DRILLING ENGINEERING I

(CGE577)

CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING
SYSTEMS
 CONTENTS
2

History of drilling

Type of wells and drilling process

Drilling organization and personnel responsibilities

Drilling rig systems and equipments- Principles and

functions

Drillers terminology

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 HISTORY OF DRILLING
3
When is the first oilwell being
discovered in history of
mankind??

It is in 1859 in Titusville,
Pennsylvania, USA (First
commercial well) drilled by Col
Edwin L. Drake

Drilled well of 22m (72ft) using

cable tool rig.

Started to produce oil on

August 28, 1859

Rock Oil sold for $40/barrel

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 When was the first well drilled in malaysia??
5

First well drilled in Malaysia was in

1910
drilled by Shell in Miri also called
Grand Old Lady

Stands on top of Bukit Telaga Minyak

(Canada Hill)

Malaysias first inland drilling platform

Struck oil on 22 December 1910.

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 First well drilled by PETRONAS?
6

PCSB was established on

11 May 1978

First well drilled by

PCSB was for the
Duyong field in Aug1980

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 Where can we find oil & gas??
7

Some people think that oil is in big pools

underground

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 Where can we find oil & gas??
8

Actually, most of oil is trapped in the tiny pore

spaces between grains of rock or sand.
Most of these pores are too small to be seen with the
naked eyes.

OIL
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 How do we find the reservoirs?
9

Geophysicists find reservoirs by bouncing sound waves off

them and timing how long it takes for the sound to come
back (seismic operation 2D or 3D).
Computers process the data to construct pictures of what
the earth looks like underground

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LIFE OF FIELD DEVELOPMENT
13

1. Wildcat 1St well drilled on

new structure/field.
2. Appraisal Subsequent well
drilled to appraise the
structure/field
3. Development Well drilled for
purpose of producing
hydrocarbon.
4. Production & Abandonment -
Drilling involved infill drilling
& well abandonment

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 DRILLING PROPOSAL
-Prepared by the geologists and
reservoirs engineer in the operating
company which provides the
information upon which the well will be
designed.
-The proposal contains the following:
Objective of the well
Depth (m/ft) Subsea) and location
(Longitude and Latitue) of target
Geological Cross Section
Pore Pressure Profile Prediction
DRILLING PROGRAM
-Prepared by the Drilling Engineer and
14
contains the following:
Drilling rig to be used for the well
Proposed location for the drilling rig
Hole sizes and Depths
Drilling Fluid Specification
Directional Drilling information
Well Control Equipment and
Procedures
Bits and Hydraulics Program
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 TYPES OF WELL
15
Exploratory well (Wildcat well)
The process of drilling for oil or natural gas in an
unproven area, that has no concrete historic
production records and has been unexplored as
a site for potential oil and gas output.
Appraisal/Delineation Well Drilling
Well drilled after the discovery of oil or gas to
establish the limits of the reservoir, the
productivity of wells in it and the properties of
the oil or gas.
Development well
To develop a field with proven reserves to its
fullest production potential.
Injection well to pressurize reservoir for
improved recovery

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 TYPES OF WELL (CONT)
16

Injection well
To store hydrocarbon mainly natural gas, disposing of unwanted
produced water or regaining the reservoir pressure by injecting
water, steam or gas into the reservoir.

Reentry well
Conducted on existing wells for the purpose of tapping deeper
producing zones, recompleting or drilling laterals from existing main
trunk (vertical, directional or horizontal)

Infill well
To replace depleted wells or drill additional wells to sustain
production economics in certain fields.

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Drilling Contract
17

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DRILLING ORGANIZATION
18

RIG
MECHANICS The actual drilling is often done by a
drilling contractor.
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 DRILLING PERSONNEL
19

The oil company who manages the drilling and/or

production operations is known as the operator.
The operator normally employ a drilling contractor to
drill the well.
The drilling contractor owns and maintains the drilling
rig and employs and trains the personnel to operate the
rig.
The service company provide certain specialized skills
or equipment (logging and surveying).

