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CaseLaws Excessive
CivilLaws executive
SourcesofHinduLaw:Acritique debanshukhettry remuneration,not
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Hindu law has the oldest pedigree of any known system of Year,BA/BScLLBHons performance,isa
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Criminallaw conductwhicharerecognizedbyCourtsasbinding.Inthiscontext,sourceoflawmeansthemaker remunerationofexecutivesisstill
Druglaws oflaw.Itmaymeanthesocialconditionswhichinspiresthemakingoflawforthegovernanceofthe touchingskies.Howeverthebigger
problemwithrespecttoIndiancompanies
conditions.Inthiscontextitmeanscauseoflaw.Itmayalsomeaninitsliteralsensethematerial isthatthereisahugegapbetweenthe
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fromwhichtherulesandlawsareknown.Inthissensetheexpressionmeanstheevidenceoflaw salaryoftopexecutivesandtheother
Educationallaws anditisinthissensethattheexpressionsourceoflawisacceptedinJurisprudence. employees.Thoughsupportersexplainit
tobearesultofdearthoftalentattop
Employment/Labourlaws levelbuteventhenwaytoomuch
VijnaneshwarcommentatorontheYajnavalkyaSmriti differencecannotbejustified.Drastic
EnvironmentalLaw andfounderofMitaksharaSchoolhascalleditJnapak differenceinpaylevelsarethemselves
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familylaw Hetu i.e., the means of knowing law. It is importantto governanceofcompanies.
GaylawsandThird study the sources of law because in every personal
Gender legal system only that rule is law which has place in its sources. A rule not laid down or not fullstory|sendtofriend
recognizedinthesourcesisnotaruleinthatlegalsystem.
HumanRightslaws
Immigrationlaws The word Hindu first appeared in the Old Persian language which was derived from the Sanskrit Statistics

Insurance/AccidentClaim wordSindhu,thehistoriclocaldesignationfortheIndusRiverinthenorthwesternpartoftheIndian
TotalArticles 1430
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TotalAuthors 4250
InternationalLaw HindulawisasetofpersonallawsgoverningthesocialconditionsofHindussuchasmarriageand
divorce,adoption,inheritance,minorityandguardianship,familymatters,etc..ItisnotHindusalone TotalViews 17585173
JuvenileLaws
whomustfollowHindulawbutthereareseveralothercommunitiesandreligiousdenominationsthat
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Profession theVirashaivasandLingayatsandtheSanthalsofChhotaNagpurbesidesothers.

LegalAidandLokAdalat
InSirDinshahF.MullasPrinciplesofHinduLaw,thelearnededitorhasdefinedHindulawinthe LawForum
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following words: Wherever the laws of India admit operation of a personal law, the rights and
Medialaws FreelegalAdvicelawyersForum
obligationsofaHinduaredeterminedbyHindulaw,i.e.histraditionallaw,sometimescalledthelaw
Medicolegal ofhis religion, subject to the exception that any part of that law may be modified or abrogated by wearelookingadvocateinBangalore
statute.LawasunderstoodbyHindusisabranchofdharma. regularR.T.If...
Miscellaneous
Respectedsir/madamimlookinglawyerfor
Realestatelaws Nature and scope: In the present article, the scope will be restricted to finding out the sources of regularR.T.Ifromgovernmentdepartments
RightToInformation Hindulaw,andcritiqueonsomeofthedefinitionalaspectsofthesourcesandageneralcritiqueof ,kindlyconfirmyourfees.imeasyinhindi.
thesources. ifpossiblek...
TaxLaws Apr10,20179:15:12AM
TortsLaw SourcesofHinduLaw
ThesourcesofHindulawcanbeclassifiedunderthefollowingtwoheads: Re:fraudandcheating
WomanIssues
Firstyoudecidewhetheryouwantto
WorkplaceEquality&Non I.AncientSources continuethismarriagetieornot.....Ifnot,
Discrimination Underthiswouldcomethefollowing: thenfileadowrycaseagainsthimaswell
YetAnotherCategory iShruti asdivorcecase(if...
iiSmriti Apr9,20175:29:09PM
iiiDigestsandCommentariesand
More Options ivCustom. Re:DivorceissueUnabletounderstand
fewquestions.
Mostreadarticles
II.ModernSources
IcanunderstandthesituationandIbelieve

Mostratedarticles
Underthisheadwouldcome:
iJustice,equityandgoodconscience
Subscription iiPrecedent,and
iiiLegislation.
Subscribenowandreceivefree
articlesandupdatesinstantly.

