Loi Giai Quoc Gia - 2017

LI GII V BNH LUN THI VMO 2017
Trn Nam Dng V Quc B Cn Trn Quang Hng

L Phc L - Nguyn Vn Huyn
1. Li ni u
Vy l 7 nm chng ti ng hnh cng cc cuc thi ton vi nhng bi Gii v bnh lun
f
thi VMO v TST nh mt c gng ng gp cho cng ng nhng ti liu cht lng, b ch.
af
khng ch l cng sc ca nhm tc gi m cn l tng hp tr tu ca c cng ng vi
nhng li gii hay, c o, nhng nhn xt, nh gi, bnh lun, m rng, lin h b ch. V th,
mi ti liu Gii v bnh lun khng ch l li gii ca 6, 7 bi ton gp li, m l cc phn tch,
lin h su sc c ch cho cc thy c gio v cc bn hc sinh trong vic hc tp, ging dy.
st
Ti liu gii v bnh lun thi nm nay cng c bin son dnh tng cho tt c cc thy c
gio, cc bn hc sinh, c bit l cho cc bn hc sinh s cn c hi tip tc tham gia cc k thi
hc sinh gii THPT.
Nhn y, chng ti cng cng b d nh trong nm nay s phi hp vi Sputnik Education
n
xut bn cun sch: 7 nm VMO 2011-2017 Li gii v bnh lun. Hy vng s l mt cun
sch c n nhn nng nhit.
ilo
2. Thng tin bn quyn

Bn quyn thuc v tt c cc thnh vin trong nhm bin son (Trn Nam Dng, V Quc B
s
Cn, Trn Quang Hng, L Phc L, Nguyn Vn Huyn).

Ep
y l thnh qu ca qu trnh lao ng mit mi ca nhm chia s n cng ng. Mi ngi

u c th xem ti liu MIN PH. Tuy nhin, vui lng ghi r ngun khi chia s.
Tt c cc hot ng mua bn, kinh doanh lin quan n ti liu ny m khng c s chp
thun ca nhm l tri php lut. Chng ta hy ln n nhng hnh vi vi phm bn quyn bo
v quyn li ca cc tc gi, ca nhng sn phm tr tu. Xin cm n.
3. thi
3.1. Ngy thi th nht (05/01/2017)
Bi 1 (5.0 im). Cho a l mt s thc v xt dy s .un / xc nh bi
r
1 2n C 3 1
u1 D a; unC1 D C un C ; 8n 2 N :
2 nC1 4
1
2 Li gii v bnh lun thi VMO 2017
a) Khi a D 5; chng minh rng dy s .un / c gii hn hu hn v tm gii hn .

b) Tm tt c cc gi tr ca s a dy s .un / xc nh v c gii hn hu hn.
Bi 2 (5.0 im). Tn ti hay khng a thc P .x/ vi h s nguyn tha mn
p3
p
3
p p
P 1 C 2 D 1 C 2 v P 1 C 5 D 1 C 3 5
Bi 3 (5.0 im). Cho tam gic ABC nhn, khng cn ni tip ng trn .O/: Gi H l trc
tm ca tam gic ABC v E; F ln lt l chn cc ng cao h t cc nh B; C I AH ct
.O/ ti D (D khc A).
a) Gi I l trung im ca AH I E I ct BD ti M v F I ct C D ti N : Chng minh
rng M N ? OH :
f
b) Cc ng thng DE ; DF ct .O / ln lt ti P ; Q (P v Q khc D). ng trn
af
ngoi tip tam gic AEF ct .O / v AO ln lt ti R v S (R v S khc A). Chng
minh rng BP ; C Q v RS ng quy.
Bi 4 (5.0 im). Cho s nguyn n > 1: Bng vung AB C D kch thc n n gm n 2
st
vung n v, mi vung n v c t bi mt trong ba mu: en, trng, xm. Mt cch t
mu c gi l i xng nu mi c tm trn ng cho AC c t mu xm v mi cp
i xng qua AC c t cng mu en hoc cng mu trng. Ngi ta in vo mi xm s
0 ; mi trng mt s nguyn dng v mi en mt s nguyn m. Mt cch in s nh vy
c gi l k cn i (vi k nguyn dng) nu tha mn iu kin sau
n
i) Mi cp i xng qua AC c in cng mt s nguyn thuc on k ; k :
ilo
ii) Nu mt hng v mt ct giao nhau ti en th tp cc s nguyn dng c in trn

hng v tp cc s nguyn dng c in trn ct khng giao nhau; nu mt hng
v mt ct giao nhau ti trng th tp cc s nguyn m c in trn hng v tp
cc s nguyn m c in trn ct khng giao nhau.
s
a) Vi n D 5; tm gi tr nh nht ca k tn ti cch in s k cn i cho cch t mu

i xng hnh bn di.
Ep
A B
D C
b) Vi n D 2017; tm gi tr nh nht ca k vi mi cch t mu i xng, lun tn ti

cch in s k cn i.
Li gii v bnh lun thi VMO 2017 3
3.2. Ngy thi th hai (06/01/2017)

Bi 5 (6.0 im). Tm tt c cc hm s f W R ! R tha mn h thc

f xf .y/ f .x/ D 2f .x/ C xy
vi mi s thc x; y:
Bi 6 (7.0 im). Chng minh rng
1008
X
k
a) kC2017 0 .mod 20172 /:
kD1
504
X
b) . 1/k C2017
k
3.22016 1/ .mod 20172 /:
f
kD1
af
Bi 7 (7.0 im). Cho tam gic nhn AB C ni tip ng trn .O / v G l mt im
>
thuc cung B C khng cha O ca ng trn .I / ngoi tip tam gic OB C : ng trn
ngoi tip tam gic AB G ct AC ti E ; ng trn ngoi tip tam gic AC G ct AB ti
F (E v F khc A).
st
a) Gi K l giao im ca BE v C F : Chng minh rng AK ; B C v O G ng quy.
>
b) Cho D l mt im thuc cung BO C cha O ca ng trn .I /I GB ct C D ti M ;
G C ct BD ti N : Gi s M N ct .O / ti hai im P ; Q: Chng minh rng khi G
n
>
thay i trn cung B C khng cha O ca ng trn .I /; ng trn ngoi tip tam
gic GP Q lun i qua mt im c nh.
ilo
4. Bnh lun chung

V cu trc, thi gm 7 bi ton. Ngy u c 4 bi, mi bi c 5 im thuc 4 phn mn:
s
Gii tch, i s, hnh hc, t hp. Ngy th hai c ba bi thuc ba phn mn: i s, s hc, t
hp vi s im tng ng l 6, 7, 7.
Ep
thi ngy th nht, tr bi cui l kh c bn v quen thuc.

Bi 1 l bi gii tch yu cu kho st s hi t ca mt dy truy hi dng x nC 1 D f .n ; x n /:
V nguyn tc, dng dy s ny kh kho st hn dng dy truy hi x nC 1 D f .x n / v
cc h s ca hm f khng hng m bin thin theo n : Tuy nhin, nu 2nnC1 C3
dn n
q
2 khi n dn n v cng th ta c th quy v dy s dng x n C1 D 12 C x n C 14 v d
on c gii hn bng 3: T dng b quen thuc: Nu tn ti s thc q 2 .0; 1/
sao cho x nC 1 q x n C b n vi lim b n D 0 th ta c lim x n D 0, th t nh gi n gin
5 6
ju nC 1 3j jun 3j C ;
6 5.n C 1/
ta s suy ra kt lun bi ton. y, ch l cu b) cng lm hon ton tng t. iu
kin i vi a chng qua l u 2 xc nh. Ch l dng bi dy s ny xut hin
hai k VMO gn y (2012 v 2015) vi cng cch gii tng t thng qua b ni trn.
Bi 2 l mt bi ton v xc nh a thc tho mn mt iu kin cho trc. Bi ny nu

hc sinh nm vng l thuyt v a thc ti thiu ca s i s th s gii rt nhanh. C th,
ta c nh l rt c bn sau: Nu P .x / v Q.x / l cc a thc n khi, h s nguyn c
chung nghim v Q.x / l bt kh quy th P .x / chia ht cho Q.x /:
p p
Ta t Q.x / D P .x C 1/ 1 th 3 2 v 5 tng ng s l nghim ca a thc
Q . x / x v Q.x / 3x 1: V cc a thc x 3 2 v x 2 5 bt kh quy trn Z nn t
y s suy ra ngay Q.x / x D .x 3 2/S .x / v Q.x / 3x 1 D .x 2 5/T .x /:
T y s ra 2x C 1 D .x 3 2/S .x / .x 2 5/T .x /: n y, chn x D 7 s suy
ra iu mu thun v v phi chia ht cho 11; cn v tri th khng.
Nu khng bit n tnh cht trn y ca a thc th ta s vt v hn mt cht v phi da

