Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 2 Sampling Design
Chapter 2 Sampling Design
SAMPLING DESIGN
Examples:
Target population: surface soil in residential yard
Sampled population : areas of soil in that yard not
covered by structures or vegetation
Sampling unit member of population that may be
selected for sampling, such as individual trees, or a
specific volume of air or water
Conceptual model
Describe the expected source of the contaminant and
the size and breadth of the area of concern
Identifies the relevant environmental media and the
relevant fate and transport pathways
Defines the potential exposure pathways
Example: water sampling - A study to measure E. coli and enterococci
level in a specific swimming area of a lake
Target Water flowing through the area from May 1 until Sept 15
population
Sampled Water in the swimming area at 7 am and 2 pm at
population approximately 6 inches below the surface
Sampling 1-liter volume of water at particular locations in the
units swimming area
Sample Equal to sampling unit, 1-liter of water
support
Measureme Use of a 2-liter beaker, held by a 6-inch handle. Non-
nt protocols motorised boat to minimise water disturbance. Sample is
collected in the standard manner and poured into a 2-liter
sample jar, up to 1-liter line. Sample is taken to the lab for
analysis within 6 hours.
Sampling Collect a minimum of 2 samples on each sampling day at 7
design am and 2 pm or up to 3 times a day if theres heavy rainfall
Where, when, what, how, and
how many
The choice of where (spatially), and when
(temporally), to take samples should be based on
sound statistics (simple random sampling, stratified
random sampling, systematic sampling, composite
sampling).
General sampling rules
1. Sample must be collected from the least to the most
contaminated sampling locations within the site
2. Disposable latex gloves should be worn when sampling
3. New, unused gloves must be used for each separate
sampling point.
4. For sampling hazardous materials, rubber gloves are
recommended
5. For compositing or mixing samples, use a bowl and
spatula. For trace organic and metal analysis, the material
of these tools should be stainless steel, glass or teflon
Categories of sampling design:
Probabilistic and judgmental sampling designs
Types of sampling
Judgmental sampling
Simple random sampling
Stratified sampling
Systematic and grid sampling
Ranked set sampling
Adaptive cluster sampling
Composite sampling
Types of sampling
Judgmental sampling
Volumes of material
from several sampling
units are physically
combined and mixed to
form a single
homogenous sample,
then analysed.
Cost effective
Types of sample
Grab samples
An individual sample collected at a particular time and
place
Represent conditions at the time it was collected
Should not be used as a basis for a decision about
pollution abatement
Some sources are quite stable in composition, and may
be represented well by single grab sample
Types of sample
Composite samples
A mixture of grab samples collected at the same point at
different times
A series of smaller samples are collected in a single container
and blended for analysis
The mixing process averages the variations in sample
composition and minimises analytical effort and expense
Reflect the average characteristics during the sampling period
and in most cases a 24 hour is standard
The volume of samples should be constant in constant time
interval and mixed well at the end of the composite period
Not suitable for: VOC, oil and grease, total recoverable
petroleum hydrocarbon, microbiology testing
Types of sample
Duplicates
Collected for checking the preciseness of the sampling
process
Split samples
Collected for checking analytical performance
Sample is taken in one container, mixed thoroughly and
halved into another properly cleaned container. Preserve
both samples as needed
Both halves are now samples that represent the same
sampling point
Requirement of sampling container
according to parameters
Inorganic parameters if do not need preservation;
plastic, glass, teflon, stainless steel, aluminium
Nutrients plastic, glass, teflon, stainless steel,
aluminium
Trace metals plastic, stainless steel, teflon
Extractable organics glass, aluminium, brass,
stainless steel, teflon
VOC glass, stainless steel, teflon
Microbiological presterilised sample container
Systematic planning process of sampling design
Sampling design process
Steps in sampling design process
Choosing the appropriate sampling design