Mechanics, Materials Science & Engineering, September 2016 ISSN 2412-5954

Effect of Temperature and Strain Rate on Dynamic Re-Crystallization of 0.05C-

1.52Cu-1.51Mn Steel

Pawan Kumar1, a, Peter Hodgson1, b

1 Institute For Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Australia

a pku mar@deakin.edu.au
b peter.hodgson1@deakin.edu.au

DOI 10.13140/RG.2.1.4905.2403

Keywords: dynamic re -crystallization, strain rate, temperature

ABSTRACT. Dynamic re -crystallizat ion (DRX) is one of the most efficient methods to achieve ultra-fine ferrite grain
in the steel. The DRX associated with the formation of new grains in hot working condition. The factors influencing the
grain size achievable through thermo-mechanical controlled processing are known to be work hardening and softening
by dynamic p rocess of recovery. The point at which the combine effect of strain hardening and recovery are unable to
accommodate more immobile dislocation is the starting point of DRX process. In present investigation, critical stress
for init iation of DRX is calculated for 0.05C-1.52Cu-1.51Mn steel and the influence of strain rate and temperature is
studied. It was observed that at lower strain rate, critical stress for initiation of Dynamic re-crystallizat ion (DRX) is
increases initially and then it become saturated at higher strain rate. It is also absorbed that higher temperature and
lower strain rates are the favourable condition for typical DRX process. It is also hinted that Cu precipitation take place
process adopted in the experiments.

Introduction. Dynamic re-crystallization (DRX) is one of the most efficient method to achieve
ultra- fine ferrite grain in the steel [1-2]. The DRX associated with the formation of new grains (in
hot working condition); the size of grain is expressed as:

where A is a constant;
G is the shear modulus;
n is the grain size exponent, which is about 0.7 for hot working conditions [3-5].
The factors influencing the grain size achievable through thermo-mechanical controlled processing
are known to be work hardening and softening by dynamic process of recovery [6]. The three
mechanisms with strain hardening, dynamic recovery and dynamic re-crystallization are different in
their softening mechanisms.
When the combine effect of strain hardening and recovery are unable to accommodate more
immobile dislocation is the starting point of DRX process. Low stacking- fault energy materials
generally exhibit discontinuous DRX. The mechanism corresponding to DDRX is bulging (local
migration). Bulging of grain boundaries generate nuclei which further grows and consumes at
deformed matrix; leading to increase in the dislocation density. The morphology governing by
DDRX shows nearly constant average grains size, which is due to the further deforming of large
grains due to further straining and taken up by new DRX nuclei. This process considered as a
Discontinuous process [7, 8-9].

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 Mechanics, Materials Science & Engineering, September 2016 ISSN 2412-5954

High stacking- fault energy materials generally exhibit Continuous DRX [10-13]. In this
phenomenon the formation of three-dimensional arrays of deformation low-angle boundaries
(LABs) takes place, which is further transformed into high-angle grain boundaries (HABs). The
high orientation gradient and the strain incompatibility between joint grains evolves the strain
induced LABs. Upon further straining their mis-orientation increases leading to transformation into
HABs; this leads to the development of recrystallized grains. The CDRX phenomena generally
exhibits an equi-axed morphology throughout the structure.
The Cu is use to provide precipitation hardening in steel. Setuo Takaki et. al has studied the effect
of pre-strain with Cu addition on 0.007C-0.01Mn-1.5Cu steel aged at 300C at 20 mins [14]. There
is no Cu clusters/precipitates observed in non-prestrained steel; although existence of Cu clusters of
size around 0.7nm are reported in prestrained steel, it has shown any change in distribution upon
ageing as 500 o C for 20 mins. It is observed that Cu clusters tend to distribute coarsely in non-pre-
strained steel. It is also observed that at peak age condition; clusters of copper tend to grow
homogeneously in pre-strained samples. However it found that in non-pre-strained samples; a
coarsening behavior is observed. The mechanism of grain refinement in steel by Cu precipitation is
not known till now. It is proposed by some workers that precipitate dislocation interaction tends to
create deformation bands during straining and this leads to fine re-crystallized grains [14]. Setuo
Takaki et. al. also reported strengthening of heavily deformed and re-crystallized ferrite due to
precipitates of copper [14].
In the present investigation the effect of temperature and strain rate is studied for the flow behaviour
of material under investigation. The critical stress and strain is also calculated for the initiation of
dynamic re-crystallization process. Also the influence of temperature and strain rate on the critical
stress and strain for DRX is investigated.
Materials and Methods
The material under investigation is 0.05C-1.52Cu-1.51Mn steel. Thermo- mechanical simulator
(Gleeble) was used for hot compression test in plain strain condition. The specimens were
austenitized at 1100o C for 5 min and cooled at the rate of 5o C/Sec; it is then subjected to hot
compression as shown in Fig. 1. Single hot compression tests were conducted at temperature 800-
1000o C with strain rates of 0.01, 0.1, 1 s-1 .

Fig 1. Thermo-Mechanical process used in experiments.