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 Operating company
20

Senior Drilling Supervisor/ Companyman/ Companywoman

(1 on board at all times)
The operator representative on the rig is called company man. The
role is to make sure drilling operations is as per planned.
He/She is responsible to ensure that the Drilling Program is adhered
to and that well objectives are met safely and efficiently.
He/She is the oil companies on board representative employee
He/She is not employed by the drilling company operating the rig.
On the drilling rig, an oil company employee works with the drilling
company to supervise its interest, helping the strategy for drilling the
well.
Typically the SDS will be an Engineering Graduate with a minimum
of 5-10 years Drilling experience before having achieved this position

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 Drilling contractor
21

Senior Toolpusher / Rig Manager (1 on board at all times)

Toolpusher is employed by the drilling contractor to be in overall charge of the rig and
liaise with the company man.
The STP co-ordinates all the Drilling Contractors functions on the rig and is the main
contact with the Operators Senior Drilling Supervisor/ Companyman
The STP will probably have worked his way through the Rig Crew ranks to his present
position and have 10-20 years experience
On some rigs he is also the Offshore Installation Manager (OIM) which means that he
carries the legal responsibility for safety on board the rig. On other rigs the Barge Captain is
the OIM
On a floating rig such as a semi-submersible or Drillship, the following groups will report to
the STP
Drill Crew
Engineering Crew
Marine Crew
Subsea Engineers
Medics
Radio Operators

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 Drilling Crew
22

Driller
- The driller operates the pumps, drawworks and rotary
table via the drillers console ( a room of gauges, control
levers, rheostats and other pneumatic, hydraulic and
electronic instrumentation).
- The driller is sometimes referred to as the person who is
on the brake.

Assistant Driller
- He has many task to perform most vary depending on
particular drilling operation being carried out at the time.
- He is direct supervisor for Derrickman, Pumpman and
Roughnecks.
- He will relief Driller when driller take a short break.

Derrickman
- Working about 90 feet above the rig floor in the derrick.
- He handles the section of drill pipe under the direction of
the assistant driller.
- Works up in the derrick when tripping into or out of the
hole.

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 Drilling Crew (Contd)
24

Pumpman
- He is assistant of Derrickman and responsible for the
maintenance and smooth operation of the mud pumps
and mud holding pits among other machines in the
mud pump room.
- Also assist the roughnecks when very busy on drill
floor and not required in the pump room.

Roughneck (Floorman)
- A low-ranking member of the drilling crew.
- Works on the rig floor in a team of three and is
responsible for the operation of equipment and
machines as required by the particular operation being
carried out at that time by the driller.

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 Maintenance Crew
25
Head of Maintenance
- He is the head of all maintenance operations on the rig. He has the
control of maintenance scheduling activities.

Rig electrician and Assistant

- He is responsible of supervising and training the electrician crew;
Electrician Grade 1 help with maintenance and repairing of electrical
equipment.

Rig mechanic and Assistant

- He is responsible of supervising and training the mechanic crew;
Mechanic Grade 1 and Mechanic help with maintenance and repairing
of mechanical equipment.

Motorman
- He is responsible for the operations and routine maintenance of the
prime movers.
- He can do minor repairs and will do other duties when needed.
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 Support and Services Crew
26

Safety Officer
Rig Medic/ Doctor
Radio Operator
Storeman
A crew member who maintains stocks and distributes equipment
and parts on an offshore platform
Catering & Accommodation Crew
Lead by the camp boss who has the team of Chief Cook, Cook and
Cleaner.
They have responsibility to serve food and good accommodation

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 Service company personnel
27

Mud Engineer (1 or 2 on board)

The role of the Mud Engineer is to prepare and maintain
the Drilling Fluids used in the drilling process
Formerly Mud Engineers had evolved from the Rig Crew
but today an increasing number of graduates, mainly with
Chemistry/ Engineering backgrounds are used

Cementer (1 on board)
The Cementer supports the process of preparing a well for
further drilling, production or abandonment.
Cementing a well is the procedure of developing and
pumping cement into place in a wellbore.
The cementer maintains the Cement Pump which is found
on board most rigs. He ensures that the pump is kept
ready to cement in casing or to plug off the well
In addition, the cementer will also operate the Cement
Pump for high pressure testing purposes, such as BOP
tests
Cementers normally evolve from Rig Crew backgrounds

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 Third Party Services
28

Operation geologist
Drilling fluid Service Crew
Cementing Services Crew
Mud logging Crew
Directional Drilling Crew
Tubular Handling Crew
Wellhead Service Engineer
Electric Wireline Logging Crew
Testing Crew
Coring Crew, etc.

