,ay; - ,uz;L

Rikay;y %g;G rpWfijAk; gpd;dzpAk;

,t;tpay; E}y; mwpKfk;> Mrphpah; mwpKfk;>

fijg;gpd;dypd; $Wfs;> jiyg;G Njh;e;njLj;jjd; Nehf;fk;> fijr;
RUf;fk;> ,d;iwa tho;f;ifr; R+oypy; KjpNahh;fs;. mbj;juf; FLk;g
tho;tpaYk;> KjpNahUk;> eLj;juf; FLk;g tho;tpaYk;
KjpNahUk;> cah;ju FLk;g tho;tpaYk; KjpNahUk;> KjpNahUk;
gpr;irf;fhuUk; rKjhaj;jpy; vg;gb tho;fpwhh;fs; vd;gij czh;j;Jtjhf
mike;Js;sJ.

E}y; mwpKfk;

rKjha tpopg;Gzh;T> Fiwe;jgl;rk;> rKjhag; gpuf;iQ

Vw;gLj;jhj fij fijNa my;y vd;W gl;bkd;wk; elj;jp nfhl;b
Kof;Ffpwhh;fs;.

ehDk; vOj;jhsdha; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l Muk;g fhyj;njhopy;

Kiw vOj;Jf;fisj; jpUk;gpg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ> Nkw;fz;l gl;bkd;w
KbT Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tz;zk; ntspte;j fijfs; nrhw;gNk.1 vd;W
E}yhrphpah; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

rKjhag; gpuf;iQia cs;thq;fpf; nfhz;L vd;djhd; tsikahd

fw;gidf; fijfs; vOjpdhYk; mtw;wpy; xU nraw;ifj;jdk;
jpzpf;fg;gl;bUg;gij czu KbAk;. mit nkr;rg;glyhk;. mJ NtW
tp\ak;.

rKjha tpopg;Gzh;T jUk; fijfSf;fhf ehd; miye;J

nfhz;bUe;Njd;. me;Neuj;jpy; jhd; ,e;E}yhrphpahpd; fijj;
njhFg;ig ghh;j;Njd;. mjpy; mth;> 1994-Mk; Mz;L kdeyf;
fhg;gfk; jdJ 200tJ Mz;L tpohitf; nfhz;lhLKfj;jhd; xU fz;fhl;rpf;F

46
Vw;ghL nra;jpUe;jJ. mij ehd; ghh;itapl;lJ xU jw;nray;
epfo;r;rpjhd;. mq;F jhd; vdf;F rKjhag; gpuf;iQf;F mh;j;jk;
njhpe;jJ2 vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

kdeyf; fhg;gfj;jpy; rpfpr;ir ngWk; ve;j xU Nehahspapd;

fijapYk; rKjhag; gpuf;iQ ntspg;gl;lJ. %j;j gj;jphpf;ifahsh; rhtp
mth;fs; Fq;Fkj;jpd; nghWg;ghrphpauha; ,Ue;J Neuk; mJ.
mthplk; ,J tptuk; nrhy;y> mth; kfpo;r;rpAld; vOj ,lk; je;jhh;.
njhlh;e;J ,UgJ fijfs; vOjpNdd;. kzpNkfiyg; gpuRuj;jhy; me;j
kdeyf; fijfs; ahkpdpf;F vd;d Mr;R? vd;w jiyg;gpy; jdp E}yhf
ntspte;jJ. Fq;Fkj;Jf;Fk; kzpNkfiyg; gpuRuj;jpw;Fk; ehd; ed;wp
nrhy;yf; flikg;gl;bUf;fpNwd;.3

,e;j E}y; je;j Mj;k jpUg;jp. ,Nj Nghd;w cz;ikf; fijfis ehbg;
Nghf> vdf;Fj; J}z;Ljyha; mike;jJ. NkYk; ,e;E}yhrphpah;>

vdJ ,dpa ez;gh; nrd;id nghJ kUj;Jtkidj; Jiz Nte;jh; lhf;lh;

Nt.g.ehuhazd; mth;fs; ghh;itf;F vdJ kdeyf; fijfs; E}iy itj;Njd;.

gbj;Jg; ghh;j;Jtpl;L> ,e;j kUj;Jtkid lhf;lh;fsplk; Ngrpg;

ghUq;fs;. nghJ kf;fSf;Fr; rKjhag; nghWg;Gzh;it Nghjpf;fpw
khjphpahd cgNahfkhd tp\aq;fs; fpilf;Fk;.

vd;W nrhd;dNjhL epy;yhky;> rpwg;G kUj;Jth;fisr;

re;jpj;Jg; NgrTk; Vw;ghL nra;J cjtpdhh;. mtUf;Fk; gpw
kUj;Jth;fSf;Fk; ed;wp.

gpugy kUj;Jth;fisr; re;jpj;J> rpy tpj;jpahrkhd NfRfs;

gw;wpa njhlh; ,J vd;w thpirapy; jpdkyh; thu kyhpy; ,lkspj;j
nghWg;ghrphpah; uhkRg;G mth;fSf;F vd;nwd;Wk; flikg;
gl;bUf;fpNwd;.

47
 me;jj; njhlh; thpirapy; %g;gpay; kUj;Jt epGzH
t.nr.eluhrd; $wpa fijfs; ntspte;jpUe;jd. mijg; gbj;Jtpl;L Njtp
,jopd; Jizahrphpah; Nf.N[k;]; mth;fs;. %g;gpay; Jiwapy;
,isQh;fSf;F xU rKjha czh;T Vw;gLj;Jk; tz;zk; njhlh;e;J fijfs;
juKbAkh? vd;W Nfl;lhh;. lhf;lhplk; Ngrpg; ghh;g;gjha;r;
nrhy;yptpl;L te;Njd;.

%g;gpay; Jiw kUj;Jt epGzh; lhf;lh; t.nr.eluhrd; mth;fs; vdJ

neLq;fhyj;J ez;gh;. mtuJ neQ;rpy; cUg; gjpj;j fijfis mth;
Mj;khh;j;jkhf urpj;Jr; nrhd;dtw;iw nfhQ;rk; cUl;bj; jpul;br;
rpWfijfsha;g; gilj;Njd;. Njtp thrfh;fspd; urid vdf;Ff; fpilj;j ghpR.
,e;jf; fijfSf;F ,lkspj;j Mrphpah; ngUe;jif gh.,uhkr;re;jpu
Mjpj;jdhh; mth;fSf;F ed;wp. J}z;Ljyha; mike;j Jizahrphpah;
N[k;]; mth;fSf;Fk; ed;wp.

lhf;lh; t.nr.eluhrd;. Gdpjd; $l;Lj;jhd; ,e;j E}y; vd;whYk;>

vdf;fhf kzpf; fzf;fpy; jd; nghd;dhd Neuj;ij xJf;fpj; je;j %g;gpay;
epGzUf;F vg;gb ed;wp etpyhJ ,Uf;f KbAk;? ed;wp lhf;lh;4
vd;W ,e;E}iyg; gw;wpAk; E}y; cUthd fijg; gw;wpAk;
,e;E}yhrphpaNu tpsf;fpAs;shh;.

