Introduction

Antennas are necessary and critical components of any communication system. Using the
concept of frequency reconfiguration a single antenna can be used to operate at many
frequencies. There are some mechanisms for changing the resonant frequency of an antenna
by changing its effective length. Among those mechanical and electrical mechanisms are
popular. Frequency-reconfigurable antennas using electrical mechanism are of two types-
continuous tuning and band switch tuning type. Continuous tuning can be achieved by using
varactor diodes,whereas switching tuning can be achieved by using PIN diodes,RF-MEMS
switches etc. to operate at distinct frequency bands. Electrical mechanism may have adverse
effect on the performance of an antenna as electrical sources are to be driven for PIN or
Varactor diodes. In mechanical reconfiguration, the antenna consists of movable parts.
Frequency tuning is obtained by adjusting the movable parts. The actuators are used to
produce the mechanical movements to change the frequency. The drawback of such
mechanism is usage of actuators which are bulky and expensive. So, obtain good antenna
parameters, compact size and low cost, metasurfaces can be used instead of bulky
actuators.Metamaterials are broadly defined as manmade effectively homogeneous structures
with properties not readily available in nature. An effectively homogeneous structure is a
structure whose cellular dimension is much smaller than the guided wavelength. Therefore
the average cell size should be smaller than a quarter of wavelength.
A two dimensional (2D) metamaterial is called as a metasurface.One particular class of
such metamaterials is called double-negative (DNG) materials (also known as left-handed
materials (LHM) or negative-index materials (NIM), backward-wave (BW) media).Such
materials possesses the property of both their effective permittivity and negative permeability
are simultaneously negative in a given frequency band. From the values of negative
permittivity and negative permeability, refractive index n<0 is obtained, which explains it has
negative refractive index and it possess the properties of a metamaterials [5]-[7].Meta
surfaces have the advantages of taking up less physical space than do full three dimensional
metamaterial structures and also metasurfaces offer the possibility of less-lossy structures.

Metasurfaces have a wide range of potential applications in electromagnetics (ranging from

low microwave to optical frequencies) including: (1) Controllable smart surfaces,
(2)minituarized cavity resonators, (3)novel wave-guiding structures,(4)angular-independent
surfaces,(5)absorbers,(6)biomedical devices,(7)terahertz switches, and(8)tunable frequency-
agile materials etc.
A novel frequency-reconfigurable metasurfaced antenna can be constructed by placing a
metasurface atop the patch antenna. To make the FRMS antenna more compact and low
profile, the patch antenna and MS are placed together in direct contact, eliminating the air
gap between them.