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 Drilling Process
29

Well is drilled in several stages.

Normally starts with drilling a hole of 30 to 36 inches diameters (76

- 91 cm) down to a depth of 150 to 250 m.
A steel pipe called casing is lowered into the well and cemented to

the wall.
After the cement has hardened, drilling is resumed with a smaller

drill bit.
At a certain depth the drilling is stopped and another string of

casing is set and cemented.
This procedure will be repeated for each string until the well has

reached the depth of the reservoir.
Number of casing strings may vary from well to well depending on

well depth and formations.

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 Drill Bit

Drill bit: is a cutting tool used to create cylindrical

holes. Rotary table from rotating system
will rotate the Kelly pipe, drill pipe and bit.
Rotating the bit provides an axial force to
create the hole.

Casing: is a steel pipe used during the drilling of a

well.

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 CASING SIZES

Sizes:
Available Casing Sizes :
36 in. OD
30 in. OD
24 in. OD, 20 in. OD
13 3/8 in. OD, 10 in. OD
9 5/8 in, OD, 7 in. OD
5 in. OD
4 in. OD
4 in. OD
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 Rig vs Platform
38

An oil rig is typically a drilling structure with all

associated equipment required to drill a well.
Eg: Derrick, drawworks, rotary table. It is not
permanently fixed and can be moved to another
location once the drilling of the well is complete

A platform is typically a stable base built upon a

seabed structure (fixed) that is used when the well is
in the production stage (meaning drilling is complete
and it is producing oil).

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 Drillship
RIG TYPES
Land Rigs

Barges 39

Rigs

Marine Land

Bottom FLoating Heli- Conventional Mobile

Support transportable

Semi-
Submersible Drillship Jacknife/ Portable Mast
Cantilever (Small)
Derrick
(Deeper)
Platform Submersible Jackup Barge
Jack-up Semi- Tender
submersible Assisted
Tender Self-
Assisted contained

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 Drilling Rig Selection
40

The factors affecting drill rig selection are:

Water depth (offshore)
Pressure rating (Blow Out Preventer related)
Derrick load capacity (total depth of well related)
Rotating capacity (bit rotation related -torque and revs
per minute)
Deck size
Day rate
Availability in the region (reducing mobilisation costs)

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 Water Depth vs. Rig Types
41
Land Rig Jack Up Semi Submersible

Barge Tender Drill Ship

Land 6-12ft <400ft <600ft <4500ft <9000ft

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 Land Rig
42

Purpose built rig for

operations on land.

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 LAND RIGS
43

Most land rigs have to be transported to location in

sections, but some are self-contained, permanently
mounted on trucks.

On location they are usually set up on a board mat

with a substructure of 8 to 40 feet high, and a few
are capable of drilling holes to 30,000+ feet.

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Land Rigs
44

Heli-transporatable rig
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 INLAND BARGES
45

Inland Barges are composed of two types:

a. Barge mounted rigs

This type rig is capable of drilling in water depths
from 0 to 12 feet. After being towed on location,
the rigs hull is filled with water until it rests on
bottom.

b. Posted barge mounted rigs

These type rigs have an upper deck supported by
posts from the lower hull. The deck contains all
drilling equipment and accommodations. Posted
barges are capable of drilling in water depths from
0 to 20 feet. The rig is towed on location and the
lower hull filled with water to secure it on bottom.

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 TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
Tender Assisted/Platform Rig

Tender Barge Derrick

Production
Platform

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 TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
47
Tender Assisted/Platform Rig
- Common type of drilling rig employed in shallow water depth.
- Floating tender barge consists of power supply and manpower for
the drilling operation and also contains accommodation quarters and
all required equipment except the derrick
- Tender barge is moored against production platform that has derrick
- Attractive for situations in which there is an old platform with
reduced load-carry ability and/or space, such as when a platform was
drilled with a standard platform rig and then production equipment
was loaded onto the platform, thus eliminating space and load-carry
capacity.

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 TYPES OF DRILLING RIG

Jack-up Rig

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48
 TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
Jack-up Rig
water depth is less than 100m

Jack-ups are used for most of the offshore

exploration drilling world-wide.

Jack-up has a floating hull with retractable legs which can be jacked
down to the sea bed. Hull can be lifted until it is clear off the sea surface.
The legs support the hull.

