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Rotary Drilling, Hoisting and Drilling Process
Rotary Drilling, Hoisting and Drilling Process
5TO SEMESTRE
Rotary drilling
In the rotary method, the hole is drilled by a rotating bit to which a downward force
is applied. The bit is fastened to, and rotated by, a drill string, composed of high
quality drill pipe and drill collars, with new sections or joints being added as drilling
progresses.
The cuttings are lifted from the hole by the drilling fluid which continuously
circulated down the inside of the drill string through water courses or nozzles in the
bit, and upward in annular space between the drill pipe and bore hole.
At the surface, the returning fluid (mud) is diverted through shale shakers,
desilters, desanders and series of tanks or pits which treat the fluid. In the last of
these pits the mud is picked up by the pump suction and repeats the cycle.
The swivel which established a connection between hook and Kelly has to be
constructed extremely robust since it has to carry the total drill string weight and at
the same time, provide a high pressure seal (connection between flexible, non-
rotating rotary hose and the rotation Kelly).
kelly
The Kelly has a square or hexagonal cross-section and provides the rotation of the
drill string. Since the kelly is made of high quality, treated steel, it is an expensive
part of the drill string. Thus to prevent the kelly from excessive wear caused by
making and breaking connections, a kelly sub is mounted at the bottom end of it.
To prevent possible backward flow of the mud in case of an kick, a kelly cock
providing a backflow restriction valve is often mounted between kelly and swivel.
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Rotary drive
Rotary Drive The rotary drive consists of master pushing and kelly pushing. The
master pushing receives its rotational momentum from the compound and drives
the kelly pushing which in turn transfers the rotation to the Kelly
Bit
The rotary drill bit is located at the bottom of the drill string. It is the hard, chiseled,
sharp tip that makes contact with the rock formation and drills through it to produce
a hole. It does this by breaking and dislodging rock. There are many different types
of drill bits designed to facilitate the breakage of different types of formations.
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Hoisting
The main task of the hoisting system is to lower and raise the drill string, casings,
and other subsurface equipment into or out of the well.
Draw works,
Fast line
Crown block,
Travelling block,
Dead line,
Hook
Derrick,
Draw works
Crown block
A crown block is the stationary section of a block and tackle that contains a set of
pulleys or sheaves through which the drill line (wire rope) is threaded
or reeved and is opposite and above the traveling block.
Traveling block
A traveling block is the freely moving section of a block and tackle that contains a
set of pulleys or sheaves through which the drill line (wire rope) is threaded or
reeved and is opposite (and under) the crown block (the stationary section).
The combination of the traveling block, crown block and wire rope drill line gives
the ability to lift weights in the hundreds of thousands of pounds. On larger drilling
rigs, when raising and lowering the derrick, line tensions over a million pounds are
not unusual.
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Derrick
In addition to housing the derrick, acts as a support for cables and pulleys that
raise and lower the tool. Hoisting equipment is necessary as the drill can
sometimes weight thousands of pounds. The height of the hoisting equipment
helps stabilize the system.
Drilling process
In deciding which drill(s) to use it is important to consider the task at hand and
evaluate which drill would best accomplish the task. There are a variety of drill
styles that each serve a different purpose. The subland drill is capable of drilling
more than one diameter. The spade drill is used to drill larger hole sizes. The
indexable drill is useful in managing chips.
Spot drilling
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The purpose of spot drilling is to drill a hole that will act as a guide for drilling the
final hole. The hole is only drilled part way into the workpiece because it is only
used to guide the beginning of the next drilling process.
Center drilling
The purpose of center drilling is to drill a hole that will act as a center of rotation for
possible following operations. Center drilling is typically performed using a drill with
a special shape, known as a center drill.
Deep hole drilling is defined as a hole depth greater than ten times the diameter of
the hole.
A high tech monitoring system is used to control force, torque, vibrations, and
acoustic emission. Vibration is considered a major defect in deep hole drilling
which can often cause the drill to break. A special coolant is usually used to aid in
this type of drilling.
