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مبادئ الفيزياء العامة PDF
مبادئ الفيزياء العامة PDF
مبادئ الفيزياء العامة PDF
- - .
.
.
.
.
.
.
) (Scientific Method
:
-1 ) : (Observation
) (Facts .
-2 ) : (Theory or Hypothesis
.
-3 ) : (Testing ) (Experiment
.
) (Law
.
.
.
.
- -
.
.
.
: ) (1 2 3 4 5
) (3-5
... 5 4 3 2 1 8 -5
.
2 ................................................................................................
2
3 ....................................................................................
6 - ................................................................
7 .................................................................................. 1-1
7 ......................................................................... 2-1
8 ............................................................................ 3-1
11 - ........................................................................
12 .............................................................. 1-2
15 ..................................................................................... 2-2
15 .................................................................................... 3-2
17 .................................................................................. 4-2
22 .....................................................
21 ............................................................................................... 1-3
21 ................................................................... 2-3
22 ................................................................... 3-3
22 ..................................................................... 4-3
22 ................................................................................... 5-3
22 .................................................................................... 6-3
24 .................................................................... 7-3
26 ............................................................................... 8-3
29 ........................................................................... 9-3
32 ...................................................................................... 12-3
32 ...................................................................... 11-3
35 .................................................................................... 12-3
36 ......................................................................... 13-3
42 - ...........................................................................
41 ...................................................................................... 1-4
41 ......................................................................... 2-4
41 ............................................................................... 3-4
45 ........................................................................................ 4-4
3
48 ...................................................................................... 5-4
51 ...................................................................................... 6-4
56 ........................................................................... 7-4
62 - .........................................................................
63 ....................................................................................... 1-5
63 .......................................................................................... 2-5
64 .......................................................................................... 3-5
64 ..................................................................................... 4-5
65 ..................................................................................... 5-5
66 ...................................................................................... 6-5
68 ........................................................................... 7-5
72 ...................................................................................
72 ............................................ 8-5
71 ............................................... 9-5
75 ........................................................................ 12-5
79 ................................................................... 11-5
83 ...................................................................................
83 ...................................................................................... 12-5
84 .................................................................................... 13-5
85 ......................................................................................... 14-5
85 ............................................................................................... 15-5
4
5
1-1
2-1
3-1
Units and Dimensions
.
.
6
22 22222
1 = 1222.
1-1 Physical quantities
:
.
:
: T , L , M .
:
.
Units of physical quantities 2-1
82 82 82
82 .
:ISU M K S system
C G S system.
: F B S.
1-1 2-1 .
( )1-1
()FBS ()ISU
Kg Mass
M Length
S Time
( )2-1
()FBS ()ISU
2
2m2
3
3m3
3
/ Kg/m3 = /
7
LB N
2
/ N/m3 = /
M3 ML3
=
L
v L LT 1
v =
T
1
LT T 1 =
L
LT 1
a LT 2
= (a
T
F M LT 2 MLT 2 ) = (F x
W MLT 2 L ML2T 2 ) = (W x
ML2T 2
P ML2T 3
P =
T
:
.
:
- .
8
- .
- .
:
L
T 2 )(1-1
g
2
.
:
L
2
T2 T )(1-2
LT
-1 v a F W P.
-2 .
v v0 at
t a v .
-3 .
9
v 2 v0 2a
2
*************************
12
1-2
2-2
3-2
4-2
Vectors
11
:
- : .
.
- : .
A
A . A
A A lAl . lAl
.
A
1-2 .
1-2 .
:
:
B A
A
A = B A
B
2-2 B A
B 2-2 .
A :
A A A
3-2 3-2 .
:
. .
:
-1 .
.
-2 :
- :
12
B C A
C Resultant .
B
A
A A B
4-2
.B A 4-2.
- :
C
B A A
A B C A
5-2
A+B B 5-2 .
).(2-1
A C=A+B )(2-1
B
C
B A
6-2
B+A
B+A 6-2
C :
A+B=B+A )(2-2
C
A+B+C .
A+B
B
A B C 7-2.
A
7-2
)(2-3 )A + B) + C = A + (B + C
13
A B
C D 8-2
D
:
A+B+C C
A+B+C+D B+C
R=A+B+C+D )(2-4
A+B
B
A A D
8-2
.
