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trnh v ng dng khc. Mng c pht trin t n cng ngh n gin nht, r nht v c
NetWave hay NT vn k tha nh l mt my ch file/print v sm chy hu ht cc chng
thng khc nhau ca h thng u cui. Mt internetwork i hi nhiu giao thc v tnh nng
cho php s m rng ng thi n c iu khin m khng c s can thip bng tay. Cc
internetwork ln gm c 3 thnh phn nh sau:
Mng Campus: gm c cc user kt ni cc b trong mt hay mt nhm cc ta nh.
Mng WAN: kt ni cc mng Campus li vi nhau.
Kt ni t xa: lin kt cc nhnh phng lm vic v cc user n l ti mng Campus hay
Internet.
Hnh 1.1 l mt v d v mt internetwork in hnh:
Khong cch.
rng l dng nc v bng thng l kch thc ng. Nu ta c mt ng ch c ng knh
1/4 inch, th ta khng ly c nhiu nc qua n.
Vn th hai l khong cch. ng cng di, th cng nhiu nc b git, ta c th t
repeater gia ng, nhng ta cn phi hiu l tt c cc ng u c s tiu hao tn hiu.
Gii quyt vn bng thng duy tr gii hn khong cch v thit k mng vi cc on
mng thch hp cha switch v router. S tc nghn xy ra trn cc on mng khi c qu nhiu
thit b c gng s dng cng mt bng thng. S phn on mng hp l cng khng loi b
c vn v bng thng, khng bao gi c bng thng cho tt c user, l s tht m ta
phi chp nhn, nhng ta vn c th lm cho n tt hn.
Broadcast v multicast
Cc giao thc gy ra vn broadcast nh IP, ARP, NetBIOS, IPX, SAP, v RIP. Tnh nng
ny cng c trong h iu hnh ca Cisco Router, tuy nhin nu vic thit k v thc thi ng
cch c th lm gim bt vn ny. Vic lc gi, a vo hng i v chn giao thc nh
tuyn hp l l mt v d cho thy lm th no Cisco Router c th lm gim bt vn
broadcast.
Multicast cng gy nn vn nu cu hnh khng ng cch. Multicast l broadcast nhng
c nh trc i vi mt nhm cc user. Vi nhm multicast ln hoc ng dng bng thng
chuyn dng nh ng dng IPTV ca Cisco, th lu lng multicast c th dng hu ht bng
thng v ti nguyn.
gii quyt vn bng thng, ta s phn on mng vi bridge, router v switch. Tuy
gim c min broadcast nhng khng loi b c hin tng nghn c chai ca router. Vic
router x l mi gi c truyn i trn mng s gy nn nghn c chai nu lung lu lng pht
i ln.
VLAN cng l mt gii php, nhng VLAN ch l min broadcast vi ng bin nhn to.
Mt VLAN l mt nhm cc thit b trn cc phn on mng khc nhau, l mt min
no ca switch v ngi qun tr mng s gn port cho VLAN. Lu l ch c router hoc switch
lp 3 mi c th truyn thng gia cc VLAN khc nhau.
Lut 80/20 c ngha l 80% lu lng ca user l trn on mng cc b, cn li 20% hoc t
hn l qua router hoc bridge n cc on mng khc. Nu nhiu hn 20% lu lng qua thit
b phn on mng, th pht sinh vn v kh nng hot ng ca mng. Hnh 1.2 sau biu din
mt mng 80/20 truyn thng.
hot ng ca mng trong mng 80/20 bng cch chc chn rng tt c cc ti nguyn mng cho
Bi v ngi qun tr mng chu trch nhim thit k v thc hin, nn h ci tin kh nng
hiu c VLAN, bi v cch xy dng truyn thng trong mng Campus ang c thit k li
Trong "chng 3: VLAN, Trunk v VTP", s ni r hn v VLAN. Mt quan trng l ta phi
Ngoi ra ta cn phn on LAN bng switch. Switch cung cp kh nng thc thi cao hn vi
bridge. Mi port ca switch l mt min ng ring l v khng truyn ng qua port khc,
bng thng chuyn dng trn mi port (khng chia s bng thng). Ngi ta gi switch l multi-
tuy nhin cc frame broadcast v multicast vn trn qua tt c cc port ca switch. phn chia
cch logic thnh cc on ring bit. VLAN l mt nhm cc port vn chia s mi trng truyn
min broadcast ta s dng VLAN bn trong mng chuyn mch. Mt switch s chia cc port mt
dng lut 80/20 gim lu lng qua backbone, ngi qun tr c th thc hin hng gii
ri m vic nng cp hon thin Campus backbone l la chn khng mong mun. Thay v s
quyt nh sau:
Gn li ti nguyn sn c mang cc user v cc server li gn vi nhau.
Chuyn cc ng dng v cc file n cc server khc nhau bn trong mt nhm.
lp 3.
Chuyn tip lp 3 i hi phi x l ti nguyn nhiu hn bi v cc gi phi c kim tra
trn lp cao hn, iu ny c th gy nn tnh trng nghn c chai trong mng Campus, nu
khng thit k cn thn.
Nh vy, mt mng Campus vi nhiu VLAN tr thnh kh khn trong vic qun l. Trc
20/80, cc thit b u cui cn truyn thng vi nhiu VLAN khc. Vic o lng lu lng v
kia, cc VLAN thng s dng mt cch logic cha cc nhm v lu lng ph bin. Vi lut
lin quan n ngi dng u cui. Bng 1.1 cho bit danh sch cc kiu lu lng ny, cng vi
Lung lu lng trong mng Campus c th phn thnh ba loi, da v tr cc dch v mng
phm vi ca n.
Phm vi ca
Kiu dch v V tr ca dch v
lung lu lng
cung cp c chc nng vt l ln lun l mi im thch hp trong mng Campus. Vic hiu
M hnh ny gm c ba lp: Access, Distribution, v Core. Mi lp c cc thuc tnh ring
1.4.1 Lp Access
Lp Access xut hin ngi dng u cui c kt ni vo mng. Cc thit b trong lp
ny thng c gi l cc switch truy cp, v c cc c im sau:
Chi ph trn mi port ca switch thp.
Mt port cao.
M rng cc uplink n cc lp cao hn.
Chc nng truy cp ca ngi dng nh l thnh vin VLAN, lc lu lng v giao
thc, v QoS.
Tnh co dn thng qua nhiu uplink.
1.4.2 Lp Distribution
1.4.3 Lp Core
Core thng xut hin backbone ca mng, v phi c kh nng chuyn mch lu lng mt
Lp Core ca mng Campus cung cp cc kt ni ca tt c cc thit b lp Distribution. Lp
cch hiu qu. Cc thit b lp Core thng c gi l cc backbone switch, v c nhng thuc
tnh sau:
Thng lng lp 2 hoc lp 3 rt cao.
Chi ph cao
C kh nng d phng v tnh co dn cao.