Gun drilling
Gun drilling was originally developed to drill out gun barrels and is used commonly
for drilling smaller diameter deep holes. The depth-to-diameter ratio can be even
greater than 300:1. The key feature of gun drilling is that the bits are self-centering;
this is what allows for such deep accurate holes. The bits use a rotary motion
similar to a twist drill; however, the bits are designed with bearing pads that slide
along the surface of the hole keeping the drill bit on center. Gun drilling is usually
done at high speeds and low feed rates.
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Perforacin rotaria
En el mtodo de rotacin, el orificio se perfora con un bit de rotacin al que se
aplica una fuerza hacia abajo. El bit est fijado a, y se hace girar por, aadindose
una sarta de perforacin, compuesto de tubos de perforacin y perforacin
collares de alta calidad, con nuevas secciones o articulaciones como avanza la
perforacin.
Los esquejes se levantan desde el agujero por el fluido de perforacin que circula
continuamente por el interior de la sarta de perforacin a travs de cursos de agua
o boquillas en el trepano, y hacia arriba en el espacio anular entre la tubera de
perforacin y perforacin.
Pieza giratoria
La pieza giratoria que establece una conexin entre el gancho y Kelly tiene que ser
construido muy robusto ya que tiene que llevar el peso total de la sarta de perforacin y, al
mismo tiempo, proporcionar un sellado de alta presin (conexin entre la manguera
giratorio flexible, no giratoria y la rotacin Kelly).
kelly
El Kelly tiene una seccin transversal cuadrada o hexagonal y proporciona la
rotacin de la sarta de perforacin. Dado que el kelly es de alta calidad, acero
tratado, es una parte cara de la sarta de perforacin. Por lo tanto para evitar que el
kelly de desgaste excesivo causado por hacer y romper las conexiones, una sub
kelly est montado en el extremo inferior de la misma. Para evitar un posible flujo
hacia atrs del fango en caso de una patada, un kelly debe proporcionar una
vlvula de restriccin de flujo de retorno se monta a menudo entre Kelly y la pieza
giratoria.
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Rotary Drive
El accionamiento de giro principal consiste en empujar y empujar kelly . El maestro
empujando recibe su impulso de rotacin a partir del compuesto y acciona el kelly
empuje que a su vez transfiere la rotacin a la Kelly.
Sistema de izaje
La tarea principal del sistema de elevacin es para bajar y subir la cadena de
perforacin, envolturas, y otros equipos subsuperficial dentro o fuera del pozo.
El propio equipo de elevacin consiste en: Dibuje las obras, Lnea rpida bloque
de corona, Viajar por bloque, Fecha tope, Gancho Derrick, Dibuje las obras Un
draw work es la maquinaria de elevacin principal que es un componente de una
plataforma de perforacin rotatoria. Su funcin principal es proporcionar un medio
de elevacin y el descenso de los bloques que viajan.
Bloque de corona
Bloque viajero
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Un bloque viajero es la seccin que se mueve libremente de un aparejo de poleas
que contiene un conjunto de poleas o roldanas travs de la cual se coloca la lnea
de perforacin (cable de acero) o Devanado y es opuesto (o menos) del bloque de
corona (la parte fija). La combinacin de la lnea de perforacin cuerda polea
viajera,
Derrick
Procesos de perforacin
Para decidir cul de perforacin (s) a utilizar es importante tener en cuenta la tarea
a realizar y evaluar los cuales taladro lograra mejor la tarea. Hay una variedad de
estilos de perforacin que cada servir a un propsito diferente. El taladro de la
tierra es capaz de perforar ms de un dimetro. La broca de pala se utiliza para
perforar los agujeros ms grandes tamaos. La broca es til en el manejo de
fichas.
Perforacin de punto
Centro de perforacin
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El propsito de la perforacin central es perforar un agujero que actuar como un
centro de rotacin para posibles operaciones siguientes. Perforacin Center se
realiza tpicamente usando un taladro con una forma especial, conocido como un
taladro central.
Taladrado profundo
Perforacin de pistola
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Vocabulario
Hook: gancho
Hoisting :izaje
Siutable: situado
Weight: peso
Main: principal
Lift :levantar
Tool: herramienta
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Bibliography:
http://www.ritchiewiki.com/wiki/index.php/Rotary_Drilling
https://www.webhosting.com.co
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plataforma_petrol%C3%ADfera
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