Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Maths Aptitude Book
Maths Aptitude Book
1 Number Theory 1
3 Ages 13
4 Average 17
7 Calender 23
8 Clock 25
9 Mensuration 29
10 Permutation 31
11 Percentage 33
12 Partnership 37
13 Probability 39
3
18 Simplifications
Department of Extension and Career Guidance 53
19 Speed Calculations 57
22 Average 67
23 Bank Discount 69
24 True Discount 71
Number Theory
1. Natural numbers: These are the numbers (1,2,3,etc.) that are used for counting. In other words, all
positive integers are natural numbers.
There are infinite natural numbers and the number 1 is the least number.
Examples of natural numbers 1,2,4,8,4321 and so on.
The following numbers are examples of numbers that are not natural: -2, -31, 2.38, 0 and so on.
Based on divisiblity, there could be two types of natural numbers: Prime and Composite.
2. Prime Numbers: A natural number larger than unity is a prime number if it dies not have other divisors
except for itself and unity.
Note: Unity (i.e. 1) is not a prime number.
Some properties of Prime numbers:
1
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 1. NUMBER THEORY
SQUARE up to 50
N N2 N N2 N N2 N N2 N N2
1 1 11 121 21 441 31 961 41 1681
2 4 12 144 22 484 32 1024 42 1764
3 9 13 169 23 529 33 1089 43 1849
4 16 14 196 24 576 34 1156 44 1936
5 25 15 225 25 625 35 1225 45 2025
6 36 16 256 26 676 36 1296 46 2116
7 49 17 289 27 729 37 1369 47 2209
8 64 18 324 28 784 38 1444 48 2304
9 81 19 361 29 841 39 1521 49 2401
10 100 20 400 30 900 40 1600 50 2500
CUPE up to 30
N N3 N N3 N N3 N N3 N N3 N N3
1 1 6 216 11 1331 16 4096 21 9261 26 17576
2 8 7 343 12 1728 17 4913 22 10648 27 19683
3 27 8 512 13 2197 18 5832 23 12167 28 21952
4 64 9 729 14 2744 19 6859 24 13824 29 24389
5 125 10 1000 15 3375 20 8000 25 15626 30 27000
Solved Examples
1. Simplify:
2. Evaluate:
exercises
1. 4003 77 21045 =? 116 4. Look at this series: 7, 10, 8, 11, 9, 12, ... What
number should come next?
(a) 2477
(a) 7
(b) 2478
(b) 10
(c) 2467
(c) 12
(d) 2476
(d) 13
(e) None of these
5. Look at this series: 36, 34, 30, 28, 24, ... What
Answer: (e) number should come next?
Explanation:
(a) 20
? 116 = 4003 77 21045 (b) 22
? 116 = 308281 21045 (c) 23
? = 287186/17 (d) 26
? = 16893.2. 6. Look at this series: 22, 21, 23, 22, 24, 23, ... What
number should come next?
Short Cut:
First Check unit digit of LHS. i.e. = 6. (a) 22
Now check the unit digit of ?. We need unit digit (b) 24
of ? is 1 or 6. (c) 25
(d) 26
2. 33124 2601 832 =?2 + 372
7. Look at this series: 53, 53, 40, 40, 27, 27, ... What
(a) 37
number should come next?
(b) 33
(a) 12
(c) 34
(b) 14
(d) 28
(c) 27
(e) None of these
(d) 53
Answer: (e) 8. Look at this series: 21, 9, 21, 11, 21, 13, 21, ...
Explanation: What number should come next?
?2 + 372 = 33124 2601 832 (a) 14
2
? + 1369 = 182 51 6889 (b) 21
?2 + 1369 = 2393 (c) 15
2
? = 2393 1369 (d) 23
2
? = 32 9. Look at this series: 58, 52, 46, 40, 34, ... What
number should come next?
3. Look at this series: 2, 1, (1/2), (1/4), ... What
number should come next? (a) 26
(b) 28
(a) 1/3
(c) 30
(b) 1/8 (d) 32
(c) 2/8
10. Look at this series: 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, ... What
(d) 1/16 number should come next?
(a) 7 17. 9 11 33 13 15 33 17
(b) 10 (a) 19 33
(c) 14 (b) 33 35
(d) 15 (c) 33 19
11. Look at this series: 8, 22, 8, 28, 8, ... What number (d) 15 33
should come next? (e) 19 21
(a) 9 18. 2 3 4 5 6 4 8
(b) 29
(a) 9 10
(c) 32
(b) 4 8
(d) 34
(c) 10 4
12. Look at this series: 31, 29, 24, 22, 17, ... What (d) 9 4
number should come next?
(e) 8 9
(a) 15
19. 17 17 34 20 20 31 23
(b) 14
(a) 26 23
(c) 13
(b) 34 20
(d) 12
(c) 23 33
Directions to Solve: Look carefully for the pat- (d) 27 28
tern, and then choose which pair of numbers comes
next. (e) 23 28
13. 28 25 5 21 18 5 14 20. 6 20 8 14 10 8 12
(a) 11 5 (a) 14 10
(b) 10 7 (b) 2 18
(c) 11 8 (c) 4 12
(d) 5 10 (d) 2 14
(e) 14 14
(e) 10 5
21. 21 25 18 29 33 18
14. 8 11 21 15 18 21 22
(a) 43 18
(a) 25 18
(b) 41 44
(b) 25 21
(c) 37 18
(c) 25 29
(d) 37 41
(d) 24 21
(e) 38 41
(e) 22 26
22. 75 65 85 55 45 85 35
15. 9 16 23 30 37 44 51
(a) 25 15
(a) 59 66
(b) 25 85
(b) 56 62
(c) 35 25
(c) 58 66
(d) 85 35
(d) 58 65
(e) 25 75
(e) 54 61
16. 2 8 14 20 26 32 38 1. The difference between a number and four-fifth of
(a) 2 46 the number is 75. What is the number?
(b) 44 50 (a) 375
(c) 42 48 (b) 275
(d) 40 42 (c) 325
(e) 32 26 (d) 525
5. The sum of two numbers is 60 and their difference 12. Of the two numbers, 4 times the first is equal to
is 43. The difference of their squares is 6 times the other and the sum of 3 times the first
and 6 times the second is 105. The first number is
(a) 2580
(b) 2600 (a) 18
(b) 15
(c) 2780
(c) 10
(d) 2860
(d) 20
6. Three fifth of one fourth of a number is 90. The
number is 13. Three numbers are in the ratio 4:5:6 the sum of
the largest and the smallest equals the sum of the
(a) 400 third and 25. The smallest number is
(b) 500 (a) 18
(c) 600 (b) 20
(d) 700 (c) 26
7. The sum of two numbers is 17 and sum of their (d) 14
squares is 145. The numbers are
14. The sum of three consecutive even numbers is 36.
(a) 9 and 8 The middle one is
(b) 8 and 7 (a) 12
(c) 13 and 4 (b) 14
(d) 10 and 7 (c) 10
7 (d) 16
8. of a certain number is 63. Half of that number
8 15. If 20 be added to 8 times a certain number, the
is
result is 10 less than 10 times the number. The
(a) 36 number is
(b) 27 (a) 10
(c) 27.5 (b) 18
(d) 33.5 (c) 12
1 1 (d) 15
9. of a number subtracted from of the number
4 3 16. If a and b are positive integers such that ab = 216
gives 12. The number is
then (a b)a+b5 is equal to
(a) 144
(a) 47
(b) 169
(b) 81
(c) 196
(c) 27
(d) 225
(d) 216
10. The sum of squares of two numbers is 60 and the
17. By how much 7 3 5 7 exceed 5 3 9 7 =?
squares of their difference is 44. The product of
the two numbers is (a) 2 3 + 4 7
(a) 8 (b) 2 3 4 7
(b) 16 (c) 4 3 + 4 7
(c) 18 (d) 4 7 2 3
p q r HCF(p, q, r)
LCM(p, q, r) =
HCF(p, q) HCF(q, r) HCF(p, r)
p q r LCM(p, q, r)
HCF(p, q, r) =
LCM(p, q) LCM(q, r) LCM(p, r)
1. Find HCF of 540 and 84. (a) 25 37
(a) 10 (b) 27 5 35
(b) 8 (c) 25 38
(c) 12 (d) None of these
9
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 2. HCF AND LCM
Ages
Problems based on Ages is an very important topic which is given most of the competative exams. You can
easily solve all kind of aptitude questions based on Problems on ages by practicing regularly. Before going to slove
the problem on ages you need to know the linear equation which help in math but first you are do traditional
process than you learn shortcut tricks.
Anything we learn in our school days was basics and that is well enough for passing our school exams. For this
we need our basics but also we have to learn something new. Thats where shortcut tricks are comes into action.