:
A
A B C C
AB
A
B B
A .B B
9-2 C
A B 9-2 .
). (2-5
C=AB )(2-5
:
2A 2A .A
A c cA A
c . A c.
P
m v ).(2-6
P=mv )(2-6
vectors Unit 2-2
) (Unity .
14
k j i i j k
x y z
12-2 A x A B
y y B C z C
:
z :
12-2 i jk i . x
x y z
y
3-2 Analysis of vectors
A xy
(Ax) x y
) (Ay : A
A
Ay
x
Ax
A = Ax i + Ay j )(2-7
11-2 A
A
x 11-2 A
x y Ax Ay A :
Ax Ay
.
Ax Ay A
A ): (2-9
A 2 Ax 2 Ay 2
15
11-2
Ay
tan )(2-10
Ax
Ax Ax
Ay Ay A
A Ax A 2y
2
)(2-9 tan 1 y
)(2-11
Ax
Ax Ax
Ay Ay Ay
) (2-11
Ax
Ay Ax
12-2
. A 12-2
.
()1
:
- A 6 240o
y x
o
Ax 240
x :
o
60
Ax = A cos 240 = 6 (-1/2) = -3
A Ay
3
Ay = A sin 240 ) = -5.2 = 6 (-
2
:
Ax = -A cos 60 = -6 (1/2) = -3
3
Ay = -A sin 60 ) = -5.2 ( = -6
2
- B 5 1100
y x
:
B By
20o
110o
16
x
Bx
Bx = B cos 110 = - 1.7
By = B sin 110 = 4.7
:
Bx = -B sin 20 = - 1.7
By = B cos 20 = 4.7
Ry
tan 1 )(2-13
Rx
13-2 1
.
Rx = 0 + 15 cos 30 + 20 cos 45 = 15 0.866 + 20 0.707 = 27.13 Km
Ry = -10 + 15 sin 30 + 20 sin 45 = -10 + 15 0.5 + 20 0.707 = 11.64 Km
11.64
tan 1 tan 1 0.429
27.13
23.2O
/ :
R = Rx i + Ry j = 27.13 i + 11.64 j
-1 5km 2km . .
18
-2 20km 35km 60 .
.
-3 A 3m 30 B
3m .
3A - B B - A A-B A + B
. A -4 A
:
A = 8m , = 60
A = 6m , = 120
A = 12m , = 225
-5 :
150 100 20 80 120 120 170 240
.
*************************
19
1-3
2-3 ()
3-3 ()
4-3 ()
5-3
6-3
7-3
8-3
9-3
11-3
11-3
Linear Motion
22
. .
.
1-3 Displacement
O . .
A
xi x
.
xf
B
x
1-3 x
A B
.
x .
x x
x . 1-3 x A ti
B .tf :
x x f xi )(3-1
distance displacement
.
x x f xi
v )(3-2
t t f ti
3-3 () Instantaneous velocity
21
:
dx
v )(3-3
dt
4-3 Average speed
s :
d
s )(3-4
t
d .t
v v f vi
a )(3-5
t t f ti
22
.
:
x = x1 + x2 + x3
x = 40m 20m + 60m = 80m
.
x x 2 - x1 80m 4 m
V
t t 2 - t1 6s 4s 10s s
.
= x = ( 20 40 )m = -20m
= t = 4s
- 20m
v -5m
4s s
= d = 40m + 20m + 60m = 120m
d 120m
s 6m
t 6s 4s 10s s
.4 m/s
23
a
.
v1 = v0 t1=0 t2 = t
v2 = v
v v - v0
a )(3-9
t t -0
: v0 a ) (3-9 v
t
v v0 at )(3-10
: t x :
)(3-11
1
x v0t at 2
2
t a x
a
v - v0 t
v - v0
t a
3-11 t :
2 2
v v0 2ax )(3-12
()2-3
24
. 5 m/s2 .
:
v0 = 0 , t = 3 s , a = 5 m/s2
v = v0 + at
v = 0 + (5) (3) = 15 m/s
()3-3
360 Km/hr .
. 1200 m
:
v0 = 0 , v = 360 Km/hr = 360 103 / 60 60 = 100 m/s
x = 1200 m
v2 = v02 + 2ax
)(100)2 = 0 + 2 (a) (1200) 10000 = 2400 (a
a = 10000 / 2400 = 4.16 m/s2
()4-3
. 2.5 m/s2
. 50 m
.
