O CNG KIM LOI

1. MC CH YU CU
1. Nm vng nguyn l o cng theo cc phng php Brinell, Rockwell v Vicker.
2. Lm quen v bit cch s dng cc my o cng thng dng.

2. L THUYT

1. c im v cc phng php o cng

cng l kh nng chng li bin dng do cc b ca kim loi, di tc dng ca ti trng thng qua mi
m.

cng l mt c trng c tnh quan trng ca vt liu. N c th d dng o c thng qua cc thit b o
m khng cn phi ph hy mu.

Phng php o cng c u im:

a) T gi tr cng o c, c th suy ra bn ca kim loi do. V cng l s chng li bin dng

do cc b, cn bn l s chng din dng do ton b. T gi tr cng Brinell, ta c th gin tip
tnh c bn.

V d:

- Thp c cng HB (MN/m2 )

1200 1750 b 0,3448 HB

1750 4500 b 0,35 HB

- ng v hp kim ng trng thi

b = 0,55 HB

Bin dng b = 0,40 HB

- Nhm v hp kim nhm c cng 200 - 450HB

b = (0,33 0,36)HB

b) o cng n gin, thi gian ngn (t vi giy n vi pht). Mu th khng phi chun b c bit.
Khng ph hy mu khi th.
c) C th o c chi tit rt ln hoc rt nh, rt dy hoc rt mng (cc lp m, thm)

Ty theo tc dng ca mi m ln b mt mu, m ngi ta chia ra lm nhiu phng php o cng khc
nhau:

- Phng php m: dng 1 ti trng xc nh t ln mi m (hnh cn, hnh thp, hnh cu..) c
cng rt cao (kim cng, hp kim cng, thp ti..) mi m tc dng ln b mt mu, gy ra bin
dng ti v tr m. Sau , cn c co din tch hoc chiu su vt lm ng vi ti trng tc dng m
tnh ra s o ca cng. Phng php ny c dng ph bin nht.

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 - Phng php ny li: dng o bin dng n hi bng cch th vin bi t cao xc nh ln b
mt vt liu. Sau , cn c vo chiu cao trc v sau khi th bi m tnh ra s o cng.
- Phng php o xc: l phng php o kh nng chng li ph hoi b mt ca vt liu. Ni
dung ca phng php ny l va n mi kim cng ln b mt mu, va ko cho mi kim cng
chuyn ng vi tc xc nh, to thnh vt xc. Cn c vo lc n, chiu su, chiu rng vt
xc m tnh ra s o cng.

Di y gii thiu cc phng php o cng thng dng theo phng php m.

2. Phng php o cng Brinell

Nguyn l ca phng php ny l n mt vin bi bng thp c ti cng, ln b mt mu, di tc dng
ca ti trng, trn b mt mu c vt lm hnh chm cu. Nu gi ti trng tc ng l P(N), din tch vt lm l
S(mm2 ), th s o Brinell c tnh bng biu thc

P
HB 0,1( N / mm2 )
S

Hnh 1 S o cng Brinell

Nu gi ng knh vin bi l D, chiu su vt lm l h, ta c S = Dh.

Tuy nhin, vic o ng knh d ca vt lm, li thun li hn vic o chiu su ca n, nn din tch hnh
chm cu c th tnh

D(D D 2 d 2 )
S
2

P 0,1P
Do HB ( N / mm2 )
Dh
D
(D D d )
2 2

2
Ghi ch: nu P o bng kG th khng cn nhn thm 0,1.

Thng thng ta bit trc P, D nn d dng tnh gi tr cng khi o, ngi ta lp ra cc bng tra cng
khi o c d.

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 c th dng mt bng cho cc ti trng v ng knh D ca cc vin bi khc nhau, ngi ta phi m bo
gi tr P/D = const.

Cc bi thng dng c D =10; 5; 2,5 mm v ti trng tng ng l 30000; 7500 v 1875N. Lc ny t s P/D2 =
300 (t s ny bng 30 khi n v o l kG).

iu kin o cng Brinell:

- Chiu dy mu th nghim khng c nh hn 10 ln chiu su vt lm, xc nh theo cng thc

10.P
t (mm)
.D.HB
Trong : t l chiu dy ca mu th (mm), P l ti trng tc dng (kG), D l ng knh vin bi
(mm), HB l cng d on.
- B mt mu th phi sch, phng, khng c khuyt tt. Nu b mt cong phi gia cng cho v tr cn
o thnh mt phng. Chiu rng, di ca vng cn o phi ln hn 2D. Khong cch gia hai vt o
cng phi ln hn 2D.
- Ch cho php o cc vt liu c cng nh hn 450HB trnh bin dng cho vin bi. Lc ny
cng vin bi theo thang Vicker khng c b hn 850HV.
- Thi gian tc ng ti trng cng c nh hng ng k n kt qu o. Thng thng thi gian ny
c th tra trong cc bng (xem bng 1.).