Chc nng QoS.
mng Campus, nhng n c thit k tch bit v thm vo thit k mng. Cc khi ny gm
Cc khi lin quan khc c th tn ti mc d n khng gp phn vo ton b chc nng ca
c:
Khi Server Farm: gm mt nhm cc server cng vi cc switch Access v
Distribution.
Khi qun l (Management): gm mt nhm ti nguyn qun l mng cng vi
switch Access v Distribution.
Khi Enterprise bin (Enterprise Edge): gm mt tp cc dch v lin quan n vic
truy cp mng bn ngoi cng vi cc switch Access v Distribution.
Khi nh cung cp dch v bin (Service Provider Edge): cc dch v mng bn
ngoi c s dng bi mng Enterprise, l cc dch v vi cc giao tip khi
enterpride bin.
Tp hp cc khi trn c gi l m hnh mng tng hp Enterprise. Hnh 1.7 biu din mt
Modular thit k Campus. Ch mt iu l mi building c gii hn trong mt khu vc v
c kt ni n khi Core.
ngi dng u cui n mng Campus. Vi t l mt ngi dng u cui trn mt port ca
switch th mi user nhn c bng thng ring bit.
Mi switch ca lp Access s kt ni n thit b trong lp Distribution. y, chc nng
lp 2 l vn chuyn d liu gia tt c cc switch truy cp n im kt ni trung tm. Chc nng
lp 3 cng c cung cp trong cch thc nh tuyn v cc dch v mng khc (bo mt,
QoS,). V vy, thit b ca lp Distribution l mt chuyn mch a lp.
Lp Distribution cng bo v khi Switch khi cc li no , v d nh vic broadcast s
khng c truyn n cc khi Switch khc v khi Core. V vy, giao thc Spanning Tree s
gii hn mi khi Switch nh ngha v iu khin tt min Spanning Tree.
thng khng ng lm. Thng thng khng qu 2000 user c t bn trong mt khi
Vic thit k mt khi Switch ch da vo s ngi dng hoc s trm cha trong khi
Switch. Tuy nhin vic c lng kch thc ban u cng em li nhiu li ch v vy ta phi
da vo cc yu t sau:
Loi lu lng v hot ng ca n.
Kch thc v s lng ca cc nhm lm vic (workgroup).
Da vo tnh cht ng ca mng, m ta nh kch thc khi Switch qu ln s khng th
gi c ti trn n. Ngoi ra, s lng ngi dng v cc ng dng trn mng cng tng theo
thi gian, do vic thay i kch thc khi Switch l cn thit. Mt khc, ta cng da vo
lung lu lng thc t v kiu lu lng xut hin trong khi Switch c th c lng, m
hnh ha, hoc o lng cc tham s ny bng cc ng dng v cc cng c phn tch mng.
Thng thng, mt khi switch qu ln nu xy ra cc s kin sau:
Cc router (chuyn mch a lp) lp Distribution b nghn c chai. S tt nghn ny
do lng lu lng bn trong VLAN cn CPU x l nhiu hoc s ln chuyn mch
c yu cu bi chnh sch v chc nng bo mt (danh sch truy cp, hng i).
to bn sao v chuyn tip qua nhiu port. iu ny i hi cc x l ban u trong
Lu lng broadcast v multicast lm chm chuyn mch trong khi Switch do vic
phi cho php s pht trin trong tng lai. Mt Ethernet Core cho php nng cp n gin v c
lu lng tng hp vo switch ca Core. Ta coi nh l tn dng lin kt trung bnh nhng n
tnh leo thang, v d nh s pht trin t Etherne -> Fast Ethernet -> Fast EtherChannel ->Gigabit
Ethernet -> Gigabit EtheeChannel
Hnh 1.9 biu din khi Collapsed Core, mc d chc nng ca lp Distribution v Core c
thc hin trong cng mt thit b, nhng iu quan trng l n vn gi cc chc nng ny mt
cch ring bit v c thit k ng cch. Ch l khi Collapsed Core ph thuc khi
building, nhng n c kt hp vo trong lp Distribution ca khi Switch c lp.
Trong khi Collapsed Core, mi switch lp Access c mt lin kt d phng n mi switch
ca lp Distributon v Core. Tt c cc mng con lp 3 c trong lp Access u c gii hn ti
Trc y, khi Dual Core thng c dng xy dng vi switch lp 2 cung cp thng
lng n gin nht v hiu qu nht. Cn chuyn mch lp 3 c cung cp trong lp
Distribution. Hin nay, chuyn mch a lp mang li li nhun v cung cp hot ng chuyn
mch cao. Vic xy dng Dual Core vi chuyn mch a lp c ngh v c th thc hin
c. Dual core s dng hai switch ging nhau d phng. Cc lin kt d phng kt ni lp
Distribution ca khi Switch n mi switch ca Dual Core. Hai switch ca khi Core kt ni bi
mt lin kt. Trong Core lp 2, cc switch khng c kt ni trnh s lp vng trong cu ni.
Mt Core lp 3 s dng cho nh tuyn hn l cu ni, v s lp vng cu ni khng xy ra.
Trong Dual Core, mi switch ca Distribution c hai con ng vi chi ph bng nhau, cho
php s dng ng thi cng mt lc bng thng sn c ca c hai con ng. Nu mt switch b
li, th giao thc nh tuyn s nh tuyn li lu lng s dng con ng khc qua switch d
phng cn li.
Kch thc ca khi Core trong mng Campus
Dual Core l khi cc switch d phng c lp ghp vi nhau, c gii hn v bit lp bi
cc thit b lp 3. Cc giao thc nh tuyn xc nh cc con ng v duy tr hot ng ca khi
Core. i vi bt k mng no, ta cng phi ch n vic thit k router v cc giao thc nh
tuyn trong mng. Bi v cc giao thc nh tuyn truyn b cp nht thng lng mng, nn
hnh trng mng phi chiu s thay i. Kch thc mng (s lng router) s nh hng n hot
ng ca giao thc nh tuyn v s cp nht c thay i.
Hnh 1.10 biu din mng nh vi hai khi Switch cha hai switch chuyn mch lp 3 (x l
nh tuyn bn trong switch ca lp Distribution), cn i vi mng Campus ln, c th c nhiu
khi Switch kt ni n khi Core. Nu ta xem mi switch a lp l mt router, th ta nh li
rng, mi b x l nh tuyn s gi cc thng tin truyn thng vi cc ngang cp kt ni trc
cao.
ca chnh n, v kt ni cc switch ca Distribution vo trong lp Core vi lin kt d phng tc
thng c t ti y.
bi mt hoc nhiu nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP). Cc thit b bo mt mng
mng PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network). Nu lu lng thoi c h tr
Truy cp t xa v VPN: h tr cc truy cp quay s t cc ngi dng bn ngoi qua
Kch
Catalyst
thc Lp Tnh nng
Switch
mng
3550- 10 1000BASE-X
12G
2 10/100/1000BASE-T uplinks;
(EMI)
MLS
4006/ 30 1000BASE-X
4500
hoc 240 10/100/
1000BASE-T
MLS
Kch
Catalyst
thc Lp Tnh nng
Switch
mng
switch chia nh min collision, tuy nhin n vn khng ngn c min broadcast. Ngoi ra
cc host cn li trong mng. Mi port trong switch l mt min collision, v vy ngi ta s dng
n cn c cc vn nh:
Vn v bng thng: trong mt s trng hp mt mng Campus lp 2 c th m
rng thm mt s building na, hay s user tng ln th nhu cu s dng bng thng cng
tng, do bng thng cng nh kh nng thc thi ca mng s gim.