Mrphpah; mwpKfk;

lhf;lh; t.nr.eluhrd; KjpNahh; kUj;Jtj; Jiwapy;

,q;fpyhe;jpy; ehd;F Mz;Lfs; (1974-78) gapw;rp ngw;Wr;
rpwg;G rhd;wpjOk; F.R.C.P (Edin) gl;lKk; ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpah;.
nrd;id muR nghJ kUj;Jtkidapy;> KjpNahh;fSf;nfd jdpj;Jiwia
,e;jpahtpNyNa Kjd; Kjyhf epWtpath;.

48
 KjpNahh; eyk; gw;wpg; gy kUj;Jt E}y;fs; vOjpAs;shh;.
mtw;Ws; KJikapYk; ,d;gk; AGEING BEAUTIFULLY vd;w
E}y;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.

KjpNahUf;F ,th; Mw;Wk; Nritiag; ghuhl;b 1994-Mk;

Mz;by; FbauRj; jiyth; mth;fs; kUj;Jtj; JiwapNyNa kpfr; rpwe;j
tpUjhd lhf;lh; gp.rp.uha; Njrpa tpUij toq;fpf; nfsutpj;jhh;.
,q;fpyhe;jpYs;s KjpNahh; kUj;Jtf; fofk; ,tiu ,yz;lDf;F mioj;Jj; jdJ
50-Mk; Mz;L nghd;tpohg; gjf;fj;ij toq;fpf; nfsutpj;jJ.

Gdpjd;

,thpd; ,aw;ngah; g.rz;Kf Re;juk;> nrhe;j Ch; jh;kGhp>

njhopy; vOj;J> jkpo;thzd; Vw;W> fy;fz;L topahff; FKjk;
Jizahrphpauhf Kg;gj;njl;L Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wpdhh;. ,th; vOjpa
rpWfijfs; Mapuj;Jf;Fk; Nky;> ehty;fs; Rkhh; Ik;gJ. ,ijj; jtpu
kUj;Jth;fs; gyhpd; Ngl;bf; fijfs;> thndhyp kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;rp
ehlfq;fs; rpy ftpijfs;. ,tUila fij> ftpij> fy;fz;L> FKjk;. khiykjp
,d;Dk; gy ,jo;fspy; ntspte;Js;sd. ,tUila Mrhd;fs; jpU.jkpo;thzd;>
v];.V.gp.mz;zhkiy.

nrd;id muR nghJ kUj;Jtkidapy; KjpNahh;f;nfd;Nw xU

jdpg;gphpT Vw;gLj;Jk; tha;g;G vdf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. mg;gphpit mikj;J
mjdpy; ,UgJ Mz;Lfs; tiu Nrit nra;Ak; NgWk; tha;j;jJ. md;W
Nghl;l KjpNahh; kUj;Jtk; vd;Dk; xU rpW tpij ,d;W xU nghpa
kukha; tsh;e;J gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd KjpNahh; gpzp jPh;f;Fk;
Gfyplkha; tpsq;fp tUtJ kdj;jpw;Fj; njk;ig Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. vdpDk;
KjpNahh;f;Nfw;gLk; gpur;ridfspy; Ik;gJ tpOf;fhl;Lf;F kl;LNk
mq;F jPh;T fpl;LfpwJ. kw;w Ik;gJ tpOf;fhl;Lg; gpur;ridfs;.

49
 r%fk;> epjp rhh;e;j kw;w Ik;gJ tpOf;fhL gpur;ridf;Fj;
jPh;T fhz;gJ vg;gb? ,f;Nfs;tp gy Mz;Lfsha; vd; kdj;ij neUbf;
nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jJ.

fle;j ,UgJ Mz;Lfspy; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd KjpNahiu

kUj;JtkidapYk; mth;fSila tPLfspYk; ghh;j;j nghOJ vdf;Nfw;gl;l
mDgtq;fs; mg;gg;gh! mtw;iwr; nrhw;fspy; tbf;f KbAkh?

xt;nthU FLk;gj;jpYk; KjpNahh; ntt;NtW tpjkhd rpf;fy;fSf;F

Mshfpwhh;fs;. ngw;w kfd; je;ijia mbj;Jj; Jd;GWj;Jfpwhd;.
mdhijnad;W jd; md;idiaNa KjpNahh; ,y;yj;jpy; Nrh;f;fpwhd;.
Vkhw;wp mioj;Jr; nrd;W vq;fhtJ eph;fjpaha; tpl;L tpl;Lj;
jpUk;gptpLfpwhd;. tp\k; itj;Jf; nfhy;yTk; Kay;fpwhd;. ,g;gb
vj;jidNah nfhLikfs; rKjhaj;jpy; xt;nthU ehSk; ele;j tz;zk; cs;sd.

ngw;nwLj;J tsh;j;J Mshf;fpa KjpNahiuj; nja;tq;fsha; epidf;f

Ntz;ba epiy khwp> Ntz;lhj gpuhzpfsha; elj;Jk; nfhLikfisg; gy
FLk;gq;fspy; fz;$lha;g; ghh;j;J Ntjidg;gl;bUf;fpNwd;. kdk;
nghWf;fhky; fyq;fpapUf;fpNwd;.

,uT Ntisfspy; mtw;iw epidj;J kdj;Jf;Fs;NsNa

mOjpUf;fpNwd;. ,jdhy; mth;fs; gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPh;T fpilj;J
tplhnjd;gJ vdf;Fj; njhpAk;. vdpDk;> KjpNahh;f;Nfw;gLk;
mth;fs; Nky; jpzpf;fg;ngWk; ,k;khjphpahd nfhLikfisr; r%fj;Jf;Fj;
njhptpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Dk; vz;zk; vd; Mo;kdj;jpy; Nt&d;wpaJ.
mjdhy; jPh;Tf;F VJk; topgpwf;fyhk; vd;Dk; el;ghirAk; gpwe;jJ.
vd; mDgtj;jpy; fz;l cz;ikfisf; fijfsha; ntspg;gLj;jf; fhyj;ij
vjph;ghh;j;Jf; fhj;jpUe;Njd;. fhyKk; fdpe;jJ. Mk;! vd; ,dpa ez;gh;
Gdpjd; mth;fs; %yk; vd; kdr;Rikf;F xU tbfhy; mike;jJ.

50
 rpy khjq;fSf;F Kd;G ez;gh; Gdpjd; mth;fs; njhiyNgrpapy;
vd;id mioj;jhh;. ePq;fs; cq;fs; KjpNahh; kUj;Jt mDgtj;jpy;
cq;fshy; kwf;f Kbahj rk;gtq;fis vdf;Ff; $w KbAkh? vd;W
Nfl;lNjhL> mtw;iwf; fijfshf;fpj; Njtp thu ,jopy; gpuRhpf;f
vz;zpAs;Nsd; vd;w ,dpg;G kpFk; nra;jpiaAk; $wpdhh;.
vjph;ghh;j;Jf;fhj;jpUe;j tha;g;Gf; fdpe;jjhy; cs;sk; Mde;jj;jpy;
kpje;jJ. vt;tifahd NahridiaANk nra;ahky; clNd rhp vd;W
xg;Gf;nfhz;Nld;.