In shallow and relatively calm waters the Jack up has the advantage of
being able to leave a free standing well with a surface completion once it
is finished.
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 TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
Semi-submersible Rig

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50
 TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
51

Semi-submersible Rig
In areas where water depths exceed 100m and heavy weather can be
expected then semi-submersibles must be used.

This rig is not bottom-supported, but it is designed to float and it can

operate in water depths of up to 4500 ft. It sits on steel columns under
which are buoyancy chambers (pontoons).

The rig itself remains stationary in the drilling position by a series of

anchors (usually two connected at each corner of the rig) positioned on the
ocean floor at a distance away from the rig.

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 TYPES OF DRILLING RIG

Drill Ship

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52
 TYPES OF DRILLING RIG

Drill Ship
Drillships are designed to carry out drilling operations in
ultra-deep waters where even most Semi-Submersibles can
not drill.

Can be relocate fairly quickly.

Limited to location with less severe waves actions (calm

water)

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 DIFFERENCES
54
ONSHORE RIGS (Land)
Supported on ground surface
No need extension pipe
Built-in units and skid mounted so can be
transported from one drilling site to another
Portability and Maximum depth
OFFSHORE RIGS (Marine)
Supported on man-made surfaces;
Mobile units (jack-ups, semisubmersibles
and ships)
Sea-bottom-supported fixed platforms
Utilization of an extension pipe (drilling
riser) between rig floor and seabed
Performed from the space above water on
structures called platforms that may be
classified as mobile and stationary/ fixed.
Portability and Maximum water depth
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 Lifting Capacity
55
Needs of a Rig
The rig must be able to handle the heaviest drill string
or casing string with a margin of safety

It is not just the hanging weight of the string that

must be considered but also the drags and over-pulls
necessary to free the pipe if it did get stuck

Normally, the heaviest string handled by a rig is the

production casing string
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 Rotary Drilling Rig
56

The most common drilling rigs in use today are

rotary drilling rigs.

Rotary Drilling Process

Rotary table rotates the drill string
Downward force applied to the bit
Cuttings are lifted to the surface by circulating a fluid down the drill
string.

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DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENTS
57

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 Rotary Drilling Rig Components
58

CIRCULATING WELL CONTROL

SYSTEM SYSTEM

HOISTING
ROTARY SYSTEM
SYSTEM

DRILLING DATA
RIG ACQUISITION
POWER SYSTEM AND
COMPONENTS MONITORING
SYSTEM

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 1) RIG POWER SYSTEM
59

Most power consumed by :

hoisting system, fluid circulation and rotary system

Total power requirements for most rigs are between 1000 3000 hp

Old days used steam engine. Steam boilers are rarely used in present
operations due to the difficulty in transporting the boilers.

Current drilling industry uses internal-combustion diesel engines or

taken as electric power supply from existing power lines.

The raw power is then transmitted to the operating equipment via:

(1) mechanical drives, (2) direct current (DC) or (3) alternating current
(AC) applying a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR).

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 Power System
60

PRIME MOVERS
These are used to supply
power to drilling operations.
These can be steam engines,
electric motors, internal
combustion engine

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 Rotary Power Requirement
61

The rotary power requirement is generally small in

vertical hole drilling where rotational torque is
approximately less than 15,000 ft-lbs and less than 100
horsepower is usually required.

In directional drilling, high drill pipe rotational torque

may exceed 80,000 ft-lbs and often requires high input
rotary horsepower and may amount to several hundred
horsepower.

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 Rotary Power Requirement
62
Output Power:
Po = 2NT
33000

Po = Output power (hp)

N = Engine rotary speed (rpm)
T = Output torque (ft-lbs)

Input Power:
Pi = QfH
2545

Pi = Input power (hp)

Qf = Rate of fuel consumption (lbs/hr)
H = Heating Value (BTU/lb)

Overall Efficiency (%) = Po x 100%

Pi

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 Power-System Performance Characteristics ...
63

Heating values (H Btu/lbm) of various fuels for internal combustion engines:

Fuel Density Heating

(lbm/gal) Value
H(Btu/lbm)
Diesel 7.2 19,000
Gasoline 6.6 20,000

Butane 4.7 21,000

Methane -- 24,000

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 64

Exercise 1:

A diesel engine gives an output torque of 1,740

ft-lbf at an engine speed of 1,200 rpm. If the
fuel consumption rate was 31.5 gal/hr, what is
the output power and overall efficiency of the
engine?