:
v0 = 0 , a = 2.5 m/s2 , x = 50 m
v2 = v02 + 2ax
x = v0t + 1/2 at2 50 = (0) (t) + 1/2 (2.5) t2
50 = (2.5 / 2) t2 = 1.25 t2
t2 = 50 / 1.25 = 40
t = (40) = 6.32 s
v = v0 + at v = 0 + (2.5) (6.32) = 15.8 m/s.
()5-3
25
45 km/hr
. 40 m
:
.
.
:
t = 4 sec
v0 = 45 km/hr = 45 (1000 m / 60 60 sec) = 12.5 m/s
x = 40 m
x = v0t + 1/2 at2
40 = (12.5) (4) + (1/2) a (4)2
a = 1.5 m/s2
.
:
v = v0 + at v = 12.5 + (1.25) (4) = 7.5 m/s.
F=m.a )(3-13
.
26
t v
v
a
t
) (3-13
v
F m
t
v2 , v1 .t
mv P Kg.m/sec
P = mv )(3-14
)(Impulse
I = F . t
I :
).(Kg.m/sec
()6-3
1500 kg 2-3 . vi = 4.5 m/s
vf = 2.6 m/s .
.
F = 1.76 105 N .t
27
2.6 m/s 4.5 m/s
2-3
:
.
I = P = P2 P1 = mv2 mv1
I = F . t
W=mg )(3-16
28
.
:
. .
F1 = m1 (v1' v1) / t
F2 = m2 (v2' v2) / t
F1 = -F2
m1 (v1' v1) / t = m2 (v2' v2) / t
.
' v
'v1' = v2' = v
29
()7-3
2gm 600gm
28000 cm/s .
:
v2 = 0
' v1 ' v2
'm1 v1 + m2 v2 = (m1+ m2) v
'2 (28000) + 0 = (2 + 600) v
v' = 56000 / 602 = 93.3 cm/sec
)(3-19
W F .d
C
F
A d B A d B
3-3
F A C
W = (F cos ) d
W = F d cos )(3-19
32
d) (F cos F .d
) (cos 0 = 1
Kf = 0
Uf = mgy ).(cos 1800 = -1
. erg .
joule
y 1 = 712 . = 712.
v Ki = (1/2) m v2
Ui = 0
.
4-3
U 4-3 .
. ... :
" "
=
W = U
4-3.
()8-3
2Kg ) (F=20N 370 5-3 .
) (d=4m .F
:
C
F
370
W = F d cos
A d B
W = (20) (4) (cos 370) = 63.9 J
5-3
31
()9-3
2Kg ) .(d=4m .
:
.1800
W = F d cos
W = (20) (4) (cos 1800) = 80 J
.
d
80J .
m :
F = mg
g
y :
U = W = ( Fy) = mgy
) (U = Uf Ui . )(Ui = 0
) (Uf = U
U = mgy )(3-20
32
y
.
:g
v2 = v02 2ax
v0 v
:
)(3-21
1 2 2
2
v v0 gy
a g x y
) (3-21 m :
1 2 1 2
mv mv0 mgy W
2 2
1 2
K : mv
2
1 2
K mv )(3-21
2
K f Ki K W )(3-22
W
.
33
()11-3
1Kg 1m A
A - B 0.5m -
3.13m/s 6-3 .
vB=3.13m/s .A
y=1m B
.B
y=0.5m .
C
:
A y=1m
6-3
UA = mgy = (1) (9.8) (1) = 9.8 J
A ) (KA=0 ).(vA=0
B
UB = mgy = (1) (9.8) (0.5) = 4.9 J
B
KB = (1/2) m v2
) (U=0 .y=0
.
v2 = v02 + 2ay
v2 = (0)2 + 2 (9.8) (1) = 19.6 m2/s2
K = (1/2) m v2 = (1/2) (1) (19.6) = 9.8 J
34
12-3 Law of conservation of energy
.
.
Kf Ki = W = U = (Uf Ui) = Uf + Ui
Kf + U f = K i + U i )(3-23
Ef = Ei )(3-24
E=K+U )(3-24
.
.
A ()11-3
m=2Kg h=10m
7-3 . :
?=vB
h=10m B y=4m .
.