,q;Nf ez;gd; Gdpjd; mth;fisg; gw;wpr; rpwpJ nrhy;tJ

nghUj;jkhFk;. ehd; mtUila guk tprpwp. mth; fijfs; vd;why;
vdf;F caph;. gs;sp ehl;fspNyNa FKjk; thq;fpaTld; ehd; gbg;gJ
mth; fijfisj;jhd;. rpy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G mth; vd; fpspdpf;Ff;F
te;jNghJ gioa njhlh;G vdf;F mtiu neUq;fpa ez;guhf;fpaJ. rphpj;j
Kfk;> rpe;jid Njha;e;j ghh;it. ,dpik jJk;Gk; neQ;R> mikjp jtOk;
Njhw;wk;. ,r;rpwg;Gf;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jf;fhuh; jhd; Gdpjd;.

ehd; rk;gtq;fisf; $Wk;NghJ kpfTk; cd;dpg;ghff; ftdpj;J

tUthh;. xNu Neuj;jpy; ,uz;L %d;W rk;gtq;fisf; $WNtd;. gy kzp
Neuk; njhlh;e;J $WNtd;. mth; Mo;e;J Nfl;ghNuad;wp vOjpf;
nfhs;sNtkhl;lhh;.

kU;jJtf; Fwpg;Gf;fis kl;Lk; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;thh;. mLj;j rpy

ehl;fSf;Fs; ehd; nrhd;d rk;gtk; kpifNaJkpd;wpf; fij tbtk;
ngw;Wj; Njtp ,jio myq;fhpf;Fk;. cz;ik epfo;TfSf;F caph;
nfhLf;f rh;kh NrJuhkd; yhtz;ah Kjypa fw;gidg;
ghj;jpuq;fisg; gilj;J thrfh;fNshL Nruitj;j ngUik mtiur; rhUk;.
mtUf;F ehd; vd;d ifk;khW nra;a ty;Nyd;?

xt;nthU fl;Liuapd; KbtpYk; kUj;Jth; Fwpg;Gf;fs; ,lk;

ngw;Ws;sd.
51
 mf;Fwpg;Gf;fis ehisa Kjpath;fshd ,d;iwa ,isQh;fs; gbj;J
mjd;gb nray;gl;lhy; Kjpath;f;Fk; ,isQh;f;Fk; ,ilapYs;s ,ilntsp
Fiwe;J ,UrhuhUk; ,dpNj tho top gpwf;Fnkd;gJ vd; ek;gpf;if.
me;j ek;gpf;if XusthtJ tbtk; ngWk; Rlh; njd;glj;
njhlq;fpAs;sJ. ,Njh rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;.

xU ehs; Xh; ,isQh; tajhd xUtiuj; jQ;irapypUe;J lhf;]p %yk;

kUj;Jtkidf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jhh;. vd;id ed;wpg; ngUf;NfhL ghh;j;J>
lhf;lh; Njtpapy; tUk; kdj;ijj; njhl;l fijfisj; jtwhky; gbj;J
tUfpNwd;. vd; je;ijia ehd; rhpahff; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwdh vd;w
re;Njfk; vOe;jJ. clNd cq;fsplNk mioj;J te;Jtpl;Nld;. jaT nra;J
Nrhjpj;Jg; ghh;j;Jr; nrhy;Yq;fs;. ehd; vd; je;ijiar; rhpahf ftdpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpNwdh? vd;W Vf;fk; fye;j Fuypy; ,wq;fpf; Nfl;lhh;. mth;
je;ij Nky; nfhz;l gw;W vd;id kfpo;r;rpapy; Mo;j;jpaJ.

,Nj Nghd;w kw;nwhU epfo;itAk; ,q;F Fwpg;gpl

tpUk;GfpNwd;. xU ehs; tajhd ngz;kzp xUth; njhiyNgrpapy;
vd;id mioj;jhh;. Kjypy; vJTk; Ngrhky; tpk;kp tpk;kp mOjhh;.
ehd; rw;W ,ilntsp tpl;L> Vdk;kh ,g;gb mOfpwPh;fs;? ehd;
VjhtJ cq;fSf;F cjt KbAkh? vd;Nwd;. tpk;ky; rw;Nw mlq;fpaJ.

lhf;lh; ehd; jpdk; gLk; f\;lq;fSk;> vd; FLk;gj;jpdh; vd;id

vg;gb elj;Jfpwhh;fs; vd;w tptuKk; cq;fSf;F vg;gbj; njhpAk;?
mijnay;yhk; mg;gbNa Njtp ,jopy; vOjpapUf;fpwPh;fNs!
vd;W $wptpl;L kPz;Lk; mOjhh;. ,it Nghd;w rk;gtq;fs; cq;fs;
tPl;by; kl;Lk; elg;git my;y mk;kh. ngUk;ghyhd FLk;gq;fspy;
elg;gitNa ,it. kdirj; jsu tplhjPh;fs;. ijhpakhf ,Uq;fs;. vd;W
MWjy; $wpNdd;.

,itnay;yhk; ehd; nrhy;yp te;j mDgtf; fijfSf;Ff; fpilj;j

ntw;wpnad;W vz;ZfpNwd;. vd; Ntl;ifnay;yhk; Nkw;fz;l gad;
52
Njtp thrfh;fSf;F kl;Lkpd;wp> rKjhaj;jpdh; midtUf;Fk; fpl;l
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. me;j Ntl;if epiwNtw khUjp gjpg;gfk; mf;fijfis
E}yhf;fp ntspapl Kd;te;jdh;. mth;fSf;F vd; md;ghh;e;j
ed;wpiaj; njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

vd; tho;NthL gpd;dpg; gpize;j KjpNahh; kUj;Jtj;jpy; vd;id

<Lgl itj;J ehl;bd; %j;j Fbkf;fSf;F vd;dhyhd rpW njhz;bid Mw;w
mUspa mth;fSila nghw;ghjq;fSf;Fk; ,r;rpW E}iyf;
fhzpf;ifahf;FfpNwd;.

fijg;gpd;dypd; $Wfs;

fijg;gpd;dy; rpwe;j Gjpdq;fspy; tpir (tension)> Mh;t ehl;lk;

(curiosity)> vjph;ghh;g;G epiy (suspense)> Fwpg;G Kuz; (irony)
Kjypad mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,itaidj;Jk; fijg; gpd;diy Kd;Ndhf;fp
,af;Fk;NghJjhd; Gjpdk; moF ngWk;.

fijg;gpd;dypd; tiffs;

fijg;gpd;diy `l;rd; ,Utiffshfg; ghFgLj;jpAs;shh;. mitahtd>

1. nefpo;r;rpg; gpd;dy; (loose plot)

2. nrwpTg; gpd;dy; (organic plot).

nefpo;r;rpg; gpd;dypy; epfo;r;rpfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W ,Wf;fkhd>

njhlh;gw;Nwh my;yJ ed;F ,iaahkNyh ,Uf;Fk;. ,g;gpd;dypd;
mikjp my;yJ xUikg;ghlhdJ fijapd; nraypdhy; miktjpy;iy. fijj;
jiytNd vy;yh epfo;r;rpfspYk; Kjd;ikg; ghj;jpukhfTk;>
ikag;ghj;jpukhfTk; ,Ue;J> fijapd; Vida $Wfis ,izf;Fk; epiyapy;
mikjp my;yJ xUikg;ghL tpistjhfg; gilf;fg;ngWk;.