This type of problem are given in Quantitative Aptitude which is a very essential paper in banking exam. Under
below given some more example for your better practice. In competative examination there are three situation
based questions are given which are given below:
1. Present Age
2. Years ago Age
3. Hence years age
examples
1. The ratio of present ages of A and B is 2:3. The present age of A is 30 years. Find the age of B after 5 years.
Answer:
Step-1: A:B present age ratio = 2:3 and A=30 years.
A 2 30 3
Step-2: = B= = 45.
B 3 2
Step-3: B age after 5 years = 45+5 = 50.
2. Niloy is as younger to Ganesh as he is older to Dev. If the sum of the ages of Ganesh and Dev is 58 years.
What is Niloy age?
Answer:
Step-1: G - N = N - D.
Step-2: G + D = 2N = 58 years.
Step-3: N = 29 years.
3. Ratio of ages of M and N 4 years ago was 3:5. If the sum of present ages of M and N is 64 years, then find
the present ages of M and N.
Answer: M=25 & N=39.
13
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 3. AGES
4. At present, the ratio between the ages of Anil and Anu is 4:3. After 4 years, Anils age will be 24 years.
What is the age of Anu at present?
Answer: 15.
5. The total age of Gangotri, Sabir and Bibhas is 96 years. 10 years ago, the ratio of their ages was 2:4:5. What
is the present age of Bibhas?
Answer: 40
6. Present age of Ramesh and Suresh are in the ratio 5:6. Six years hence, the ratio of their ages will becone
6:7. What is Ramesh present age? Answer: 30
7. Seven years ago, the age ratio of Sonu and Monu was 6:5. Three years hence, the ratio of their ages will be
11:10. What is Monus age at present?
Answer: 17
8. 12 years hence, Rahul will be just five times as old as he was 12 years ago. His present age is?
Answer: 8.
EXERCISES
Average
Sum of observations
1. Average = .
Number of observations
2. Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x kmph and an equal distance at y kmph. Then, the average
2xy
speed during the whole journey is kmph.
x+y
3. When a person leaves a group and another person joins the group in the place of person left then,
(a) In the case of increase in average age Age of new comer = Age of the person left + number of
persons in the group increase in average age.
(b) In the case of decrease in average age Age of new comer = Age of the person left - number of
persons in the group decrease in average age.
4. When a person joins a group without replacing any person from that group, then
(a) In the case of increase in average age Age of new comer = Previous average age + number of
persons in the group increase in average age.
(b) In the case of decrease in average age Age of new comer = Previous average age - number of
persons in the group decrease in average age.
5. When a person leaves the group but nobody joins the group, then
(a) In the case of decrease in average age Age of person left = Previous average age - number of
present persons in the group decrease in average age.
(b) In the case of increase in average age Age of person left = Previous average age + number of
present persons in the group increase in average age.
(a) 10 (b) 20
(b) 15 (c) 19
(c) 20 (d) 22
17
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 4. AVERAGE
xy + yz (d) 24
(b)
3
2x + 3 8. The average score of a cricker for 10 matches is 49.7
(c) runs. If the average for the first seven matches is
3
(d) None of these. 45. What is the average for last 3 matches?
(d) 21 (b) 27
(c) 31
7. The average of 13 results is 60. If the average of
seven results is 57 and that of last seven is 58, find (d) 22
the 7th result. 12. (a)
(a) 31 (b)
(b) 25 (c)
(c) 20 (d)
Important Formulas
1. Alligation: It is the rule that enables us to find the ratio in which two or more ingredients at the given price
must be mixed to produce a mixture of desired price.
2. Mean Price: The cost of a quantity of the mixture is called the mean price.
(d-m) (m-c)
Therefore,
Examples:
1. In what ratio must a grocer mix two varieties of pulses costing Rs. 15 and Rs. 20 per kg respectively so as
to get a mixture worth Rs. 16.50 kg?
2. Wheat worth Rs. 126 per kg and Rs. 135 per kg are mixed with a third variety in the ratio 1:1:2. If the
mixture is worth Rs. 153 per kg, what is the price of the third variety per kg?
3. In what ratio must rice at Rs. 9.30 per kg be mixed with rice at Rs. 10.80 per kg so that the mixture be
worth Rs. 10 per kg?
4. A milk vendor has 2 cans of milk. The first contains 25% of water and the rest milk. The second contains
50% water. How much milk should he mix from each of the containers so as to get 12 litres of milk such that
the ratio of water to milk is 3:5?
19
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 5. ALLIGATION AND MIXTURE
5. 4 kg of rice at Rs. 5 per kg is mixed with 8 kg of rice at Rs. 6 per kg. Find the average price of the mixture?
6. 5 kg of rice at Rs. 6 per kg is mixed with 4 kg of rice to get a mixture of costing Rs. 7 per kg. Find the price
of the costlier rice?
7. A butler stole wine from a wine shop which contained 40% of spirit and he replaced, what he had stolen by
wine containing only 16% spirit. The shop has then the wine having strength of 24% only. How much did
the butler steal?
8. The average weekly salary per head of the entire staff of a factory consisting of supervisors and laborers is Rs.
60. The avarage salary of the supervisor is Rs. 400 and that of laborers is Rs. 56. Giveb that the number of
supervisors is 12. Find the number of laborers in the factory.
9. The cost of type 1 onions is Rs. 15 per kg and type 2 onions is Rs. 20 per kg. If both type 1 and type 2 are
mixed in the ratio of 2:3, then the price per kg of the mixed variety of onion is?
10. A jar full of whisky contains 40% alcohol. A part of thus whisky is replaced by another containing 19%
alcohol and now the percentage of alcohol was found to be 26%. The quantity of whisky replaced is?
Answers
Second thing: Speed of boat or boatman in calm water which we denoted by u kmph.
Third thing: In water, the direction along the stream is called downstream.
Fourth thing: In water, the direction of boat against the stream is called upstream.
If the speed downstream is x kmph and the speed upstream is y kmph, then:
21
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 6. BOATS AND STREAMS
Calender
We are supposed to find the day of the week on a given date. For this, we use the concept of odd days.
1. Odd days: In a given period, the number of days more than the complete weeks are called odd days.
2. Leap year:
(a) Every year divisible by 4 is a leap year, if it is not a century.
(b) Every 4th century is a leap year and no other century is a leap year.
(c) A leap year has 366 days = 52 weeks + 2 odd days.
Examples:
i. Each of the years 1948, 2004, 1676 etc. is a leap year.
ii. Each of the years 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 etc. is a leap year.
iii. None of the years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 1800, 2100 is a leap year.
(d) Ordinary year:
i. The year which is not a leap year is called an ordinary year.
ii. An ordinary year has 365 days.
(e) Counting of odd days:
i. 1 ordinary year = 365 days = 52 weeks + 1 days.
1 ordinary year has 1 odd day.
ii. 1 leap year = 366 days = 52 weeks + 2 days.
1 leap year has 2 odd days.
iii. First 100 years (From 0001 to 0100) = 76 ordinary years + 24 leap years
. = (76 1 + 24 2) odd days
. = 124 odd days
. = 17 weeks + 5 odd days
. = 5 odd days.
iv. First 200 years (From 0001 to 0200) = (5 2)= 10 odd days = 3 odd days.
v. First 300 years (From 0001 to 0300) = (5 3)= 15 odd days = 1 odd day.
vi. First 400 years (From 0001 to 0400) = (5 4 + 1)= 21 odd days = 0 odd day.
(f) Day of the week related to odd days:
No. of day 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Day Sun Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat
Concept: How to find the day of the any year between 1900 - 2000:
(a) Write the last 2 digits of the year. Let it be A.
23
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 7. CALENDER
(b) Write the number of leap years from 1900 to given year. Let it be B.
(c) Let month key value be C.
Month Key value
January 1
February 4
March 4
April 0
May 2
June 5
July 0
August 3
September 6
October 1
November 4
December 6
(d) Let Date be D.
A+B+C +D
(e) Find Remainder =R.
7
R-value Day Day
(Ordinary year) (Leap year)
1 Sunday Saturday
2 Monday Sunday
3 Tuesday Monday
4 Wednesday Tuesday
5 Thursday Wednesday
6 Friday Thursday
0 Saturday Friday
Clock
1. In every hour 4. The minute hand of a clock overtake the hour hand
at interval of M minutes of correct time. The clock
(a) Both the hands coincide once. gains or losses in a day by
(b) The hands are straight (points in opposite di-
rection) once. In this position, the hands are 720 60 24
= M minutes.
30 minute spaces apart. 11 M
(c) The hands are twice at right angles.
Using Common sense:
2. The minute hand moves through 6 in each minute
Concept 1:
where as the hour hand moves through 21 in each
minute. Thus, in one minute, the minute hand
gains 5 12 than the other hand. 12 hours = 360
3. Minute hand moves 12 times as fast as the hour 1 hour = 30
hand.
60 minutes = 30
4. If a clock indicates 6.10 when the correct time is
1
6, it is said to be 10 minutes too late. 1 minute =
2
5. If a clock indicates 5.50 when the correct time is
6, it is said to be 10 minutes too slow.