vo tnh cht sau:
p
f
1. Nu A; B hu t sao cho A C B 5 th A D B D 0:
p p
af
2. Nu A; B ; C hu t sao cho A C B 3 2 C C 3 4 D 0 th A D B D C D 0:
tng dng ny xut hin trong cc k VMO, nhng t rt lu, c th l VMO 1997.
Trc nhiupnm, pVMO 1984 c bi tm a thc n khi h s nguyn bc nh nht
(v sau ny l m rng trng) c gii thiu. st

c nghim l 2 C 3 3: Chnh qua nhng bi ton nh vy khi nim a thc ti thiu
Bi 3 l mt bi ton hnh kh nh nhng, cu a) quy v vic chng minh M N l trc

ng phng ca hai ng trn .AB C / v .DEF /: Cu b) cng l mt cu hnh rt
n
quen thuc m trong c c im Miquel, t gic iu ho, ng i trung, ng ng
gic, nh l Pascal. . . Tuy nhin, cch tip cn chn phng nht l dng ng dng, mt
ilo
kin thc hon ton lp 9.
Bi 4, bi ton t hp l bi kh nht ca ngy thi th nht, cng l bi ton l nht. Ring

vic c hiu c bi cng tn kh nhiu thi gian, v vy, vic cho cu a), mt tnh
hung rt c th vi bng kch thc nh l ht sc cn thit, va to c hi cho hc sinh
s
kim im, va hc sinh lm quen v cm nhn bi ton. Vi cu a), ch cn qua vi

l lun n gin (ch n tnh i xng, do hng i v ct i l ging nhau) l ta thy
Ep
k D 2 khng tho mn yu cu bi ton. Nh vy, ch cn cn ch ra v d vi k D 3 l

hon thnh c cu ny.
Vi phn b) th kh khn hn. Ring vic on ra p s l khng n gin. Thc t, rt

nhiu li gii sai (vi nh gi k D 2007) c a ra (trong c nhng li gii ca
ngi bn ngoi, trong iu kin thoi mi v thi gian). Vi cu ny, cn tip tc khai thc
tnh i xng ch ra mt cu hnh tn nhiu s nht. V cu hnh ny chnh l cu hnh t
en trng xen k. Vi cu hnh ny, ta c th suy ra ra tt c cc s dng na tam gic trn
2
i mt khc nhau. Suy ra k 1008 C 1008 C 1006 C 1006 C C 2 C 2 D 2 0 1 74 1 :
chng minh iu kin , ta c th s dng quy np Ton hc vi bc nhy l 2 : iu
ny c th gii thch c v nu tinh , chng ta c th a bi ton v m hnh th v
s dng nh l Mantel-Turan gii quyt.
Ngy thi th hai:
Bi 5 l mt bi ton phngtrnh hm c hai bin t do v c biu thc x y ngoi du

hm s: f xf .y / f .x / D 2f .x / C x y : Vi nhng phng trnh hm nh vy,
iu u tin m ta cn khai thc, l tnh song nh ca hm s. Sau ta xem c
xy ra trng hp f .0/ D 0 hay khng, hay l f .0/ D c 0 v tn ti u 0
f . u / D 0: T y tip tc th mt cch thch hp s tm c f .x / D 1 x l hm s
duy nht tho mn yu cu bi ton. ng ch , bi ton ny c hnh thc kh ging vi
Olympic ca Brazil nm 2006. Cch gii ca hai bi ton cng kh ging nhau. bi
Brazil 2006 nh sau
Tm tt c cc hm s f W R ! R tha mn

f xf .y / C f .x / D 2f .x / C x y
f
vi mi s thc x ; y :
af
Bi 6 l mt bi ton s hc lin quan n tnh cht ca s nguyn t. iu ny cng c
nhiu ngi d on trc, v cng lu ri mi c mt nm nguyn t (t u th k 21
n nay mi ch c ba nm nh vy: 2003, 2011 v 2017). Th v l 2017 l s duy nht
Cu a) kh n gin v tng
P p2 1
k D1 k C nk rt gn c
st
trong ba s nguyn t u th k c dng 4 k C 1, nh m mi c kt qu cu b). Di
y ta thay 2017 bng s nguyn t p D 4 k C 1 bt k.
n
p 1 p 1 p 3 p 1
0P 1
p 1
2
X 2
X 2
X k D0 C pk 1 Cp 2
1
k C pk D p C pk 1
Dp C pk Dp@
ilo
1 1
A
2
k D1 k D1 k D0
p 1
0 1
p 1 2
2 Cp 1
Dp@ A:
2
s
Tip theo l nhim v ca s hc vi nh l nh Fermat v tnh cht ca C pk 1 mod p (c

Ep
th ta c C pk 1 . 1/ k .mod p /). cu b), ta cng thc hin php rt gn tng bng

p 1 p 1
cch thay C pk D C pk 11 C C pk 1 th rt gn c tng v phi bng . 1/ 4 C p 4 1 1:
Vn tip theo l vn s hc lin quan n cc tnh cht kh su sc ca s nguyn t,
h s C nk ; tc l nhm nh l Wilson, Wolstenhome, Babbage.
Bi 7 l mt bi hnh hc kh c tnh phn loi cao, c bit l cu b). cu a) bi

ton vn khai thc cc vn quen thuc nh im Miquel, trc ng phng v tm ng
phng, v a s th sinh gii quyt c vn nhng sang n cu b) th dng nh
ch c cc cao th hnh hc mi sc x l. C l bi ton c ly tng da trn cc
phng php iu ho v x nh.
Tm tt li, nu nh gi v kh th nm nay kh d chu, c nhiu cu th sinh c th lm

c nh cu 1, 2, 3, 5. Ngay c vi nhng bi kh hn nh 4, 6, 7 cng c n im nh cu
4a, iu kin cn ca cu 4b), cu 6a, rt gn ca cu 6b), cu 7a. V mi v hay th cc
bi 1, 2, 5 c kh c. S lp i lp li ca tng bi 1 cho thy li mn trong vic khai thc
ti gii tch. Ti sao li phi l dy s v gii hn m khng phi l nhng vn rng hn

nh s lin tc, ng dng ca o hm bc nht, bc 2? Bi 3 khng mi nhng t vn p
v ph hp trong bi cnh ngy thi c 4 bi. Bi 6 cng l mt bi khng mi, vi rt gn cc
tng. Phn s hc ca bi ny s to thun li cho cc i mnh, ni cc hc sinh c trang b
kin thc y hn v cc tnh cht ca s nguyn t (nh cc nh l nu trn trong phn bnh
lun v bi 6 cng cc phng php chng minh ca chng). Hai bi ton p nht v cng kh
nht ca thi l bi s 4 v s 7, trong bi 4 khai thc cch pht biu th v v dng th
lng phn, cn bi 7 l cc tnh cht x nh p v su sc.
Vi nhng nhn xt v nh gi trn, theo chng ti, s rt kh d on im chun chnh xc,
v khu vc 15 n 20 im s rt dy c. Trong 7 bi ton, c n 5 bi c hai a), b) v im
s s ht sc ph thuc vo s phn b im cc cu ny. D vy, qua kho st s b cc i
d thi, chng ti tm a ra d on b im chun rt chn ca nm nay nh sau: Khuyn khch
15 im (1, 2, 5), gii 3: 20 im (1, 2, 3, 5), gii nh 25 im: (1, 2, 3, 5) + (4a + 6a + 7a), gii
f
nht 30 im: phi gii quyt c cc vn xng xu hn nh 4b, 6b, 7b hoc lm nhng
af
bi trn rt chun.
st
n
s ilo
Ep
5. Li gii v bnh lun cc bi ton
Bi 1 (5.0 im). Cho a l mt s thc v xt dy s .u n / xc nh bi

r
1 2n C 3 1
u 1 D a ; u nC 1 D C u n C ; 8n 2 N : .1 /
2 nC1 4
a) Khi a D 5; chng minh rng dy s . u n / c gii hn hu hn v tm gii hn .
b) Tm tt c cc gi tr ca s a dy s . u n / xc nh v c gii hn hu hn.
Li gii. Ta s gii trc tip b), t suyq

ra kt qu cho a). C th thy dy .u n / xc nh
f
1 5 1
khi v ch khi u 2 xc nh. M u 2 D 2
C 2
a C 4
nn u 2 xc nh khi v ch khi
af
1
a :
10
Ta s chng minh dy .u n / hi t v 3 vi mi a 110 : D thy u n 12 ; 8 n 2 : Ch
2n C 3
nC1
>
2 .n C 1/ C 3
.n C 1/ C 1
:
st
rng f . x / D 2xxCC13 l hm gim ngt trn R C nn vi mi n nguyn dng, ta c
n
Nu tn ti mt s n 0 2 N sao cho u n 0 u n 0 C 1 th ta c
s s
ilo
1 2 .n 0 C 1/ C 3 1 1 2 n0 C 3 1
u n0 C2 D C u n0 C1 C C u n0 C D u n0 C1 :
2 .n 0 C 1/ C 1 4 2 n0 C 1 4
Chng minh tng t, ta c u n 0 u n 0 C 1 u n 0 C 2 u n 0 C 3 iu ny c ngha l dy