53
 gz;G tpsf;fg; Gjpdq;fspy; ngUk;ghYk; ,e;nefpo;r;rpg;
gpd;dy; mike;jpUj;jiyf; fhz KbfpwJ. K.t.tpd; fhpj;Jz;L vd;Dk;
Gjpdj;jpy; ,e;nefpo;r;rpg; gpd;dy; mike;jpUj;jiyg; gbj;J
mwpayhk;.

fijapd; fl;Lf;Nfhg;gpy; gpsT Njhd;whkYk;> Kd;gpd;

Kuz; ,y;yhkYk; fijapd; gy gFjpfSk; jk;Ks; xt;NthusT nfhz;L
,Wjpapy; KOj;jd;ik ngw;Wk;> epfo;r;rpfs; nraw;ifahf
,y;yhky; ,ay;ghf mike;Jk; ,Uf;Fk;. xU epfo;r;rpapd; Kbtpy;
,d;ndhU epfo;r;rp fUf;nfhz;bUf;FkhWk; fhuzfhhpaj; njhlh;Gld;
epfo;r;rpfs; gilf;fg; ngWtJ nrwpTg; gpd;dyhFk;. ,g;gpd;diy cila
Gjpdk; tpWtpWg;ghf ,aq;Fk;. Jg;gwpAk; Gjpdq;fspy;
ngUk;ghYk; ,t;tifg; gpd;diyf; fhzyhk;.

fy;fpapd; kFlgjp> mfpydpd; nghd;kyh; Nghd;w

Gjpdq;fspy; nrwpTg; gpd;dy; mike;jpUj;jiyg; gbj;J czuyhk;.

fijg;gpd;dYk; xUikg;ghLk;

fijg;gpd;dypy; Xh; xOq;fikjp my;yJ xUikg;ghL (unity)

,Uj;jy; ,d;wpaikahjJ. xU Gjpdj;jpd; fijg;gpd;dypy; xU fijNah
my;yJ xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gy fijfNsh ,lk; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;.

xU fijiaAila gpd;diyj; jdpg;gpd;dy; (simple plot) vd;Wk;>

gy fijfisAila gpd;diyf; $l;Lg; gpd;dy; my;yJ fyitg; gpd;dy;
(compound plot) vd;Wk; $Wth;. jdpg;gpd;dypy; njhLf;fg;ngWk;
epfo;r;rpfs; ,iae;J KOik va;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

54
 ,t;thNw $l;Lg;gpd;dypYk; gy fijfSk; xd;whf ,iae;J KOik
tha;e;j xd;whf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; gpd;dypy; Xh;
xOq;fikjp my;yJ xUikg;ghL tpise;J Gjpdj;jpd; tbt mofpw;Fj; Jiz
epw;Fk;.

fij khe;jh; my;yJ ghj;jpuq;fs;

Gjpdj;jpd; gy;NtW cWg;GfSs; ghj;jpuKk;

,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. Gjpdj;jpd; rpwg;G mjpy; gilf;fg;ngWk;
ghj;jpuq;fisg; nghWj;jjhFk;. MfNtjhd;> Gjpdj;jpy; ghj;jpug;
gilg;G xU Kf;fpakhd $whf mikfpwJ. Gjpdk;> Neubahfr; r%fj;ij
cUthf;FfpwJ. Mjypd; Gjpdg; gilg;G cj;jpfSs; ghj;jpug;gilg;G
,d;wpaikahj xd;whFk;.

fijg;gpd;dYk; ghj;jpuKk;

Gjpdk; gilf;fg;gLk; epiyapy; fijg;gpd;dYk; ghj;jpuq;fSk;

xUq;Nf ,iae;jthNw cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. gilg;ghspahy;
,t;tpuz;Lk; jdpj;jdpNa gphpj;Jiuf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ghj;jpuq;fs;
czUfpd;wd. mtw;wpd; czh;r;rp nrayhfpwJ. mr;nray;fs;
gpd;dpg; gpize;J fijf;Nfhg;ghfpwJ. vdNt> fijg;gpd;diyAk;>
ghj;jpuq;fisAk; nraw;ifahfj;jhd; gphpf;f ,aYk;.

cz;ikapy; ,itapuz;LNk mh;j;jehhP];tu tbtk; nfhz;Ls;sJ

vd;ghh;. ,uhkypq;fk;> (,uhkypq;fk; kh. ehty; ,yf;fpak;>
g.186)

fijg;gpd;dYk; fijkhe;jUk; ,iae;Jk; ,ioj;Jk; ,Uf;Fk; Gjpdq;fNs

rpwg;ghditahFk;. ,itapuz;Lk; mt;thW ,izAk;nghOJ mtw;wpd;
njhlh;G ,ay;ghdjhfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,itapuz;ilAk; xd;iwnahd;W xl;bajhfg; nghUj;jKw mikf;fhky;
type;J ,izj;jy; jtwhd KiwahFk;. Gjpdk; KOikAk;
55
fijapaf;fj;jpw;F ,d;wpaikahj rf;jpfshf ,itapuz;ilAk; fUjp mjw;Fj;jf
mikg;gNj rhpahd KiwahFk;.

ghj;jpu tiffs;

ghj;jpuq;fisg; gythwhf tifg;gLj;jyhk;. ghiy mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L Mz; ghj;jpuq;fs;> ngz; ghj;jpuq;fs; vdTk;> fijapy;
ngWk; gq;if mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Kjd;ikg; ghj;jpuq;fs; (major)
vdTk;> Jizikg; ghj;jpuq;fs; (minor) vdTk;> fijapy; tfpf;Fk;
nghWg;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fijj; jiytd; (hero) jiytp (heroine)>
vjph;epiyj; jiytd; my;yJ tpy;yd; (villain)> Nfhkhsp my;yJ
eifr;Ritahsh; (comedian) vdTk; ghj;jpuq;fis tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

ciuahly;

ciuahly;> Gjpdj;jpd; Xh; ,d;wpaikahj cWg;ghFk;.