Vn v bo mt: bi v user no cng c th thy cc user khc trong cng mt flat
network, do rt kh bo mt.
Vn v cn bng ti: trong flat network ta khng th thc hin truyn trn nhiu
ng i, v lc mng rt d b loop, to nn broadcast storm nh hng n bng
thng ca ng truyn. Do khng th chia ti (cn gi l cn bng ti).
gii quyt cc vn trn, ngi ta a ra gii php VLAN. VLAN (Virtual Local Area
Network) c nh ngha l mt nhm logic cc thit b mng, v c thit lp da trn cc
yu t nh chc nng, b phn, ng dng ca cng ty. Mi VLAN l mt mng con logic c
to ra trn switch, cn gi l segment hay min broadcast.
c kt ni n on mng vt l.
Trang 21
VnPro Cisco Authorised Training Center
Vi Cisco Switch, dynamic LAN c to v qun l bng cng c qun l mng nh Cisco
Work 2000. Dynamic VLAN cho php tnh mm do v tnh di ng cho ngi dng u cui.
lng trong VLAN qua Core ca mng, nhng end-to-end VLAN lm n c th thc hin tt c
lu lng bn trong VLAN qua Core.
V tt c VLAN phi c hiu lc mi switch lp Access, nn VLAN trunking phi c s
dng mng tt c cc VLAN gia switch lp Access v lp Distribution.
Ch : end-to-end VLAN khng c ngh trong mng Enterprise, nu khng c mt l
do hp l. Lu lng broadcast c mng trn mt VLAN t mt u cui ca mng n mt
u cui khc, nn bo broadcast (broadcast storm) hoc lp vng cu ni lp 2 cng c th
truyn b qua phm vi ca ti nguyn. Khi , vic x l s c tr nn qu kh, v s mo him
s dng end-to-end VLAN lm nh hng n li ch.
Local VLAN
kh duy tr. Lut 20/80 c ngha l 20% lu lng cc b, cn 80% n mt ti nguyn t xa qua
V hu ht mng Enterprise hng ti lut 20/80, nn end-to-end VLAN tr nn cng knh v
mt cch thng minh.Do cung cp tnh li ch cc i bng cch s dng nhiu con ng n
ch, tnh m rng cc i bng cch gi VLAN bn trong mt khi Switch v tnh qun l cc
i.
nh mt Ethernet Hub c kt ni vo port ca switch. Mt thit b ngi dng trn Hub phi
Ch l mt port ca switch h tr nhiu hn mt mng con cho thit b gn vo n. V d
switch. Cc lin kt trunk tt nht khi switch kt ni n cc switch khc hoc n router. Mt
sao. Mt lin kt trunk (ng chnh) c th h tr nhiu hn mt VLAN qua mt port ca
lin kt trunk khng c gn cho mt VLAN ring bit. Thay v mt, nhiu hoc tt c cc
VLAN c truyn gia cc swtich s dng mt lin kt trunk vt l.
Ta c th kt ni hai switch vi lin kt vt l ring bit i vi mi VLAN nh hnh 2.3
hp cc lin kt knh Fast v Gigabit Ethernet. phn bit lu lng gia cc VLAN khc
Cisco h tr trunk trn lin kt switch ca Fast Ethernet v Gigabit Ethernet ging nh kt
nhau trn mt trunk. switch phi c cch nhn dng mi frame vi VLAN thch hp. Phn sau s
tho lun v cc phng php nhn dng ny.
qua cc ng trunk, do cc gi c truyn trn ng trunk phi c thng tin nhn dng v
Trong mt mng Campus c rt nhiu VLAN trn nhiu switch, cc switch ny ni vi nhau
u tin B gi frame n switch 1, switch 1 s nhn frame v kim tra trong bng a
ch MAC ca n, th n bit c y l frame ca VLAN 3 v ch n k tip l qua
switch 2. Switch 1 s thm VLAN ID ca VLAN 3 v gi qua ng trunk kt ni
n switch 2.
Switch 2 nhn frame, n kim tra VLAN ID v bit c frame ny n VLAN 3,
ng thi ch n k tip l phi qua switch 3. Switch 2 s chuyn frame qua ng
trunk ni n switch 3.
frame n cho Y. Y nhn frame bit c n c gi t B (da vo a ch MAC),
Khi switch 3 nhn frame, n kim tra frame, v tch VLAN ID ra khi frame v gi
nhng n khng bit n thuc v VLAN no, ch c switch 3 mi bit thng tin .
C 2 cch nhn dng VLAN ID l:
Cisco Inter - Switch Link.
IEEE 802.1Q.
Cisco Inter - Switch Link
ISL l giao thc ng gi frame c trng ca Cisco cho kt ni nhiu switch. N c dng
mun i qua ng trunk n switch hay router khc th ISL s thm 26 byte header v 4 byte
chnh trong mi trng Ethernet, ch h tr trn cc router v switch ca Cisco. Khi mt frame
trailer vo frame. Trong VLAN ID chim 10 bit, cn phn trailer l CRC m bo tnh
chnh xc ca d liu.
Thng tin th c thm vo u v cui mi frame, nn ISL cn c gi l nh th kp.
ISL c th chy trong mi trng point-to-point, v c th h tr ti a 1024 VLAN (do VLAN
ID chim 10 bit).
Hnh 2.6 biu din frame Ethernet c ng gi v chuyn tip ra lin kt trunk. V thng
tin th c thm vo u v cui frame nn i khi ISL c cp nh l th i. Nu mt
frame c nh trc cho mt lin kt truy cp, th vic ng gi ISL (c phn header ln
trailer) khng c ghi li vo trong frame trc khi truyn. N ch gi thng tin ISL cho lin kt
trunk v thit b c th hiu giao thc.
Trong :
Th 802.1Q c 4 byte gm c cc phn nh sau:
o 802.1Q TPID (Tag Protocol IDentifier): c di 16 bit, c gi tr c nh l
0x8100. Dng nhn dng frame ng gi theo chun IEEE 802.1Q.
o Priority: u tin, c 8 mc u tin (0 -> 7), mc nh l 0.
o CFI (Canonical Format Indicator): Lun t gi tr 0 cho Ethernet Switch
802.1Q. Thm vo , Cisco thc hin quyn s hu, v giao thc point-to-point c gi l
Ta c th cu hnh bng tay cc lin kt trunk trn Catalyst Switch theo kiu ISL hoc IEEE
giao thc trunk ng DTP (Dynamic Trunking Protocol) dn xp kiu trunk ph bin gia hai
switch. S dn xp kim ny sot vic ng gi (ISL hoc 802.1Q) cng nh kt ni tr thnh
trunk cho tt c. iu ny cho php s dng kt ni m khng cn c qu nhiu s cu hnh bng
tay hay qun tr. Vic s dng DTP s c gii thch phn sau.