1. Type-I: From Time period to Angle:
Steps:
Short cut methods:
(a) Find the number of hours n between hour
hand and minute hand.
1. Between H and H + 1 O clock, the two hands of a
(b) For 1 hour, angle is 30 , find the angle for n
clock are M minutes apart at (5H M ) 12
11 minutes hours. Let it be 1 .
past H Oclock.
(c) Find the angle of hour hand for given minutes.
2. When the minute hand is behind the hour hand, Let it be 2 .
the angle between the two hands at M minutes
(d) Then the required angle is 1 2 .
past H Oclock
M
M Example 1: Find the angle between the two
= 30 H + degree. hands of the clock for the time 3.40 pm.
5 2
Solution:
3. When the minute hand is ahead the hour hand, the (a) The number of hours between the two hands
angle between the two hands at M minutes past H = 5 hours
Oclock
(b) 1 = 5 30 = 150 .
M M
1
= 30 H degree. (c) 2 = 40 = 20 .
5 2 2
25
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 8. CLOCK
(d) Then the required angle is 6. The minute hand of a clock overtakes the
hour hand at intervals 65 minutes of the cor-
1 2 = 150 20 = 130 . rect time. How much a day does the clock
gain or loss?
2. Type-II: Coincidence:
Concept 2: 7. A watch which gains uniformly, is 5 minute.
slow at 8 oclock in the morning on sunday
12 hours = 60 divisions and it is 5 min. 48 sec. fast at 8 p.m. on
1 hour = 5 divisions following Sunday. When was correct?
D 5 1 8. A clock is set right at 5 a.m. The clock loses
Speed of hour hand = = = division
T 60 12 16 minutes in 24 hours. What will be the
per minute.
true time when the clock indicates 10 p.m.
D 60 on 4th day?
Speed of minute hand = = = 1division
T 60
per minute. 9. A clock is set right at 8 a.m. The clock gains
Both the hands are travelling in same direc- 10 minutes in 24 hours. What will be the
tion. true time when then clock indicates 1 p.m.
Relative speed is on the following day?
60 divisions = 360
1 division = 6
Questions:
1. Find the angle between the hour hand and
the minute hand of a clock when the time is
3.25?
Mensuration
1. Perimeter: Perimeter is the distance covered along the boundary forming a closed figure when you go round
the figure once.
(a) a rectangle = 2 (length + breadth).
Perimeter of
(b) a square = 4 length of a side.
Perimeter of
(c) Perimeter of
an equilateral triangle = 3 length of a side.
(d) a circle = 2 radius = diameter
Perimeter of
perimeter of a circle
Where = 3.14 22
7 = .
diameter
2. Area: The amount of surface enclosed by a closed figure is called its area.
(a) Area of a rectangle = length breadth.
(b) Area of a square = side side.
(c) Area of triangle = 12 base height.
(d) Area of parallelogram = base height.
(e) Area of a circle = radius2 .
(f) Area of a trapezium = 12 h (a + b).
3. Surface Area:
(a) Surface Area of a Cuboid = 2(lb + bh + hl)
(b) Surface Area of a Cube = 6a2
(c) Curved Surface Area of a Cylinder = 2rh
(d) Total Surface Area of a Cylinder = 2rh + 2r2 = 2r(h + r)
(e) Curved Surface Area of a Cone = rl
(f) Total Surface Area of a Cone = rl + r2 = r(l + r).
(g) Surface Area of a sphere = 4r2
(h) Curved Surface Area of a Hemisphere = 2r2 .
(i) Total Surface Area of a Hemisphere = 3r2 .
4. Volume:
(a) Volume of a Cuboid = lbh
(b) Volume of a Cube = a3
(c) Volume of a Cylinder = r2 h
(d) Volume of a Cone = 13 r2 h
(e) Volume of a Sphere = 43 r3
29
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 9. MENSURATION
(a) The area of the room is 2970 sq. m. If its length (a) 28 cm
is 66 m, find its breadth. (b) 30 cm
(a) 35 m (c) 31 cm
(b) 45 m (d) 25 cm
(c) 55 m (g) Find the area of a parallelogram whose base is
(d) 58 m 6.2 cm and the perpendicular distance from the
(b) Area of the square is 841 sq. m. Find its perime- other side on the base is 3.6 cm
ter. (a)
(a) 112 m (b)
(b) 116 m (c)
(c) 118 m (d)
(d) 120 m (h) (a)
(c) A rectangular field is 12 m long and 5 m broad. (b)
Find the length of its diagonal. (c)
(a) 13 m (d)
(b) 18 m
(i) (a)
(c) 19 m
(b)
(d) 22 m
(c)
(d) The area of the square field is 7200 sq. m. Find
(d)
the length of its diagonal.
(j) (a)
(a) 110 m
(b)
(b) 120 m
(c)
(c) 130 m
(d)
(d) 140 m
(e) Find the area of a triangle whose base is 4.6 m (k) (a)
and height is equal to 3.8 cm. (b)
(a) 8.74 sq. cm. (c)
(b) 8.47 sq. cm. (d)
(c) 6.74 sq. cm. (l) (a)
(d) 5.64 sq. cm. (b)
(f) The hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is 13 (c)
cm and the base is 5 cm. Find its perimeter (d)
Permutation
1. When two tasks are performed in succession, i.e., 5. In how many ways can you send 5 children to 7
they are connected by an AND, to find the the classrooms?
total number of ways of performing the two tasks,
you have to MULTIPLY the individual number 6. Such that no two children are in the same class?
of ways. 7. Such that at least two children are in the same
class?
2. When only one of the two tasks is performed, i.e.,
the tasks are connected by an OR, to find the to- 8. How many three digit numbers are there?
tal number of ways of performing the two tasks you
have to ADD the individual number of ways. 9. Such that the digit 6 does not appear?
31
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 10. PERMUTATION
Percentage
1. Concept of Percentage: By a certain percent, we mean that many hundredths. Thus, x percent means
x hundredths, written as x%.
x
2. To express x% as a fraction: We have, x% = .
100
20 1
Thus, 20% = = .
100 5
a a a
3. To express as percent: We have, = 100 %.
b b b
1 1
Thus, = 100 % = 25%.
4 4
4. If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then the reduction in consumption so as not to increase the
expenditure is
R
100 %.
100 + R
5. If the price of a commodity deccreases by R%, then the increase in consumption so as not to increase the
expenditure is
R
100 %.
100 R
6. Results on Population: Let the population of a town be P now and suppose it increase at the rate of R%
per annum, then
n
R
(a) Population after n years = P 1 +
100
P
(b) Population n years ago = n
R
1+
100
7. Results on Depreciation: Let the present value of a machine be P . Suppose it depreciates at the rate of
R% per annum. Then:
n
R
(a) Value of the machine after n years = P 1
100
P
(b) Value of the machine n years ago = n
R
1
100
33
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 11. PERCENTAGE
R
8. (a) If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by 100 %.
100 + R
R
(b) If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by 100 %.
100 R
Successive Percentage:
(a) Concept:
Initial value = 100.
After 10% = 100 + 10 = 110.
After again 10% = 110 + 11 = 121.
10 10
21 = 10 + 10 + %.
100
Formula:
ab
a+b+ %
100
Example 1: In a rectangle
Single discount % = ?
10 20
10 20 + % = 28%
100
28 30
28 30 + % = 49.6%
100
Note:
(a) In case of SI, Rate of interest Constant every year.
(b) In case of CI, Rate of interest Successive every year.
122 = 12 12 = 144.
2
= 20%.
10
20 20
20 + 20 + % = 44%
100
Example 2:
exercises
exercises
Partnership
1. Partnership: when two or more than two persons run a business jointly, they are called partners and the
deal is known as partnership.
2. Ratio of Division of Gains:
(a) When investments of all the partners are for same time, the gain or loss is distributed among the partners
in the ratio of their investments.
Suppose A and B invest Rs. x and Rs. y respectively for a year in a business, then at the end of the
year:
( As share of profit) : (Bs share of profit) = x : y.
(b) When investments are for different time periods, then equivalent capitals are calculated for a unit of
time by taking (capital number of units of time). Now, gain or loss is divided in the ratio of these
capitals.
Suppose A invests Rs. x for p months and B invests Rs. y for q months, then
3. Working and Sleeping Partners: A partner who manages the business is known as a working partner
and the one who simply invests the money is a sleeping partner.
37
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 12. PARTNERSHIP
Probability
Definitions:
39
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 13. PROBABILITY
6. Two events are said to be mutually exclusive if they can not happen simultaneously at any trail of the
experiment.
Example: When we roll a die the events 1, 2, 3 and 4, 5, 6 are mutually exclusive event
7. A collection of events is said to be exhaustive if in every trail of the given random experiment E atleast one
of them must occur (not neccssarily the same in each trail).
Example: When a die is rolled, the set of events 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 5, 5, 6 and 4, 5 are exhaustive events.
8. Two events we said to be equally likely if none of them can be expected in preference to the other.
Example: When a coin is tossed, the events head and tail are equally likely.