gbg;Nghh; ghj;jpuq;fNshL neUf;fkhfj; njhlh;G nfhs;sTk;>
Gjpdj;jpd; fijg;gpd;dy; tsuTk;> fij tpsf;fKk; njspTk; ngwTk;>
ghj;jpuq;fspd; czh;r;rp> cs;Nehf;fk;> kdepiy> gz;Geyd;
Mfpait ntspg;glTk;> ghj;jpuq;fspilNa epfOk; Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
vjph;tpid (reaction) tpsf;fKwTk;> gilg;gpd; Rit ngUfTk; ciuahly;
Jiz epw;fpwJ.

gpd;dzp my;yJ R+oyikg;G

gpd;dzpAk; Gjpdj;jpd; Xh; ,d;wpaikahj cWg;ghFk;.

njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wk; Kjw;nghUSk;> fUg;nghUSk;
,g;gpd;dzpAs; mlq;Ftd.

fij khe;jh;fs; ,aq;Fk; cyif> cz;ik Nghyhf;FtJ gpd;dzpahFk;

fij epfOk; fhyj;ijAk; ,lj;ijAk; Rl;bf;fhl;l ,g;gpd;dzp cjTfpwJ.
56
 r%fg; Gjpdq;fspy; ,g;gpd;dzp kpFjpAk;
Nghw;wg;gltpy;iynad;Wk; tuyhw;Wg; Gjpdq;fSf;F ,J kpfTk;
Ntz;lg;gLtjhFk;. xU tuyhw;whWfspy; $h;e;j Nehf;Fk;>
khDltpay; ty;yhdpd; gue;Jgl;l ghh;itAk; ,ize;jike;j
gilg;ghspfshy; jhk; rKjhag; gpd;dzpiaj; njspthff; fhl;l KbAk;.

jiyg;G Njh;e;njLj;jjd; Nehf;fk;

nghpNahiu Rikahf epidf;f$lhJ. Vndd;why; KjpNahh;>

Foe;ij jdk; cilath;fshf khwptpLfpd;wdh;. Foe;ijaplk; ve;j msTf;F
md;G itj;jpUf;fpNwhNkh> me;j mstpw;F Kjpathplk; md;Gf;
fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.

,d;iwa rKjhak; kw;Wk; FLk;gq;fshf ,Uf;fl;Lk;. xt;nthU

FLk;gj;jpYk; KjpNahiu ve;j msTf;F mth;fis f\;lg; gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;
vd;gJ midtUk; njhpe;Jf; nfhs;sf; $ba epiyapy; cz;ikahfNt
,Uf;fpd;wij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

Rik my;y.%g;G vd;w jiyg;ig Njh;e;njLg;gjw;fhd

fhuzk;> KjpNahiu Rikahf epidj;jhy; kdpjd; tho;tjw;Fhpa
jFjpia ,oe;JtpLfpd;w epyikf;F MshfptpLthd;. vdNt ek;ik
ngw;nwLj;j ngw;Nwhh;fis nja;tkhf epidj;J tzq;f Ntz;Lk;.

<d;w nghOjpd; nghpJtf;Fk; jd;kfidr;

rhd;Nwhd; vdf;Nfl;l jha;.

ey;y kfidg; ngw;nwLj;jts; vd;W Cuhh; ghuhl;Lk; nghOJ mtidg;

ngw;wnghOJ mile;j kfpo;r;rpiatpl mjpf kfpo;r;rpia me;j jha;
milths;. vdNt mg;gbg;gl;l KjpNahh;fis mth;fSila tajhd fhyj;jpy;
vg;gb guhkhpf;f Ntz;Lk;. vd;gij mwpe;J nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.

57
 Kjpath;fSila kdij Gz;gLk;gb Ngrf;$lhJ. vdNt mth;fSf;F
gpbj;j khjphp elf;f Ntz;Lk;. rpy FLk;gq;fspy; KjpNahiu kjpg;gNj
fpilahJ. mth;fSf;F ve;j msTf;F Jd;gj;ij nfhLf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gij
epidf;Fk;NghJ kpfTk; f\;lkhapUf;fpwJ.

mth;fis tPl;il tpl;L NtW vq;fhtJ nfhz;L Ngha; tpLtJ kw;Wk;

gj;J khjk; Foe;ijia ngw;nwLj;J mth;fis f\;lg;gl;L tsh;j;J Mshf;fpa
ngw;Nwhiu KjpNahh; ,y;yj;jpy; nfhz;LNgha; tpLtJ Nghd;w
nraypy; <LgLfpd;wdh;.

,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpy; cs;s ,isQh;fs; ngw;Nwhiu nfhy;yTk;

nra;fpd;wdh;. vdNt ,e;j epiyikf;F js;sg;gLfpd;w epiy
Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,ij jhq;fpf;nfhs;s Kbahj epiyapy; rpyh; ,wf;fTk;
nra;fpd;wdh;.

vdNt ,e;j epiy Kw;wpYk; khw Ntz;Lk;. ve;j ,isQDk; jdJ

ngw;Nwhiu filrp fhyk; tiuapYk; jd;Dld; itj;Nj ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.

fijr;RUf;fk;

jiyg;G: Rikay;y %g;G rpWfijAk;

KjpNahhpd; kdf;FKwYk;

1. Kjd;ik ghj;jpuk;

1. NrJuhkd;

2. fUg;igah

2. Jizik ghj;jpuk;

1. NrJuhkdpd; rNfhjuh;fs;

2. NrJuhkd; kidtp

58
 3. xU jq;if

4. NrJuhkdpd; kUkfd;

(1) fUg;igah

fUg;igahtpd; gps;isfs;

Ngud;fs;

kfd;> kfs;> rk;ge;jp

3. m/wpiz ghj;jpuk;

m/wpiz ghj;jpuq;fs; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy.

[phpal;hpf; vd;why; %g;gpay; Jiw vd;W nghUs;. ,e;jj;Jiw

nrd;id nghJ kUj;Jtkidapy; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;jpahtpNyNa nrd;id nghJ
kUj;Jtkidapy; kl;Lk; jhd; ,e;j %g;gpay; Jiw ,Uf;fpwJ.

jsh; eilr; rpRTk;> js;shikf;Fj; js;sg;gl;l KjpNahUk; xU

khjphpahdth; vd;ghh;fs;. Foe;ijaplk; ePq;fs; ve;j msTf;Fg;
ghrKk;> ghpTk; fhl;LfpwPh;fNsh mNj msT KjpNahhplKk;
md;G nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. mth;fSf;F ve;jtpj NehAk; Vw;glhjthW
mth;fis ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.

KjpNahh;> Foe;ijfisg; Nghd;wth;fs; vd;gJ %g;gpay; Jiw

kUj;Jtj;Jf;Fg; nghUe;Jk;> lhf;lh;. t.nr.eluhrd; mth;fs; jd;Dila
mDgtj;jpy; %d;W Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G ele;j epfo;e;j epfo;it
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpwhh;.

kUj;JtUf;F njhiyNgrpapy; miog;G te;jJ. mz;zh efhpy; xU

Kfhpiaf; Fwpg;gpl;L lhf;lh; vd; mg;ghTf;F clk;G rhpapy;iy.

