fspd; cs;Ns xd;Wf;nfhd;W ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s tp];jPuzkhd

rt;tpdhy; R+og;gl;l ig Nghd;w mikg;gpd; ngah; vd;d?
ijyfha;Lfs;

572. 20 Kjy; 50 tiuapyhd ijyfha;Lfs; xd;wd; Nky; xd;whf mLf;fg;gl;L

ve;j mikg;ig cUthf;Ffpd;wd?
fpuhdh

573. gRq;fzpfk; ve;j jsg;nghUspy; nghjpe;J cs;sd?

];NlNuhkh

574. xt;nthU gRq;fzpfj;jpYk; vj;jid fpudhf;fs; cs;sd?

40 Kjy; 100 tiu

575. ntt;NtW fpuhdhf;fsp;d; ijyfha;L rt;Tfis rt;tpdhy; Md Foha; Nghd;w

vjid gpizf;fpd;wd?
];NlNuhkh Nynky;yhf;fs;

576. ikl;Nlhfhz;lh; pahtpy; vt;thW ATP cUthfpd;wdNth mNj tpjj;jpy; vit

cUthfpd;wd?
gRq;fzpfq;fspYk;

577. gRq;fzpf Ez;ZWg;Gfspd; ngUk;ghd;ikahd Gujq;fs; epa+f;spa]; DNA-

tpd; rq;Nfjf; FwpaPLfspdhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;L vit cw;gj;jp Mfpd;wd?
irl;NlhNrhypy;

578. nry;ypy; miuf;Nfhs Jfs; mikg;igg; ngw;Ws;s kpfr; rpwpa Ez;ZWg;gpd;

ngah; vd;d?
iuNghNrhk;fs;

579. iuNghNrhk;fs; ve;j Gujq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd?

iuNghepa+f;spNah

580. xt;nthU iuNghNrhKk; vj;jid tpl;lk; cilaJ?

150-250A tpl;lk;

581. Guj cw;gj;jpapd; NghJ mNef iuNghNrhk;fs; thpirahf mRNA rq;fpypAld;

,ize;J ghypngg;ilLfspd; gy efy;fis vLf;Fk;> ,J Nghd;w iuNghNrhk;
njhFg;Gfis vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
ghypNrhk;fs;

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582. iuNghNrhk;fs; irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpYk; rpy Ez;ZWg;GfspYk; fhzg;gLk;> mjd;
mbg;gilapy; ,it vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
irl;Nlhgpshr iuNghNrhk;fs; my;yJ Ez;ZWg;G iuNghNrhk;fs;

583. Ez;ZWg;G iuNghNrhk;fs; vtw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?

gpsh];bLfspYk;> ikl;Nlhfhz;;l;hpad;fspYk;

584. ve;j tPjj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; iuNghNrhk;fs; ,uz;L tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd?

tbtk; my;yJ tPo;gbT

585. iuNghNrhk;fspd; S vd;gJ vd;d?

];tpl;ngh;f; myF

586. a+NfhpNahl;bf; nry;fspy; iuNghNrhk;fspd; cw;gj;jp vjpy; eilngWfpwJ?

epa+f;spNahy];

587. caphpdq;fspy; nry;gFg;G %d;W tifg;gLk;. mit ahit?

1. V. ikl;lhrp]; 2. ikl;lh]p]; 3. kNah]p];

588. tpaj;jF tz;zk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l jpl;ltl;lkhd fhy eph;zag;gb eilngWtJ

vJ?
nry; Row;rp

589. kpf vspikahd gFg;G Kiw ,jpy; epa+f;spa]; cs;spl;l nry; nghUl;fs;>
nry;ypd; ikaj;jpy;; Njhd;wp cs;Nehf;fp tsUtJ vJ?
ikl;lh]p];

590. DNA ,ul;bj;jy; vjpy; eilngWfpwJ?

ikl;lhl;bf; nry; Row;rp

591. 1882-Mk; Mz;by; Kjd; Kjypy; ikl;lh]p]; nry;gFg;ig tpthpj;jth; ahh;?