AncientSources

Name iShruti

Email Itliterallymeansthatwhichhasbeenheard.Thewordisderivedfromtherootshruwhichmeansto
hear. In theory, it is the primary and paramount source of Hindu law and is believed to be the
Remove Subscribe languageofthedivinerevelationthroughthesages.

Thesynonymofshrutiisveda.Itisderivedfromtherootvidmeaningtoknow.ThetermVedais
basedonthetraditionthattheyaretherepositoryofallknowledge.TherearefourVedasnamely,Rig
CopyrightRegistration Veda containing hymns in Sanskrit to be recited by the chief priest, Yajurva Veda containing
formulas to be recited by the officiating priest, Sama Veda containing verses to be chanted by
ToCopyrightYourBooks,Videos, seers and Atharva Veda containing a collection of spells and incantations, stories, predictions,
Songs,Scriptsetc apotropaiccharmsandsomespeculativehymns.
Callusat:9891244487/oremailat:
admin@legalserviceindia.com
EachVedahasthreepartsviz.Sanhitawhichconsistsmainlyofthehymns,Brahmintellsusour
TopLawColleges
dutiesandmeansofperformingthemandUpanishadcontainingtheessenceoftheseduties.The
LawUpdates: shrutisincludetheVedasalongwiththeircomponents.
#IncomeTax
#Familylaw iiSmritis
#CompanyLaw ThewordSmritiisderivedfromtherootsmrimeaningtoremember.Traditionally,Smritiscontain
#ConstitutionalLaw
#Partnershipfirms
thoseportionsoftheShrutiswhichthesagesforgotintheiroriginalformandtheideawherebythey
#ImmigrationLaw wroteintheirownlanguagewiththehelpoftheirmemory.Thus,thebasisoftheSmritisisShrutisbut
#CyberLaw theyarehumanworks.
#LokAdalat,legalAid&PIL
#Forms
#Trademarks TherearetwokindsofSmritisviz.DharmasutrasandDharmashastras.Theirsubjectmatterisalmost
#Womanissues thesame.ThedifferenceisthattheDharmasutrasarewritteninprose,inshortmaximsSutrasand
#MedicoLegal
#Consumerlaws
the Dharmashastras are composed in poetry Shlokas. However, occasionally, we find Shlokas in
#Criminallaws Dharmasutras and Sutras in the Dharmashastras. In a narrow sense, the word Smriti is used to
#SupremeCourtJudgments denotethepoeticalDharmashastras.

ThenumberofSmritiwritersisalmostimpossibletodeterminebutsomeofthenoted Smriti writers

enumeratedbyYajnavalkyasagefromMithilaandamajorfigureintheUpanishadsareManu,Atri,
Vishnu, Harita, Yajnavalkya, Yama, Katyayana, Brihaspati, Parashar, Vyas, Shankh, Daksha,
Gautama,Shatatapa,Vasishtha,etc.

The rules laid down in Smritis can be divided into three categories viz. Achar relating to morality,
VyavaharsignifyingproceduralandsubstantiveruleswhichtheKingortheStateappliedforsettling
disputesintheadjudicationofjusticeandPrayaschitsignifyingthepenalprovisionforcommission
ofawrong.

http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/sourcesofhindulaw3291.html 1/4
4/10/2017 SourcesofHinduLaw
iiiDigestsandCommentaries
After Shrutis came the era of commentators and digests. Commentaries Tika or Bhashya and
DigestsNibandhscoveredaperiodofmorethanthousandyearsfrom7thcenturyto1800A.D.In
thefirstpartoftheperiodmostofthecommentarieswerewrittenontheSmritisbutinthelaterperiod
theworkswereinthenatureofdigestscontainingasynthesisofthevariousSmritisandexplaining
andreconcilingthevariouscontradictions.