Ch : DTP bi v hiu nu mt switch c kt ni trunk n mt router v router khng thc
thi giao thc DTP. Mt lin kt trunk ch c dn xp gia hai switch nu c hai switch thuc
cng mt min qun l ca giao thc VTP (VLAN Trunk Protocol), hoc nu mt hoc c hai
khng nh ngha min VTP. VTP s c tho lun phn 2.3. Nu hai switch c min VTP v
trunk gia cng khc nhau, th ta phi thit lp kt ni trunk l kiu "on" hoc kiu "nonegotiate",
vic ny s nh hng n trunk c thit lp.
hnh v qun l mt s lng ln switch, VLAN v VLAN trunk phi c iu khin ra ngoi
Trong mi trng mng Campus thng gm c nhiu switch kt ni bn trong, nn vic cu
nhanh. Cisco trin khai mt phng php qun l VLAN qua mng Campus l VLAN
Trunking Protocol - VTP.
S dng gi trunk lp 2 qun l s thm xa v t tn cho VLAN trong mt min qun tri
VTP l mt giao thc qung b cho php duy tr cu hnh thng nht trn mt min qun tr.
nht nh. Thng ip VTP c ng gi trong frame ca ISL hay 802.1Q v c truyn trn
cc ng trunk. ng thi, VTP cho php tp trung thng tin v s thay i t tt c cc switch
trong mt h thng mng. Bt k switch no tham gia vo s trao i VTP u c th nhn bit
v s dng bt c VLAN no m VTP qun l. Sau y ta s ni n hot ng ca giao thc
VTP.
qung b vi nhiu d liu cu hnh VLAN ring bit trong thng bo tng kt. Hnh
2.8 biu din format ca thng bo tng kt.
b tp con sau khi c s thay i cu hnh VLAN. Thng bo ny gm c cc thay i
Thng bo tp hp con (Subset Advertisement): cc server thuc min VTP qung
xa c s d liu ca VLAN, v thay i thnh vin min VTP, hoc nghe thng bo
Thng bo yu cu t client: mt client VTP yu cu thng VLAN nh xc lp li,
cc server p ng bng thng bo tng kt v thng bo tp con. Hnh 2.10 biu din
tng kt VTP vi s ln sa li cao hn s hin ti. Sau thng bo client yu cu, th
Cc Catalyst switch (server-mode) lu tr thng tin VTP khng dnh liu n cu hnh switch
trong NVRAM VLAN v d liu VTP c lu trong file vlan.dat trn h thng file b nh
Flash ca switch. Tt c thng tin VTP nh s ln cu hnh li VTP c lu li khi tt ngun
in ca switch. Switch c th khi phc cu hnh VLAN t c s d liu VTP sau khi n khi
ng.
min broadcast, cn cc frame multicast th c chuyn tip theo ngha thng minh hn, nhng
Ta hy nh li l mt switch chuyn tip cc frame broadcast ra tt c cc port sn c trong
cng cng mt kiu. Khi witch khng tm thy a ch MAC ch trong bng chuyn tip th n
phi chuyn frame ra tt c cc port c gng tm n ch.
Khi chuyn tip frame ta tt c cc port trong min broadcast hoc VLAN, th k c cc port
ca trunk nu c VLAN. Thng thng, trong mng c mt vi switch, cc lin kt trunk gia
cc switch v VTP c s dng qun l vic truyn thng tin VLAN. iu ny lm cho cc
lin kt trunk gia cc switch mang lu lng t tt c VLAN.
tip ra tt c cc port ca VLAN 3, bao gm c lin kt trunk n Cat A. Sau Cat A s chuyn
Xem xt mng trong hnh 2.11, khi hostPC trong VLAN 3 gi broadcast, th Cat C chuyn
Do VTP pruning s s dng hiu qu bng thng bng cch gim bt vic lu lng
khng cn thit. Cc frame broadcast hoc cc frame unicast khng xc nh trn mt VLAN ch
c chuyn tip trn lin kt trunk nu switch nhn trn u cui ca trunk c port thuc VLAN
. VTP pruning l s m rng trn phin bn 1 ca VTP, s dng kiu message VTP b sung.
Khi mt Catalyst Switch c mt port vi mt VLAN, th switch gi qung b n cc switch ln
cn m c port hot ng trn VLAN . Cc ln cn ca n s gi thng tin ny gii quyt
nu c lu lng trn t mt VLAN c s dng port trunk hay khng.
Hnh 2.12 biu din mng t hnh 2.11 vi VTP pruning. V Cat B khng thng bo v
Ch : Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng giao thc Spanning Tree gim lu lng khng cn
thit trn trunk, ta s tm hiu phn ny chng 3.
truyn thng vi nhau pht hin vng lp vt l trong mng. Sau giao thc ny s nh r
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) l mt giao thc ngn chn s lp vng, cho php cc bridge
mt thut ton m bridge c th to ra mt topology lun l cha loop-free. Ni cch khc STP
s to mt cu trc cy ca free-loop gm cc l v cc nhnh ni ton b mng lp 2.
l kt qu ca vic c gng tnh ton cung cp kh nng d phng, trong trng hp ny, mt
Vng lp xy ra trong mng vi nhiu nguyn nhn. Hu ht cc nguyn nhn thng thng
link hoc switch b hng, cc link hoc switch khc vn tip tc hot ng, tuy nhin cc vng
lp cng c th xy ra do li. Hnh 3.1 biu din mt mng switch in hnh v cc vng lp c
c dng cung cp kh nng d phng nh th no.
Hai nguyn nhn chnh gy ra s lp vng tai hi trong mng chuyn mch l do broadcast v
s sai lch ca bng bridge.
Broadcast Loop
Broadcast Loop v vng lp lp 2 l mt s kt hp nguy him. Hnh 3.2 biu din broadcast
to ra vng lp phn hi (feedback loop).
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bridging loop nguy him hn nhiu so vi routing loop. Hnh 3.3 m t format ca mt DIXv2
Ethernet frame.
frame bt u b loop trong mng th n vn tip tc cho n khi ai ngt mt trong cc bridge
datagram b run-away. Khng ging nh IP, Ethernet khng c trng TTL, v vy sau khi mt
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V frame b lp theo hng ngc li, nn ta thy a ch MAC ca host A b ln gia port 1/1
v 1/2. iu ny khng ch lm mng b trn vi cc gi unicast m cn sa sai bng bridge. Nh
vy khng ch c broadcast mi lm h hi mng.