?= vC y=4m
C :
A B
7-3
35
KA+ UA = KB + UB
0 + mgh = (1/2) m vB2 + mgy
2g (h y) = vB2
vB2 = (2) (9.8) (10 4) = 117.6
vB = 10.8 m/s
A C
KA+ UA = KC + UC
0 + mgh = (1/2) m vC2 + 0
2g h = vC2
vC2 = (2) (9.8) (10 ) = 196
vC = 14 m/s.
:
= / t
t
O ).(rad/sec
:
v 8-3 .m/s
:
36
v=r )(3-25
r .
T :
2
2n )(3-26
T
n
1
n )(3-27
T
) (3-25 ) (3-26 :
2
v r r
T
2r
v )(3-28
T
= / .
v
ar
:
v2
ar )(3-29
r
()11-3
3.8510 Km 27.3 .
5
.
.
:
T = 27.3 24 60 60 = 2.36 106 sec
v=2r/T
-1 100km/hr
.
-2 10m/s 200m 20m/s 140m
.
.
.
-3 10m/s 200m 20m/s 140m
. .
-4 10m/s . 2m/s
.
-5 12 . 120m/s :
.
.
-6 . 6.4m/s 3.5m/s2
2.8sec .
-7 60m 6
15m/s :
.
.
-8 1800kg . 8m/s2
38
-9 50N . 5kg
-12 3kg . 5m/s
-11 1kg . 20m/s 8m/s
:
.
.
.
0.02sec
-12 1500kg 30m/s 800kg 20m/s
.
.
.
-13 3N 10m .
.
-14 2Kg ) (F=20N 370 5-3 .
) (d=4m .F
-15 2kg 5m .
-16 10m/s a= -10m/s2
.
0.5kg
. .
-17 6m/s 3m
.
-18 0.6m 6
.
.
.
*************************
39
1-4
2-4
3-4
4-4
5-4
6-4
7-4
42
Heat
1-4 Temperature
.
.
.
.
41
Centigrade (or Celsius) scale
100 122 ) (100C
Celsius .
Reaumer
80 0R . 80R
Fahrenheit scale
180 32F . 212F
F R C
212 80 100
32 0 0
1-4
F R C
32 Melting Point
1-4
42
:
C F 32 R
)(4-1
100 180 80
F 32 180 9 )(4-2
C 100 5
9
(4-3) F C 32
5
()1-4
.
:
:
C 2C 32
100 180
F=2C .
:
C 2C 32
100 180
C 1600C , F 3200F
:
C C 32
F C
100 180
F C 400
K C 273 )(4-4
43
C K 273
.
100 373
0 273
273 0
2-4
X
:
Xo X .
X100 X 100C .
XT X ).(T
X :
X T X 0 X 100 X 0
)(4-5
T 0 100 0
XT X 0
T 0C 100 )(4-6
X 100 X 0
X :
X T X 32 X 212 X 32
)(4-7
T 32 212 32
X T X 32
T 0F 180 32 )(4-8
X 212 X 32
44
.
4-4 Thermometers
-
-1 40C0
. 357C0
.
-2
.
-3
35C0 42C0 95F0 110F0
.
-
110 C0
.
.78 C0 110 C0
-
:
-1 .
-2
.
45
Pa
1-4
1
7
1-4
.
h
:T
PT Pa hT )(4-9
:
PT T
Pa atmospheric pressure
hT T
P0 P100 100C
) (4-6 :
PT P0
T 0C 100
P100 P0 )(4-10
46
PT Pa hT
P0 Pa h0
P100 Pa h100
hT h0
T 100 )(4-11
h100 h0
:
.(1500C
()2-4
109.3cm 80cm
100C0 0C0 . 83cm 100cm
. .
:
hT h0
T 100
h100 h0
83 80
T 100
109.3 80
3
T 100 10.2C 0
29.3
100 80
T 100
109.3 80
20
T 100 68.3C 0
29.3
47
5-4 Heat as an energy
.
.
.
Heat capacity
C c.g.s
Calorie/degree m.k.s Joule/degree
.1Cal=4.186 Joule
.
Q )(4-12
C
T
Q .
Specific heat
.
.
" " " " .S
.