The evolution of the different schools of Hindu law has been possible on account of the different
commentariesthatwerewrittenbyvariousauthorities.TheoriginalsourceofHindulawwasthesame
for all Hindus. But schools of Hindu law arose as the people chose to adhere to one or the other
schoolfordifferentreasons.TheDayabhagaandMitaksharaarethetwomajorschoolsofHindulaw.
TheDayabhagaschooloflawisbasedonthecommentariesofJimutvahanaauthorofDayabhaga
which is the digest of all Codes and the Mitakshara is based on the commentaries written by
VijnaneswarontheCodeofYajnavalkya.

ivCustom
Custom is regarded as the third source of Hindu law. From the earliest period custom achara is
regardedasthehighestdharma.AsdefinedbytheJudicialCommitteecustomsignifiesarulewhich
inaparticularfamilyorinaparticularclassordistricthasfromlongusageobtainedtheforceoflaw.

CustomisaprinciplesourceanditspositionisnexttotheShrutisandSmritisbutusageofcustom
prevailsovertheSmritis.Itissuperiortowrittenlaw.Therearecertaincharacteristicswhichneedto
befulfilledfordeclaringcustomtobeavalidone.Theyare:

iThecustommustbeancient.Theparticularusagemusthavebeenpractisedforalongtimeand
acceptedbycommonconsentasagoverningruleofaparticularsociety.
iiThecustommustbecertainandshouldbefreefromanysortofambiguity.Itmustalsobefree
fromtechnicalities.
iii The custom must be reasonable and not against any existing law. It must not be immoral or
againstanypublicpolicyand
ivThecustommusthavebeencontinuouslyanduniformlyfollowedforalongtime.

IndianCourtsrecognizethreetypesofcustomsviz:aLocalcustomthesearecustomsrecognised
by Courts to have been prevalent in a particular region or locality. b Class custom these are
customs which are acted upon by a particular class. Eg. There is a custom among a class of
Vaishyas to the effect that desertion or abandonment of the wife by the husband abrogates the
marriageandthewifeisfreetomarryagainduringthelifetimeofthehusband.cFamilycustom
thesearecustomswhicharebindinguponthemembersofafamily.Eg.Thereisacustominfamilies
ofancientIndiathattheeldestmalememberofthefamilyshallinherittheestates.

II.ModernSources
iJustice,equityandgoodconscience
Occasionally it might happen that a dispute comes before a Court which cannot be settled by the
applicationofanyexistingruleinanyofthesourcesavailable.Suchasituationmayberarebutitis
possible because not every kind of fact situation which arises can have a corresponding law
governingit.

The Courts cannot refuse to the settle the dispute in the absence of law and they are under an
obligation to decide such a case also. For determining such cases, the Courts rely upon the basic
values,normsandstandardsoffairplayandpropriety.

Interminology,thisisknownasprinciplesofjustice,equityandgoodconscience.Theymayalsobe
termedasNaturallaw.Thisprincipleinourcountryhasenjoyedthestatusofasourceoflawsince
the18thcenturywhentheBritishadministrationmadeitclearthatintheabsenceofarule,theabove
principleshallbeapplied.

iiLegislations
LegislationsareActsofParliamentwhichhavebeenplayingaprofoundroleintheformationofHindu
law.AfterIndiaachievedindependence,someimportantaspectsofHinduLawhavebeencodified.
Few examples of important Statutes are The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, The Hindu Adoptions and
MaintenanceAct,1956,TheHinduSuccessionAct,1956,TheHinduMinorityandGuardianshipAct,
1956,etc.

Aftercodification,anypointdealtwithbythecodifiedlawisfinal.Theenactmentoverridesallprior
law, whether based on custom or otherwise unless an express saving is provided for in the
enactmentitself.Inmattersnotspecificallycoveredbythecodifiedlaw,theoldtextuallawcontainsto
haveapplication.

iiiPrecedents
After the establishment of British rule, the hierarchy of Courts was established. The doctrine of
precedentbasedontheprincipleoftreatinglikecasesalikewasestablished.Today,thedecisionsof
PrivyCouncilarebindingonallthelowerCourtsinIndiaexceptwheretheyhavebeenmodifiedor
alteredbytheSupremeCourtwhosedecisionsarebindingonalltheCourtsexceptforitself.

ACritiqueontheSources
It is significant to note that the term Hindu is not defined anywhere in terms of religion or in any
statute or judicial decisions. For the purpose of determining to whom Hindu Law applies, it is
necessarytoknowwhoisaHinduandnoneofthesourcesexpresslystateso.Atmostfromstatutes,
wecangetanegativedefinitionofaHinduwhichstatesthatHindulawshallapplytothosewhoare
notMuslim,Christian,Parsi,Jew,etc.andwhoarenotgovernedbyanyotherlaw.