Bridge ID (B-ID)
B-ID l mt trng c 8 byte, n gm c 2 trng con c miu t nh hnh 3.5 sau:
Trong :
a ch MAC: c 6 byte gn cho switch. Catalyst 5000 v 6000 s dng mt trong s
cc a ch MAC t vng 1024 a ch gn cho mi gim st (suprevisor) v
backplane. a ch MAC trong B-ID s dng format hexa.
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nh nhau nhng c mt vi im khc bit gia IEEE STP v DEC STP nh DEC STP s dng 8
Ch : ta ch tp trung vo phin bn IEEE ca Spanning Tree Protocol. Mc d v c bn l
bit Bridge Priority. Catalyst lp 2 nh: 4000, 5000, v 6000 ch h tr IEEE STP.
Chi ph ng i
Bridge s dng khi nim chi ph nh gi cc bridge khc. 802.1D nh ngha chi ph l
1000 Mbps bng cch chia bng thng ca link. V d nh mt link 10BaseT c chi ph l 100
(1000/10), Fast Ethernet v FDDI s dng chi ph l 10 (1000/100). Lc ny p ng tt t
khi Radia Perlman u tin lm vic trong giao thc nm 1983. Tuy nhin vi vic gia tng ca
Gigabit Ethernet v OC-48 ATM (2,4Gbps), th t ra mt vn l chi ph c lu tr l mt
gi tr nguyn m khng phi l phn s. V d nh kt qu OC-48 ATM trong 1000/2400 Mbps=
link bng hoc ln hn 1 Gbps, tuy nhin iu ny ngn cn STP la chn chnh xc con ng
41667 bps, mt gi tr chi ph khng hp l. Mt ty chn l s dng chi ph ca 1 cho tt c cc
4 Mbps 250
10 Mbps 100
16 Mbps 62
45 Mbps 39
100 Mbps 19
155 Mbps 14
622 Mbps 6
1 Gbps 4
10 Gbps 2
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Khi to ra topology lun l cha loop-free th Spanning Tree lun dng trnh t 4 bc sau:
Root BID thp nht.
Chi ph ng i n Root Bridge thp nht.
BID ca ngi gi thp nht.
Port ID thp nht.
Bridge chuyn thng tin Spanning Tree vi nhau, s dng frame xc nh l n v d liu
giao thc bridge (Bridge Protocol Data Unit - BPDU). Mt bridge s dng trnh t 4 bc ny
lu mt bn sao ca BPDU tt nht trn mi port. Khi nh gi, n xem tt c BPDU nhn c
trn port cng nh BPDU gi i trn port . Mi BPDU n u c kim tra trnh t 4 bc
ny, nu tt hn BPDU hin ti th n c lu trn port v thay th gi tr c.
Ch : cc bridge s gi BPDU cu hnh cho n khi nhn nhiu hn mt BPDU tt.
Thm vo , qu trnh lu li BPDU tt nht cng iu khin vic gi cc BPDU. Khi mt
bridge hot ng ln u, th tt c cc port ca n c gi BPDU 2s mt ln (s dng gi tr b
nh thi mc nh). Tuy nhin, nu mt port lng nghe mt BPDU t mt bridge khc tt hn
BPDU m n gi, th port cc b s ngng gi BPDU. Nu BPDU ny t mt ln cn ngng n
trong mt chu k thi gian (20 s l mc nh) th port cc b tip tc gi BPDU li ln na.
Ch : C 2 loi BPDU l BPDU cu hnh v BPDU thng bo thay i topology (TCN).
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Mc ch ca Root War ch lin quan n Root BID v trng Sender BID. Khi mt bridge
pht ra mt BPDU hai 2s mt ln, ngay tc khc n s xc nh Root Bridge da vo trng Root
BID. Bridge ny lun t B-ID ca chnh n trong Sender BID.
Ch : Root BID l ID ca Root Bridge hin ti, trong khi Sender BID l ID ca bridge cc
b hoc switch.
Khi bridge khi ng ln u tin, n lun lun t BID trong c hai trng Root BID v
Sender BID. Gi s rng, Cat-B khi ng u tin v bt u gi cc BPDU thng bo chnh n
l Root Bridge 2s mi ln. Mt vi pht sau Cat-C khi ng v thng bo chnh n l Root
Bridge. Khi BPDU ca Cat-C n Cat-B, Cat-B s loi b BPDU v n c B-ID thp hn c
lu trn cc port ca n. Ngay lp tc Cat-B truyn BPDU, Cat-C bit c l gi nh ban u
ca n l sai. Ti thi im , Cat-C bt u gi BPDU vi Root BID l B v Sender BID l C.
By gi mng chp nhn B l Root Bridge.
5 pht sau , Cat-A khi ng, n gi s rng n l Root Bridge v bt u qung b iu
ny trong BPDU. Ngay lp tc cc BPDU n Cat-B v C, cc switch ny s t b Root Bridge
li cho Cat-A. By gi tt c 3 switch u gi cc BPDU thng bo Cat-A l Root Bridge v
chnh n l Sender BID.
Bc 2: chn Root Port
Sau tranh ginh ca Root War, cc switch s chuyn qua chn Root Port. Root Port l mt
port trn Root Bridge. Mi brigde (tr Root Bridge) phi la chn mt Root Port.
Ch : Mi bridge (tr Root Bridge) s la chn Root Port.
Bridge s s dng khi nim chi ph xt Root Port. C th l cc bridge theo di chi ph
ng i gc, chi ph tch ly ca tt c cc link n Root Bridge. Hnh 3.9 m t lm th no
tnh ton qua nhiu bridge v kt qu ca vic quyt nh Root Port.
(1): Khi Cat-A (Root Bridge) gi cc BPDU, th n cha chi ph ng i gc l 0.
(2): Khi B nhn cc BPDU ny, n thm vo chi ph ng i ca port 1/1vo chi ph
ng i gc cha trong BPDU nhn. Gi s rng mng ang chy switch Catalyst
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Hnh 3.9 khng ni chi tit Cat-B cng tnh ton v chn ra port 1/1 l Root Port vi chi ph
l 19, v ch l khi mt port nhn BPDU th chi ph s tng dn.
Ch :
Chi ph STP c tng khi mt port nhn BPDU, ch khng phi v n c gi ra
khi port. V d nh, cc BPDU n trn port 1/1 ca Cat-B vi chi ph l 0 v tng
ln 19 bn trong Cat-B.
S khc nhau gia chi ph ng i v chi ph ng i gc.
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Root Bridge 1
Root Port 14
Trng thi Mc ch
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Trng thi Disable cho php ngi qun tr mng qun l vic ngng hot ng ca mt port.
Sau khi khi to, cc port bt u trong trng thi Blocking lng nghe cc BPDU.