Q
S )(4-13
mT
) (4-11
C )(4-14
S
m
Cal/gmC0
:
48
Swater 1Cal / gC 0 4.186 J / gC 0
dQ m dT :
dQ SmdT )(4-15
Q Tf Tf
dQ SmdT mS dT
0 Ti Ti
)(4-16
Q mS (T f Ti ) mST )(4-17
Q mST )(4-18
Q CT )(4-19
Q c.g.s
.m.k.s
m
T f . Ti
:
Q mL )(4-20
L c.g.s .Cal/gm
Latent heat
.
:
-1
= 540Cal/gm
= 80Cal/gm
49
-2 :
.
()3-4
720gm -10C0
15C0
:
0C0
-10C
0
:
) Q1 msT ms(Tc Ti
Ti 10C 0
T f 0C 0
Q1 .72 2220 (0 (10)) 15984 J
0C0 0C0 :
Q2 ml
Q2 0.72 333 103 239760 J
15C0 0C0 :
) Q3 ms(T f Ti
Ti 0C 0
T f 15C 0
Q3 0.72 4190 (15 0) 45252 J
Q Q1 Q2 Q3 300996 J
52
()3-4
m=75gm . T=312c
. T=120C T
, -:
conduction
( .)2-4
51
.
""
2-4
dx A T
T-dT .
dQ
T A dQ T-dT
dQ ( )
dx :
3-4
-1 .A
dQ
A )(4-21
dt
-2
(T dT ) T dT
dQ
dT )(4-22
dt
52
-3 dx
dQ
1 )4-23
dt dx
dQ dT
A
dt dx
dQ dT
kA )4-24
dt dx
dT/dx 0
dT/dx
.
Q
T1 A Q T2
Q x
x T1,T2
4-4 ( )4-4
:
dQ T T
kA 2 1 )4-25
dt x
dQ T1 T2
kA )4-26
dt x
T2,T1 ( ) .
53
T1 T2
Q kA t )4-26
x
convection
, ""
, ( )
Radiation
, ""
()4-4
54
( )5-4 2.0cm 200cm2
100 0C
k .2cgs
A 200cm 2
x 0.2cm
T2
T1 T2 100 0
A
t 1 min 60 sec
T1 T2
Q kA t
T1 x
100
Q 0.2 200 60
0 .2
Q 12 10 5 cal
x
5-4
()5-4
30cm 5cm2 . AB
BC B ( .)6-4 A
.0 0C 200 0C C
x1 15 cm, x2 15 cm
A 5 cm 2
(T )1 200 T , (T2 ) T 0
K1 0.9 c.g.s copper
K 2 0.12 c.g.s iron
AB BC :
55
dQ dQ
( )1 ( ) 2
dT dT
)k1 A(200 T ) k 2 A(T 0
x1 x2
) 0.9(200 T ) 0.12(T
T 176.47 0 c
dQ ) (T T
( ) k1 A 1
dT x1
)0.9 5 (200 176.47
7.059cal / sec
15
, , , .
, ,
-:
T1 T2
L1
( )T2-T1
L T2 T1
L L1
) L L1 (T2 T1 )(1
, L L2 L1 )(2
) L2 L1 L1 (T2 T1
) L 2 L1 L1(T2 T1
L2 L1 1 (T2 T1 ) )4-27
.0C-1
56
T LT: 0 0C L0 :
LT L0 1 T )4-28
( )1-4 :
( )1-4
C0-1x10-6 C0-1x10-6
10 25
12 11
1 11
11 1 ()
0.4 3 ()
(
5 1.2
)
(
30 14
)
()6-4
57
.20 0C 10cm
,420 0C
.a .
.b 20 0C.420 0C
-
L L1 T2 T1
)L 3 10 6 (420 20
3 10 6 10 400
L 0.012cm
L 2 L1 1 (T 2T1
)L2 10 1 3 10 6 (420 20
L 2 10.012cm
-1 ,35 0C
-2 :
-3 -10 0C
-4
. -5
58
0 -6
100 ,109.3cm 0
C 0C 80cm
( )hT=100cm ,68.3 0C
0 0
C -7
20 0C ,85.8cm ,80cm
( )h100=109cm
20gm 90 0C 30 0C -1
.90 0C -1 300gm ( )
.15 0
C 50gm ( )
( )T= 79.3 C
30gm 100 0C .
