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Bluetooth
Bluetooth
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ABSTRACT:
Blue tooth is a standard developed by a group of electronics manufacturers that
allows any sort of electronic equipment from computers to cell phones and keyboards
to headphones to make its own connections without wires, cables or any direct action
from the user. The technology encompasses a simple low-cost, low-power, global radio
system for integration into mobile devices. Such devices can form a quick ad-hoc secure
piconet and communicate among the connected devices. This technology creates many
useful mobile usage models because the connections can occur while mobile devices are
being carried in packets and briefcases (therefore, there are no line-of-sight restrictions).
This paper provides a brief introduction of Bluetooth technology and its working. It also
gives some insights of applications, features and benefits. Finally, the implementation
issues of Bluetooth technology are observed.
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INTRODUCTION
The name Bluetooth was born from the 10th century king of Denmark, King Harold
Bluetooth who engaged in diplomacy which led warring parties to negotiate with each
other. The inventors of the Bluetooth technology thought this a fitting name for their
technology which allowed different devices to talk to each other
Bluetooth is a radio standard primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short
range (power class dependent: 10 centimeters, 10 meters, 100 meters) and with a low-
cost transceiver microchip in each device.
Bluetooth lets these devices talk to each other when they come in range, even if they are
not in the same room, as long as they are within up to 100 meters of each other,
dependent on the power class of the product. Products are available in one of three power
classes:
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WHAT IS BLUETOOTH?
Bluetooth is a name given to the novel technology that uses short range, radio
link, intended to replace the cables connecting portable and/or fixed communicating
devices. Such as mobile phones, desktops, notebook computers, cameras, printers, coffee
makers, telephones etc.
OR
Bluetooth wireless technology is an open specification for a low cost, low power,
short range, radio technologies for ad-hoc wireless communication of voice and data any
where in the world.
Bluetooth is named for Harald Blatand, the king of Denmark who united
Denmark and Norway. Blatand translates into Bluetooth in English. The Ericsson
Company originally started Bluetooth as a project.
Similarly, in the beginning of the Bluetooth technology era, Bluetooth was aimed
at unifying the telecom and computing industries.
Let us take an example of telephones for cables where as mobiles are wireless.
Because of the problem of interference over cabling we came to Bluetooth technology.
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BLUETOOTH IS WIRELESS
Blue tooth uses omni-directional radio waves which even operate in the
unlicensed ISM band at 2.4GHZ that can be transmitted through walls and non-metal
barriers. Bluetooth uses 1600 times/sec frequency hopping to avoid interference.
BLUETOOTH CONTROLLER
FEATURES
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NETWORKS
Scatternet
PICONET
It is a small subset of Bluetooth devices that share the same physical channel in an
ad-hoc fashion.
Piconet comprises of eight stations in which only one serves as master & the rest
as slaves.
All the slave stations synchronize their clocks & hopping sequence with the
master. An indefinite number of parked devices remains synchronized with the Piconet
but is not active. A slave in the parked state is synchronized with the master but cannot
take place in communication until it moves from parked state to active state.
Activating a station from parked state means that an active station should be
moved to parked state.
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M Master S - Slave
M M
S
S S
S
W
SCATTERNET
The connection between master and slaves is same as in Piconet. In Scatternet the slave
of one Piconet can be a master to another Piconet.
M
M Master
S
S Slave S M/S S
S S
S
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BLUETOOTH LAYERS
Applications
Profiles
ol
ntr
Data
Co
L2CAP
Audio
Link Manager HCI
Baseband
RL
RADIO LAYER:
The radio layer coordinates the functions required to transmit bit stream over a
medium.
It deals with Band, FHSS & Modulation. This layer uses 2.4GHz ISM band
divided into 79 channels of 1MHz each .In this layer a method called Frequency hopping
spread spectrum is used in order to avoid interference from other devices or other
networks. To transform bits to a signal a sophisticated version of FSK called GFSK
(FSK with Gaussian Band Width Filtering) is used.
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PHYSICAL LINKS:
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SCO:
A synchronous connection oriented link is used when avoiding
Latency (delay in data delivery) is more important than integrity (Error-free delivery).In
SCO, a physical link is created between a master and slave by reserving specific slots at
regular intervals. In SCO, if a packet is damaged it is never retransmitted. So, SCO is
used for real- time audio. A slave can create up to three SCO links with the master
ACL:
An Asynchronous connectionless link is used when data integrity is
more important than avoiding latency. ACL can achieve a data rate up to 721 Kbps.
This layer is responsible for setting up the link between two Bluetooth radios
(Security aspects and control issues on Baseband packet sizes). Link manager uses the
services of link controller to perform its services. It essentially consists of number of
protocol data units, which sends from one device to another. Furthermore, it controls the
power modes and duty cycles of Bluetooth radio services, and connection states of
Bluetooth unit in a Piconet.
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L2CAP LAYER:
L2CAP is the acronym for Logical Link Control & Adaptation Protocol. L2CAP
adapts upper layer protocols over the Baseband and resides in the data link layer. L2CAP
permits higher-level protocols and applications to transmit and receive L2CAP data
packets up to 64KB of length.
Obviously, if the devices are using Bluetooth, they will communicate without wires.
However, if the devices are not Bluetooth enabled, then they have the option of
communicating either with or without wires. Devices can take advantage of several
wireless technologies, Bluetooth included, by using various transmitters to send
information over the airwaves.
BLUETOOTH DEVICES
Bluetooth devices are required where cable replacement needed and at data and
voice access points, ad-hoc networking and some like in medical or industrial
organizations.
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o Data and Voice Access Points E-mail, web access, Cordless telephone, etc.
o Ad-hoc Networking Business card exchange, multi-layer
Games, vending machines, white goods, etc.
o Medical Monitoring devices
o Industrial Inventory management systems
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
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SECURITY MANAGEMENT
There are three Security Modes
Security Mode 1
a connection
Security Mode 2
COMPETITOR
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APPLICATIONS
CONCLUSIONS:
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