Do s a dng ca cc s kin m bridge truyn trong trng thi Listening (v d nh mt
bridge ngh n l Root Bridge ngay sau khi khi ng). trng thi ny, khng c d liu ngi
dng c truyn qua, tc l port ang gi v nhn cc BPDU c gng xc nh active
topology. Trong trng thi Listening s dng 3 bc hi t ni trn, cc port b mt quyn
Designated Port ch nh tr thnh non-Designated Port v tr li trng thi Blocking.
Cc Designated Port v Root Port sau 15s (gi tr mc nh ca b nh thi) s chuyn qua
qua, m xy dng bng bridge ca n. Khi Bridge nhn frame, n a a ch MAC v port vo
trng thi Learning. Trong khong 15s khc, bridge vn khng chuyn cc frame ca ngi dng
u.
bng bridge. Trng thi learning s gim bt s lng trn ngp khi vic chuyn tip d liu bt
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Blocking B
Forwading F
Designated Port DP
Root Port RP
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Mc ch
mc nh
Gi tr
Timer
V d: gi s rng link on 3 trong hnh 3.12 s dng mt Hub v port 1/2 ca Cat-B truyn
ra ngoi. Cat-C khng thng bo li lin v n vn ang nhn lin kt Ethernet t Hub. Cat-C ch
thng bo l cc BPDU ngng n. Sau 20s (Max Age), th port 1/2 ca Cat-C ly thng tin
BPDU c vi port 1/2 ca Cat-B l Designated Port cho on mng 3. iu ny lm cho port 1/2
ca Cat-C truyn trong trng thi Listening c gng tr thnh Designated Port. V vy Port 1/2
ca Cat-C cung cp truy cp tt nht t Root Bridge n lin kt ny, nn n chuyn sang trng
thi Forwarding. Nh vy, Cat-C mt 50s (20s Max Age + 15s Listenning + 15s Forwarding)
vt qua sau khi port 1/2 trn Cat-B b li.
Trong trng hp ny, cc bridge c th pht hin s thay i topolo gy mng trn cc lin
kt kt ni trc tip v ngay lp tc chuyn sang trng thi Listening m khng cn ch thi gian
Max Age. Xem v d trong hnh 3.13.
ngay lp tc port 1/2 ca Cat-C chuyn sang trng thi Learning tr thnh Root Port mi thay
Trong trng hp ny, port 1/1 ca Cat-C b li, v lin kt trn Root Port cng b li nn
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v ch 20s ri mi ly thng tin c. iu ny lm cho thi gian hi t STP gim t 50s xung 30s
(15s Listening + 14s Learning).
Ch : thi gian hi t STP l t 30s n 50s.
Hai im quan trng cn nh khi s dng b nh thi STP l:
Th nht: khng thay i gi tr thi gian mc nh khi khng c s cn nhc cn
thn.
Th hai: ta ch c sa thi gian t Root Bridge.
Chiu di
Trng ngha
(octet)
gc)
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Nh tho lun, port 1/2 ca Cat-C mt 50s tr thnh Designated Port. Tuy nhin nu
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Da vo hnh 3.15 ta c th bit c qu trnh thay i topology mng cho hnh 3.14 nh
Tuy nhin, nu host D c gng gi mt frame n host E trong 20s (gi s host E khng ni g
trnh ny nhanh hn thi. Cc thit b tip tc ni sut 15s ny m khng cho bng bridge ngh.
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switch s b kha v khng c kh nng cn bng ti, lm cho vic chuyn tip trn mt lin kt
khng h tr cho tt c VLAN, trong khi cc lin kt khc th b kha.
Spanning Tree PVST hot ng tch ri i vi mi VLAN ring. iu ny cho php STP trn
Cisco c mt phin bn ring ca STP cung cp tnh mm do hn CST. Per-VLAN
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router bn ngoi.
no? Cc gi phi c nh tuyn qua router A, host D nm trn VLAN khc vi host A nn
By gi ta s tm hiu host A trn VLAN 10 truyn thng vi host D trn VLAN 50 nh th
switch phi gi gi n router trn interface FE0/0.10. Router bit rng ng i n VLAN 50
phi qua interface FE0/0.50. Sau router gi gi ngc li switch v chuyn tip n host D.
Ti sao phi chuyn mch lp 3? Ta thy trong hnh 4.1, vic s dng router chuyn cc
gi t host A n host D l khng c hiu qu khi n c kt ni n cng mt switch. MLS
c dng trnh vic dng router nh tuyn cc gi tip theo ca cng mt lung d liu.
Mt lung l mt mc trong bng c to bi cc thng tin trong header ca ngun v ch cho
lp 3 v 4. Switch cha thng tin nh tuyn lin quan n lung thay i cc gi sau ny.
Mt vi trng trong gi quyt nh gi l duy nht nh:
a ch IP ngun v ch.
a ch MAC ngun v ch.
Kiu dch v (ToS).
Kiu giao thc (v d: HTTP, FTP, ICMP)
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duyt intranet ca cng ty th h phi c ly thng tin t nhiu server trong nhiu khu vc khc
Trong thc t, MLS c khuynh hng lm vic tt hn khi lung gi kh ln. Nu mt user
nhau. Nu cng mt user ang download mt file qua FTP, th tht d dng thy c l hng
trm mnh n t cng mt ni v i n cng mt ni. Ch mnh ban u mi cn c nh
tuyn, cc mnh cn li ch cn chuyn mch lp 3.
Vic s dng MLS cho kt qu tt nht khi cc file c truy cp ln hoc khi cng mt kiu
thng tin c truy cp thng xuyn. Cc user kim tra email ca h mi pht cng l mt v d
ng dng to ra cc gi nh nhng thng xuyn.
4.2 Cc yu cu ca MLS
Mt vi Catalyst switch yu cu b sung phn cng s dng thng tin header ca gi.
s dng card tnh nng chuyn mch a lp MSFC (Multilayer Switch Feature Card) v card
Trong khi Catalyst 3550 v 4000 vi card Supervisor IV c b x l on-boad, th Catalyst 6000
tnh nng chnh sch PFC (Policy Feature Card) thu thp v lu tr thng tin header (ta nh
li l Catalyst 5000 s dng card NetFlow Feature thu thp v lu tr thng tin).
MLS i hi ba thnh phn thc hin cc chc nng trong bt c mng no:
B x l nh tuyn MLS (Multilayer Switching Route Processor MLS-RP): l
mt router c gn trc tip, y l router bn ngoi c kh nng MLS hoc l mt
RSM ci t trong switch.
Phng tin chuyn mch ca MLS (Multilayer Switching Switch Engine MLS-
SE): l mt switch c kh nng MLS (Catalyst 6000 vi MSFC v PFC).
trn router v cho php n truyn thng vi MLS-SE i vi topolpgy mng v cc
Giao thc MLSP (Multilayer Switching Protocol MLSP): l mt giao thc chy
thay i security.
kt ni trc tip vi thit b lp 2, nh cc switch. Hnh 4.3 m t qu trnh pht hin giao thc
MLSP.