59
Nehpy; mtiu mioj;J tuKbahJ mtUf;F tarhfptpl;lJ. cq;fshy;
tPl;Lf;F tuKbAkh? vd;W NrJuhkd; Nfl;lhh;.

clNd lhf;lh; rPhpa]; gpuhg;skh? vd;Wf; Nfl;lhh;.

mg;gbnay;yhk; xd;Wkpy;iy vd;W nrhd;dhh; NrJuhkd;> khiy
Ie;J kzpf;F Nky; tPl;Lf;F thq;f vd;whh;. lhf;lUk; tPl;L Kfthpia
Fwpj;Jf; nfhz;L X.Nf. tUfpNwd;. vd; tPLk; me;jg; gf;fk;jhd;.
f;spdpf; Kbj;Jtpl;L tPL jpUk;Gk;NghJ me;j topahf tUtjhf
nrhd;dhh;.

lhf;lh; tPL jpUk;Gk;NghJ ,uT 9 kzpahfptpl;lJ.

ve;NeukhdhYk; tuyhk; vd;W nrhy;ypapUe;jhh; NrJuhkd;!

rhjhuz tPL my;y> nghpa gq;fsh ,Ue;jJ. kUj;Jth; fhiuf; nfhz;L

epWj;jpa Xir Nfl;lJk; Kd;miw Nrhghtpy; igy; ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j
me;jg; nghpa kdpjh; vOe;J te;jhh;. ig[hkh Fh;jhtpy; ,Ue;jhh;.

njhopyjpgh; Njhuizapy; fhNjhuk; eiu tpOe;J ehw;gj;ije;J

taJ cilatuhf fk;gPukhf ,Ue;jhh;. me;j Neuj;jpy; mg;gFjpapy;
mtiuj; jtpu NtW ahUk; ,y;iy.

thq;f> lhf;lh; vd;W gprpd];fhuh;fs; mtiu tuNtw;wdh;.

kw;Wk; mtiu fk;gPukhf tuNtw;wdh;.

Kjy;epiy cwTepiyfs;

kUj;Jth; rpwpJ Neuk; NrJuhkdplk; Ngrpf; nfhz;ljpy; mth;

rpy tp\aq;fis njhpe;Jf;nfhz;lhh;.

NrJuhkDf;F xU rNfhjuh;> mth; kidtp kf;fNshL

by;ypapy; ,Ue;jhh;. nghpa cj;jpNahfk;> kw;Wk; xU jq;if. mts;
Xh; mnkhpf;f khg;gps;isf;F tho;f;ifg;gl;L mtSk; mq;NfNa
tq;fpapy; gzpahw;Wfpwhs;.
60
 ,tUf;Fg; gps;is Fl;b fpilahJ. kidtpf;F Nrh\pay; rh;tP];
<LghL ,Ue;jJ. ,g;gbj;jhd; mbf;fb kPl;bq;> vd;W ntspapy;
Ngha;tpl;Lj; jhkjkhf ,uT Neuj;jpy; tPl;bw;F tUths;. mg;gh
jk;Kld; ,Uf;fpwhh;. XusT R+o;epiy GhpfpwJ.

Ng\z;l; vq;Nf ,Uf;fpwhh;? ghh;f;fyhkh? vd;W kUj;Jth;

Nfl;lhh;.

thUq;fs; vd;W mth; Kd; nry;y> ehd; njhlh;e;Njd;. me;j

gq;fshtpy; Kd; fl;L> gpd; fl;L vd;W gy miwfis fle;J fhk;gTz;il
xl;bdhh; NghypUe;j Xh; miwf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;whh;.

me;j gq;fshtpy; Njitapy;yhj kw;Wk; elkhl;lkpy;yhj

,lq;fspy; vy;yhk; Foy; tpsf;FfSk; ntspr;rkhf vhpe;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ. nghpath; ,Ue;j miwapy; [PNuh thl; gy;g;
ntspr;rj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ.

kUj;JtUf;fhf NrJuhkd; ];tpl;r; jl;bg; gpufhr tpsf;F

Vw;wpdhh;.

je;ij> kfd; cwT

mg;ghTf;F J}f;fk; fise;J tpLk; vd;W jhd; iyl; Nghlwjpy;iy

vd;wth;> jd; jfg;gdhiu neUq;fp mg;gh> lhf;lh;
te;jpUf;fpwhh; vd;W fhjUNf rj;jkhfr; nrhd;dhh;.

,uz;L thuj;J eiu Kb Kfj;NjhL ,Ue;j me;jg; nghpatUf;F vOgJ

taJ ,Uf;fyhk;. ghh;it GiuNahbapUe;jJ. jbkdhd fz;zhb> vOe;J
cl;fhu Kide;jhh;. kUj;Jth; Kjpath;f;F cjTk; tifapy; mtuJ nkype;j
Njhisg; gw;wpNdd;. mth; jpkpwpf; nfhz;L vd;idj; jtph;j;jhh;.

mg;gh> lhf;lh; cq;fis nl];l; gz;z te;jpUf;fhh;. vd;W Jilj;Jg;

Nghl;l Fuypy; NrJuhkd; nrhd;dhh;.
61
 xU Kiw mtiu Kiwj;J ghh;j;j nghpath; kUj;Jthplk; VJk;
Ngrtpy;iy. Kfj;jpNy Xh; ,Wf;fk;. kUj;Jth; Kjpatiu neUq;fp>
rhh;> cq;fSf;F vd;d gz;ZfpwJ? vd;W Ngrpf;nfhz;Nl mth;
fuj;ijg; gw;wpNdd;.

mt;tsTjhd;> ve;j NehahspaplKNk vdf;F Neuhj Xh;

mDgtk;. vd; Kfj;jpy; vr;rpiyj; Jg;gp tpl;lhh;. mg;NghJ vdf;F
mjph;r;rp Vw;gl;lhYk;> mijtplg; Ngujph;r;rp mLj;jhw; Nghy;
Vw;gl;lJ.

me;jg; nghpa kdpjiu NrJuhkd; jpBnud;W gha;e;J> mtiug;

ngw;w me;j nghpatiuf; fz; kz; njhpahky; gshh; gshnud;W
miwe;J> mtiu gaq;fukhf jhf;fpdhh;. kUj;Jth; Mbg;Ngha;
tpl;lhh; Xbr; nrd;W ,Oj;Jg; gpbj;J tpyf;fptpl;L> mNj rkak;
Kfj;jpypUe;j vr;rpiyj; Jilj;jthNw> Yf; kp];lh; NrJuhkd;. ,J
Ng\z;l;Lf;Fk; lhf;lUf;Fk; cs;s gpur;rid. ehd; cq;ffpl;l VJk; Gfhh;
nra;Njdh? ePq;f vJf;F eLtpNy GFe;J ngj;j mg;ghit khl;il mbf;fpw
khjphp Nghl;L mbf;fpwPq;f? ,e;j tarhdtiu ,g;gbnay;yhk;
kpUfj;jdkh mbf;fpwJf;F cq;fSf;nfy;yhk; vg;gb rhh; kdR te;jJ?
Nghq;f> rhh; jaT nra;J ntspa ,Uq;f nghpa kD\dh yl;rzkh
ele;Jf;Fq;f rhh;> jaT gz;zp ntspa ,Uq;f nfhQ;r Neuk;. vd;W
gbg; gbahff; Fuypy; Vw;wpa fz;bg;gpy; mQ;rpNah>
mtkhdg;gl;Nlh me;j kdpjh; me;jg; nghpatUld; vd;idj;
jdpj;jpUf;f tpl;Ltpl;L `hYf;Fg; Nghaptpl;lhh;.