HinduLawisconsideredtobedivinelawasitisstronglybelievedthatthesageshadattainedsome
spiritualdominionandtheycouldcommunicatedirectlywithGodformwhomwegetthedivinelaw.
But this is only an assumption and no concrete proof for the same is shown that the sages could
communicate with God whose very existence is challenged by atheists. Due to this, many
communities are also suffering from the misapprehension or delusion that their forefathers and
messiahshadrevelationsfromGod.

JusticeA.M.Bhattacharjeestronglystatesthataccordingtohimhecannotthinkthatevenastaunch
believerinanydivineexistence,transcendentorimmanent,canbelieveinthe'divineoriginofHindu
law,unlesshehasamotivebehindsuchprofessionofbelieforhasnotreadtheSmritisorisreadyto
believeanythingandeverythingwithslavishinfidelity.

According to Justice Markandey Katju, Hindu law does not originate from the Vedas also called
Shruti.HevehementlyassertsthattherearemanywhopropoundthatHindulaworiginatedfromthe
Shrutis but this is a fiction and in fact Hindu law originated from the Smriti books which contained
writingsfromSanskritscholarsinancienttimewhohadspecializedinlaw.

TheShrutishardlyconsistofanylawandthewritingsordainedintheSmritidonotmakeanyclear
cutdistinctionbetweenrulesoflawandrulesofmoralityorreligion.Inmostofthemanuscripts,the
ethical,moralandlegalprinciplesarewovenintoone.Itisperhapsforthisreasonthataccordingto
Hindutradition,lawdidnotmeanonlyintheAustiniansenseofjurisprudenceandisobjectionableto
itandthewordusedinplaceoflawwastheSanskritworddharmawhichconnotesreligionaswell
asduty.

AlthoughDharmasutrasdealtwithlaw,theydidnotprovideananthologyoflawdealingwithallthe
branches of law. The Manusmriti supplied a much needed legal exposition which could be a
compendium of law. But according to Kane, It is almost impossible to say who composed the
Manusmriti. The veryexistenceofManuisregardedtobeamythbymanyandheistermedasa
mythologicalcharacter.

Many critics assert that the word Smriti itself means that what is remembered and therefore the
validityorproofoftheexistingSmritiscouldbechallenged.Itcannotbesaidforcertaintythatwhat
thesagesrememberedwasactuallywhatwaspropounded.

Hindu law has generally been critiqued on the grounds that the Smritis and other customs were
generallyextremelyorthodoxandagainstthefavoursofwomen.Hindusocietythushasalwaysbeen
a patriarchal society and women have always received subdued importance over men. Some also

http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/sourcesofhindulaw3291.html 2/4
4/10/2017 SourcesofHinduLaw
disapproveofthenotionsofcastebasedsystemcreatedbyancientHindulawfromwhichemerged
theillperceivedpracticesofuntouchability,etc.

TheSmritisareadmittedtopossessindependentauthoritybutwhiletheirauthorityisbeyonddispute,
theirmeaningsareopentovariousinterpretationsandhasbeenandisthesubjectofmuchdispute.
Tilldate,noonecansayforsuretheexactamountofSmritiswhichexistunderHindulaw.Itisdueto
the abovementioned problems that the digest and commentaries were established and various
schoolsofHindulawstartedtogivebirth.

ThemodernsourcesofHindulawsuchasJustice,equityandgoodconsciencehavebeencritiqued
onthegroundsthatitpavesthewayforpersonalopinionsandbeliefsofjudgestobemadeintolaw.
We have seen catena of cases where the decisions of the Court have been criticised for want of
properreasoning.Thisalsosignifiestheincompletenessofthelawswhichexist.

TheSupremeCourtinmostmattershasascertainedtherulesofHindulawsuccessfullybutthereare
coupleofcaseswheretheyhaveinterpretedtherulesintheirownlight.Oneofthegravestcasesof
theSupremeCourtwhichdeservesmuchcriticismisthecaseofKrishnaSinghv.MathuraAhir.The
Allahabad High Court had rightly held that the discriminatory ban imposed on the Sudras by the
SmritisstandsabrogatedasitcontravenestheFundamentalRightsguaranteedbytheConstitution.