Thng tin c lu tr trong bng CAM sau khi nhn mt gi hello ca giao thc MLSP l
ID c gi l XTAG. XTAG l mt nh danh duy nht m cc switch MLS s dng gi cc
ng i ca cc MLS router trong mng. Tt c a ch MAC v cc VLAN s dng trong
MLS-RP c kt hp vi gi tr XTAG trong bng CAM.
MLS Cache:
Sau khi cc MLS-SE thit lp cc mc CAM cho MLS-RP, th switch sn sng bt u qut
cc gi v to cc mc lu tr. y l bc nhn dng cc gi i in v cc gi enable.
Cc mc lu tr c to cha d liu lung. Lung d liu cho php MLS-SE ghi li cc
gi vi a ch MAC ngun v ch mi, sau chuyn tip cc gi. Tt c iu ny c thc
hin m khng phi gi cc gi n router tm mt con ng v c ghi li.
Vic ghi vo mc lu tr c 2 bc sau:
Tip nhn cc gi i din.
Tip nhn cc gi enable.
Sau khi cc mc ny c to ra trong MLS-SE, th cc gi enable c nh x vi mc ca
cc lung tn ti v c gii quyt ph hp.
tn ti mc lu tr
Khi cc frame qua switch n a ch MAC ca MLS-RP, th switch s kim tra xem cache
lu mc thuc tnh ca gi thc hin nh x hay cha?
Mi frame c cc thuc tnh c trng, cho php MLS-SE phn loi gi vo trong lung. Tt
c cc gi t a IP ny v n cng a ch IP khc th switch s t n vo cng mt lung.
MLS-SE s dng cc thuc tnh trong mc lu tr ca cache nh x thng tin header trong cc
gi sau ny. Nu cc gi n c cng thuc tnh vi mc lu tr lung c thit lp, th gi
chuyn mch lp 3.
Cha tn ti mc lu tr
Khi mt frame nh trc cho a ch MAC ca MLS-RP vo switch, th n s c so snh
nu khng tm thy mc lu tr lung, th mt mc lu tr mi c to. Ti thi im ny, gi
c gn th l gi i din.
Sau khi mc lu tr c to, gi c chuyn tip n router (MLS_RP). y router s
thc hin tm ng i, ghi li header lp 2 v gi gi ra interface ca chng k tip.
cc gi n v chuyn tip n n router nn cache s khng hon thnh vic lu tr thuc tnh
Trng thi lu tr ca MLS ch mang tnh cc b trong phm vi ny. Bi v MLS-SE ch thy
ca lung. Sau khi gi t router i ngc tr li th cache mi hon thnh vic lu tr thng tin
ca lung.
gm c s thay i VLAN, a ch MAC ngun v ch, v tng kim tra (checksum). MLS-SE
Thng thng, mt router (hay thit b lp 3) s ghi li frame vi thng tin cn thit. Vic ghi li
cho php cc gi i din v enable i qua router v switch ng cch. Nu c hai gi i din v
Mt vi topology h tr MLS. Theo bn cht ca MLS, ch topology h thng chc chn mi
enable khng c nhn dng, th khng th hon thnh mc lu tr lung. Cc topology cho
php MLS bao gm:
router) v mt switch. Router c mt kt ni vo mng, n c gi l stick. (xem
Router on a stick: gm c mt router (internal RSM/MSFC router hoc external
hnh 4.7)
4.5 CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding) chuyn tip vi mc ch ring bit ca Cisco.
Catalyst 3550 v 4000 thnh thong c m t nh l MLS. Tht vy, 3550 c qung b
h tr chuyn mch a lp da trn CEF. CEF khng ging nh s thc thi MLS khc, n
khng lu tr nh trc y na. Cache a ra mt s cn thit nh a ch. V d nh, mt
cache ng trong bao lu? cache cho php ln thm bao nhiu? V lm th no ta gii quyt s
thay i topology nh tuyn m khng da vo mc lu tr.
sn sng thy s tin trin t nh tuyn n chuyn mch lp 3, hy xem xt qu trnh
chuyn mch, chuyn mch nhanh, v chuyn mch trong iu kin tt nht.
Fast Switching s dng cache trn b x l nh tuyn bo qun thng tin chuyn tip. Gi
Ging nh Process Switching, Fast Switching c sn trn nn Cisco, k c Catalyst 2500.
Fast Switching. im khc nhau u tin l hot ng ca cy. Thay v dng cy nh phn vi
Optimum Switching cng da trn vic lu tr, nhng c mt s khc nhau quan trng vi
S tch ring trong cu trc d liu c ngha l qu trnh truy tm c quy, cho php cc
con ng i khc nhau c la chn cho cc gi k tip, v vy chia ti c cc gi enable.
Ngoi ra, nu thng tin trong cache thay i, v vic tuy tm c thc hin ring bit mi ln,
nn hu ht thng tin up-to-date lun c s dng.
Qu trnh chuyn tip CEF c biu din trong hnh 12. S ny m t vic truy tm
nhanh hn v cu trc d liu 256-way ny l hiu qu nht ca tt c cc phng php truy tm,
v c kt hp trc tip vi bng k tip.
php trong phn cng v phn mm. Cc phn cng v phn mm ny hot ng c lp vi
Khi tm hiu v kin trc AVVID, ta s bt gp cc thnh phn to thnh nn ton b gii
Trunk, Gateway, cng nh cc module c tch hp trong cc thit b ny. Khi xy dng mt
router, cc Catalyst switch, IP Telephone Phone, IP Telephone Call Manager Server, voice
kin trc AVVID, ta cn thit lp cc phn cng ny. Sau y, ta s xem li mt s phn cng
c s dng xy dng mt kin trc AVVID
CiscoRouter:
Sut cc nm 1990, Cisco router l th phn trong thng trng router TCP/IP. Sau Cisco
tip tc ci tin v b sung tnh nng pht trin cng ngh router. Ngy nay, router ca Cisco
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c.
c th truyn d liu nhy cm v thi gian nh voice trn mng TCP/IP vi kt qu chp nhn
7500 tt c u h tr tnh rng ln, a dng ca voice nh voice trn cng ngh IP v kt ni
Cc dng sn phm router trong kin trc AVVID nh series 1750, 2600, 3600, 7100, 7200,
thu pht Phone la chn, t mt line trong phng ch my thu pht n 6 line thc thi my thu
ny c nhim v chuyn voice thnh cc gi TCP/IP v chy trn Cat-5. C nhiu m hnh my
nay phn mm Call Manager ang chy vi phin bn 3.x, c ci tin t phin bn ban u l
Software), n thay th PBX truyn thng v chy trn phn cng MCS Server ca Cisco. Hin
2.0. Call Manager Server chy Windowns 2000 trn nn c Cisco chng nhn v cung cp
lng cuc gi ln v h thng in thoi d phng.