. u n / khng tng k t n 0 tr i. ng thi, dy cng b chn di vi mi n 2 nn tn ti
s
gii hn lim u n D L L 21 : By gi, chuyn phng trnh (1) sang gii hn, ta c
Ep
r
1 1
L D C 2L C :
2 4
Gii phng trnh ny, ta c L D 3: Tm li, nu tn ti s n 0 nh trn th lim u n D 3:
Tip theo, ta s xt trng hp s n 0 nh trn khng tn ti, ni cch khc .u n / l dy tng
ngt. Ta s chng minh .u n / b chn trn. Tht vy, do u n C1 > u n v 2nC1
nC3
< 3 vi mi
n 2 nn ta c nh gi
r r
1 1 1 2n C 3 1
C 3u n C > C u n C D u nC 1 > u n ; 8 n 2 :
2 4 2 nC1 4
p
4C 17
Gii bt phng trnh n u n ; ta c u n < 2
vi mi n 2 : Vy dy .u n / tng ngt v
p
4C 17
b chn trn bi 2
nn c gii hn hu hn. n y, bng cch chuyn phng trnh (1)
sang gii hn, ta cng thu c lim u n D 3:
1
Tm li, vi mi a 10
th dy .u n / xc nh v hi t v 3:
Bnh lun. y l bi ton kho st s hi t ca dy s truy hi dng u nC 1 D f .n ; x n /;

trong cc h s ca f ph thuc vo n : Mc d c kh hn trng hp h s hng i cht,
nhng y vn l kiu bi quen thuc vi a s cc bn hc sinh chuyn Ton. tng chnh
cho cc dng ny l tm cch nh gi vo tnh n iu ca dy (nh trong li gii trn) hoc
dng nh gi kp. Kiu bi ny cng xut hin nhiu cc k VMO trc, gn y nht l
nm 2012 v 2015. c bit, bi ton nm 2015 c cch gii rt tng t vi li gii m chng
ti trnh by trn.
Ngoi cch gii trn, chng ta cng c th nh gi:

r
2 nC 3 3
nC 1 .u n 3/ C nC 1
2n C 3 1 5

j u nC 1 3j D un C D q

nC1 4 2

2 nC 3 1 5

nC 1
u n C 4
C 2
2 nC 3 3
f
nC 1 nC 1
q jun 3j C q
2 nC 3 1 5 2 nC 3 1 5
af
nC 1
un C 4
C 2 nC 1
un C 4
C 2
2 n C3 5
Ch rng vi mi n 2 th u n > 0 v nC 1
< 2
; ta c
v
q
2 nC 3
nC 1
3
2 nC 3
nC 1
un C 1
4
C 5
2
< st
3
1
2
5
2
C 5
2
D
5
6
1
n
nC1 nC 1
q < 1 5
D :
2 nC3
un C 1
C 5
2
C 2
nC1
nC 1 4 2
ilo
Do , kt hp vi nh gi trn, ta thu c
5 1
j u nC 1 3j jun 3j C ; 8n 2 :
6 nC1
n y, bng cch s dng b quen thuc (c th chng minh bng nh ngha gii hn) sau:
s
Cho s thc q 2 .0; 1/: Xt hai dy khng m .a n /; .b n / tha mn a nC 1 q a n C b n vi

mi n 2 N v lim b n D 0: Khi , ta c lim a n D 0:
Ep
Ta d dng suy ra lim u n D 3 v hon tt li gii cho bi ton.

Di y, xin nu li ca hai bi ton nm 2012 v 2015 bn c c th th sc v p dng
phng php ca hai cch gii nu trn:
1. (VMO, 2012) Cho dy s thc . x n / c xc nh bi
8
< x1 D 3
: x n D n C 2 .x n 1 C 2/; 8 n 2
3n
Chng minh rng dy .x n / c gii hn hu hn khi n ! C1 v hy tnh gii hn .
2. (VMO, 2015) Cho a l s thc khng m v .u n / l dy s xc nh bi
1 n2 q
u 1 D 3; u nC 1 D u n C u 2n C 3; 8 n 1:
2 4n 2 C a
a) Vi a D 0; chng minh rng dy s c gii hn hu hn v tm gii hn .

b) Vi mi a 2 0; 1; chng minh rng dy s c gii hn hu hn.
Bi 2 (5.0 im). Tn ti hay khng a thc P . x / vi h s nguyn tha mn

p3
p3
p p
P 1 C 2 D 1 C 2 v P 1 C 5 D 1 C 3 5
Li gii. Gi s a thc P .x / ni trn tn ti. t / DpP .1 C

pQ.x x / 1 th Q.x / cng
p p
3 3
l a thc vi h s nguyn. T gi thit, ta c Q 2 D 2 v Q 5 D 3 5:
f
p
3
Nh vy, a thc Q.xp / x c mt nghim v t l 2: Do x 3 2 l a thc bc nh nht c
af
h s nguyn nhn 3 2 lm nghim nn Q.x / x phi l bi ca a thc ny. Ni cch khc,
tn ti a thc R .x / c cc h s u nguyn sao cho
x D .x 3
Q.x /
Do R . x / c cc h s u nguyn nn R
p
x D 5 vo ng thc trn, ta c
p st
2/R .x /:
p
5 c dng a C b 5 vi a ; b 2 Z: Thay
n
p p p p
2 5D 5 5 2 a C b 5 D 25b 2 a C .5a 2b/ 5;
ilo
suy ra 5 a 2 b D 2 v 2 a D 25b : Tuy nhin, khng c cp s nguyn no tha mn ng

thi hai tnh cht ny. Mu thun nhn c chng t a thc P .x / tha mn ng thi cc tnh
cht bi khng tn ti.
s
Bnh lun. y l bi ton rt c trng v a thc ti thiu ca s i s. Li gii trnh by

trn da vo nh l c bn v quan trng sau: Nu P .x / v Q.x / l cc a thc n khi, h
Ep
s nguyn c chung nghim v Q.x / l bt kh quy th P .x / chia ht cho Q.x /:
Kiu bi ny tng xut hin kh nhiu ln trong cc k thi Olympic:

p p
3
1. (VMO, 1984) Tm a thc bc nh nht vi cc h s nguyn nhn 2C 3 lm nghim.
p
3
2. (VMO, 1997) t k D 3:
a) Tm a thc P .x / bc nh nht vi cc h s hu t tha mn P .k 2 C k / D k C 3:

b) Tn ti khng a thc Q.x / c cc h s nguyn tha mn Q.k 2 C k / D k C 3?
3. (International Zhautykov Olympiad, 2014) Tn tikhng a thc P .x / vi cc h s

p p p p
nguyn tha mn P 1 C 3 D 2 C 3 v P 3 C 5 D 3 C 5?
Bi 3 (5.0 im). Cho tam gic AB C nhn, khng cn ni tip ng trn .O / : Gi

H l trc tm ca tam gic AB C v E ; F ln lt l chn cc ng cao h t cc nh
B ; C I A H ct .O / ti D (D khc A).
a) Gi I l trung im ca AH I E I ct BD ti M v F I ct C D ti N : Chng minh

rng M N ? OH :
b) Cc ng thng DE ; DF ct .O / ln lt ti P ; Q (P v Q khc D). ng

trn ngoi tip tam gic AEF ct . O / v AO ln lt ti R v S (R v S khc A).
Chng minh rng BP ; C Q v RS ng quy.
Li gii. a) Gi J l ng trn Euler ca tam gic AB C th .J / i qua E ; I ; F ng thi
f
J l trung im OH . D thy D i xng H qua B C nn tam gic BDH cn ti B . Cng d
af
thy tam gic I E H cn ti I nn I E H D I H E D BH D D BDH ; suy ra t gic
BDE I ni tip. M DB ct E I ti M nn
ME MI D MB MD:
st
T phng tch ca M i vi ng trn .J / v .O / bng nhau. Tng t phng tch
ca N i vi ng trn .J / v .O / bng nhau. Vy M N l trc ng phng ca .O /
v . J / nn M N ? OJ . Do J l trung im OH nn M N ? OH .
n
ilo
M
I
E
s
Ep
F O
J
H
B C
D
N
b) Gi X l trung im EF . AH ct B C ti K . D thy cc tam gic BF E v K H E ng

dng (g-g). X l trung im EF v K l trung im H D nn hai tam gic BF X v DH E
ng dng (c-g-c), suy ra F BX D H DE D F BP . T suy ra ba im B ; X ; P
thng hng. Tng t ba im C ; X ; Q cng thng hng.
A P
Q
S E
I
X R
F
O
H
B K C
M
f
af
D L
Gi A L l ng knh ca .O / th d thy SH i qua L v t gic H B LC l hnh bnh hnh

nn H L i qua trung im M ca B C . D thy hai tam gic SE C v SF B ng dng (g-g)
st
nn hai tam gic SEF v S C B ng dng (c-g-c), hai tam gic ny c trung tuyn tng ng
l S X v S M nn F S X D B S M . Cng c hai tam gic SF B v SRL ng dng (g-g)
nn hai tam gic SF R v SB L ng dng (c-g-c). Suy ra
n
F SR D B S L D B S M D F S X :
T , ta c ba im S ; X ; R thng hng. Vy SR i qua X . u ny chng t ba ng thng