9. If the same space S of a random experiment E contains n mutually exclusive, exhaustive and equally likely
outcomes of an experiment of which m of them are favourable to an event A, then the probability of A is
defined as
m
P (A) = .
n
In other words,
let S be the sample space and A be an event associated with a random experiment. Let n(S) and n(A) be
the number of elements of S and A respectively. Then the probability of event A is defined as
0 P (A) 1
P (S) = 1
If A and B are mutually exclusive events, P (A B) = P (A) + P (B).
11. Probability of not happening an event A is denoted by P (A0 ) or P (A) and is defined by
P (A0 ) = 1 P (A).
12. Let A be an event of a random experiment E, then the ratio P (A) : P (A0 ) is called the odds in favour of
A and the ratio P (A0 ) : P (A) is called the odds against A.
13. Addition rule of probability: Let S be the sample space of a random experiment E and A and B be two
events, then
P (A B) = P (A) + P (B) P (A B).
15. Conditional probability: Let A and B be two events connected to a random experiment E. Then the
conditional probability of the event A on the hypothesis that the event B has already occured, denoted by
P (A/B) and is defined as
P (A B)
P (A/B) = , provided P (B) 6= 0.
P (B)
Similarly,
P (A B)
P (B/A) = , provided P (A) 6= 0.
P (A)
P (A B) = P (A)P (B).
Exercises
6. A and B are two events such that P (A) 6= 0, P (B) 6= 0. If A and B are mutually exclusive, then
(A) P (A B) = P (A)P (B)
(B) P (A B) 6= P (A)P (B)
(C) P (A/B) = P (A)
(D) P (B/A) = P (A)
7. X speaks truth in 95 percent of cases and Y in 80 percent of cases. The percentage of cases they likely to
contradict each other in stating same fact is
(A) 14% (B) 86% (C) 23% (D) 85.5%
8. A problem is given to 3 students A, B and C whose chances of solving it 1/3, 2/5 and 1/4. The probability
to solve is
(A) 4/5 (B) 3/10 (C) 7/10 (D) 1/30
9. Given P (A) = 0.50, P (B) = 0.40 and P (A B) = 0.20 then P (A/B) =
(A) 0.50 (B) 0.40 (C) 0.70 (D) 0.10
10. An urn contains 10 white and 10 black balls. While another urn contains 5 white and 10 black balls. One
urn is chosen at random and a ball is drawn from it. The probability that it is white, is
(A) 5/11 (B) 5/12 (C) 3/7 (D) 4/7
Important Formulas
1. Profit: If the selling price (S.P.) of an article is greater than its cost price (C.P.), we say that there is a
profit.
2. Loss: If S.P. of an article is less than its C.P., we say that there is a loss.
We may list the various relations regarding profit and loss as follows :
43
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 14. PROFIT, LOSS AND DISCOUNT
100 S.P.
(g) C.P. = .
100 Loss%
Basic Terms
2p2 x
Net Loss =
1002 p2
p2
Net Loss% = %
100
12. CP= Rs. 100
Marked up %=10%
Discount% = 20%
SP = Rs. 88.
10(20)
10 20 + = 12%
100
exercises
(c) (e)
(d)
25. (a)
(e)
(b)
21. (a) (c)
(b) (d)
(c) (e)
(d)
26. (a)
(e)
(b)
22. (a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(c)
(e)
(d)
(e) 27. (a)
(b)
23. (a)
(c)
(b)
(c) (d)
(d) (e)
(e) 28. (a)
24. (a) (b)
(b) (c)
(c) (d)
(d) (e)
a2 a1 = a3 a2 = = an an1 = d. la
n= + 1.
d
3. Some more examples of AP are: (c) Sum of first n terms
(a) The heights (in cm) of some students of a n
Sn = [2a + (n 1)d] .
school standing in a queue in the morning as- 2
sembly are 147, 148, 149, . . . , 157.
6. Arithmetic Mean: If a, b, c are in AP, then
(b) The minimum temperatures (in degree cel- b = a+b
2 and b is called the arithmetic mean of
sius) recorded for a week in the month of Jan- a and c.
uary in a city, arranged in ascending order are
-3.1, -3.0, -2.9, -2.8, -2.7, -2.6. 2. Geometric Progression: An geometric progression
(c) The balance money (in Rs.) after paying 5% is a list of numbers in which each term is obtained by
of the total loan of Rs. 1000 every month is multiplying a fixed number to the preceding term except
the first term.
950, 900, 850, 800, . . . , 750. You can see that
(d) The cash prizes (in Rs.) given by a school to
a, ar, ar2 , ar3 , . . .
the toppers of Classes I to XII are, respec-
tively, represents an geometric progression where a is the first
200, 250, 300, 350, . . . , 750. term and r the common ratio. This is called the gen-
eral form of an GP.
(e) The total savings (in Rs.) after every month Formulas:
for 10 months when Rs. 50 are saved each
month are
1. nth term of the GP
50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450,
500. an = arn1 .
47
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 15. SEQUENCES AND SERIES
k=n
X n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
k 2 = 12 +22 +32 + +n2 = .
k=1
6 5. 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + + (2n 1) = n2 .
1. For comparing quantities of the same type, we commonly use the method of taking difference between the
quantities.
2. In many situations, a more meaningful comparison between quantities is made by using division, i.e. by
seeing how many times one quantity is to the other quantity. This method is known as comparison by
ratio.
For example, Ishas weight is 25 kg and her fathers weight is 75 kg. We say that Ishas fathers weight and
Ishas weight are in the ratio 3 : 1.
3. For comparison by ratio, the two quantities must be in the same unit. If they are not, they should be
expressed in the same unit before the ratio is taken.
4. The same ratio may occur in different situations.
5. Note that the ratio 3 : 2 is different from 2 : 3. Thus, the order in which quantities.
6. If two ratios are equal, we say that they are in proportion and use the symbol :: or = to equate the two ratios.
(a) Example 1: We can say 3, 10, 15 and 50 are in proportion which is written as
3 : 10 :: 15 : 50 and is read as 3 is to 10 as 15 is to 50 or it is written as
3 : 10 = 15 : 50.
(b) Example 1: We can say 2, 4, 60 and 120 are in proportion which is written as
2 : 4 :: 60 : 120 and is read as 2 is to 4 as 60 is to 120.
7. If two ratios are not equal, then we say that they are not in proportion.
8. In a statement of proportion, the four quantities involved when taken in order are known as respective terms.
exercises
1. Rs. 73689 is divided between A and B in the ratio (b) Rs. 46893
of 4:7. What is the difference between thrice the
(c) Rs. 20097
share of A and twice the share of B?
(d) Rs. 26797
(a) Rs. 36699 (e) Rs. 13398
49
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 16. RATIO AND PROPORTION
exercises
1. Rs. 850 was divided among three sons Prasath, 6. There are totally three bottles which contains milk
Baskar, Chadru. If each of them had received Rs and water together. The ratio of the volumes of the
35 less, their shares would have been in the ratio of three bottles are 2:3:4. The mixture contains milk
2:3:5. What was the amount received by Prasath? and water in the ratio of 3:1,4:1, 5:1respectively. If
the contents are poured together in another bottle
(a) 184 then what is the price of ratio between milk and
(b) 174 water in the fourth bottle?
(c) 164 (a) 218:52
(d) 154 (b) 217:53
2. Prasath divided Rs. 2500 and gave it to his three (c) 215:54
kids A, B, C. If their shares are reduced by Rs. 5, (d) 219:59
Rs. 10 and Rs. 15 respectively the ratio of the
7. Two numbers are respectively 60% and 40% more
remaining will be 3:4:5. Find out As share.
than a third number. What is the ratio between
(a) 600 two numbers?
(b) 617.50 (a) 7:8
(c) 627 (b) 9:8
(d) 618 (c) 8:7
3. 75 kg of alloy A is mixed with 100kg of alloy B. (d) 6:5
If alloy A has lead and tin in the ratio of 3:5 and 8. One piece of cloth 21 meters long is to be cut into
alloy B has tin and copper in the ratio of 2:5, then two pieces, with the lengths of the pieces being in
what is the amount of tin in new alloy? a 2 : 5 ratio. What are the lengths of the pieces?
(a) 79 (a) 15
(b) 75 (b) 18
(c) 77 (c) 19
(d) None of these (d) 20
4. The sides of a triangle are in the ratio 1/3:1/4:1/5 9. If 12 inches correspond to 30.48 cm, how many
and its perimeter is 204 cm. What is the length of number of Centimeters are there in 30 inches?
the longest triangle? (a) 76.2
(a) 76.8 (b) 77.2
(b) 85.8 (c) 78.2
(d) 88.2
(c) 86.8
(d) 98 10. The sum of three numbers is 98. If the ratio of the
first to second is 2 :3 and that of the second to the
5. Tin and Zinc are melted together in the ratio of third is 5 : 8. What is the value of second number?
9:11. What is the weight of melted mixture if 25.5
kg of zinc has been consumed? (a) 30
(b) 40
(a) 66.6
(c) 50
(b) 76.6 (d) 60
(c) 54.6
(d) 56.6 ANSWERS:
1) A 2) B 3) B 4) C 5) D 6) B 7) C 8) A 9) A 10) A
1. Euclids division lemma : Given positive inte- sation is unique, apart from the order in which the
gers a and b, there exist whole numbers q and r prime factors occur.
satisfying a = bq + r, 0 r < b.