, 25 0C
( )Smetal=1 cal/g 0C
20 0C 100 0C
-5 0C 20 0C 30 gm -12
59
150gm 00c 18gm -13
. 250c
L=80cal/gm
. ( S=0.1cal/g0C
) 300g , . 100C
. L=80cal/g . Swater=1cal/g 0C
( (T1=1000C . T2=00C
. 10min
1000C .200C
2mm -17
1000 C . 200 C
40cm2 ( ) t=1h
0.1cm -11
,0.5cm ,00C
62
.1000C . k=0.2cal/cm sec 0C
( )L2=100.0125 cm
. 270 C , -21
.370C
.=910-6 C-1
*************************
61
1-5
2-5
3-5
4-5
5-5
6-5
7-5
8-5
9-5
11-5
11-5
12-5
13-5
14-5
15-5
light
62
nature of light 1-5
0 0
0
0 (
)0
0760
) ( (
) 0
0001 ( )
0 0310
0301
( )0
0
0 ( )
( )0
63
0
0
0 c=2.998x108 m/s c
( )1-5
n
c n
c
v v
1.53 1.003 *
1.59 1.33
1.63 1.36
1.66 1.36
1.74 1.46
2.42 1.5
1.52
()1-5
1.63
. 3108m/s
64
:
c
n
v
c
v
n
3 108
v 1.84 108 m / s
1.63
( ) i
B
1-5 0
( ) r
0
0
Law of reflection
65
:
-0 0
0 -2
( .
1
( ) )
( ) 2 (
)
2-5
. -:
- .
- .
- 2 .
Angle of refraction
.
( )0
( )
:
-0
.
66
sin n
1 2
sin n
2 1
n sin n sin
1 1 2 2 )(5-2
.
:
) (n2=n: ) (n1=1
sin
n1
)(5-3
sin 2
. -2
()2-5
1.52 45
. -
-
1 - ( ) .
:
2 1 450 , n 1.52
1 ? 2
sin 1
n -
sin 2
sin 45
sin 2 0.4652
1.52
2 sin 1 0.4652 27.720
- 2 1
( ) ( )0
- ( )
67
1 2 45 27.72 17.280
( )Phi
()3-5
( )n1=1.33 ) (1=600 )(n2=1.52
:
(? = (r -
(? =(2 -
:
r 1
r 600
1 r n1 n1 sin 1 n2 sin 2
1.33 sin 60 1.52 sin 2
sin 2 0.7577
2 n2
2 sin 1 (0.7577) 49.270
1 2
n2 2 3
1 c >c 4
n1
68
3-5
( )C 90o =2 :
n1 sin 1 n2 sin 2
n1 sin c n2 sin 90
n1 sin c n2
n2
sin c )(5-4
n1
( )n2=1 : ) (n1=1.33
Sinc=11.33=0.75188
c=sin-1(0.75188)=48.70
Mirrors and Lenses
8-5
69
Images Formed by Reflection at plane mirrors
S ( )4-1
S .
'V
'Q Q
'y y
'P V P
'S S
4-5
'y
m )(5-5
y
. 1 ' y=y
9-5
Images Formed by Reflection at a spherical mirrors
72
( .)1-1
concave mirror
.
convex mirrors
( (Diverging mirror
.
() ()
5-5
(.)7-1
C F
V
()7-1
center of curvature (c) -1
71
.
vertex -2 )(v
.
-3 )Radius of curvature (R
C . V
-4 Principle axis
.
Focus -5 )(F
(
) .
. C V ( ) .
Focal length - )(f
F . V
( )7-5 :
( . 6-1 -0
. -2
. -1
C F C F C F
72
(
( )
) ( 0-0-1 )1-0-1
.
y I
O C 'y F
1-8-5
C F
'y
2-8-5
73
y
C F
'y
3-8-5
C F
4-8-5
'y
C F
5-8-5
74
( )3-1 :
C F
9-5
F F F F
1-12-5
2-12-5
75
:
-1 Principle
-2 optical center
.
-3(Focus )F
) (
). (
-4 (focal length )f
.
:
( .)0-00-1 -0
( .)2-00-1 -2
( .)1-00-1 -1
2-11-5 1-11-5
3-11-5
76
.
2-12-5 1-12-5
3-12-5
( 02-1 : )06-1
F 2F
2F F
12-5 .
77
F 2F
2F F
13-5 .