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 2) HOISTING SYSTEM
65

Function:
Used to lower or raise drill strings, casing string
and other subsurface equipment into or out of
hole.

Principal Components:
1. Derrick and substructure
2. Block and tackle
3. Draw works

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 Rig Hoisting System
66

Crown Block

Fast line

Dead line

Anchor
Storage Reel

Draw Works

Moving
Block

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 Rig Components (Hoisting System)
67
DERRICK
-The function of a derrick is to
provide vertical height required to
the raising and lowering of drill
string into and out of borehole

-Rated according to their ability to

withstand compressive loads and
(wind loads)

Two type of Derricks:

Standard Derricks
- It is of bolted construction and
assembled part by part

Mast
A portable derrick, one capable of
being erected as a unit

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68

A commonly used drill pipe section is

between 27-30 ft long.

The number of drill pipes that can be

supported by the derrick height is
called stand.

Stands composed of two, three, or four

joints of drillpipe are said to be capable
of pulling doubles, thribles and
fourbles, respectively.

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 Rig Components (Hoisting System)
Components of Block and
Tackle:
1. Crown block
2. Travelling block
3. Drilling line

The drilling line is threaded

(reeved) over a set of sheaves
in the top of the derrick,
known as the crown block and
down to another set of sheaves
known as the travelling block.

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 Rig Components (Hoisting System)
70
DRAWWORKS

It is the control center from which

the driller operates the rig.

Provide the hoisting and braking

power required to raise or lower
the heavy strings of the pipe.

It contains clutches, chains and

other controls

It houses the drum which spools

drilling line during hoisting and
allows feed off during drilling

The drum of the drawworks is

connected to an electric motor and
gearing system.

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71

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Components of Drilling hook is used
the hoisting to suspend the
system drillstring or downhole
72 equipment is suspended
from the travelling
block.

Fastline it is wound
onto the drawworks and
usually reeved around
the blocks several times
(moving line).

Deadline acts as an
anchor point below the
rig floor and does not
move

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73

The elevator is used

when running or pulling
the drillstring or casing
into or out of hole.

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 Hoisting System (Cont)
74

The tensile strength of the drilling line and the number of times
it is reeved through the blocks will depend on the load, which
must be supported by the hoisting system.

The tensile load (lbs.) on the fast line, Ff and dead line Fd in a
frictionless system can be determined from:

W = the total load supported by the drilling lines (lbs.)

N = the no. of lines reeved around the crown and travelling block

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 Hoisting System (Cont)
75

In any pulley system, there is always inefficiency in terms of

the number of lines.

Therefore, the tensile load on the drilling line (fast line

only) will be a function of the inefficiency and will then be:

However, the load on the dead line will not be a function of

the inefficiency because it is static.

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 Hoisting System (Cont)
76

This data is represented in API RP 9B Recommended Practice on

Application, Care and Use of Wire Rope for Oilfield Services.

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Hoisting System (Cont)

77

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 Line Rope Specification

Once we have calculated Ff we can select rope size from this

Table ensuring that strength > Ff .
 Hoisting System (Cont)
79

Actual Derrick Load:

W W 1 E En
Fd W W
En n En
fast dead

Fd = W + F f + F s
Fd = load applied to the derrick
W = the total load supported by the drilling lines (lbs.)
n = the no. of lines reeved around the crown and travelling block

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 Derrick Design

A derrick usually has four legs,

Loads applied on all legs may not be equal,
All legs must be strong enough to carry its load,
Legs are designed based on the maximum load,
How to calculate the maximum load carried by a leg,
What is derrick efficiency factor usually used in the
industry?
 Derrick Design

Total load applied to the derrick:

Fd = W + Ff + Fs
We know, Fs = W/n; Ff = W/En
W W 1 E En
Fd W W
En n En
How to get load components on four
derrick legs?
Depends on the arrangement of the
hoisting system on the derrick floor.
 Derrick Design
A B
Dead Line

Lines to
Block A typical hoisting system

arrangement on the
Fast Line derrick floor

C D

Load Source Total Load Leg A Leg B Leg C Leg D

Hook load W W/4 W/4 W/4 W/4
Fast line W/En W/2En W/2En
Dead line W/n W/n
Total leg load W(n+4)/(4n) W/4 W(En+2)/4En (En+2)/4En
 Derrick Design