W. gpsk;kpq;

592. 1882- Mk; Mz;by; jhtuq;fspy; ikl;lh]p]; epfOk; tpjj;ij tpthpj;jth;

ahh;?
];l;uh];gh;fh;

593. ,uz;L mLj;jLj;j nry; gFg;GfSf;fpilNa ,ilNa cs;s Neuk; vt;thW

miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
,ilepiy

594. ,ilepiyfspd; %d;W Jiz epiyfis tpthp?

1. G1 my;yJ ,ilntsp 1 epiy
2. S - my;yJ cw;gj;jp epiy
3. G2 my;yJ ,ilntsp 2 epiy

595. nry; gFg;gpw;F gpwF cldbahfj; njhlUk; epiy vJ?

G1 my;yJ ,ilntsp 1 epiy

596. xt;nthU FNuhNkhNrhKk; ve;j epiyapy; ,uz;L rNfhju FNuhNkl;bLfis

nfhz;Ls;sJ?

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 S - my;yJ cw;gj;jp epiy

597. fjph; ,iofSf;Fj; Njitahd Gujq;fs; ve;j epiyapy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd?

G2 my;yJ ,ilntsp 2 epiy

598. ikl;lh]p]pd; 4 Jiz epiyfis $Wf?

1. GNuh epiy 2. nkl;lh epiy
3. mdh epiy 4. Byh epiy

599. epa+f;spa]; ciw kw;Wk; epa+f;spNahy]; kiwa Muk;gpg;gJ ve;j epiyapd;

Muk;gj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;?
nkl;lh epiy

600. nry;ypd; ikag;gFjpapy; te;J mike;J nkl;lh epiy jl;L my;yJ

ikaj;jl;il vit Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd?
nrd;l;Nuhkpah;fs;

601. nkl;lhepiyapy; vjph; vjph; JUtj;jpypUe;J tUk; vitfs; nrd;NuhkpaUld;

,ize;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
];gpd;by; ,iofs;

602. nrd;l;Nuhkpahpd; gFg;G ve;j epiyapd; Muk;gpj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ?

mdh epiy

603. xt;nthU JUtj;jpYk; xU Nra; nry; vd ,uz;L Nra; epiyfs; ve;j

epiyapy; Njhd;Wfpd;wd?
BNyh epiy

604. irl;Nlhgpshr gFg;G vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?

irl;Nlhifd]p];

605. irl;Nlhifd]p];y; Nfhy;if cWg;Gfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ntrpf;fps;fs;

xd;W Nrh;e;J ve;j nry;jl;il Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd?
/gpuhf;Nkhgpsh];l;

606. ikl;lh]p]pd; tpisthf xd;Wf; nfhd;W xj;jpUf;Fk; vit Njhd;Wfpd;wd?

,uz;L Nra; nry;fs;

607. nry; gFg;gpd; fhuzkhf Nra; nry;fs; kugpay; xw;Wikfis mstpYk;

gz;gpYk; vit ngw;Ws;sd?
ikl;lhrp]; nry;

608. caphpdq;fspd; njhlh;r;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghL milahj caphpdq;fspy; ghypyh

,dg;ngUf;fk; Mfpait vjd; %yk; eilngWfpwJ?
ikl;lh]p];
609. nry;fs; ngUf;fkile;J mjd; fhuzkhf tsh;rr ; pAk; cUj; Njhw;wKk; gy
nry; caphpfspy; vjd; %yk; epfo;fpwJ?
ikl;lh]p];

610. jhtuk;> kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspy; cs;s ,dg;ngUf;f nry;fspy; eilngWtJ vJ?

kNah]p];

611. kNah]p]; gFg;G NtW vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?

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 Fd;wy; gFg;G

612. kNah]p]; gFg;gpy; cs;s ,uz;L gFg;gpd; ngah; vd;d?

kNah]p]; I my;yJ n`l;bNuhilg;gpf; gFg;G> kNah]p]; II my;yJ
N`hNkhilg;gpf; gFg;G

613. xU jhtuj;jpd; tho;f;ifr; Row;rpapy; kNah]p]; eilngWk; epiyfis $Wf?