4. If p is a prime and p divides a2 , then p divides a,
2. Euclids division algorithm: This is based on where a is a positive integer.
Euclids division lemma. According to this, the
HCF of any two positive integers a and b, with 5. Let x be a rational number whose decimal expan-
a > b, is obtained as follows: sion terminates. Then we can express x in the form
p
q , where p and q are coprime, and the prime fac-
Step 1: Apply the division lemma to find q and r torisation of q is of the form 2n 5m , where n, m are
where a = bq + r, 0 r < b. non-negative integers.
Step 2: If r = 0, the HCF is b. If r 6= 0, apply Euclids
lemma to b and r. 6. Let x = pq be a rational number, such that the
prime factorisation of q is of the form 2n 5m , where
Step 2: Continue the process till the remainder is n, m are non-negative integers. Then x has a dec-
zero. The divisor at this stage will be imal expression which terminates.
HCF (a, b). Also, HCF(a, b) =
HCF(b, r). 7. Let x = pq be a rational number, such that the
prime factorisation of q is not of the form 2n 5m ,
3. The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic: where n, m are non-negative integers. Then x has
Every composite number can be expressed (fac- a decimal expression which is non-terminating re-
torised) as a product of primes, and this factori- peating (recurring).
51
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 17. REAL NUMBER SYSTEM
Simplifications
BODMAS rule: This rule depicts the correct sequence in which the operations are to be executed, so as to find
out the value of a given expression.
Here B stands for Bracket, O for Of, D for Division, M for Multiplication, A for Addition and S for Subtraction.
First of all the brackets must be removed, strictly in the order () , {} , [].
After removing the brackets, we want use the following operations: 1.Of 2. Division 3. Multiplication 4.
Addition 5. Subtraction
exercises
53
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 18. SIMPLIFICATIONS
tire cost of the car, then the share of each of the (c)
remaining persons increased by? Solution: (d)
Original share of one person = 1/8
(e)
New share of one person = 1/7
Increase = 1/7 1/8 = 1/56 11. (a)
Required fractions = (1/56)/(1/8) = 1/7
(b)
8. A piece of cloth cost Rs 35. if the length of the (c)
piece would have been 4m longer and each meter (d)
cost Re 1 less, the cost would have remained un-
changed. how long is the piece? Solution: (e)
Let the length of the piece be x m. 12. (a)
Then, cost of 1m of piece = Rs. [35/x]
(b)
35/x 35/x + 4 = 1 (c)
x+4x = x(x + 4)/35 (d)
2 (e)
x + 4x 140 = 0
x = 10 13. (a)
(b)
9. A man divides Rs. 8600 among 5 sons, 4 daugh-
ters and 2 nephews. If each daughter receives four (c)
times as much as each nephew, and each son re- (d)
ceives five as much as each nephew. how much (e)
does each daughter receive ? Solution:
Let the share of each nephew be Rs. x. 14. (a)
Then, share of each daughter Rs. 4x. (b)
Share of each son = Rs. 5x. (c)
(d)
5 5x + 4 4x + 2x = 8600 (e)
2x + 16x + 25x = 8600 15. (a)
43x = 8600 (b)
x = 200 (c)
(d)
10. A man spends 2/5 of his salary on house rent, 3/10
of his salary on food, and 1/8 of his salary on con- (e)
veyance. if he has Rs. 1400 left with him, find his 16. (a)
expenditure on food and conveyance?
(b)
Solution:
Part of the salary left (c)
(d)
= 1 [2/5 + 3/10 + 1/9]
(e)
= 1 33/40
17. (a)
= 7/40
(b)
Let the monthly salary be Rs. x (c)
Then,
(d)
7/40 of x = 1400 (e)
x = [1400 40]/7 18. (a)
x = 8000 (b)
Expenditure on food = 3/10 8000 =Rs. 2400 (c)
Expenditure on conveyance = 1/8 8000 = Rs. (d)
1000. (e)
(a) 19. (a)
(b) (b)
(c) (e)
(d)
21. (a)
(e)
(b)
20. (a)
(c)
(b)
(c) (d)
(d) (e)
Speed Calculations
x2 5y 2 = 1342.
Answer: 0.
Explanation:
Since square of any number does not end with 2, 3, 7 or 8, unit digit of x2 must not be 2 or 7. So, this
equation does not have any solution.
(a) 01
(b) 31
(c) 51
(d) 71
57
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 19. SPEED CALCULATIONS
9. If 2a = 3b = 4c = 5d, find a : b : c : d?
Solution:
Close the variable and multiply all the remaining co-efficients.
a = 3 4 5 = 60
b = 2 4 5 = 40
c = 2 3 5 = 30
d = 2 3 4 = 24
a : b : c : d = 60 : 40 : 30 : 24 = 30 : 20 : 15 : 12.
1
1. If A can do a piece of work in n days, then As 1 days work = .
n
1
2. If As i days work = , then A can finish the work in n days.
n
3. If A is thrice as good a workman as B, then:
(a) Ratio of work done by A and B is 3:1.
(b) Ratio of times taken by by A and B to finish a work is 1:3.
1. If A do a piece of work in X days and B in Y days, then both of them working together will do the same
XY
work in days.
X +Y
2. Two persons A and B, working together, can complete a piece of work in X days. If A, working alone, can
XY
complete the work in Y days, then B working alone, will complete the work in days.
Y X
3. If A and B, working together, can finish a piece of work in X days, B and C in Y days, C and A in Z days,
then
2XY Z
(a) A, B and C working together, will finish the job in days.
XY + Y Z + ZX
2XY Z
(b) A alone will finish the job in days.
XY + Y Z ZX
2XY Z
(c) B alone will finish the job in days.
ZX + XY Y Z
4. If A working alone takes a days more than A and B working alone takes b days more than A and B together,
then the number of days taken by A and B, working together, to finish a job is given by ab.
5. If A is k times more efficient than B and is therefore able to finish a work in l days less than B, then
kl
(a) A and B, working together, can finish the work in days.
k2 1
l
(b) A, working alone, can finish the work in days.
k1
kl
(c) B, working alone, can finish the work in days.
k1
59
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 20. TIME AND WORK
exercises
5. Sixteen boys and 12 girls will complete a work in 10. 14 girls take 16 days to finish a work. 8 girls started
30 days. 18 girls can complete the same piece of working and after 12 days, 8 more than joined to-
work in 60 days. In how many days can 12 boys gether with them. How many days will they take
and 27 girls complete the same work? to finish the leftmore work?
63
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 21. TIME, SPEED & DISTANCE
9. Concept: If two persons start at the same time from two points A and B towards each other and after
crossing they take x and y hours in reaching B and A respectively, then
r
Speed of first y
= .
Speed of second x
10. Q2.: A man starts from B to K and another from K to B at the same time. After passing each other, they
complete their journeys in 3 13 and 4 54 hours respectively. If the speed of the first is 12 kmph, find the speed
of the second man.
Answer: s
Speed of first 4 54 6
= 1 = .
Speed of second 33 5
12 6
S2 = 5 S2 = 10 kmph.
11. Concept: If a boy moves at an average speed of V1 kmph to cover a distance of D km without stopping and
moves at an average speed of V2 kmph to cover the same distance with stoppages, then
V1 V2
Stoppage time per hour = .
V1
12. Q3. A train travels at a speed of 60 kmph between two stations 240 km apart, without stopping. It goes at
an average speed of 40 kmph when it stops. What is the average stoppage time per hour?
Answer:
At 60 kmph, 240 km Time = 4 hours
At 40 kmph, 240 km Time = 6 hours
Stoppage time = 2 hours Stoppage time per hour = 26 = 31 hour.
Using Formula V1VV
1
2
= 60 4060 = 31 .
ST
1. =1
D
2. Example 1:
10 kmph 20 min late.
20 kmph 10 min early.
D =?
Answer:
D = Constant i.e., fixed quantity.
LCM(10,20)=20 km 2 hr 1 hr
20 km 60 minutes
10 km 30 minutes
3. Example 2:
9 kmph 43 min late.
36 kmph 17 min early.
D =?
Answer:
D = Constant i.e., fixed quantity.
LCM(9,36)=36 km 4 hr 1 hr
36 km 180 minutes
12 km 60 minutes
4. Example 3:
20 kmph 40 min late.
30 kmph 10 min late.
D =?
Answer:
D = Constant i.e., fixed quantity.