Bng 1. iu kin o cng

Vt liu cng Chiu dy b P/D2 D P Thi gian tc

HB nht (mm) (mm) (kG) dng (giy)
>6 30 10 3000 10
140 450 36 30 5 750 10
Kim loi <3 30 2,5 187,5 10
en >6 30 10 3000 30
< 140 36 30 5 750 30
<3 30 2,5 187,5 30
>6 10 10 1000 30
Hp kim 31,8 130 36 10 5 250 30
ng <3 10 2,5 62,5 30
>6 2,5 10 250 60
Hp kim 8 35 36 2,5 5 62,5 60
nhm <3 2,5 2,5 15,6 60

Gi tr ca cng Brinell c ghi nh sau

HB10/3000/30 210, ngha l

Vt liu c cng l 210HB, o trong iu kin D = 10mm ti trng 3000kG, thi gian tc dng l 30 giy.

3. Phng php o cng Rockwell

Phng php ny tin hnh bng cch n mi m kim cng hoc hp kim cng hnh cn, c gc nh l
1200 , hoc vin bi thp c ng knh 1/16, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2 ln b mt vt liu. S o cng Rockwell c
xc nh bng hiu s chiu su, khi tc dng ti trng s b P 0 = 100N v ti trng chnh P 1 xem hnh 2.

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 1200 P0 P0
P0 +P1
ho H

a) b) c) d) h = H - h0

Hnh 2. S o cng Rockwell

a) Khi cha tc dng ti trng; b) khi c tc dng ca ti trng P 0 (100N); c) Khi tc ng thm ti trng P 1 (P =
P 0 + P 1 ); d) Khi b ti trng P 1

Ngi ta qui c khi mi m i xung 0,002mm th s o cng gim i mt n v. V gi tr h ny c

th o trc tip, nn ngi ta dng ng h so, chia vch theo cc thang qui c, ta d dng c c ngay sau
khi b ti trng.

Ty theo dng mi m v ti trng ta chia ra cc thang sau y:

- cng Rockwell C mi kim cng, ti trng 1500N HRC.

- cng Rockwell A mi kim cng, ti trng 600N HRA.
- cng Rockwell B mi bi 1,588mm, ti trng 1000N HRB

Gi tr cng c tnh theo cng thc:

h
HR k
0, 002

k l hng s, khi dng mi bi k = 130; mi kim cng k = 100.

h l chiu su vt lm do ti trng chnh tc dng (mm).

Khong cch gia hai vt o, hoc gia vt o vi cnh mu khng nh hn 1,5mm khi dng mi kim cng
v 4mm khi dng mi bi. Mi mu o ba ln, khng k ln u, ri ly gi tr trung bnh.

Phng php o Rockwell cho php o cc mu c cng cao hn 450HB, hoc cc mu mng, nh hn
1,2mm. N cho php thay i ti trng trong mt pham vi rng m vn khng lm thay i gi tr o c ca
cng, v n bo m qui lut ng dng ca mi m. Ngoi ra thi gian o rt nhanh (t 6 10 giy).

Bng 2. Nu gii hn o ca cc thang o Rockwell

Bng 2. Gii hn o ca cc thang Rockwell

Thang o Loi mi m Ti trng (N) Gii hn o cho php

HRB Bi thp 1000 25 100
HRC Kim cng hnh cn 1500 20 67
HRA Kim cng hnh cn 600 70 85

cng Rockwell c th o c trn cc my chuyn dng, hoc my o vn nng.

Trong phng php o Rockwell, cn ch cc yu t gy kt qu o sai nh:

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 - Gi tr ca cc vch chia khng tng ng vi s dch chuyn ca mi m.
- Do ngi s dng cha thnh tho.
- B mt mu o qu cong, mu c t khng ng v khng c kp cng, b mt mu bn.

4. Phng php o cng Vicker

Phng php Vicker v nguyn l o ging nh phng php Brinell, nhng thay mi bi bng mi kim
cng hnh thp, c gc gia hai mt bn l 1360 . Ti trng s dng P = 50 1500N, ph thuc vo chiu dy
mu o. o theo phng php Vicker c th p dng cho cc chi tit rt cng hoc mm, v s o cng khng
ph thuc vo ti trng (xem s hnh 4).

136 0

Hnh 4. S o Vicker

P
Gi ti trng l P, din tch b mt vt lm l S, ta c: HV
S
P: C th o bng N hay kG.

S: mm2

thun tin, ngi ta c th tnh S thng qua ng cho d v = 1360

2P sin
P 2 1,854 P
HV 2
S d d2
ng cho d c o bng knh hin bi gn ngay trn my, ngi ta cng lp sn cc bng gi tr Vicker vi
P v d tng ng.

Phng php o Vicker thng dng o cng cc vt mng, cc lp thm

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3. THIT B VT T
- My ct mu

- My mi mu

- Giy nhm

- My o cng Brinell

- My o cng Rockwell

- My o cng Vicker

- Cc mu thp qua nhit luyn , ti, v ram, thm cacbon

4. PHN THC NGHIM

1. Thc hnh o cng Brinell cho cc mu .
2. Thc hnh o cng Rockwell trn cc mu thp qua nhit luyn vi cc thang A, B, C.
3. Thc hnh o cng Vicker trn cc mu mng.

5. NI DUNG BO CO
1. Tm tt nguyn l o cng Brinell, Rockwell, v Vicker. Nu phm vi s dng ca mi
loi.
2. Kt qu o cng theo cc phng php trn.
3. Nhn xt kt qu.