kUj;JtUk;> KjpNahUk;

kUj;Jth; me;j miwf; fjit G+l;btpl;L nghpath; mUfpy;

te;jhh;. neUq;fp mth; vjphpy; mkh;e;J mtuJ Kfj;ijNa
rw;WNehf;fp ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;Njd;.

62
 mth; vd;idg; ghh;g;gjw;F ntl;fg;gl;L jiyFdpe;jhh;. mtNu
Ngrl;Lk; vd;W fhj;jpUe;Njd;. ePz;l Neuj;jpw;F gpd;G kTdkhf
,Ue;j mth; tha; jpwe;J rhhp vd;whh;.

mtiuj; jOtpf; nfhs;shj Fiwahf MWjyhf KJfpy; tUbf;

nfhLj;Njd;. mjdhy; guthapy;iy rhh;. vd;Dila mg;ghitg;
Nghy; ,Uf;fpwPh;fs;. vd;W ehd; nrhy;ypf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghNj ,ilkwpj;jhh; mth;.

Neh rhh;> vd;idg; Nghy xU mg;gh capNuhl ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.

vd;whh;. vd; Kfj;ij ghh;j;Jg; nghy nghyntd;W fz;zPh; tbj;jhh;.
Mdh cq;fisg; nghy xU gps;isf;F ehd; mg;ghth ,Uf;ff; nfhLj;J
itf;fiyNa! vd; ifiag; gpbj;Jf; fz;zpy; xw;wpf; nfhz;lhh;.

Vd;> kp];lh; NrJuhkd; cq;fisr; rhpahff; ftdpf;fwjpy;iyah?

njhpe;Nj> mtUila Jf;fj;Jf;F ed;ik nra;a xU Nfs;tpiag; Nghl;Nld;.
mth; vd;id ghh;j;J ef;fyhf rphpj;jhh;. nfhQ;r Neuj;Jf;F Kd;dhb
mtd; vd;idf; ftdpr;rijj;jhd; NeNu ghh;j;jPq;fNs! vd;W ngU
%r;R tpl;lth;. jpLf;nfd;W MNtrg;gl;lhh;> lhf;lh; cq;ffpl;l vd;d
nrhy;yp ,q;F mioj;J te;jhd;?

mg;ghTf;F clk;G rhpapy;Nyd;D nrhy;ypj;jhd; $l;b te;jhh;.

clNd kUj;Jth; gykhf jiyahl;bdhh;. ,y;iy lhf;lh; ,e;j clk;Gf;F

itj;jpak; ghh;f;fpwjw;fhf mtd; cq;fis ,q;f $l;b tutpy;iy. ,d;Dk;
vj;jid ehisf;F ehd; capNuhl ,Ug;Ngd;D njhpQ;Rf;fwJf;fhfj;jhd;
vd; ehbia gpbr;Rg; ghh;f;fr; nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhd;. vdf;Fj;
njhpAk;. me;jf; Nfhtj;jpNyjhd; ehd; cq;fis mg;gb
mrpq;fg;gLj;jpNdd;. mg;gbahtJ ePq;f ntspa NghapLtpq;f vd;W
epidr;Nrd;. Mdh ePq;f Nghftpy;iy.

63
 rhh;> ngj;j mg;gd; rhfZk; vd;W ve;jg; gps;isahtJ
epidg;ghuh? vjdhy; mg;gb epidf;fpwPq;f? vd;whh;.

mtDf;F ehd; nghpa Rikaha; Nghapl;Nld; lhf;lh;. %j;jtd;

by;ypapy; nrl;by; Mapl;lhd;. nghz;Z jpUk;gpAk; ghh;f;fwjpy;iy
NtW vd; $lg; gpwe;jtq;f ahUk; ,g;g capNuhl ,y;iy. ,tidj; jtpu
vd;idg; ghh;j;Jf;f ahUk; ,y;iy. lhf;lh; ,e;j tPl;Lf;Nf ehd; Ntz;lhj
gz;lk;. mOfy;. vg;g J}f;fpnawpayhk; vd;W ghh;j;Jf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;. flTs; vd;idf; nfhz;L Nghftpy;iy. ,td; kidtp
tPl;by; ,Ug;gjpy;iy. ,tid kjpf;fwjpy;iy. Cjhhpj;jdkh nryT
gz;Zths;. mtsplk; NrJuhkdpd; Ngr;R vLgltpy;iy. mt Nky ,Uf;fpw
Nfhtj;ijnay;yhk; vd;fpl;ljhd; fhl;Lfpwhd;.

vg;gahtJ jhd; ,e;jg; gf;fk; vl;bg; ghh;g;ghd;. mJTk;

capNuhl ,Uf;fpwhdh> ,y;iyah vd;W njhpQ;Rf;fj;jhd;. nrhy;Yq;f
lhf;lh; vdf;F vJf;F ,g;gbnahU tho;f;if! vd; Nky cq;fSf;Fg;
ghtkh ,y;iyNah? VjhtJ tp\ Crp Nghl;Lr; rhtbr;rpLq;fNsd; vd;W
nfQ;rpdhh; me;jg; nghpath;.

Ng\z;ilr; rhtbf;fpwJ lhf;lh; Ntiy ,y;iy rhh;. mtq;fis tho

itf;fwJ vq;f flik.

mtiu nky;y nky;yj; Njw;wp> cliyg; ghpNrhjpj;Njd;.

Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;Yk;gb ve;j cly; NfhshWk; ,y;iy. vy;yhk; kdf;
NfhshWjhd;. taJ Vwpajd; gytPdj;Jf;F itl;lkpd; khj;jpiufs; vOjpf;
nfhLj;jhh;. milj;J itf;Fk; tPl;L eha;f;Fj; jPdp itg;gJ Nghy; ahNuh
Ntiyf;fhuh; rhg;ghL itg;ghh; vd;W mwpe;Njd;.