However,theSupremeCourtcontradictedtheaboveviewandheldthatPartIIIof the Constitution

doesnottouchuponthepersonallawsoftheparties.Inapplyingthepersonallawsofthepartiesone
cannot introduce his own concepts of modern times but should enforce the law as derived from
recognisedandauthoritativesourcesofHindulaw....exceptwheresuchlawisalteredbyanyusage
orcustomorismodifiedorabrogatedbystatute.

It can be submitted with ease that the above view is contrary to all Constitutional theories and is
expresslyincontradictionwithArticle13.Itisshockingtonotethatthisjudgmentisyettobeover
ruledinexpressterms.

Since the aegis of time, Hindu law has been reformed and modified to some extent through
legislations but these reforms have been halfhearted and fragmentary. The problem with
fragmentaryreformsisthatthoughreformsweremadetochangesomeaspects,theirimplicationson
otheraspectswereoverlooked.Forexample,theHinduWomensRighttoPropertyAct,1937,was
passed with a view to granting property rights to women but its repercussions on the law of joint
family was overlooked. The result was that fragmentary reforms through legislations solved some
problemsbutresultedinothers.

Many people make the mistake of considering various text books written by erudite scholars as
sources of Hindu law. This is because the Courts have decided many cases relying on these text
books and quoted them for reference. For example, Mullas Hindu Law has been quoted by many
judges.InBishundeov.SeoganiRai,JusticeBosegivingthemajorityjudgmentstatedthatTherule
laiddowninMullasbookisexpresslystatedtobeincaseswherethepositionisnoteffectedbya
decreeofacompetentCourt.Thesamehasbeenthecasewithmanyothertextbooks.Itshouldbe
made clear that text books are not sources of Hindu law and the authors have no authority to lay
downthelaw.

Conclusion
IthasbeenseenthatHindulawhasbeencritiquedforitsorthodoxy,patriarchalcharacteranddoes
not bear a very modern outlook of society. There are many areas where the Hindu law needs to
upgradeitself,forexample,theirretrievablebreakdowntheoryasavalidgroundfordivorceisstillnot
recognised under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, and even the of Supreme Court have expressed
theirconcernonthis.

ThemostvalidconcernisthattheverydefinitionofaHinduisstillnotgiveninanyofthesources.
Statutesgiveonlyanegativedefinitionwhichdoesnot suffice the test of time. The very proponent
thatHindulawisdivinelawhasbeenchallengedbyscholarsandatheists.

There are many Smritis which are yet to be found according to Historians and many conflicts of
opinions and interpretations have arisen for the existing ones, thus creating a window of ambiguity
underHindulaw.TherearealsoseveralareaswhereHindulawissilent.

MostoftheancientsourcesofHindulawiswritteninSanskritanditiswellknownthatinthepresent
timesthereisadearthofSanskritscholars.Thereishardlyanyimportanceleftoftheancientsources
sincethetimethemodernsourceshaveemergedandbeenfollowed.

ItcanbesaidthatpropercodificationofHindulawwithoutroomforambiguityistheneedofthehour.
ItcanbesaidthatwherethepresentsourcesofHindulawareuninvitingtheLegislaturecouldlook
into sources and customs of other religions and incorporate them into Hindu law if it caters to the
needofthesocietyandmeetsthetestoftime.

Bibliography
Primarysources
ConstitutionofIndia.
HinduWomensRighttoPropertyAct,1937.Repealed
TheHinduAdoptionsandMaintenanceAct,1956.
TheHinduMarriageAct,1955.
TheHinduMinorityandGuardianshipAct,1956.
TheHinduSuccessionAct,1956.

Cases
Bishundeov.SeoganiRai,AIR1951SC280.
Harprasadv.SheoDayal,18763IA259.
KrishnaSinghv.MathuraAhir,19813SCC689
Pudiavav.Pavanasa,ILR192245Mad949FB.
SaraswathiAmbalv.Jagadambal,AIR1953SC201.
Siromaniv.HemKumar,AIR1968SC1299.
Subhaniv.Nawab,AIR1941PC21.