FA = W(n+4)/4n
FB = W/4
FC = W(En+2)/4En
FD = W(En+2)/4En

For E>=0.5, FA is the maximum load. Derrick legs must be

designed such that they do not fail under FA compressive
load.
A maximum equivalent derrick load, Fde, is defined as 4FA.

n4
Fde W
n
 Derrick Design

A parameter called derrick efficiency factor is used to

evaluate various drilling line arrangements, defined as
the ratio of the actual total derrick load (Fd) to the
maximum equivalent derrick load (Fde).

1 E En
W
Fd En E (n 1) 1
Ed
Fde n4 E (n 4)
W
n
The derrick efficiency increases with the number of lines
strung between the crown block and travelling block.
 Rig selection
85

Following parameters are used to determine the

minimum criteria to select a suitable drilling rig:
1. Static tension in the fast line when upward motion is
impending
2. Maximum hook horsepower
3. Maximum hoisting speed
4. Actual derrick load
5. Maximum equivalent derrick load
6. Derrick efficiency factor

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 Example 1
86

A rig must hoist a load of 300,000 lbf. The drawworks

can provide an input power to the block and tackle
system as high as 500hp. Eight lines are strung between
the crown block and traveling block.

Calculate
(i) the static tension in the fast line when upward motion is
impending,
(ii) the maximum hook horsepower available,
(iii) the maximum hoisting speed,
(iv) the actual derrick load
(v) the maximum equivalent derrick load, and
(vi) the derrick efficiency factor.

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 Solution
87

(i) the power efficiency of n=8 is given as 0.841. The tension in the fast line is:

W 300,000
Ff 44,590lbf
En 0.841(8)
(ii) The maximum hook horsepower available is :
Ph = E.I = 0.841 (500) = 420.5 hp

(iii) The maximum hoisting speed is given by

33,000 ft lbf / min

420.5hp
P hp = 46.3 ft/min
vb h
W 300,000lbf


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To pull a 90-ft stand would require Solution (Cont)
90 ft
t 1.9 min 88
46.3 ft / min
(iv) The actual derrick load is given by:

1 E En
Fd W
En
1 0.841 0.841(8)
(300,000) = 382,090 lbf
0.841(8)
(v) The maximum equivalent load is given by:

n4 84
Fde W (300,000) 450,000lbf
n 8
(vi) The derrick efficiency factor is

Fd 382,090
Ed 0.849 or 84.9% Answer
Fde 450,000 18/10/2016 2:09 PTG
 Exercise
89

A rig must hoist a load of 400,000 lbf. The drawworks

can provide an input power to the block and tackle
system as high as 600hp. Ten lines are strung between
the crown block and traveling block.

Calculate
(i) the static tension in the fast line when upward motion is
impending,
(ii) the maximum hook horsepower available,
(iii) the maximum hoisting speed,
(iv) the actual derrick load
(v) the maximum equivalent derrick load, and
(vi) the derrick efficiency factor.

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 Making a connection
90

The periodic process of adding a new joint of

drillpipe to the drillstring as the hole deepens is
referred.

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 Making a trip
91

the process of moving the drillstring out of the hole, change the bit or
alter the bottom-hole assembly, and lower the drillstring again into the
hole is referred.

Sketch of slips for drill pipe(a), drill collar(b) and casing(c)

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 Tripping out
(Pulling the drillstring from the hole)
92
1. First, raising the Kelly
above the rotary table.

2. Setting slips

3. Breaking the Kelly,

Kelly bushing and
swivel from the
topmost joint and
stacking them in the
rat hole.

4. Drillpipe is then
removed by attaching
pipe elevators to the
drillpipe and using the
drum hoist to raise the
drillpipe above the rig
floor.

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 3) ROTATING SYSTEM
Rotary System93to Rotate the Bit
Main Parts:
1. Swivel
2. Kelly
3. Rotary Drive
4. Rotary Table
5. Drill Pipe
6. Drill Collar

1. Swivel :
Supports the weight of the drillstring and
permits rotation

2.Kelly:
Square or Hexagonal to be gripped easily.
Torque is transmitting through kelly
bushings.

