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微分方程ch1 PDF
微分方程ch1 PDF
y
Example: y ' =
1+ x
dy y
=
dx 1 + x
dy dx
y = 1+ x
ln y = ln (1 + x) + C , C=constant
y = eC (1 + x) general solution
Type II: M 1 ( x) M 2 ( y )dx + N1 ( x) N 2 ( y )dy = 0
M ( x) N ( y)
1 dx + 2 =0
N1 ( x) M 2 ( y)
M 1 ( x) N ( y)
dx + 2 =C
N1 ( x) M 2 ( y)
dy xy + 3x y 3
Example: =
dx xy 2 x + 4 y 8
( xy + 3x y 3)dx = ( xy 2 x + 4 y 8)dy
( x 1)( y + 3)dx = ( x + 4)( y 2)dy
x 1 y 2
dx = dy
x+4 y +3
5 5
1 dx = 1 dy
x+4 y + 3
5 5
1 x + 4 dx = 1 y + 3 dy
x 5 ln x + 4 = y 5 ln y + 3 + C
y
= ln x + C
x
(II) O.D.E M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = 0 , M ( x, y ) N ( x, y )
m , O.D.E O.D.E.
:
y y
(i) M ( )dx + N ( )dy = 0
x x
y
(ii) = u , dy = udx + xdu
x
(iii) O.D.E M (u )dx + N (u )(udx + xdu ) = 0
dx N (u )
+ du = C
x uN (u ) + M (u )
1
ln x + C1 = ln u 2 + 2u 1
2
x 2 (u 2 + 2u 1) = C , where C = e 2u
y2 2 y
x ( 2+
2
1) = C
x x
y 2 + 2 xy x 2 = C
u 1
+ sin 2u = x + C
2 4
x+ y 1
+ sin 2( x + y ) = X + C
2 4
(2) (Exact)
(2-1) Type I: Exact equation
(i) Definition:
1st-order O.D.E M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = 0
( x, y ) , M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = d = 0
M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = 0 O.D.E
(ii) How to tell an O.D.E is exact or not?
O.D.E M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = 0 equation
, ( x, y )
= M ( x, y ) , = N ( x, y )
x y y x
Q = ( x, y ) ,
2 M 2 N M N
= , = , =
xy y xy x y x x y
M ( x, y ) N ( x, y )
= ,
y x x y
(iii)
O.D.E M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = 0
O.D.E
d = dx + dy = M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = 0
x y
O.D.E ( x, y ) = c d = dx + dy = 0
x y
( x, y ) = c O.D.E
x
= M ( x, y ) ( x, y ) = M ( x, y )dx + g ( y )
x
= N ( x, y ) ( x, y ) = N ( x, y )dx + h( x)
y
y
g ( y ) h(x)
( x, y )
y2
x sin y + y cos x = C , C = (C* - C1 )
2
M N
I
N M y x
= = O.D.E
dx dy dI
, I
M N
dI y x dx = f ( x)dx
If I = I ( x) ,
1 =
I N
I ( x) = exp( f ( x)dx)
M N
dI y x dy = f ( y )dx
If I = I ( y ) ,
2 =
I M
I ( y ) = exp( f ( y )dy )
(iii)
Step1: O.D.E M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = 0
x
= I ( x, y ) M ( x, y ) ( x, y ) = I ( x, y ) M ( x, y )dx + g ( y )
x
= I ( x, y ) N ( x, y ) ( x, y ) = I ( x, y ) N ( x, y )dx + h( x)
y
( x. y )
I ( y ) = exp( f ( y )dy ) = y 2
O.D.E
6 xy 3 dx + (4 y 3 + 9 x 2 y 2 )dy = 0 O.D.E
( x, y ) = C * , ( x, y )
= 6xy 3 & = N = 4 y3 + 9x2 y2
x y
( x, y ) = 3 x 2 y 3 + g ( y )
& ( x, y ) = y 4 + 3 x 2 y 3 + h ( x )
I ( x) = exp P ( x)dx ( )
O.D.E I ( x) y ' ( x) + I ( x) P( x) y ( x) = I ( x)Q( x) ,
I ( x) = exp (1 n) P ( x)dx ( )
Iu = I (1 n)Q( x)dx + C
Example: xy ' + 2 y = xy 3
2
y' + y = y3
x
2 2
y 3 y ' + y =1
x
u = y 2 , u ' = 2 y 3 y '
u' 2 4
O.D.E + u = 1 u ' u = 2
2 x x
4
P( x) = , Q( x) = 2
x
4 1
I ( x) = exp dx = 4
x x
1 2
Iu = 4
(2)dx = 3 + C
x 3x
2
u = x + Cx 4 = y 2 general solution
3
1st-order O.D.E
dM
*Age Dating, e.g.: 14
C M (t ) , = kM
dt
dt
*Newtons Law of Cooling, e.g.: = k (T Tm )
dt
dx
*Mixing of salts, e.g.: = input rate- output rate
dt
dY
= kY (t )
dt
,
dM
= kM M (t ) = C * e kt
dt
Initial condition 1 = C * e 0 = C , M (t ) = e kt
1
t=3.3hr, M=0.5g 0.5 = e3.3k , k = ln(0.5)
3.3
1
0.1 = e kt , t = ln(0.1) 10.96(hr )
k