1. ];Nghh;fs; cUthfj;jpd; NghJ mjhtJ kfue;jg; igapy; kfue;jj; J}s;
cz;lhFk; NghJk; R+oy;fspy; nkfh];Nghh;fs; cz;lhFk; NghJk;.
2. fhkpl;Lfspd; cUthf;fj;jpd; NghJ
3. irNfhl; Kisf;Fk; NghJ

614. kNah]p]; I ehd;F epiyfis $Wf?

1. GNuh epiy I 2. nkl;lh epiy I
3. mdh epiy I 4. Byh epiy I

615. kNah]p]; gFg;G epiyfspNyNa kpfTk; ePz;l epiy vJ?

GNuh epiy I

616. GNuh epiy I - ,d; 5 Jiz epiyfs; ahit?

1. nyg;Nlhl;Bd; 2.ifNfhl;Bd; 3. ghf;fpBd; 4. bg;Nyhl;Bd; 5. ilahifd]p];

617. irNfhl;bd; xj;j FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; mtw;wpd; KO ePsj;jpw;Fk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W

mUfhikapy; te;J mkh;fpd;wd? mjd; ngah; vd;d?
N[hb Nrh;jy; my;yJ rpdhg;rp];

618. nyg;Nlhl;Bd; vd;w thh;j;ijf;F NtWngah; vd;d?

nky;ypa E}y;

619. irNfhl;bd; FNuhNkhNrhk; N[hbfSf;F ngah; vd;d?

,ul;ilfs;

620. irNfhl;bd; N[hb Nrh;e;j xj;j FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; mUfUNf mikAk;

rNfhjhp my;yhj FNuhNkl;bLfs; rpy Gs;spfspy; ,ize;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
mit ahit?
fah];khf;fs;

621. xt;nthU ,ul;ilAk; ghf;fpBdpy; ehd;F FNuhNkl;bLfisf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy;

,it vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?
nll;uL

622. fah];kh gFjpfspy; xj;j FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; mUfUNf cs;s

FNuhkhl;bLfspilNa rpW gFjpfs; ghpkhw;wk; milfpd;wd. ,e;epfo;rr; papd;
ngah; vd;d?
FWf;Nf fyj;jy;
623. xj;j FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; RUq;f Muk;gpj;J> fah];kh Gs;spfisj; jtpu kw;w
gFjpfspy; tpyf Muk;gpj;J> ,jd; fhuzkhf ,tw;wpd; ,ul;ilj;jd;ik ed;F
Gyg;gLtij vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
bg;Nshl;bd;

624. ilahifd]p]py; nrd;l;Nuhkpah;fspypUe;J njhlq;fp FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd;

EdpNehf;fp nry;tij mjid vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
Edp miljy;
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625. vjph; vjph; JUtq;fspypUe;J Njhd;Wk; fjph; ,iofs; xj;j FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd;
nrd;l;Nuhkpah;fSld; ve;j epiyapy; ,izfpd;wd?
nkl;lh epiy I

626. xt;nthU ,ul;ilapYk; cs;s ,uz;L FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; gphpe;J nry;ypd; vjph;

vjph; JUtq;fSf;F ve;j epiyapy; nry;fpd;wd?
mdh epiy I

627. ikl;lh]p]; gFg;gpy; epfo;tJ NghyNt epa+f;spNahy];> epa+f;spa]; ciw

vjpy; kiwfpd;wd?
GNuh epiy II

628. BNyh epiyapy; irl;Nlhgpshrg; gFg;G eilngWfpwJ> ,jd; tpisthf

cUthgit vit?
ehd;F xw;iwkar; nry;fs;

629. kNah]p]pd; FWf;Nf fyj;jypd; tpisthf vtw;wpd; kWNrh;f;if

eilngWfpwJ?
[Pd;fspd;