F 2F
2F F
14-5
.
F 2F
2F F
15-5 .
78
F 2F
2F F
16-5 .
F 2F
2F F
17-5
.
11-5 :
The general formula for mirrors and lenses
' S f S
:
Q A
y F
'P
P F O f
'y
S 'S
'Q
18-5
'FP'Q FOA :
79
' P' Q' FP
OA FO
y ' s ' f
)(1
y f
( )1 ( )2
S ' S ' f 'S
1
S f f
1 1 1
S 'f S
1 1 1
)(5-6
S S' f
()5-6
( (5-6 .
:
-0 ( (f ( ) ( )
( ) ( ).
-2 S .
. ' S -1
-4 S'-S-f .
( )2 :
' y' S
m )(5-7
y S
82
()4-5
. 5cm 5cm 4cm
.
:
Y=5cm S=4cm F=+5cm ?='S ?=Y
1 1 1
S S' f
1 1 1
'S' f S
1 1 1
S' 5 4
S ' 20cm
' y' S
m
y S
y ' 20
5
5 4
y ' 5 5 25cm
.
( )1-0-1
.
:
y ' 25
m 5 1
y 5
m 1
. m
81
()5-5
15cm 5cm 40cm
.
:
y=5cm S=40cm F=15cm ?='S ?='Y
1 1 1
S S' f
1 1 1 1 1 25
S ' f S 15 40 600
S ' 24cm
' y' S
m
y S
y ' 24
5 40
24
y' 5 3cm
40
:
. -0
. -2
. -1
( )0-0-1
.
:
y' 3
m 0.6 1
y 5
. m 1
82
Optical instruments
( )03-1
25cm
25cm:
S ' 25cm
m )(5-8
S S
S .
'y
y
F F
19-5
83
Compound microscope 13-5
(
)Objective lens ( .)Ocular lens
( )20-1 .
d
S '1 S2
y F1 F2 F2
F1 'y
S1 f1
"y
S '2
22-5
'y' ' y' ' y' ' y
m m2 m1
y 'y y' y
m m1 m 2 )(5-9
m1 m2 .
84
Camera 14-5
(.)20-1
21-5
Ophthalmoscope 15-5
( . )22-1
L1
L2
22-5
85
()6-5
S1=1.2cm
S2'=25cm f1=1.1cm f2=3cm
:
?='.S1 -0
?=.S2 -2
-1 ( ) ?=.d
-4 ?=.m1
-1 ?=.m2
?=.m -7
:
1 1 1
(1)
s1 s1 ' f1
1 1 1 1 1. 2 1. 1 0.1
'
1.2 s1 ' 1.1 s1 (1.1)(1.2) 1.32
1.32
s1 ' 13.2cm
0.1
1 1 1
( 2)
s2 ' s2 ' f 2
1 1 1 1 25 3 28
s2 25 3 s2 (3)(25) 75
75
s2 2.75cm
28
(3) d s1 ' s2 ' 13.2 2.75 15.95cm
' s1 13.2
(4) m1 11
s1 1. 2
's2 25
(5) m2 9.09
s2 2.75
(6) m m1m2 11 9.09 99.99 100
86
()7-5
. 27cm 9cm
:
s 27cm, f 9cm
1 1 1
s s' f
1 1 1 1 3 1
( ' )
27 s ' 9 s 27
27
s' 6.75cm
4
s' 6.75
m 0.25 1
s 27
()8-5
8cm . 2.5cm 10cm
:
1 1 1
s s' f
1 1 1 1 10 8
'
10 s ' 8 )s (8)(10
80
s' 40cm
2
. ' S
's' y
m
s y
's
y' y
s
40
y ' 2.5 10cm
10
. y ' y
87
1.66 -0
. 2.99108m/s
1.99108m/s -2
C=2.99108m/s .
1.66 -1 30
. -
-
- .
( )n1=1.33 ) (1=300 )(n2=1.52 -4
:
(? = . (r -
(? =. (2 -
34cm -1
.
45cm : 15cm -7 2.5cm
- .
- .
25cm : -7 5cm
- .
- .
. 330 25cm -6
. 0.5 cm . 2.5cm
()d=17.77cm
( )+10cm( )+5cm . 30cm -0
18cm .+10cm
()S2'=-15cm
.
88
A
>< ^+-%
~
h {
89