ilo
BP ; C Q v RS ng quy ti trung im X ca EF .
Bnh lun. Bi ton ny c xp vo mc trung bnh kh. a) l mt bi ton chng minh

vung gc bng trc ng phng quen thuc. tng ny gip ta c cch dng nhanh trc
ng phng ca ng trn Euler v ng trn ngoi tip tam gic. b) khng lin quan ti
s
a) v c th tch thnh hai phn ring bit l chng minh BP ; C Q i qua trung im EF v
chng minh SR i qua trung im EF .
Ep
chng minh BP ; C Q i qua trung im EF l mt bi ton c trn din n AoPS

kh lu v c tc gi Trn Quang Hng pht trin trong mt bi bo trn bo Epsilon 31 . Gn
y bn Nguyn L Phc a ra mt m rng hn na l bi ton di y.
Bi 1. Cho tam gic ABC ni tip trong ng trn .O/ v P l im bt k trong tam gic.
ng trn ngoi tip tam gic PAB; P CA ct CA; AB ln lt ti E; F khc B; C . AP ct
.O/ ti Q khc A. QF ct .O/ ti R khc Q. Chng minh rng BR chia i EF:
Li gii 1. (S dng php ng dng) Gi ng trn ngoi tip tam gic AEF ct .O/ ti G
khc A v ct AQ ti L khc A: Gi I; J l trung im ca BF; CE: Php ng dng tm G
bin EC thnh FB nn J bin thnh I; do
IGJ D F GE D BAC:
1
Tham kho ti: http://analgeomatica.blogspot.com/2015/06/ve-mot-bai-toan-
hinh-hoc-tu-dien-aops.html
R
A
G E
M
L
F
J
I O
P
B C
f
af
Q
Mt khc php ng dng tm P bin on CE thnh FB nn J cng bin thnh I; do

JP I D EPB D 180 BAC , t t gic GIPJ ni tip. Ta c bin i gc
v
IGP D IJP D BEP D BAP D BGQ
GPI D GJI D GCB D GQB:

st
n
T hai tam gic GIP v GBQ ng dng. Nh vy php ng dng tm G bin I thnh P
v on FB thnh on LQ. Mt khc, I l trung im FB nn P l trung im LQ. T ,
gi M l trung im EF . Ta d thy hai tam gic BFE v PLE ng dng. T , hai tam gic
ilo
BFM v QLE ng dng. Vy FBM D LQE D FBR nn BR i qua M . Ta c iu

phi chng minh.
Li gii 2. (S dng phng php din tch) D thy cc tam gic QBC; PF C ng dng v
QB
PBF; PEC ng dng (g-g). T QC D PPFC D CE
BF
:
s
Ep
R
A
F E
P
B C
Q
Gi R l bn knh ngoi tip tam gic ABC . Ta c bin i din tch
BFR BFR BAR BRQ

D
BER BAR BRQ BER
BF ABARBR
4R RQ
D BRRQQB
BA 4R
RE
BF RA BF QC
D D D 1:
BQ RE BQ EC
Vy BR chia i EF .
Cch gii th nht c tc gi ngh, cch ny phi dng rt nhiu hnh ph nhng u c quy
tc chung l mc ch s dng php ng dng. Cch gii th hai s dng mt cht cng c
f
tnh ton nhng vn rt p mt v khng phi v thm mt hnh ph no. Cch gii ny do bn
af
Hong Trung Dng, lp 12 Ton THPT chuyn KHTN xut.
Trong li gii trn chng minh SR i qua trung im EF c trnh by thun ty hnh hc
nhng thc cht l da trn tng v php ng dng tm S . Vi tng th c th c
m rng hn na nh cc bi ton di y vi cch gii tng t.
st
Bi 2. Cho tam gic ABC ni tip trong ng trn .O/. P l im bt k trong tam gic sao
cho R i xng P qua BC th R nm trn .O/. PB; P C ln lt ct CA; AB ti E; F . ng
trn .AEF / ct .O/ ti G khc A. GP ct BC ti M v ct .O/ ti D khc G. AD ct .AEF /
ti Q khc A. Chng minh rng GQ chia i EF .
n
Li gii. D thy P nm trn .AEF /. Ta c DP C D FP G D FAG D PDB nn
P C k DB. Tng t, ta cng c PB k DC; do t gic PBDC l hnh bnh hnh nn PD i
ilo
qua trung im M ca BC .
A
s
G
E
N
Ep
F P
Q O
B M C
R D
Gi giao im ca GQ v EF l N . D thy php ng dng tm G ln lt bin E; F thnh

C; B. Li c hai tam gic GFB v GQD ng dng (g-g) nn F GB D QGD; suy ra
NGF D M GB:
Do cng php ng dng tm G bin N thnh M . Vy N l trung im EF .

Bi ton trn cng c th c m rng hn na nh sau

Bi 3. Cho tam gic ABC ni tip trong ng trn .O/. P l im bt k trong tam gic.
PB; P C ln lt ct CA; AB ti E; F . ng trn .AEF / ct .O/ ti G khc A. M l im
bt k trn cnh BC . GM ct .O/ ti D khc G. AD ct .AEF / ti Q khc A. GQ ct EF ti
N . Chng minh rng
MB NF
D :
MC NE
f
E
af
F N
P
Q
B M
st
D
C
n
Li gii. D thy php ng dng tm G ln lt bin E; F thnh C; B. Li c hai tam gic
GFB v GQD ng dng (g-g) nn F GB D QGD suy ra NGF D M GB; do cng
ilo
php ng dng tm G bin N thnh M . Vy

MB NF
D :
MC NE
s
Ta thu c iu phi chng minh.

Ep
Cc bn c th lm cc bi ton sau y luyn tp thm:
1. (M rng a) bi ton 3 VMO 2017) Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn .O/. Mt
ng trn .K/ i qua B; C ct CA; AB ti E; F khc B; C . BE ct CF ti H . AH ct
.O/ ti D khc A. Tip tuyn ti E; F ca .K/ ln lt ct DB; DC ti M; N . Chng
minh rng MN ? OH .
2. (M rng b) bi ton 3 VMO 2017) Cho tam gic ABC ni tip trong ng trn .O/.
P l im bt k trong tam gic sao cho R i xng P qua BC th R nm trn .O/.
PB; P C ln lt ct CA; AB ti E; F . ng trn .AEF / ct .O/ ti G khc A. D
thuc .O/ sao cho DR k BC . AD ct .AEF / ti Q khc A. DE; DF ct .O/ ti S; T
khc D. Chng minh rng BS; C T; GQ ng quy.
Bi 4 (5.0 im). Cho s nguyn n > 1: Bng vung AB C D kch thc n n gm

n 2 vung n v, mi vung n v c t bi mt trong ba mu: en, trng, xm.
Mt cch t mu c gi l i xng nu mi c tm trn ng cho AC c t
mu xm v mi cp i xng qua AC c t cng mu en hoc cng mu trng.
Ngi ta in vo mi xm s 0; mi trng mt s nguyn dng v mi en mt
s nguyn m. Mt cch in s nh vy c gi l k cn i (vi k nguyn dng)
nu tha mn iu kin sau
i) Mi cp i xng qua AC c in cng mt s nguyn thuc on k ; k :
ii) Nu mt hng v mt ct giao nhau ti en th tp cc s nguyn dng c in

trn hng v tp cc s nguyn dng c in trn ct khng giao nhau; nu
mt hng v mt ct giao nhau ti trng th tp cc s nguyn m c in trn
f
hng v tp cc s nguyn m c in trn ct khng giao nhau.
af
a) Vi n D 5; tm gi tr nh nht ca k tn ti cch in s k cn i cho cch t
mu i xng hnh bn di.
A
st B
n
ilo
D C
s
b) Vi n D 2017; tm gi tr nh nht ca k vi mi cch t mu i xng, lun tn ti

Ep
cch in s k cn i.
Li gii. a) Gi Ai ln lt l tp hp cc s nguyn dng trn hng i vi i D 1; 2; 3; 4; 5:

Theo nh hnh ca bi, ta cn c A1 \ A3 D ; v hng 1, ct 3 giao nhau ti en v ct 3
th ging nh hng 3. Tng t, A1 \ A4 D ;; A3 \ A5 D ;:
Ngoi ra, hng 1, ct 5 c chung trng gc nn hng 1, hng 5 tha mn A1 \ A5 ;:
Tng t th A3 \ A4 ;; A4 \ A5 ;:
Trc ht, k D 1 khng v khng th in cng s 1 cho A1 \ A3 D ;: Gi s vi k D 2
in c, khi jA1 j D 1 v nu jA1 j D 2 th khng cn s chn cho A3 . Gi s A1 D f1g
th A3 D A4 D f2g; A5 D f1g: Nhng ch rng A4 \ A5 ; nn mu thun. Suy ra k 3:
Ta s chng minh k D 3 tha vi cch in nh sau:
0 1 1 2 1
1 0 2 2 3
1 2 0 2 3
2 2 2 0 3
1 3 3 3 0
f
af
b) iu kin cn: Trc ht, xt cch t mu i xng nh bn c, tc l trng en xen k nh
hnh, trong v tr .i; j / s c t en nu i C j chn, ngc li th t trng.
st
n
s ilo
Xt hai trng bt k trong bng vung trn v tr .a; b/ v .c; d /; 1 a; b; c; d 2017:

Ep
Nu a C c chn th b C d cng chn, suy ra a C d v b C c l. Khi , mt trong hai

.a; d / v .b; c/ s c t en v chng khng th cng nm trn ng cho mu xm.
Suy ra hai vung trng phi c in s khc nhau.
Nu a C c l th b C d cng l, xt .d; c/ in cng s vi .c; d / th r rng ta c th
p dng lp lun trn suy ra hai s in cho hai hai khc nhau.
T suy ra tt c cc s in cho cc trng nm na trn bn phi ca bng l i mt phn
bit. Do , ta thu c kt qu
20172 1
k 2 C 4 C 6 C C 2016 D 1008 1009 D :
4
20172 1
iu kin : Ta s chng minh rng k D 4
tha mn bi ton bng quy np rng kt
j qu
k
n2
trn cng ng vi mi bng c kch thc n n vi n l s nguyn dng, c th l k D 4
:
Tht vy, vi n D 1; n D 2; n D 3; ta d dng kim tra c cc kt qu tng ng.

Xt n 4 v gi s khng nh ng vi mi s nguyn dng b hn n:
nh s cch hng t 1 ! n v ct 1 ! n. Ta s chng minh rng vi mi v tr ca cc en
th lun tn ti cch in cc s nguyn dng khng vt qu kn vo trng cn li trong bng
(trng hp in s m th tng t v tnh bnh ng).
Xt graph G D .V; E/ m V l tp hp cc nh, nh th i ng vi hng i v 1 i n; cn
E l tp hp cc cnh, trong c cnh ni t nh th i n nh th j nu nh ti .i; j / v
.j; i / l mu trng. Ta pht biu b sau:
B (nh l Mantel-Turan). Xt mt graph
j 2 k n v hng c n nh v k cnh. Khi , nu
graph ny khng c cha tam gic th k n4 :
p dng vo bi ton, ta xt cc trng hp sau:
f
j 2k
Nu graph G khng c cha tam gic, theo b th n s c khng qu n4 cnh, ngha
af
j 2k j 2k
l c khng qu n4 trng nn c th dng k D n4 s nguyn dng in vo cc
(cho d v tr ca cc en th no i na).
st
Nu graph G c cha tam gic, gi s cc nh a; b; c phn bit c ni vi nhau i
mt. iu ny tng ng vi vic cc .a; b/; .b; c/; .c; a/ v .b; a/; .c; b/; .a; c/ l
giao im ca cc hng a; b; c u c t mu trng. Khi , cc s in vo cc
khng cn phi phn bit v tp hp cc trng (nu c) cn li trn cc hng a; b; c cng
n
khng cn phi ri nhau. R rng trn mi hng s cn li khng qu n 3 nh th.
Khi , ta c th dng 1 s in vo cc trng trn v dng khng qu n 3 s phn

ilo
bit in vo mi cn li ca mi hng.
Nu khngjtnh 3 hng
k a; b; c, ta cn li n 3 hng, s dng gi thit quy np th cn
.n 3/2
khng qu 4
s nguyn dng phn bit cho cc hng .
s
Do , trong trng hp ny, s lng s nguyn dng phn bit cn dng khng vt qu
Ep
$ % $ % $ %
.n 3/2 .n 3/2 C 4.n 2/ .n 1/2 n2
1Cn 3C D D :
4 4 4 4
j 2k
Tm li, trong mi trng hp, ta u cn s dng khng qu n4 s nguyn dng phn bit
j 2k
in vo cc trng hay ni cch khc k D n4 cng tha mn bi vi bng n n:
Theo nguyn l quy np th khng nh c chng minh. Vy gi tr tt nht cn tm ca k l

20172 1
4
. Bi ton c gii quyt hon ton.
Bnh lun. Li gii c trnh by trn, chng ti c tham kho tng ca bn Nguyn Huy
Tng, thnh vin i tuyn IMO 2014 v bn Nguyn Hong Tng Lm, hc sinh trng THPT
Chuyn H Ni-Amsterdam, cng l mt trong cc th sinh d thi VMO 2017.
Bi ton ny thuc dng cc tr t hp v i hi phi x l c iu kin cn v th mi c th
kt lun c p s ca bi ton.
phn a), ta thy kch thc ca bng l nh nn c th th trc tip cc s kim tra v vic
xy dng cng kh nh nhng. Ch rng mt s c th c s dng li nhiu ln theo nh
bi nu c khng cn thn, ta d hiu nhm p s cu a) l k D 5:
Phn b) th thch hn nhiu vi kch thc bng ln, v quan trng hn l cch t i xng ty
nn cha th nh hng c ngay gi tr va ln ca k:
tng mu cht l ch ra mt m hnh c bit m , i hi gi tr k phi t c cc i
th mi in vo. V bn c trn chnh l m hnh cn phi tm, s cc en trng an
xen i hi tt c cc s dng in vo cc trng phi phn bit nhau, cc s m cng th.
on kh khn chnh l vic xy dng cch nh s cn i cho mi m hnh. Thc t l hu
2
nh cc cch xy dng trc tip thut ton in vo vi k D 20174 1 u khng thnh cng
do cc m hnh c th bin i rt phc tp. Cch tip cn dng th trn cng ch mi chng
minh c l cch nh s cn i s lun tn ti ch cha ch ra cch xy dng c th. Tuy
f
nhin, v mt lp lun th nh th l .
af
im mi l ca bi ton ny chnh l vic s dng ngn ng th gii quyt vn , mt
cch tip cn m trc gi kh t khi xut hin trong cc k thi HSG cp Quc gia. nh l
Mantel-Turan v tn ti graph con y trong mt graph n v hng l tng i quen thuc
st
i vi cc hc sinh c hc qua v l thuyt graph. c im ca cc bi ton dng Mantel-Turan
l thng che giu c vn kh k v kh x l tt bng cc cch thng thng.
nh l ny c cch chng minh dng quy np l phn hoch tp hp nh thnh A; B ri:
n
m s cnh trong A; m s cnh trong B:
m s cnh ni gia A; B:
ilo
cng l tng cho li gii nu trn. Di y l mt s bi ton tng t xut hin

trong cc k thi Olympic:
n2
1. (MOSP, 2011) Xt cc s thc x1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xn : Chng minh rng c khng qu cp
s
4
.i; j / vi 1 i < j n sao cho 1 < jxi xj j < 2:
Ep
2. (China TST, 1987) Trong mt phng cho 2n im vi n 2 v c tt c n2 C 1 on thng

ni chng. Chng minh rng
a) Tn ti t nht mt tam gic.

b) Tn ti hai tam gic c chung cnh.
c) Tn ti t nht n tam gic.
3. (Romania TST, 2008) Cho s nguyn dng n > 1: Xt mt nhm ngi tha mn ng
thi cc c im sau:
i) Trong ba ngi bt k, lun tn ti hai ngi quen bit nhau.

ii) Trong n ngi bt k, lun tn ti hai ngi khng quen bit nhau.
.n 1/.nC2/
Chng minh rng s lng ngi khng qu 2
:
Bi 5 (6.0 im). Tm tt c cc hm s f W R ! R tha mn h thc

f xf .y/ f .x/ D 2f .x/ C xy .1/
vi mi s thc x; y:
Li gii. Thay x D 1 vo (1), ta c

f f .y/ f .1/ D y C 2f .1/; 8y 2 R: .2/
T y c th thy hm f l mt song nh. Do , tn ti duy nht s thc a f .a/ D 0: Thay

x D a vo phng trnh (1), ta c
f

f af .y/ D ay; 8y 2 R: .3/
af

Trong (3), cho y D 0; ta c f af .0/ D 0 D f .a/: T , do f n nh nn ta c af .0/ D a:
Suy ra a D 0 hoc f .0/ D 1:

Xt trng hp a D 0; tc f .0/ D 0: Thay y D 0 vo (1), ta c f f .x/ D 2f .x/: Do f
phng trnh (1). Do a 0; suy ra f .0/ D 1: st

ton nh nn ta c f .x/ D 2x vi mi x 2 R: Tuy nhin, khi th li, hm ny khng tha mn
Thay x D 0 vo (1), ta c f . 1/ D 2: Thay y D a vo (3), ta c a2 D f .0/ D 1; suy ra

a D 1 (do f . 1/ D 2), tc f .1/ D 0: n y, ta c hai cch tip cn nh sau:
n
Cch 1. Do f .1/ D 1 nn phng trnh (2) c th vit li di dng
.20 /

ilo
f f .y/ D y; 8y 2 R:
Thay y bi f .y/ vo (1) v s dng .20 /; ta c

f xy f .x/ D 2f .x/ C xf .y/; 8x; y 2 R:
s
f .x/
Trong phng trnh ny, ta xt x 0 v thay y D ta c
x
;
Ep

f .x/
1 D 2f .x/ C xf ;
x
suy ra
f .x/ 1 2f .x/
f D ; 8x 0:
x x
f .x/
Thay y D x
vo (1) v s dng kt qu trn, ta c

f 1 3f .x/ D 3f .x/; 8x 0:
Do f song nh v f .0/ D 1 nn vi x 0 th 1 3f .x/ c th nhn mi gi tr thc khc 2:

Do , t kt qu trn, ta suy ra c f .x/ D x C 1 vi mi x 2:
Ni ring, ta c f .3/ D 2: Thay y D 3 vo .20 /; ta c f . 2/ D 3: Tm li, ta c
f .x/ D x C 1 vi mi x 2 R: Th li, ta thy hm ny tha mn cc yu cu bi ton.
Cch 2. Thay y D 1 vo (1), ta c

f f .x/ D 2f .x/ C x; 8x 2 R: .4/
Ln lt thay x D 1 v x D 2 vo ng thc trn, ta c f . 2/ D 3 v f . 3/ D 4: Ch

rng f .1/ D 0 nn ta cng c ng thc .20 / nh cch 1 trn, do bng cch thay x bi f .x/
vo (4), ta c
f . x/ D f .x/ C 2x; 8x 2 R:
T y suy ra f .2/ D 1 v f .3/ D 2: By gi, ta s chng minh x D 1 l nghim duy
nht ca phng trnh f .t/ D 2t: Tht vy, gi s c s b 1 sao cho f .b/ D 2b; ta thay
x D b v y D 3 vo (1) th c 1 D f .0/ D 4b C 3b; suy ra b D 1; mu thun.
Vi kt qu trn, ta thay y D 2 th c
f

f x f .x/ D 2 x C f .x/ D 2 x f .x/ ; 8x 2 R:
af
T suy ra x f .x/ D 1; tc f .x/ D x C 1 vi mi x 2 R:
Bnh lun. y l mt bi ton kh hay vi kh mc trung bnh. Bi ny thuc nhm
phng trnh hm vi bin t do v tng chnh vn xoay quanh vic vn dng tnh cht nh x
st
ca hm s (n nh, ton nh, sonh nh) gii. im th v y l thay v i vo m-tup
a v hm cng tnh (kiu bi thng gp) th bi ny tn dng trit tnh song nh ca hm
cng nh cc php th th mi c th gii quyt thnh cng bi ton.
Nh chng ti ni trong phn bnh lun chung bi ny rt ging vi Olympic ca Brazil
n
nm 2006: Tm tt c cc hm s f W R ! R tha mn iu kin

f xf .y/ C f .x/ D 2f .x/ C xy; 8x; y 2 R:
ilo
Cch gii ca hai bi ton cng hon ton tng t nhau. y l mt s trng hp th v. Di
y l mt s bi ton tng t khc:
1. (IMO Shortlist, 2002) Tm tt c cc hm s f W R ! R tha mn
s

f f .x/ C y D 2x C f f .y/ x ; 8x; y 2 R:
Ep
2. (Kim tra Trng ng Nam B, 2016) Tm tt c cc hm s f W R ! R tha mn

f f .x/ C 2y D 10x C f f .y/ 3x ; 8x; y 2 R:
3. (Baltic Way, 2010) Tm tt c cc hm s f W R ! R tha mn
f .x 2 / C f .xy/ D f .x/f .y/ C yf .x/ C xf .x C y/; 8x; y 2 R:
4. (EGMO, 2012) Tm tt c cc hm s f W R ! R tha mn

f yf .x C y/ C f .x/ D 4x C 2yf .x C y/; 8x; y 2 R:
5. (EGMO, 2012) Tm tt c cc hm s f W R ! R tha mn
f xf .x C y/ D f yf .x/ C x 2 ; 8x; y 2 R:

Ngoi hai cch gii thiu trn, ta cng c mt hng i khc th cng hn mt cht nhng
cng kh t nhin. Xin gii thiu cng bn c li gii ca anh Phm Kim Hng (thnh vin i
tuyn IMO ca Vit Nam nm 2004 v 2005) nh sau:
lm tng t nh cc li gii trn chng minh f .0/ D 1;

u tin, ta cng thc hin cc bc
f . 1/ D 2; f .1/ D 0 v f f .x/ D x: Tip theo, ln lt thay y bi f .y/ v x bi f .x/ vo
phng trnh (1), ta thu c cc kt qu sau:

f xy f .x/ D 2f .x/ C xf .y/; 8x; y 2 R .5/
v
f f .x/f .y/ x D 2x C yf .x/; 8x; y 2 R: .6/
Thay x D 1 vo (5) v (6), ta c
f
f. y 2/ D 4 f .y/ ) f .y 2/ C f . y/ D 4; 8y 2 R .7/
af
v
f 2f .y/ C 1 D 2 C 2y ) f .2y 2/ D 2f .y/ C 1; 8y 2 R: .8/
Thay y D 0 vo (6), ta c
f f .x/

x D 2x ) f .x/
Thay y D 1 vo phng trnh (1), ta c

st
x D f .2x/; 8x 2 R: .9/
n

f f .x/ D 2f .x/ C x ) f . x/ D 2x C f .x/; 8x 2 R: .10/
ilo
Kt hp (7) v (10), ta c
4 f .x 2/ D 2x C f .x/ ) f .x/ C f .x 2/ D 4 2x; 8x 2 R: .11/
Kt hp (8) v (9), ta c
s
f .2x/ D f .x/ x D 2f .x C 1/ C 1 ) 2f .x/ C x D f .x 1/; 8x 2 R:

Ep
Thay kt qu ny vo (11), ta c

4 2x D f .x/ C 2f .x 1/ C x 1 D f .x/ C 2 2f .x/ C x C x 1 D 5f .x/ C 3x 1:
T suy ra f .x/ D x C 1; 8x 2 R:
Li gii trn tng i cng knh nhng cng mang m tnh phng php. tng mu cht
ca li gii chnh l thit lp mi quan h gia f .x/; f .x 1/; f .x 2/ t i n li
gii. Ta tm gi nhng ng thc th hin cc mi lin h ny l nhng ng thc kiu truy hi
(v ging dy dng truy hi). Phng php s dng nhng ng thc kiu truy hi l mt trong
nhng phng php rt p v thng dng trong gii phng trnh hm. Ta c th bt gp kh
nhiu bi ton dng ny trong thi Olympic Ton:
1. Tm tt c cc hm s f W R ! R tha mn
f .xy/ D f .x/f .y/ f .x C y/ C 1; 8x; y 2 R:

2. (India, 2003) Tm tt c cc hm s f W R ! R tha mn
f .xy/ C f .x/ C f .y/ D f .x/f .y/ C f .x C y/; 8x; y 2 R:
3. (IMO Shortlist, 2005) Tm tt c cc hm s f W R ! R tha mn
f .x C y/ C f .x/f .y/ D f .xy/ C 2xy C 1; 8x; y 2 R:
4. (Bulgaria, 2005) Tm tt c cc hm s f W R ! R tha mn
f .xy/
f .x 2 C y/ D f 2 .x/ C ; 8x; y 2 R ; x 2 C y 0:
f .x/
f
5. (IMO Shortlist, 2012) Tm tt c cc hm s f W R ! R tha mn f . 1/ 0 v
af
f .1 C xy/ f .x C y/ D f .x/f .y/; 8x; y 2 R:
6. (IMO, 2015) Tm tt c cc hm s f W R ! R tha mn

f x C f .x C y/ C f .xy/ D x C f .x C y/ C yf .x/; st
Mt iu th v khc l, bn thn ng thc (5) cng c th coi nh mt phng trnh hm
8x; y 2 R:
c lp v cng c th gii c. Thm ch y l mt bi ton p vi ba nghim hm l

n
f .x/ D 0; 2x v 1 x: Bn c c th th sc vi bi ton ny.
ilo
Bi 6 (7.0 im). Chng minh rng

1008
X
k
a) kC2017 0 .mod 20172 /:
kD1
s
504
X
b) . 1/k C2017
k
3.22016 1/ .mod 20172 /:
Ep
kD1
Li gii. a) Ta c bin i
1008 1008 1008
X
k
X k 2017 X 2016
kC2017 2017
k.2017 k/ .k 1/.2017 k/
kD1 kD1 kD1
1007 1007
X 2016 X
k
2017 2017 C2016
k.2016 k/
kD0 kD0
1007 2016
!
X
k 2017 X
k 1008
2017 C2016 C2016 C2016
2
kD0 kD0
2017
22016 1008
.mod 20172 /:

C2016
2
Ngoi ra, v 2017 l s nguyn t nn theo nh l Fermat nh th 22016 1 .mod 2017/: Hn

na, ta cng c
1008 1009 1010 2016 1008

C2016 1D
1008
.2017 1/.2017 2/ .2017 1008/ 1008
D :
1008
D thy t s chia ht cho 2017 v 1008 nguyn t cng nhau vi 2017 nn
1008
C2016 1 22016 .mod 2017/:
Do , tng cho chia ht cho 20172 :

b) Quy c k hiu ab dc .mod m/ vi a; b; c; d 2 Z; bd 0 v m 2 ZC ; m > 1 nu dng
f
rt gn ca phn s adbdbc c t chia ht cho m:
af
Trc ht, ta c nhn xt rng vi p nguyn t bt k th
1p
Cpk . 1/k .mod p 2 /:
k
Tht vy, ta c
Cpk D
p
k.p k/
p .p
D
k
st
k C 1/.p k C 2/ .p
.k 1/
1/
n
nn suy ra
ilo
" #
p p .p k C 1/.p k C 2/ .p 1/ . 1/k 1 .k 1/
Cpk . 1/k 1 D :
k k .k 1/
D thy tng trong ngoc vung chia ht cho p 2 nn nhn xt c chng minh.
s
. 1/k 1
T , ta cng c p1 Cpk k
.mod p/: Suy ra
Ep
504 504 504

1 2017 1 2017
X X X
. 1/k C2017
k
. 1/k . 1/k . 1/2k
k k
kD1 kD1 kD1
504
X 1
2017 .mod 20172 /:
k
kD1
Ta a v chng minh
504
X 1
2017 3.22016 1/ .mod 20172 /
k
kD1
hay
504
X 1 3.22016 1/
.mod 2017/:
k 2017
kD1
1 1
t Sn D 1
C 2
C C n1 ; n 2 ZC th r rng 1
1
1
2
C 1
2n
D S2n Sn . Do
1008 2016 1008
X . 1/k 1 X . 1/k 1 X . 1/k 1
S504 D S1008 D S2016 :
k k k
kD1 kD1 kD1
1008
1 1
P
rng S2016 D k
C 2017 k
0 .mod 2017/ nn ta a v chng minh
kD1
2016 1008
X . 1/k 1 X . 1/k 1
3.22016 1/
C .mod 2017/:
k k 2017
kD1 kD1
S dng li nhn xt trn, ta a v
f
2016 1008
!
1 X
k
X
k 3.22016 1/
af
C2017 C C2017 .mod 2017/:
2017 2017
kD1 kD1
Tuy nhin, y li l ng thc v

2016
X
kD1
k
C2017 C
1008
X
kD1
k
C2017
2016
X
kD1
2017
3.2
k
C2017 C
2
2016
1X k
2/
st
C2017
kD1
3
2
2017
X
kD0
k
C2017 2
!
3.22016 1/ .mod 2017/:

n
2
Ta c iu phi chng minh.
ilo
Bnh lun. Li gii trn, chng ti c tham kho tng ca bn Phm Ng Thnh t, sinh
vin trng i hc KHTN, HQG TPHCM.
Bi 6a c th gii quyt nh nhng nh vic rt gn biu thc v dng nh l Fermat nh. Tuy
nhin, bi 6b, ta cn c cch khai thc v bin i ng hng mi c th x l gn gng c.
s
Tht vy, c kh nhiu hng tip cn bi 6b, chng hn:

Ep
Vi cch t nh trn, ta cng c th a v chng minh ng d thc
3S1008 2S504 .mod 2017/:
Tuy nhin, do khng th ghp cp trc tip nn kh chng minh mt cch trc tip c.
504
Nu ta dng cng thc v tam gic Pascal, c th rt gn tng v tri thnh C2016 1 v
504 2016 2
a v chng minh kt qu C2016 1 3.2 1/ .mod 2017 / hay
504
C2016 C2
22016 .mod 20172 /:
3
504

Nu nh thay 2017 bi s p nh hn th c th dng cng thc Legendre tm vp C2016 ;
nhng y s 2017 qu ln nn vn kh pht trin tip c.
Kt qu ca bi ton ny c c nh 2017 l s nguyn t, hn na, cu b, ta cn cn c 20 17
chia 4 d 1 : Vi li gii nh trn, r rng bi ton cng ng vi mi s nguyn t p D 4 k C 1.
Nhn xt C pk . 1/ k 1p
k
.mod p 2 / s dng trn cn l tng gii quyt bi ton:
1. (N7, IMO Shortlist, 2003) Cho p l s nguyn t l. t
a a2 ap 1
Sa D C CC ; a 2 ZC :
1 2 p 1
m
t S 3 C S 4 3S 2 D n
vi m ; n 2 Z C . Chng minh rng p j m :
C th ni rng bi 6b l mt kt qu p v chng minh n, ta cn phi bin i kh v mo

mc hn c bi N7 trong IMO Shortlist trn.
Tuy nhin, vic chuyn i gia h s nh thc v phn s trong ng d thc lin quan n s
nguyn t xut hin trong cc bi c hn nh:
f
1 1 1 1
2. (IMO, 1979) Chng minh rng 1 2
C 3
C 1319
0 .mod1979/.
af
3. (Putnam, 1980) Cho p l s nguyn t, chng minh rng
p
X
C pi C pi C i 2 p C 1 .mod p 2 /:
i D0
4. (Putnam, 1996) Cho p 5 l s nguyn t v t k D

st 2p
3
th
n
k
X
C pi 1 .mod p 2 /:
i D1
ilo
Ni thm v cc bi ton lin quan n ng d thc ca phn s, ta cn c nh l Wolstenholme:

1 1 1
C C C 0 .mod p /
12 22 .p 1/ 2
s
v
1 1 1
Ep
C CC 0 .mod p 2 /:
1 2 p 1
Trn c s ny, ta cn c th gii quyt cc bi ton sau:
5. (APMO, 2006) Cho p > 3 l s nguyn t v r l s cch t p qun c ln bn c hnh

vung c kch thc p p sao cho khng c hai qun c no cng hng (nhng c th
cng ct). Chng minh rng p 5 j r:
6. (KHTN, 2010) Cho dy s .u n / xc nh bi

8
< u 1 D 0;

.4 n C 2/n 3 3n C 1
: u nC 1 D
4
un C ; n1
.n C 1/ .n C 1/ 4
Chng minh rng dy s ny cha v s s hng nguyn dng.

D f1; 2 ; : : : ; p g.
7. (Chn i tuyn Ngh An, 2012) Cho p > 3 l s nguyn t v t M
Vi mi s nguyn dng k tha 1 k p, xt tp hp E k D A M W jAj D k
P
v i lng x k D A 2E k .min A C max A/. Chng minh rng
p
X1
x k C pk 0 .mod p 3 /:
k D1
Bi 7 (7.0 im). Cho tam gic nhn AB C ni tip ng trn . O / v G l mt im

>
thuc cung B C khng cha O ca ng trn .I / ngoi tip tam gic OB C : ng trn
ngoi tip tam gic AB G ct AC ti E ; ng trn ngoi tip tam gic AC G ct AB ti
F (E v F khc A).
f
a) Gi K l giao im ca BE v C F : Chng minh rng AK ; B C v O G ng quy.
>
af
b) Cho D l mt im thuc cung BO C cha O ca ng trn .I /I GB ct C D ti
M ; G C ct BD ti N : Gi s M N ct .O / ti hai im P ; Q: Chng minh rng
>
khi G thay i trn cung B C khng cha O ca ng trn .I /; ng trn ngoi
tip tam gic GP Q lun i qua mt im c nh.
st
n
A
ilo
O
s
C
Ep
F
G
Li gii. a) Ta c
E GF D B GE C C GF E GF

D 360 2 BAC .180 2BAC / D 180
nn ba im E ; G ; F thng hng. T ABK C AC K D AGE C AGF D 180

nn K thuc .O /. D thy G l im Miquel nn d ch ra hai tam gic GBA v GK C ng
dng (g-g), vy B GA D K G C . Li c GO l phn gic B G C nn GO l phn gic
A GK . T kt hp OA D OK th AOK G ni tip. S dng trc ng phng d thy ba
ng thng AK ; O G ; B C ng quy.
Y
O Q
N
f
J
M
af
P
D
B C
T
st I
X
n
G
ilo
b) phn ny, ta ch cn .O /; .I / l hai ng trn c nhqua B ; C

c nh v D c nh
B C D
trn . I / cn G di chuyn trn .I /. p dng Pascal cho b d ch ra M ; N i
C B G
s
qua giao tip tuyn ti B ; C l J ca .I / c nh. Gi JD ct .I / ti X th X c nh v t

gic B C DX iu ha nn G .B C ; DX / D 1.
Ep
Gi M N ct B C ti T th G .B C ; D T / D 1; t GX i qua T . Suy ra
T X T G D T B T C D T P TQ:
iu ny chng t .GP Q / i qua X c nh. Gi .GP Q / ct DX ti Y th
J X J Y D JP J Q
bng phng tch ca J i vi .O / khng i nn Y c nh. Suy ra ng trn .GP Q / i

qua hai im X ; Y c nh.
Bnh lun. Bi hnh ny c xp vo bi ton 7, c coi l cu kh nht ca thi. C hai

u c s dng phng php x nh. b) phng php x nh c thy r rt thng qua cc
tnh cht ca t gic iu ha. b) s thc s l thch thc nu ngi gii trong phng thi phi
s dng thc v compass v hnh v gii.
Di y l mt s m rng:
1. (M rng a) bi ton 7 VMO 2017) Cho tam gic AB C ni tip ng trn .O /.