Result and Discussion. From Fig. 2, It is observed that DRX taken place at strain rate of 0.01/Sec
at different temperature up to 800 0 C. Effect of temperature and strain rate on DRX of experimental
steel can also be observed from Fig. 3, Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. When the deformation temperature is
comparatively low , DRX seemingly take place only at a slower strain rate of 0.01/Sec; for higher

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 Mechanics, Materials Science & Engineering, September 2016 ISSN 2412-5954

strain rates however offend indication of dynamic recovery is noticed is noticed for higher strain
rate of 0.1/sec. Increasing the strain rate at low deformation temperature as restricted DRX is
observed from Fig. 3. Upon increasing deformation temperature to 950 0 C the dynamic re-
crystallization is recorded at low strain rates till 0.1/Sec; whereas at higher strain rates of 1/Sec
occurrence of dynamic recovery is indicated as shown in Fig. 4.
As expected higher deformation temperature like 1000 0 C envisages the occurrence of DRX at all
strain rates which 0.01/Sec, 0.1/Sec and 1/Sec. It therefore follows from the above diagram that
dynamic re-crystallization of the experimental steel is favored at higher temperature and lower
strain rate. The combination of deformation temperature and strain rate is essentially an important
aspect in deciding dynamic re-crystallization is set in or not. It is known that DRX is thermally
activated from therefore it is accentuated by higher deformation temperature and higher availability
of time at deformation temperature. It is obvious that the slower strain rates provides longer time for
DRX phenomena to take place and hence above observations are made in present investigation.
The - Analysis to Calculate Critical Stress for Initiation of DRX:
From true stress/ true strain Curve; plot of work hardening rate Vs true stress ( -) is given in Fig.
6 as:

The inflection point is detected by fitting 3 rd degree polynomial to - curve

(1)

At critical stress for initiation of DRX the second derivative becomes zero; so

(2)

Becomes zero; therefore; (critical) = B/3A (3)

Following the same argument the critical stress for DRX as well as critical strain for the same has
been calculated for all cases where DRX could be observed. It appears from Fig. 7 that the critical
stress decreases with increase in deformation temperature. Fig. 8 exhibits that critical strain for
occurrence of DRX at a constant strain rate of 0.01/Sec decreases with deformation temperature
tending to assume some constant value at higher deformation temperature. Fig. 9 shows that effect
of strain rate on critical stress for occurrence of DRX at fixed highest deformation temperature
10000 C; rise in the magnitude of critical stress for DRX with increasing strain rate is logically
consistent with the fact that higher strain rate provides less time for DRX to take place at any
specific deformation temperature.
In fig. 10 transmission electron micrographs of steel deformed at strain rates of 0.01/Sec at 900 0 C
shows that precipitation of Cu has taken place concurrently with DRX or just after DRX and during
austenite to ferrite transformation. In the first case the precipitates would have sited at the grain
boundaries while in the second case the precipitate impend transformation growth of DRX grains
although conclusive evidence has not been derived in the present investigation. The either of the
above two events could lead to achievement of fine grained ferrite from a ustenite this is why SEM
image by Fig. 10 shows that ferrite grain size of 2-3 m that the precipitates of Cu forms in
specimens deformed at 900 0 C.

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 Mechanics, Materials Science & Engineering, September 2016 ISSN 2412-5954

180

160

140

120
stress(Mpa)

100

80

60 (950C-0.01/sec)
(1000C-0.01/sec)
40
(850C-0.01/sec)
20
(800C-0.01/sec)
0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8
strain

Fig. 2. Flow curve at temperature 800 oC-1000 o C and strain rate of 0.01/sec.

850C-strain rate 0.01/sec

850C-strain rate 0.1/sec
300
850C-strain rate 1/sec
250

200
stress(Mpa)

150

100

50

0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8
strain

Fig. 3. Flow currve at temperature 850 o C and strain rate of 0.01, 0.1 and 1/sec.

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 Mechanics, Materials Science & Engineering, September 2016 ISSN 2412-5954

250

200
stress(Mpa)

150

100

950C-strain rate 0.01/sec

50
950C-strain rate 0.1/sec
950C-strain rate 1/sec
0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
strain

Fig. 4. Flow curve at temperature 950 oC and strain rate of 0.01, 0.1 and 1/sec.
180

160

140

120
stress(Mpa)

100

80

60 (1000C- strain rate 0.01/sec)

40 1000c-strain rate 0.1/sec

20
1000C-strain rate 1/sec
0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8
strain

Fig. 5. Flow curve at temperature 1000 oC and strain rate of 0.01, 0.1 and 1/sec.

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 Mechanics, Materials Science & Engineering, September 2016 ISSN 2412-5954

300

250

work hardening rate

200

150

100

50

0
100 110 120 130 140 150
stress (Mpa)

Fig. 6. Work hardening rate Vs True stress.

0,35

0,3
critical strain for DRX

0,25

0,2

0,15

0,1
800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100
Temperature in C

Fig. 7. Critical strain for DRX Vs Temperature.

140
130
120
critical stress for DRX

110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
800 900 1000
Temperature in C

Fig. 8. critical stress for DRX Vs temperature

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 Mechanics, Materials Science & Engineering, September 2016 ISSN 2412-5954

160

140

120

critical stress for DRX

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4
strain rate

Fig. 9. critical stress for DRX Vs strain rate at 1000 0 C.

Fig. 10. TEM micrograph at temperature 900 o C and strain rate of 0.01/sec.

Summary.
1. High deformation temperature and low strain rate is the favorable condition for dynamic re-
crystallization for the material under investigation which is 0.05C-1.52Cu-1.51Mn steel.
2. The critical stress for dynamic re-crystallization decreases with increase in deformatio n
temperature. The critical strain for occurrence of DRX at a constant strain rate of 0.01/Sec
decreases with deformation temperature tending to assume some constant value at higher
deformation temperature.
3. Precipitation of Cu has taken place concurrently with DRX or just after DRX and during
austenite to ferrite transformation. The ferrite grain size of 2-3 m is formed in the process adopted
in the experimentation.

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 Mechanics, Materials Science & Engineering, September 2016 ISSN 2412-5954

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