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 (Rotating System)
Rotary System to Rotate the Bit
3. Slips: 94
During making up a joint slips are used to
prevent drillstring from falling in hole.

4. Rotary Drive:
Provides the power to turn the rotary
table.
5. Drill Pipe:
Specified by (a) Outer Diameter
(b) Weight per foot
(c) Steel grade
(d) Range Length
Range Length (ft)
1 18 to 22
2 27 to 30
3 38 to 45

6. Drill Collar:
Thick walled heavy steel pipe used to apply
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weight to the bit.
 The Rotary Table
95

Swivel
Kelly The rotation of the drill string is
enabled via a hexagonal section of
Kelly Bushing pipe Kelly which is 15 metres
long which locates in the rotary
table.
Rotary Table
The drill pipe and drill collars are
referred to as tubulars

situated on the rig floor.

Drill Pipe
Use of manually operated tongs
Drill Collars for make-up and break-out and
kelly bushing on the floor
Bit
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 ROTARY TABLE
96

Kelly

Kelly
bushing

Rotary table

Kelly bushing: An adapter that serves

to connect the rotary table to the kelly
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 Top Drive System
97
Most modern rigs utilize a top drive
instead of the rotary table system
Allowing 3 lengths of drill string (28m)
to be connected at a time.
Top
Situated on the mast and moves with the drive
drill string up and down along the mast
guide.
Derrick
comes from a hydraulic or electrical
motor drive.
It is more expensive than the
convectional rig
No use of manually operated tongs for
make-up and break-out kelly bushing on Guide
the floor - improves the safety of the floor rails
environment
Rig floor Drill pipe
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 4) CIRCULATING SYSTEM
98

Components:
1. Mud Pumps
2. Mud Pits
3. Mud Mixing Equipment
4. Contaminants Removal Equipment
Pumps:
Reciprocating Positive Displacement Piston
Pumps.
Two-Cylinders - Duplex (Double Acting
Forward-Backward)
Three-Cylinders - Triplex (Forward only
Single Acting)

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MUD CIRCULATING SYSTEM
99

Mud circulation path:

(1) From tank to mud pump,
(2) from the pump through the
high pressure surface
connections to the drill string,
(3) through the drillstring to the
bit and then through its
nozzles,
(4) through annular space
between drillstring and hole
to surface, and
(5) through contaminant
removal equipment back to
tank.

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100 18/10/2016 2:09 PTG
101 18/10/2016 2:09 PTG
102 18/10/2016 2:09 PTG
SHALE SHAKER

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104 18/10/2016 2:09 PTG
 Pump Displacement
(Duplex Pump)
105
Double Acting
Both sides of the piston have liquid chamber and the valve arrangement. Liquid is
discharged from both the sides, from one side in the first half of the cycle and from the
other side in the second half of the crankshaft cycle. As the liquid is discharged in both
the forward and backward stroke, the discharge is more per cycle and also smooth as
compared to the Single Acting pump.

Duplex Pump
There are two piston-cylinders
assemblies in a single crankshaft.

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 Pump Displacement
(Duplex Pump)
106
Double Acting

dr = Piston rod diameter

dL= Liner diameter
Ls= Stroke Length
Stroke = one complete pump revolution

Forward Stroke Volume Displaced = (/4) dL2 Ls

Backward Stroke Volume Displaced = (/4) (dL2 - dr2 ) Ls (for one Cylinder)

The total displacement per complete pump cycle is:

= (/4) dL2 Ls + (/4) (dL2 - dr2 ) Ls

= (/4). Ls .(2.dL2 - dr2)

For two Cylinders :

Total Volume =Fp= (/2). Ls .(2.dL2 - dr2) . Ev
Fp= Pump factor or pump displacement per cycle.

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107 18/10/2016 2:09 PTG
Example 2:
Compute the pump factor in units of barrels per
stroke for a duplex pump108having 6.5-in. liners,
2.5in. rods, 18-in. strokes and a volumetric
efficiency of 90%?

Solution:
The pump factor for a duplex pump:
Fp = (/2). Ls .(2.dL2 - dr2) . Ev
= (/2) (18) (2(6.5)2 - (2.5)2) . (0.9)
= 1991.2 in.3 /cycle
or = 0.2052 bbl/stroke. Answer

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Pump Displacement
(Triplex Pump)

Single Acting 109

Having liquid chamber on only one
side. The liquid is discharged from
one side of the cylinder once in a
crankshaft cycle, only in the forward
stroke of the piston.