630. caphpdq;fspd; gy;NtW cWg;Gfspd; mikg;G> msT kw;Wk; tbtk; gw;wp

mwpa cjTk; mwptpaypd; xU gphptpd; ngah; vd;d?
Gw mikg;gpy;

631. jhtuq;fspd; Gw mikg;gpayhdJ ve;j Jiwfspy; nghpJk; gadspf;fpwJ?

kugpay;> gaph;g;ngUf;fk;> kuGg; nghwpapay;> Njhl;lf;fiyapay;> gaph;g;ghJfhg;G

632. rhjhuzkhf ehk; Njhl;lq;fspYk; rhiy Xuq;fspYk; fhZk; jhtuq;fs;

vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?
jhtuq;fs; G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; my;yJ MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fs;

633. G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; vtw;why; %lg;gLfpd;wd?

R+y;fs; ngl;b Nghd;w R+y;igf;Fs;

634. MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fspy; Vwf;Fiwa vj;jid rpw;wpdq;fs; cs;sd?

2>20>000 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l

635. kpf mjpf vz;zpf;ifAs;s g+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; vjd; mbg;gilapy; ,dk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
Gw mikg;gpay; kw;Wk; cs; mikg;gpay;

636. nghJthf vy;yhg; g+f;Fk; jhtuq;fSk; xU cUisahd Kf;fpa mr;irf;

nfhz;Ls;sd> ,it vt;thW mwpag;gLfpwJ?
jiuf;F fPo; fhzg;gLk; Nth;j;njhFg;G vd;Wk;> jiuf;F Nky; fhzg;gLk;
jz;Lj; njhFg;G vd;Wk; mwpag;gLfpwJ.

637. Fwpg;gpl;l gUtk; te;jTld; G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; G+f;fs;> fdpfs; kw;Wk;

tpijfis cUthf;Ftij vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
jhtuj;jpd; ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs;

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638. gr;irak; ,y;yhj jiuf;F fPNo tsUk; jhtu cWg;G vJ?
Nth;j; njhFg;G

639. Neh;Gtp ehl;lKk; vjph; xspehl;lKk; cilait vit?

Nth;fs;

640. Nthpy; EdpapypUe;J Nky; Nehf;fpa ehd;F Kf;fpa ghfq;fs; vit?

1. Nth; %b 2. Mf;FjpRg; gFjp my;yJ nry; gFg;Gg; gFjp 3. nry; ePl;rpg;
gFjp 4. nry; NtWghLg; gFjp (nry; Kjph;rr
; pg; gFjp)

641. Nthpd; Edpia %bg; ghJfhf;Fk; xU njhg;gp Nghd;w mikg;gpd; ngah; vd;d?
Nth; %b

642. Nth; %bapd; Kf;fpa gzp vd;d?

Nth; Edpiag; ghJfhg;gJ.

643. nry;fs; njhlh;e;J gFg;gile;J Gjpa nry;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhz;Nl

nry;Yk; gFjp vJ?
Mf;F jpRg; gFjp my;yJ nry; gFg;G gFjp

644. jhtuj;jpd; ePs tsh;r;rpapy; cjTk; gFjp vJ?

nry; ePl;rpg; gFjp

645. Gwj;Njhy;> Gwzp kw;Wk; th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; Nghd;w jpRf;fisj;

Njhw;Wtpg;git vit?
nry; NtWghLg; gFjp (nry; Kjph;rr
; pg; gFjp)

646. Nth;j; njhFg;gpd; 2 tiffs; vit?

1. Mzp Nth;j; njhFg;G
2. Ntw;wpl Nth;j; njhFg;G

647. MzpNtUk;> mjd; fpisNth;fSk; Nrh;e;J cUthf;Fk; njhFg;G vJ?

Mzp Nth;j; njhFg;G

648. MzpNth;j; njhFg;G ngUk;ghd;ikahd ve;j jhtuq;fspd; Kf;fpa gz;ghfj;

jpfo;fpwJ?
,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fs;