LCM(20,30)=60 km 3 hr 2 hr
60 km 60 minutes
30 km 30 minutes
Quick Questions
1. What is the length of a bridge, which a man riding at 15 kmph can cross in 5 min?
2. Mukesh walks 10 km in 5 hours. How much time will take to travel 28 km?
3. If a cyclist covers 11 km in 3 hours, find the distance covered in 5 hours.
4. A man walks at 5 kmph for 6 hours and at 4 kmph for 12 hours. Find the average speed.
5. Walking 3/4-th of his usual rate, a man is 1.5 hour late. Find the usual time.
6. What is the ratio of speeds of two trains one travelling at 45 kmph and another at 10 m/s?
7. In a minute how many poles will a railway passenger pass by if they are spaced 50 m apart and the trains
speed is 60 kmph?
8. A 200 m long train is moving at 60 kmph. How long will it take to pass a pole?
9. A 180 m long train is moving at 54 kmph. How long will it take to pass pass a tunnel 720 m long?
10. A train running at 30 mps takes 30 sec to cross a platform 600 m long. What is the length the train?
Exercises
1. Ramesh travels 600 km to reach home partly by train and by car. He takes 8 hours if he travels 120 km by
train and the rest by car. But he would take 20 min more if he travels 200 km by train and the rest by car.
Find the Speeds of the train and car.
(1) 30 kmph, 40 kmph (2) 60 kmph, 80 kmph (3) 15 kmph, 60 kmph (4) None of these
2. Excluding stoppages, the speed of a mobike is 63 kmph & including stoppages it is 36 kmph. The number of
minutes per hour for which the mobike stops is
(1) 25.71 (2) 26.71 (3) 27.71 (4) 28.71
3. A student walks to school at the rate of 2.5 kmph and reaches 6 min too late. Next dat he increases his speed
by 2 kmph and then reaches school 10 min early. The distance of the school from his home is
(1) 1.5 km (2) 3 km (3) 6 km (4) 12 km
4. A cyclist starts from Delhi towards Gurgaon which is 100 km away. He is able to maintain a speed of 20
kmph in the first hour, after which his speed falls to 18 kmph. He is able to maintain this speed for the next
hour after which it fall to 16.2 kmph, which also he maintains for an hour. In the fourth hour he is able to
maintain a speed 14.58 kmph and so on. How much time, approximately does he take to reach Gurgaon?
(1) 6 hrs 21 min (2) 6 hrs 36 min (3) 6 hrs 51 min (4) 6 hrs 12 min
5. A and B start at the same time from L and M to go to M and L, a distance of 42 km at the rates of 4 kmph
and 3 kmph respectively. They meet at N, then go to M and L and return immediately and meet again at
D. Find the distance DN.
(1) 6 km (2) 12 km (3) 18 km (4) 24 km
Average
There are train based problems based on two object, First is Train and second object is that which is crossed
by the train.
1. If a train moving or cross a pole or man then the first object is train and the second object is pole or man.
2. If a train moving or cross the platform then the first object is train and the second object is platform which
is train cross.
3. If a train moving or cross a man who is standing on platform then the first object is train and the second
object is man.
4. When A train is crossing or moving another train in the same direction of opposite direction than the first
object is first train and the second object is second train.
examples
1. A passenger train 330 m long which is running at a speed of 60 kmph. In what time will it pass a man who
is running at a speed 6 kmph in the opposite direction in which the train is moving?
Answer: Steps:
(a) If direction is given in the opposite direction, then we add both speeds that relative speed = 60 + 6 =
66 kmph.
(b) Now, convert in into mps using 66 5/18 = 55/3 mps.
(c) If the train time taken to passing a man who running in opposite direction, that is 55/3 mps. So we can
easily get the distance of mps so it cover 330 m that is = 330 3/55 = 18 sec.
2. Two superfast train 180 m and 180 m in length respectively are running in opposite direction, one at the
rate of 58 km and the other at the rate of 50 km an hour. What time will they completely clear each of ither
from the moment they meet?
Answer: Steps:
(a) Two superfast trains are running in opposite direction and their relative speed is 58 + 50 =108 kmph
= 108 5/18 = 30 mps.
(b) Required time = Total length / Relative speed = 360/30=12 sec.
67
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 22. AVERAGE
Bank Discount
Bankers Discount: Suppose a merchant A buys goods worth, say Rs. 10,000 from another merchant B at a
credit of say 5 months. Then, B prepares a bill, called the bill of exchange. A signs this bill and allows B to
withdraw the amount from his bank account after 5 months.
The date exactly after 5 months is called nominally due date. Three days (known as grace days) are added
to it to get a date, known as legally due date.
Suppose B wants to have the money before the legally due date. Then he can have the money from the banker
or a brker, who deducts S.I on the face value (i.e., Rs. 10,000 in this case) for the period from the date on which the
bill was discounted (i.e., paid by the banker) and legally due date. This amount is known as Bankers Discount
(B.D.).
Note: When the date of the bill is not given, grace days are not to be added.
important formulae
69
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 23. BANK DISCOUNT
True Discount
Suppose a man has to pay Rs. 156 after 4 years and the rate of interest is 14% per annum. Clearly, Rs. 100 at
14% will amount to Rs. 156 in 4 years. So the payment of Rs. 100 now will clear off the debt of Rs. 156 due 4
years hence. We say that:
We define:
Interest is reckoned on P.W. and the true discount is reckoned on the amount.
important formulae
71
Department of Extension and Career Guidance CHAPTER 24. TRUE DISCOUNT
73
Department of Extension and Career
CHAPTER
Guidance
25. WEBSITE MODEL QUESTION PAPERS COLLECTION
(c) Eswar must give Sasi Rs. 1 and Sasi must (d) 7m + md/2
give Tarun Ra. 1. (e) 7m + 2md
(d) Sasi must give Eswar Rs. 4 and Tarun must
13. The net price of a certain article is Rs. 306 af-
give Eswar Rs. 5
ter successive discounts of 15% and 10% off the
(e) Either Sasi or Eswar must give Tarun Rs. 7. marked price. What is the marked price?
8. Ravi is standing 180 meters due north of point P. (a) Rs. 234.09
Latha is standing 240 meters due west of point P. (b) Rs. 400
What is the shortest distance between Ravi and (c) Rs. 382.50
Latha?
(d) Rs. 408
(a) 60 meters (e) None of these
(b) 300 meters 14. A school has enough bread to feed 30 children for
(c) 420 meters 4 days. If 10 more children are added, how many
(d) 900 meters days will the bread last?
(e) 9000 meters (a) 16/3
(b) 4/3
9. (4 + 5)(4 5) is equal to
(c) 8/3
(a) -1 (d) 12
(b) 0 (e) 3
(c) 11 15. A train 100 metres long running at a speed of 50
(d) 21 km/hr crosses a 120 m. long train coming from the
opposite direction in 6 seconds. What is the speed
(e) 11 + 8 5
of the other train?
10. If interest on a savings account is paid monthly
(a) 82 kmph
at an annual rate of 6.25% and if the interest is
not reinvested, then in how many years will the (b) 70 kmph
total amount of interest earned equal the amount (c) 85 kmph
of money saved in the account? (d) 72 kmph
(a) 36 (e) 65 kmph
of visitors per day in a month of 30 days beginning 10. A sum fetched a total simple interest of Rs.
with a Sunday is: 4016.25 at the rate of 9% p.a. in 5 years. What is
the sum?
(a) 250
(b) 276 (a) Rs. 4462.50
(b) Rs. 8032.50
(c) 280
(c) Rs. 8900
(d) 285
(d) Rs. 8925
5. The sum of two number is 25 and their difference
is 13. Find their product. 11. A person takes a loan of Rs. 200 at 5% simple in-
terest. He returns Rs. 100 at the end of 1 year.
(a) 104 In order to clear his dues at the end of 2 years, he
(b) 114 would pay:
11. 7 is added to a certain number, the sum is mul- 17. Two persons travel certain distance at the speed
tiplied by 5, the product is divided by 9 and 3 is of 3.75 km / hr and 3 km/hr. First person reaches
subtracted from the quotient. The remainder left the destination half an hour earlier find the dis-
is 12. The number is tance traveled.
(a) 6% 23. How old was mother when Mohan was five years
old?