Gateway Analog v Digital
cung cp kt ni analog hay digaital n PSTN, Cisco pht trin thit b gateway
analog h tr mt s interface analog v digital cho PSTN truyn thng. Hin nay c
gateway analog VG200 ng mt mnh (stand-alone) cng nh nhiu module hot ng bn
trong MCS Server v mt vi Catalyst switch.
Voice trunk
giao tip vi cng ngh PBX truyn thng, Cisco c mt s ng Digital T1 v cc
trunk cha interface tc chnh (Primary Rate Interface - PRI) t cc module ca router v
switch n module ring c tch hp bn trong Call Manager Server (MCS). Vic chn la
mt s module ph thuc vo tn hiu chun T1, phn on T1 (fractional T1), hoc h tr PRI,
nhng d bt k la chn no, Cisco cng c gii php ph hp vi mng .
Voice module
Nh cp trc y, t khi Cisco thng qua cc phng php modular trong dng sn
phm router v switch ca h, th c nhiu m hnh voice module la chn. Nhiu module
FXS (Foreign Exchange Station), FXO (Foreign Exchange Office), truyn v nhn E&M (Ear &
Mouth) c s dng trong router hoc Catalyst switch giao tip vi cc thit b in thoi
truyn thng.
5.2.2 Phn mm
Bn trong danh mc phn mm AVVID, c nhiu ng dng c Cisco cp n nh
thng mi in t (E-Commerce), chm sc khch hng (Customer Care), ti u lc lng lao
ng (Worfore Optimization), o to t xa (E-Learning), v xut bn trn mng (E-Publishing).
Trong phn ny ta s gii thiu cc sn phm phn mm hin nay nh ng dng qun l cuc gi
ca Cisco (Call Manager), Soft Phone, Web Attendant, v Active Voice.
Call Manager 3.0
v ngt cuc gi cng nh nh tuyn cuc gi trong mng. Hin nay, ng dng Call Manager
Call Manager l phn mm cung cp chc nng bn trong mng IP Telephone nh thit lp
chy trn Server MCS ca Cisco v c nhm li thnh nhiu Server MCS cung cp lng
cuc gi cao hn hoc thm vo chc nng d phng.
Soft Phone
ng dng Soft Phone c pht trin cung cp cuc gi cho Client, ng dng ny c
ci t trn bt k PC no kt ni vo mng IP Telephone v u cui user cn my thu pht
(header-phone) nghe v ni. Client c th nhn v gi IP Telephone trn kin trc mng
Ethernet.
Web Attendant
Web Attendant l ng dng chy chung vi Call Manager, l mt chng trnh da trn
GUI/Web bt v truyn cuc gi. Web Attendant chy trn nn PC, v khi mt cuc gi c
nhn v cn nh tuyn li, th ta s s dng phng php click and drag x l cuc gi
thnh cng.
Active Voice
Actice Voice cung cp gii php thng ip thoi v thng ip hp nht (s tng tc vi
fax v email) thc hin cc chc nng trong mng IP. Sn phm ny cng vi phn cng IP
Telephone v ng dng Call Manager s m bo hon thnh qu trnh gi, truyn thng thng
ip thoi v thng ip hp nht email v fax.
trunk trong mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng PSTN cho voice v video (BRI), v T1 gia
cc v tr lu lng d liu.
5.3.2 Pha 2 thc thi song song h thng Lagacy Voice v IP Telephone
Pha th 2 c biu din trong hnh 1.4, thc thi mng IP Telephone song song vi kin trc
tn ti. iu ny s c thc hin bng cch thm vo Call Manager Server, IP Telephone,
v IP Telephone gateway mi v tr, khi cc module gateway/trunk s c hin th trong
switch Core lp 3. Pha ny cho php ta s dng IP Telephone v Call Manager Server thc hin
cc thc nng v duy tr mng Lagacy Tephone c vi PBX (Private Branch Exchange).
Pha ny yu cng yu cu hai h thng voice mail ring bit, mt Active Voice cho h thng
IP Telephone v mt h thng Voice Mail cho Telephone c.
Manager Server cng nh IP Phone Handset v nn IP. Mng video cng c chuyn t H.320
Trong hnh 1.4 c switch Core lp 3 vi truy cp PSTN analog hoc digital, v Cisco Call
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Ton b qu trnh chuyn tip cc frame s c thc hin sau bit c a ch MAC no
kt ni n port no ca switch. Switch bit c v tr r rng ca cc host hoc n hc cc
thng tin ny. Ta c th cu hnh a ch MAC khp interface ca switch, nhng vic iu khin
khi c nhiu trm ni hoc di chuyn trong mng th nhanh.
hc mt cch t ng v cc v tr ca trm, mt switch s lng nghe cc frame vo v gi
thng tin a ch trong mt bng. V frame c nhn trn mt port, nn switch s kim tra a
ch MAC. Nu a ch khng c trong bng, th a ch MAC, s port, v VLAN trn frame s
c ghi vo bng. Vic hc a ch t cc gi vo th d dng v d hiu.
Cc frame vo cng c a ch MAC ch, mt ln na, switch s tm a ch ny trong bng
ca n, hi vng tm thy s port v VLAN. Nu n c tm thy,th frame s c chuyn tip
trn port . Ngc li, frame s c chuyn tip theo kiu "n lc ti a" (best effort) bng
cch truyn qua tt c cc port thuc v VLAN ngun. iu ny c gi l trn unicast khng
c bit (Unknown Unicast Flooding) .Hnh 2.2 m t qu trnh ny, v ch s dng mt VLAN
n gin ha.
c thc hin ti cng mt thi im, v vic ng gi lp cao hn vn cha trong cc frame.
2.1 Cc kiu chuyn mch a lp
Cc Catalyst switch c hai kiu MLS, l lu tr ng i (route caching ) v da vo cu
trc mng (topology-based). Phn ny s trnh by c hai kiu, mc d kiu th hai ch h tr cho
cc Catalyst switch ca Cisco. Ta s hiu c hai kiu chuyn mch MLS nh sau:
Route caching: yu cu mt b x l nh tuyn RP (Route Processor) v mt
phng tin chuyn mch (Switch Engine). RP phi x l gi u tin ca lung lu
lng xc nh ch n, cn SE lng nghe gi u tin v thit lp mt mc trong
nh tuyn thay i theo thi gian nn c s d liu cha trong phn cng c cp
nht t ng m khng c s bt li g. Kiu ny cn gi l Cisco Express Forwarding
CEF s c gii thiu chng 6.
2.2 Qu trnh mt gi tin di chuyn trong
Con ng m gi lp 3 i theo qua switch chuyn mch a lp cng tng t nh switch
lp 2, ngha l quyt nh chuyn tip lp 3 c thm vo, ngoi ra mt vi th bt ng c th
xy ra cho gi khi chng c chuyn tip.
Hnh 2.4 biu din mt chuyn mch a lp in hnh v qu trnh x l xy ra. Cc gi n
mt port ca switch c t vo hng i vo ng nh trong switch lp 2.
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