649. KisNth; jtpu jhtuj;jpd; Ntnwe;jg; gFjpapypUe;Jk; tsUk; Nthpd; ngah;

vd;d?
Ntw;wpl Nth;

650. rpy jhtuq;fspy; Kjd;ik NtuhdJ czT Nrkpj;J itg;gjdhy; gUj;J

rijg;gw;Wld; fhzg;gLtij vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
Nth; fpoq;Ffs; my;yJ fpoq;F Nth;fs;

651. Nrkpg;G Nth;fspd; 3 tiffs; $Wf?

1. $k;G tbtk; 2. fjph; tbtk; 3. gk;gu tbtk;

652. jhtuq;fspy; cg;G epiwe;j ePUf;Fs; Gije;jpUf;Fk; rhjhuz Nth;fspypUe;J

nrq;Fj;jhd Nth;fs; fpsk;gp tsh;tij vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
epNkl;Nlh/Nghh;fs;

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653. rpy jhtuq;fspy; Ntw;wpl Nth;fs; czitr; Nrkpj;J itj;J gUj;J rijg;
gw;Wld; fhzg;gLk; Nthpd; ngah; vd;d?
Nrkpg;G Nth;fs;

654. Nrkpg;G Nth;fspd; tbtq;fis tpthp?

1. fpoq;F Nth;fs; (v.fh.) rh;f;fiu ts;sp
2. nfhj;J Nth;fs; (v.fh.) M];guhf];> lhypah
3. Kbr;R Nth;fs; (v.fh.) khq;fh ,Q;rp kw;Wk; kQ;rs;

655. Kz;L Nth;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

,t;Nth;fs; jz;bd; Kjy; rpy fZf;fspypUe;J Njhd;WfpwJ. rha;thf
kziy Nehf;fp tsh;e;J jhtuj;Jf;F Mjhuj;ijj; jUfpwJ.
(v.fh.) Nrhsk;> fUk;G> kw;Wk; jio

656. J}z; Nth;fspd; gad; vd;d?

Mykuj;jpd; fpisfSf;F ,t;Nth;fs; Mjhuj;ijj; jUfpd;wd.

657. Mh;f;fpLfspy; fhzg;gLk; Ntw;wpl Nth;fshd njhw;W Nth;fs; vjpy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
vg;gp/igl;Lfs;

658. Mfha Nth;fs; rpwg;ghd gQ;R Nghd;w ve;j jpRf;fis cilaJ?

ntyNkd;

659. rpy jhtuq;fspy; Ntw;wpl Nth;fs; gr;irahf khwp xspr;Nrh;f;ifapy;

<LgLtij vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;?
xsp;r;Nrh;f;if Nth;fs; my;yJ Nrkpg;G Nth;fs; (v.fh.) ilNdh];Nghuh

660. gr;irak; my;yhj xl;Lz;zpj; jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLgit vit?

xl;Lz;zp Nth;fs; my;yJ `h];Nlhhpahf;fs;

661. fUtpd; Kisf;FUj;J jz;lhf tsh;e;J> jz;L jhtuj;jpd; ika mr;rhfp>

jz;L mjDld; $ba ,iyfSld; Nrh;e;J cz;lhf;Fk; njhFg;G vJ?
jz;Lj; njhFg;G

662. jz;bd; gf;fthl;Lf; fpisfs; vit?

Gwj;Njhd;wpfs;

663. Gwj;Njhd;wpfspd; jz;bd; Gwj;Nj cs;s jpRf;fspypUe;J vit Njhd;Wfpd;wd?

Gwzp

664. tsu Ntz;ba ,sk; jz;L vJ?

nkhl;Lf;fs;

665. nkhl;lhdJ jz;L my;yJ fpisapd; Edpapy; fhzg;gbd;; mit vt;thW

miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
Edpnkhl;L my;yJ cr;rpnkhl;L

666. nkhl;lhdJ ,iyapd; Nfhzj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lhy; mit vt;thW

miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
Nfhz nkhl;L

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