(b) 12%
(a) 20
(c) 12.36%
(b) 30
(d) 16.64%
(c) 38
21. A wheel that has 6 cogs is meshed with a larger
(d) 24
wheel of 14 cogs. When the smaller wheel has
made 21 revolutions, then the number of revolu- 24. How old will Mohan be when his mother is 50?
tions made by the larger wheel is:
(a) 20
(a) 4 (b) 15
(b) 9 (c) 25
(c) 12 (d) 35
(d) 49
25. How old was Mohans mother when he was born?
(Directions for questions 22 25): Mohan is
(a) 30
twice old al he was few years ago. His mother was
then six times as old as he was. She is now 35 years (b) 35
old. (c) 45
22. How old is Mohan? (d) 25
(b) 9%
3. A sum of Rs. 1360 has been divided among A, B
(c) 10% and C such that A gets 2/3 what B gets, and B
(d) 11% gets 1/4 of what C gets. Bs share is
(a) 3
B (b) 14
= 1360
A+B+C (c) 16
B
= 1360 (d) 17
2
B + B + 4B
3 Answer: (a)
B Given:
= 1360
2
B +1+4 128/16? 7 2
3 = 1
72 8 6+?2
1
=
17
1360 128/16? 7 2 = 72 8 6+?2
3 8? 14 = 49 48+?2
=
3
1360 = 240 0 = ?2 8? + 15
17 0 = (? 3)(? 5)
625 14 11
4. is equal to
11 25 196 ? = 3, 5.
(a) 5
8. If 18 14? = 84, then ? equals:
(b) 6
(c) 8 (a) 22
(d) 11 (b) 24
(c) 28
Answer: (a)
(d) 32
625 14 11 25 14 11 Answer: (c)
= =5
11 25 196 11 5 14
18 14? = 84
5. 0.0025 2.25 0.0001 =? 18 14? = 84 84
(a) 0.000075
(b) 0.0075
9. The average temperature of the town in the first
(c) 0.075
four days of a month was 58 degrees. The average
(d) None of these for the second, third, fourth and fifth days was 60
Answer: (d) degrees. The temperature of the first and fifth days
were in the ratio 7:8, then what is the temperature
on the fifth day?
0.0025 2.25 0.0001 = 0.05 1.5 0.01 = .00075
(a) 64
6. An employer pays Rs.20 for each day a worker (b) 62
works, and forfeits Rs.3 for each day he is idle. (c) 66
At the end of 60 days, a worker gets Rs.280 for
how many days did the worker remain idle? (d) None of these
1. The average marks obtained by 22 candidates in 3. The average weight of 8 persons is increased by
an examination is 45.The average of first ten is 55 3.5kg. When one of them, whose weight is 56kg,
while that of the last eleven is 40.The marks ob- is replaced by a new man, the weight of the new
tained by the eleventh candidate is man is.
(a) 0 (a) 64 kg
(b) 3 (b) 84 kg
(c) 4 (c) 80 kg
(d) None of these (d) None of these
2. he population of a town is 50,000. If the males 4. In a class of twenty students the average is
increase by 5% and females by 10% the popula- 13years.By the inclusion of the teachers age the
tion will be 53,500. Find the number of males and average age is increased by 2 years. What is the
females age of the teacher.
1. A man buys a cycle for Rs. 1400 and sells it at a (c) 20 hours
loss of 15%. What is the selling price for the cycle? 1
(d) 20 hours
2
(a) Rs. 1202
6. A and B can do a piece of work in 10 days, B and
(b) Rs. 1190 C in 15 days and C and A in 20 days. C alone can
(c) Rs. 1160 do the work in
(d) Rs. 1000 (a) 60 days
2. The ratio of cost price and selling price is 5:4. The (b) 120 days
loss percentage is (c) 80 days
(d) 30 days
(a) 20%
2
(b) 25% 7. A can cultivate th of a land in 6 days and B can
5
(c) 40% 1
cultivate rd of the same land in 10 days. Working
3
(d) 50% 4
together A and B can cultivate th of the land in
5
3. A shopkeeper sells two TV sets at the same price.
There is a gain of 20% on one TV and a loss of 20% (a) 4 days
on the other. Which of the following statement is (b) 5 days
correct? (c) 8 days
(a) The shopkeeper makes no net gain or profit. (d) 10 days
(b) The shopkeeper losses by 2% 8. A does half as much work as B in one sixth of the
time. If together they take 10 days to complete a
(c) The shopkeeper gains by 2%
work, how many time shall B take to do it alone?
(d) The shopkeeper losses by 4%
(a) 70 days
4. If the cost price of 15 tables be equal to the selling (b) 30 days
price of 20 tables, the loss per cent is (c) 40 days
(a) 20% (d) 50 days
(b) 30% 9. The value of 0.000441 is equal to
(c) 25% (a) 0.21
(d) 37.5% (b) 0.0021
(c) 0.021
5. A cistern can be filled with water by a pipe in 5
hours and it can be emptied by a second pipe in (d) 0.00021
4 hours. If both the pipes are opened when the 10. The value of 0.008 0.01 0.072 (0.12 0.0004)
cistern is full, the time in which it will be emptied is
is
(a) 1.2
(a) 9 hours (b) 0.12
(b) 18 hours (c) 0.012
48. Out of three numbers, the first is twice the second (a) 4 cm
and is half of the third. If the average of the three (b) 6 cm
numbers is 56, then the difference of first and third
numbers is (c) 8 cm
(d) 10 cm
(a) 12
2a + b a+b
(b) 20 55. If = 3 then find the value of .
a + 4b a + 2b
(c) 24
5
(d) 48 (a)
9
49. The average age of 8 persons is increased by 2 2
(b)
years, when one of them, whoseage is 24 years is 7
replaced by a new person. The age of the new 10
(c)
person is 9
10
(a) 42 years (d)
7
(b) 40 years
56. If a:b=2:3 and b:c=4:5, find a2 : b2 : bc.
(c) 38 years
(d) 45 years (a) 4:9:45
(b) 16:36:45
50. If the volumes of the two cubes are in the ratio
27:64, then the ratio of their total surface areas is (c) 16:36:20
(d) 4:36:20
(a) 27:64
1 3 1 5 5 3
(b) 3:4 57. If A : B = : , B : C = : , C : D = :
2 8 3 9 6 4
(c) 9:16 then the ratio A : B : C : D is
(d) 3:8 (a) 6:4:8:10
51. The base radii of two cylinders are in the ratio 2:3 (b) 6:8:9:10
and their heights are in the ratio 5:3. The ratio of (c) 8:6:10:9
their volumes is
(d) 4:6:8:10
(a) 27:20
58. Two numbers are in the ratio 5:7. On diminishing
(b) 20:27 each of them by 40, they become in the ratio 17:27.
(c) 9:4 The difference of the numbers is
(d) 4:9
(a) 18
52. The slant height of a conical mountain is 2.5 km (b) 52
and the area of its base is 1.54 km2 . Taking
22 (c) 137
= , the height of the mountain is
7 (d) 50
(a) 2.2 km 59. The ratio of the number of boys and girls of a
(b) 2.4 km school with 504 students is 13:11. What will be
the new ratio if 12 more girls are admitted?
(c) 3 km
(d) 3.11 km (a) 91:81
53. A hemisphere and a cone have equal bases. If their (b) 81:91
heights are also equal, the ratio of their curved sur- (c) 9:10
faces will be (d) 10:9
(a) 1 : 2 60. A and B have monthly incomes in the ratio 5:6
(b) 2 : 1 and monthly expenditures in the ratio 3:4. If they
(c) 1:2 save Rs. 1800 and Rs. 1600 respectively, find the
monthly income of B.
(d) 2:1
(a) Rs. 3400
54. Three solid metallic spheres of diameters 6 cm, 8
cm and 10 cm are melted and recast into a new (b) Rs. 2700
solid sphere. The diameter of the new sphere is (c) Rs. 1720
(d) Rs. 7200 67. Two numbers are respectively 20% and 50% of a
third number. What per cent is the first number
q p
61. The value of 2 + 2 + 2 + is of the second?
74. By selling an article for Rs. 72, there is a loss of (a) 14 hours
10%. In order to gain 5%, its selling price should (b) 7 hours
be
(c) 8 hours
(a) Rs. 87 (d) 16 hours
(b) Rs. 85
81. A train is 125 m long. If the train takes 30 seconds
(c) Rs. 80 to cross a tree by the railway line, then the speed
(d) Rs. 84 of the train is
(a) Rs. 900 83. The ratio of two numbers is 3:4 and their HCF is
4. Their LCM is
(b) Rs. 800
(c) Rs. 700 (a) 12
(d) Rs. 600 (b) 16
(c) 24
77. Successive discounts of 20% and 10% are equiva-
lent to a single discount of (d) 48
(a) 30% 84. The divisor is 25 times the quotient and 5 times
the remainder. If the quotient is 16, the dividend
(b) 15% is
(c) 28%
(a) 6400
(d) 25%
(b) 6480
78. The marked price of a watch is Rs. 1000. A retailer (c) 400
buys it at Rs. 810 after getting two successive dis-
(d) 480
counts of 10% and another rate which is illegible.