Mt ng trn .K / i qua B ; C . Trung trc B C ct .K / ti M ; N . P l im thuc
. K /. P M ct C A; AB ti E ; F . BE ct C F ti L. Chng minh rng ba ng thng
A L ; P N v B C ng quy.
2. (M rng b) bi ton 7 VMO 2017) Cho tam gic AB C ni tip trong ng trn .O /.
P di chuyn trn ng trn ngoi tip tam gic. S ; T l hai im c nh trn .O /.
P S ; P T ln lt ct C A; AB ti E ; F . EF ct mt ng trn .K / c nh qua
B ; C ti Q ; R. Chng minh rng ng trn .P QR / lun i qua hai im c nh khi
im P di ng trn ng trn .O /:
f
af
st
n
s ilo
Ep

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LI GII V BNH LUN THI VMO 2017

Trn Nam Dng V Quc B Cn Trn Quang Hng

2. Thng tin bn quyn

Cn, Trn Quang Hng, L Phc L, Nguyn Vn Huyn).

y l thnh qu ca qu trnh lao ng mit mi ca nhm chia s n cng ng. Mi ngi

a) Khi a D 5; chng minh rng dy s .un / c gii hn hu hn v tm gii hn .

ii) Nu mt hng v mt ct giao nhau ti en th tp cc s nguyn dng c in trn

a) Vi n D 5; tm gi tr nh nht ca k tn ti cch in s k cn i cho cch t mu

b) Vi n D 2017; tm gi tr nh nht ca k vi mi cch t mu i xng, lun tn ti

3.2. Ngy thi th hai (06/01/2017)

4. Bnh lun chung

thi ngy th nht, tr bi cui l kh c bn v quen thuc.

 Bi 2 l mt bi ton v xc nh a thc tho mn mt iu kin cho trc. Bi ny nu

Nu khng bit n tnh cht trn y ca a thc th ta s vt v hn mt cht v phi da

(v sau ny l m rng trng) c gii thiu. st

 Bi 3 l mt bi ton hnh kh nh nhng, cu a) quy v vic chng minh M N l trc

kin thc hon ton lp 9.

 Bi 4, bi ton t hp l bi kh nht ca ngy thi th nht, cng l bi ton l nht. Ring

kim im, va hc sinh lm quen v cm nhn bi ton. Vi cu a), ch cn qua vi

k D 2 khng tho mn yu cu bi ton. Nh vy, ch cn cn ch ra v d vi k D 3 l

Vi phn b) th kh khn hn. Ring vic on ra p s l khng n gin. Thc t, rt

Ngy thi th hai:

 Bi 5 l mt bi ton phngtrnh hm c hai bin t do v c biu thc x y ngoi du

Tip theo l nhim v ca s hc vi nh l nh Fermat v tnh cht ca C pk 1 mod p (c

th ta c C pk 1  . 1/ k .mod p /). cu b), ta cng thc hin php rt gn tng bng

 Bi 7 l mt bi hnh hc kh c tnh phn loi cao, c bit l cu b). cu a) bi

Tm tt li, nu nh gi v kh th nm nay kh d chu, c nhiu cu th sinh c th lm

ti gii tch. Ti sao li phi l dy s v gii hn m khng phi l nhng vn rng hn

5. Li gii v bnh lun cc bi ton

Bi 1 (5.0 im). Cho a l mt s thc v xt dy s .u n / xc nh bi

a) Khi a D 5; chng minh rng dy s . u n / c gii hn hu hn v tm gii hn .

Li gii. Ta s gii trc tip b), t suyq

Chng minh tng t, ta c u n 0  u n 0 C 1  u n 0 C 2  u n 0 C 3  iu ny c ngha l dy

Bnh lun. y l bi ton kho st s hi t ca dy s truy hi dng u nC 1 D f .n ; x n /;

Cho s thc q 2 .0; 1/: Xt hai dy khng m .a n /; .b n / tha mn a nC 1  q a n C b n vi

Ta d dng suy ra lim u n D 3 v hon tt li gii cho bi ton.

a) Vi a D 0; chng minh rng dy s c gii hn hu hn v tm gii hn .

Bi 2 (5.0 im). Tn ti hay khng a thc P . x / vi h s nguyn tha mn

Li gii. Gi s a thc P .x / ni trn tn ti. t  / DpP .1 C 

suy ra 5 a 2 b D 2 v 2 a D 25b : Tuy nhin, khng c cp s nguyn no tha mn ng

Bnh lun. y l bi ton rt c trng v a thc ti thiu ca s i s. Li gii trnh by

s nguyn c chung nghim v Q.x / l bt kh quy th P .x / chia ht cho Q.x /:

Kiu bi ny tng xut hin kh nhiu ln trong cc k thi Olympic:

a) Tm a thc P .x / bc nh nht vi cc h s hu t tha mn P .k 2 C k / D k C 3:

3. (International Zhautykov Olympiad, 2014) Tn tikhng a thc P .x / vi cc h s

Bi 3 (5.0 im). Cho tam gic AB C nhn, khng cn ni tip ng trn .O / : Gi

a) Gi I l trung im ca AH I E I ct BD ti M v F I ct C D ti N : Chng minh

b) Cc ng thng DE ; DF ct .O / ln lt ti P ; Q (P v Q khc D). ng

Li gii. a) Gi J l ng trn Euler ca tam gic AB C th .J / i qua E ; I ; F ng thi

b) Gi X l trung im EF . AH ct B C ti K . D thy cc tam gic BF E v K H E ng

Gi A L l ng knh ca .O / th d thy SH i qua L v t gic H B LC l hnh bnh hnh

T , ta c ba im S ; X ; R thng hng. Vy SR i qua X . u ny chng t ba ng thng

Bnh lun. Bi ton ny c xp vo mc trung bnh kh. a) l mt bi ton chng minh

chng minh BP ; C Q i qua trung im EF l mt bi ton c trn din n AoPS

Mt khc php ng dng tm P bin on CE thnh FB nn J cng bin thnh I; do

GPI D GJI D GCB D GQB:

BFM v QLE ng dng. Vy FBM D LQE D FBR nn BR i qua M . Ta c iu

Gi R l bn knh ngoi tip tam gic ABC . Ta c bin i din tch

BFR BFR BAR BRQ

Gi giao im ca GQ v EF l N . D thy php ng dng tm G ln lt bin E; F thnh

Do cng php ng dng tm G bin N thnh M . Vy N l trung im EF .

Bi ton trn cng c th c m rng hn na nh sau

php ng dng tm G bin N thnh M . Vy

Ta thu c iu phi chng minh.

Bi 2 l mt bi ton v xc nh a thc tho mn mt iu kin cho trc. Bi ny nu

Bi 3 l mt bi ton hnh kh nh nhng, cu a) quy v vic chng minh M N l trc

Bi 4, bi ton t hp l bi kh nht ca ngy thi th nht, cng l bi ton l nht. Ring

Bi 5 l mt bi ton phngtrnh hm c hai bin t do v c biu thc x y ngoi du

th ta c C pk 1 . 1/ k .mod p /). cu b), ta cng thc hin php rt gn tng bng

Bi 7 l mt bi hnh hc kh c tnh phn loi cao, c bit l cu b). cu a) bi

Chng minh tng t, ta c u n 0 u n 0 C 1 u n 0 C 2 u n 0 C 3 iu ny c ngha l dy

Cho s thc q 2 .0; 1/: Xt hai dy khng m .a n /; .b n / tha mn a nC 1 q a n C b n vi

Li gii. Gi s a thc P .x / ni trn tn ti. t / DpP .1 C

3. (International Zhautykov Olympiad, 2014) Tn tikhng a thc P .x / vi cc h s

Xt hai trng bt k trong bng vung trn v tr .a; b/ v .c; d /; 1 a; b; c; d 2017:

Nu a C c chn th b C d cng chn, suy ra a C d v b C c l. Khi , mt trong hai

2. (China TST, 1987) Trong mt phng cho 2n im vi n 2 v c tt c n2 C 1 on thng

Ngoi ra, v 2017 l s nguyn t nn theo nh l Fermat nh th 22016 1 .mod 2017/: Hn

3.22016 1/ .mod 2017/:

Vi cch t nh trn, ta cng c th a v chng minh ng d thc

3S1008 2S504 .mod 2017/:

4. (Putnam, 1996) Cho p 5 l s nguyn t v t k D

b) phn ny, ta ch cn .O /; .I / l hai ng trn c nhqua B ; C