Secondarysources
Books&Encyclopedias
Bhattacharjee,A.M.,HinduLawandtheConstitution,2nded.,EasternLawHouse,2005.
Derrett,JohnD.M.,CritiqueofModernHinduLaw,1sted.,AllahabadLawAgency,1970.
Diwan,P.,ModernHinduLaw,17thEd.,AllahabadLawAgency,2006.
Gandhi,B.M,HinduLaw,2ndEd.,EasternBookCompany,2003.
Gaur,A.,CommentariesonHinduLaw,1sted.,DwivediandCompany,2007.
Hindus,EncyclopaediaofHinduism,Ed,Kapoor,S.1stEd.,CosmoPublications,2000.
MaynesTreatiseonHinduLawandusage,ed.Ragannath,J.15thEd.,BharatLawHouse,2003.
MitraonHinduLaw,2ndEd.,OrientPublishingCompany,2006.
Mulla,PrincipleofHinduLaw,VolI,ed.Desai,S.A,19thEd.,LexisNexisButterworths,2005.
Nagpal,R.C,ModernHinduLaw,2ndEd.,EasternBookCompany,2008.
Nandan,J.,HinduLawMarriageandDivorce,1stEd.UniversityBookAgency,1989.
Sen,P.,HinduJurisprudence,2ndEd.,EasternLawHouse,1984.
Sharma,Dr.B.K,HinduLaw,1stEd.,CentralLawPublishers,2007.

Articles
HonbleKatju,M,J.,AncientIndianJurisprudencevisavisModernIndianJurisprudence,AIR2008
Journal65.
HonbleKatju,M,J.,TheMimansaPrinciplesofInterpretation,AIR2002Journal119.
HonbleKatju,M,J.,TheimportanceofMitaksharainthe21stCentury,AIR2005Journal215.

OnlineSources
http://indianhindulaw.googlepages.com/sourcesofhindulawlastvisitedon23/08/2009at7:05P.M.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_lawlastvisitedon23/08/2009at6:50P.M.

#Nagpal,R.C,ModernHinduLaw,2ndEd.2008atp.22.
#Mit.onYaj.,I:7.
#Hindus,EncyclopaediaofHinduism,Ed,Kapoor,S.1stEd.2000atp.828.

http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/sourcesofhindulaw3291.html 3/4
4/10/2017 SourcesofHinduLaw
#Nandan,J.,HinduLawMarriageandDivorce,1stEd.1989atp.1.
#Mulla,PrincipleofHinduLaw,VolI,ed.Desai,S.A,19thEd.2005atp.1.
#one'srighteousdutyoranyvirtuouspath.
#Pudiavav.Pavanasa,ILR192245Mad949FB.
#ShrutistovedovijneyodharmashastramtuvaiSmritih,ManusmritiII,10.
# Manu II, 12 Yajn. I, 7 Medhatithi on Manu II, 6 as cited in Maynes Treatise onHinduLawand
usage,
#ed.Ragannath,J.15thEd.2003atp.15.
#Yajn.,I,45,ascitedinSupran.1,p.31.
#Sharma,Dr.B.K,HinduLaw,1stEd.2007atp.6.
#MitraonHinduLaw,2ndEd.2006atp.28.
#Supran.9atp.45.
#ManuSmriti:I:108110ascitedinGandhi,B.M,HinduLaw,2ndEd.2003atp.19.
#Harprasadv.SheoDayal,18763IA259Siromaniv.HemKumar,AIR1968SC1299.
#Subhaniv.Nawab,AIR1941PC21.
#Supran.12atp.25.
#SaraswathiAmbalv.Jagadambal,AIR1953SC201.
#Ibid.
#Supran.1,atp.53.
#Supran.11,atp.24.
#Article141,ConstitutionofIndia.
#Diwan,P.,ModernHinduLaw,17thEd,2006.
#Ibid,SeealsoSupran.1atp.29.
#HinduLawandtheConstitution,2nded.,2005.
#HonbleKatju,MJ.,AncientIndianJurisprudencevisavisModernIndianJurisprudence,AIR2008
#Journal65atp.66.SeealsoHonbleKatju,MJ.,TheMimansaPrinciplesofInterpretation,AIR2002
#Journal119atp.122.
#Supran.23atp.20.
#Sen,P.,HinduJurisprudence,2ndEd,1984atp.21.
#Supran.23atp.33Seealso,Gaur,A.,CommentariesonHinduLaw,1sted.,2007atp.10.
#SeeDerrett,JohnD.M.,CritiqueofModernHinduLaw,1sted.,1970
#19813SCC689.
#Supran.23atp.54.
#AIR1951SC280.

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Article Comments

PostedbyDebanshuKhettryonSeptember23,2010
@Sushant:Thankyou:

PostedbySushantonSeptember22,2010
GoodinsightintotheHindulawMr.Khetttry!

PostedbyonSeptember22,2010
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