Triplex Pump
There are three piston-cylinder
assemblies. All the three pistons are
coupled to the single crankshaft.

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Pump Displacement
(Triplex Pump)

110
Fp= Pump factor or pump displacement per cycle.

Fp= 3 (/4) dL2 Ls. Ev

q=flow rate = Fp . N
(Where N = no. of cycles per unit time)

Pumps are rated for:

1. Hydraulic Power
2. Maximum Pressure
3. Maximum Flowrate
P q
PH
1714
PH = Pump Hydraulic power, hp
P = Pump discharge pressure, psi
q = Pump discharge flow rate (gal/min)
P cannot more than 3500 psi maintenance problem
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 EXERCISE 2

A triplex pump is operating at 120 [cycles/min] and discharging the

mud at 3000 psig. When the pump has installed a 6 in. liner operating
with 11 in. strokes, What are the:

a) Pump factor in (gal/cycle) when 100% volumetric efficiency is

assumed

b) Flowrate in gal/min

c) Pump power development

Given: 1 gal = 231 cubic inches

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Solution:

a) 4.039 gal/cycle
b) 484.67 gal/min
c) 848.32 hp

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 5) CONTROLLING SYSTEM
113
BLOWOUT PREVENTER
(BOP)
If the formation pressure is more
than the imposed by drilling fluid,
in this case formation fluids flow
into borehole and eventually to the
surface. This effect is called
blowout

The main function of blowout

preventers is to close the annular
space between the drill pipe and
casing

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 BOP Specification & Capacity
API recommends the use of a single designation to
distinguish various arrangements of BOP stacks,
3M-135/8SRA means:
The rated pressure is 3000 psi (BOP Capacity)
The through bore is 13 5/8 inch,
One drilling spool (S) connected to casing head,
One ram preventer (R) on top of drilling spool
One annular preventer (A) on top of ram.
Typical BOP capacity: 3,000, 5,000, 10,000 and 15,000
psig

BOP capacity is designed based on maximum expected burst

pressure in a worst case scenario.
 BOP Capacity
Worst case scenario:
All drilling fluids have been completely evacuated from the annulus,
Only low-density formation fluids, such as gas remain in the annulus.

Example: A well is to be drilled to 10,600 ft and

has an expected bottomhole pressure (BHP)
equivalent to 10.5 lb/gal. What pressure rated
Pi CSD
BOP should be selected for the job? (Assume a gas
density of 2.5 lb/gal).

Solution: TD
BHP = 0.052x10.5x10,600 = 5,788 psi,
Burst pressure at the surface when the annulus is
completely filled with gas =
5788 0.052x2.5x10,600 = 4410 psi,
5,000 psig BOP should be selected.
Gas Pf
Kick
6) DRILLING DATA ACQUISITION AND
MONITORING SYSTEM
116

Objective: To monitor, analyze, display, record and retrieve information regarding

drilling operation
Proper maintenance of rotary speed, WOB, mud properties & flowrate is important for
achieving optimum drilling operation
Eg:
Drilling break (sudden increase in ROP) seen on drilling rate chart (provide
information on changes lithology & formation pressures)
Excessive torque bit bearing failure or high concentration of drilled cuttings in the
annulus
Drastic increase in hook load or decrease mud returning to surface lost circulation

Increase in pit level kick

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 DRILLERS TERMINOLOGY
The Drilling Industry is full of Jargon

Monkey board Tool Pusher

Trip tank Roughneck
Pumping a pill Sample catcher
Tripping in Mud Engineer
Tripping out Motorman
Kelly hose Roustabout
Goose neck Galley hand
Sand Trap Derrickman
Spudding in ppg
Slugging the pipe Drilling rig
Moon pool Platform
Choke and Kill

*There are many glossaries available on the internet

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 Common words have different meanings on a drilling rig

I want to work on a drilling rig because I heard that the

joints are 30 feet long, they pump pills before tripping out,
the trips last 12 hours and theres always a pusher on
site.

Joint a length of drill pipe roughly 10 metres long

Pill a small quantity of mud (usually 50 bbl) pumped in the
hole to cure a problem
Trip the process of removing and re-running all the drill
pipe in the hole
Pusher short for Toolpusher The person who runs the rig

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