What is the second discount rate? 85. Find the least multiple of 23, which when divided
by 18, 21 and 24 leaves remainder 7, 10 and 13
(a) 15%
respectively
(b) 10%
(a) 3013
(c) 8%
(b) 3024
(d) 6.5%
(c) 3002
79. An athlete runs 200 m race in 24 seconds. His (d) 3036
speed (in kmph) is
50
(a) 20 86. If = , then the value of is
1
12
(b) 24 2
(c) 28.5 25
(a)
(d) 30 2
4
7 (b)
80. A train runningat of its own speed reached a 25
11 (c) 4
place in 22 hours. How much time could be saved
if the train would run as its own speed? (d) 25
87. Three fifth of the square of a certain number is (a) Rs. 600
126.15. What is the number? (b) Rs. 1000
(a) 210.25 (c) Rs. 900
(b) 75.69 (d) Rs. 1200
(c) 14.5 94. Zinc and Copper are in the ratio of 5:3 in 200 grams
(d) 145 of an alloy. How much grams of copper be added
to make the ratio as 3:5?
88. Find the greatest number of five digits which when
1
divided by 3, 5, 8 and 12 have 2 as remainder. (a) 133
3
(a) 99999 1
(b)
(b) 99958 200
(c) 72
(c) 99960
(d) 66
(d) 99962
95. The price of 1o chairs is equal to that of 4 tables.
4 The price of 15 chairs and 2 tables together is Rs.
89. What fraction of must be added to itself to make
7 4000. The total price of 12 chairs and 3 tables is
1
the sum .
14 (a) Rs. 3750
7 (b) Rs. 3840
(a)
8 (c) Rs. 3500
1
(b) (d) Rs. 3900
2
4 96. The sum of three consecutive odd natural numbers
(c)
7 is 87. The smallest of these numbers is
15
(d) (a) 29
14
(b) 31
90. The smallest number added to 680621 to make the
sum a perfect square is (c) 23
(d) 27
(a) 4
4
(b) 5 97. If of an estate be worth Rs. 16800, then the
5
(c) 6 3
value of of it is
(d) 8 7
(a) Rs. 90000
91. If 5 men or 8 women can do a piece of work in 12
days, how many days will be taken by 2 men and (b) Rs. 9000
4 women to do the same work? (c) Rs. 72000
(a) 15 days (d) Rs. 21000
(b) 13.5 days 98. Two numbers are in the ratio 2:3. If 3 be added to
1 both of them, then their ratio becomes 3:4. Find
(c) 13 days the sum of the numbers
3
(d) 10 days (a) 10
92. Harsha is 40 years old and Rith is 60 years old. (b) 15
How many years ago was the ratio of their ages (c) 90
3:5?
(d) 25
(a) 10 years
99. 4 bells ring at intervals of 30 minutes, 1.5 hours, 1
(b) 20 years hour, 1 hour and 45 minutes respectively. All the
(c) 37 years bells ring simultaneously at 12 noon. They will
again ring simultaneously at
(d) 5 years
(a) 12 mid-night
93. A sum of Rs. 9000 is to be distributed among A,
B and C in the ratio 4:5:6. What will be the dif- (b) 3 a.m.
ference between As and Cs shares? (c) 6 a.m.
(d) 9 a.m. 2
(a)
3
6 3
100. A boy on being asked what of certain fraction (b)
7 5
was, made the mistake of dividing the fraction by 4
6 (c)
and so got an answer which exceeded the correct 5
7 7
13 (d)
answer by . Find the fraction. 9
70
(c) 487893 13. 11 times a number gives 176. What is the number?
(d) 442007 (a) 1936
7. Simplify: (4.5 18)2 . (b) 165
(c) 263
(a) 6461
(d) 16
(b) 6561
(c) 6571 14. The sum of the numbers is 100 and their difference
is 37. What is the difference of their squares?
(d) 6581
(a) 6300
1 7 3 2 2
8. + + =? (b) 3700
7 9 9 9 9
(c) 1000
1
(a) (d) 100
7
15. The number zero flanked by the same two digit 22. Rs. 800 will fetch a compound interest of Rs. 82
number on left and right sides; for example, 32032 at 5% per year in how many years?
and 63063. Which largest number will always di-
(a) 4 years
vide such a number?
(b) 2 years
(a) 7 (c) 3 years
(b) 13 (d) 5 years
(c) 89
23. A man purchases a calculator which has a printed
(d) 1001 price of Rs. 160. He gets two successive discounts
16. Which is the least square number exactly divisible of 20% and 10%. How much did he pay?
by 20, 15, 12 and 5. (a) Rs. 129.60
(a) 14400 (b) Rs. 119.60
(b) 3600 (c) Rs. 115.70
(c) 1200 (d) Rs. 112
18. A number when divided by 27 leaves a remainder 25. The average runs of first five batsman is 46 and
of 13. What would be the remainder if the number that of the first four is 45. What is the score of
is divided by 9? fifth batsman?
(a) 4 (a) 15
(b) 5 (b) 10
(c) 6 (c) 25
(d) 50
(d) 7
26. One tap fills a tank in 8 hours and another empties
19. If a number gives a remainder 83 when divided by
it in 16 hours. If both the taps are opened simul-
123. What remainder shall it give when divided by
taneously, how long will it take to fill the tank?
41?
(a) 24 hours
(a) 0
(b) 16 hours
(b) 1
(c) 10 hours
(c) 40
(d) 8 hours
(d) 83
27. X goes on foot to a place at 4 kmph and returns on
20. Give the missing number: 5, 25, 50, 250, , 2500. a bicycle at 16 kmph. What is the average speed
of his to and fro trip?
(a) 500
(b) 750 (a) 10 kmph
(c) 1000 (b) 8.5 kmph
(c) 6.4 kmph
(d) 1250
(d) 5 kmph
21. Which one of the following numbers is exactly di-
visible by 9? 28. 12 men working 10 hours daily complete a work in
32 days. If 30 men work in 16 days and finish the
(a) 234 same work, how many hours daily they worked?
(b) 278 (a) 5 hours
(c) 389 (b) 8 hours
(d) 254 (c) 21 hours
(b) 162 24 8 4 15
21. =?
12 12 12
(c) 168.1
(a) 12
(d) 568
(b) 2
(e) None
(c) 16
15. 1015 0.05 40 = (d) 1
(a) 50.75 (e) None
(b) 507.5 22. 2.08 0.52 =?
(c) 506
(a) 188
(d) 2056
(b) 1.20
(e) None (c) 4
r
? (d) 1.83
16. =1
12 (e) None
(a) 5184 23. (242 17)2 (7 5)2 =?
(b) 12
(a) 49400
(c) 74 (b) 94400
(d) 144 (c) 49300
(e) None (d) 94200
1 (e) None
17. of 200 25.5=
25
24. 44? = 625 53
(a) 189
(a) 572
(b) 179
(b) 18
(c) 204
(c) 13
(d) 24.4
(d) 28
(e) None
(e) None
18. 40832-?=39053 5 3 7
25. + + =?
(a) 1779 4 4 6
(b) 1707 (a) 6
(c) 1877 (b) 38/72
(c) 38/12
(d) 5576
(d) 12/38
(e) None
(e) None
5 3 33
19. = 6 3 4
1 5 10 26. + + =?
5 4 5
(a) 9.09
(a) 2.075
(b) 19.9
(b) 2.75
(c) 8.09
(c) 3.75
(d) 9.9
(d) 6.70
(e) None (e) None
20. ? 303.5 = 184983.25 27. (37.5 0.38) + 0.04 =?
(a) 60.95 (a) 930
(b) 92112.25 (b) 922
(c) 6095 (c) 630
(d) 5678 (d) 928
(e) None (e) None
10. Five farmers have 7, 9, 11, 13 & 14 apple trees, Answer: (b)
respectively in their orchards. Last year, each of
them discovered that every tree in their own or-
chard bore exactly the same number of apples. 14. The length of the side of a square is represented
Further, if the third farmer gives one apple to the by x + 2. The length of the side of an equilateral
first, and the fifth gives three to each of the sec- triangle is 2x. If the square and the equilateral tri-
ond and the fourth, they would all have exactly the angle have equal perimeter, then the value of x is
same number of apples. What were the yields per .
tree in the orchards of the third and fourth farm- Answer: x=4
ers? Explanation:
Answer: 11 & 9 apples per tree. Since the side of the square is x + 2, its perimeter
Explanation: = 4(x + 2) = 4x + 8
Let a, b, c, d&e be the total number of apples bored Since the side of the equilateral triangle is 2x, its
per year in A, B, C, D&Es orchard. perimeter = 3 2x = 6x Also, the perimeters of
Given a + 1 = b + 3 = c 1 = d + 3 = e 6. both are equal.
(d) (b)
(c)
23. (a)
(d)
(b)
(c) 34. (a)
(d) (b)
(c)
24. (a)
(d)
(b)
35. (a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(c)
25. (a) (d)
(b) 36. (a)
(c) (b)
(d) (c)
26. (a) (d)
(b) 37. (a)
(c) (b)
(d) (c)
(d)
27. (a)
(b) 38. (a)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(d)
28. (a)
39. (a)
(b)
(b)
(c) (c)
(d) (d)
29. (a) 40. (a)
(b) (b)
(c) (c)
(d) (d)
(b) (d)
(c)
68. (a)
(d)
(b)
67. (a)
(b) (c)
(c) (d)