NrJuhkdplk; kUj;Jth;

NrJuhkdplk; te;J ghtk; rhh;> tajhd cq;fs; je;ij ghrj;Jf;fhf>

cq;fs; ghh;itf;fhf Vq;Ffpwhh;. vd;djhd; cq;fSf;F nld;\d;> Ntiy
64
neUf;fb ,Ue;jhYk; xU ehisf;F Ie;J my;yJ gj;J epkplk; mtNuhL
cl;fhh;e;J> md;ghf Mjuthfg; NgRq;fs;.

xU rpd;d b.tp itAq;fs;> nghOJ Nghf;fha; gbf;f gj;jphpif>

Gj;jfq;fs; thq;fpg; NghLq;fs;. ,g;Nghijf;F mth; clypy; NtW ve;jf;
NfhshWk; ,y;iy. gytPdk;jhd;. NtW vjTk; Njitg;gl;lhy; Nghd;
gz;Zq;fs;. vd;W tpil ngw;Nwd;.

mjw;Fg; gpwF NrJuhkdplkpUe;J vdf;F ve;j miog;Gk;

tutpy;iy. kw;w KjpNahhpd; eydpy; ftdk; jpUg;gp> mz;zhefh;
nghpatiu kwe;Jtpl;Nld;.

fUg;igahtpd; FLk;gj;jpdh;

mz;ikapy; xU nghpatiu mtuJ Ngud;fs; vd;dplk; mioj;J

te;jdh;. nghpatUf;F 80 taJ Kjy; 90 taJ ,Uf;Fk;. kpfTk; jsh;e;J>
njha;e;J NghapUe;jhh;. mtiuAk;> Ngud;fisAk; ghh;j;jNghJ
mbj;ju th;f;fk; vd;W njhpe;jJ.

nghpath; ngah; fUg;igah. nghpathpd; gps;isfs; Chpy;

tptrhak; ghh;f;fpwhh;fs;> Ngud;fs; ,UtUk; ,q;Nf rpd;d kspiff;
fil itj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. xUtUf;Fj; jpUkzk; Mfptpl;lJ. me;jg; ngz;
fUg;giahTf;F kfs; tapw;Wg;Ngj;jp.

jhj;jhitf; nfhz;Lte;J vd;dplk; fhl;baNghJ me;j %d;W

[Ptd;fSk; mOJ fz;zPh; tpl;Lf; nfhl;ba ghrj;ijf; fz;L Mr;rh;agl;Nld;.

trjpfs; Fiwe;j> gbg;gwptpy; Fiwe;j fPo;j;jl;L kf;fsplk;

mstw;w ge;jKk;> ghrKk; xg;gpl;Lg; ghh;f;ifapy; mz;zhefh;
nghpath; epidTf;F te;jhh;.

Nkl;Lf;Fbapduhfpa cy;yhrthrpfsplk; ge;jKk; ghrKk;

,y;yhky; Ngha; tpLfpwNj!
65
 gj;NjhL gjpndhd;whf ,e;jg; nghJ kUj;Jt kidapy; itj;J
rpfpr;iraspg;gjpy; Ngud;fSf;F cld;ghby;iy.

jdpahh; kUj;Jtkidapy; itj;Jg; ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;wdh;.

fUg;igahTf;F ngg;bf; my;rh;. NtW rpy NfhshWfs;. jdpahh;
kUj;Jtkidapy; rpfpr;ir nra;a epiwar; nrythFNk vd;wNghJ
Ngud;fs; rpyph;j;Jf; nfhz;ldh;.

vq;f jhj;jhTf;F kpQ;rpd nrhj;J gj;J> fhR gzkh fld;

thq;fpahtJ Nfl;fpwijf; nfhLf;fpNwhk; lhf;lh;. vJ ey;y
eh;]pq;N`hk; nrhy;Yq;f. mq;f nfhz;L NghNwhk;. ve;jf;
FiwAk; ,y;yhky; vq;f jhj;jhTf;F itj;jpak; ghh;f;fZk; vd;W Gyk;gp
vd; fhypy; tpohj Fiwaha;f; nfQ;rpdh;.

mLj;j ehd; ChpypUe;J xU FLk;gkhf kfd;> kfs;> rk;ge;jp

vd;W midtUk; te;J Gyk;gpa me;jf; fiufle;j ghrKk; NerKk;> vd;
kdj;ij rpyph;f;f itj;jJ.

rhfg;Nghfpw vdf;F ,t;tsT nryT? vd;W fUg;igah Nfl;lNghJ

mg;gbnay;yhk; NgrhjPq;f jhj;jh> ePq;f re;Njh\khf ,Uf;fZk;.

ePq;f vq;fSf;nfy;yhk; nra;jpUf;fwJf;F vq;f clk;igNa

cq;fSf;F $W Nghl;L nfhLf;f jahuhf ,Uf;fpNwhk; vd;W %j;j
Ngud; midtUf;Fk; nrhd;dij mj;jid NgUk; ghh;j;jdh;.

mth;fspd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f me;j Kjpath; xU jdpahh;

kUj;Jtkidapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lhh;. mtuJ uj;jr; nrhe;jqf;s mj;jidAk;
jq;fs; cly;> nghUs;> Mtpiag; nghpatUf;F mh;g;gzpf;ff;
fhj;jpUg;gtuha; mtiu ,uT gfyha; ghJfhj;J md;G fhl;bdhh;fs;.

kUe;J tiffisf; fhl;bYk; kdpjhgpkhdk; jhd; mtiu Neha;g;

gLf;ifapypUe;J vOe;J cl;fhu itj;jJ. mtuJ capiu ghJfhj;jJ.

66
,d;iwa tho;f;ifr; R+oypy; KjpNahh;fs;

,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpy; KjpNahh;fs; ngUk; Jd;gj;jpw;F

Mshfpd;wdh;. Fwpg;gpl;l taijf; fle;jTld; Foe;ij jd;ikf;F
khwptpLfpd;wdh;.

ngw;Nwhh;fis xOq;fhf ftdpg;gjpy;iy mJ kl;Lk; ,d;wp

nrhj;Jf;F kl;Lk; Mirg;gl;L mth;fis tPl;iltpl;L Juj;jptpLk; epiyikf;F
MshFfpd;wdh;.

czT $l ,th;fSf;F KOikahf fpilg;gjpy;iy.

tajhd fhyj;jpy; ,th;fis xOq;fhf ghJfhf;f nrhe;jfhuh;fSk;

ahUk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; iftplg;gl;l epiyikapy; tho;tJ xU rpy
FLk;gj;jpy; elf;Fk; cz;ik epfo;thfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

KjpNahh;fs; ele;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Kiw rpyUf;F gpbg;gjpy;iy.

,jdhy; rpy FLk;gq;fspy; cs;s egh;fs; mth;fs; kdij Gz;gLk;gbahf
NgRfpd;wdh;. ,jdhy; mth;fs; kpfTk; f\;lg;gLfpd;wdh;.

rpy Neuq;fspy; KjpNahiu mbj;Jk; Jd;GWj;Jfpd;wdh;. ,jdhy;

mth;fs; gy;NtW kdepiyf;F khwptpLfpd;wdh;. kfd;> kUkfs;
vd;W FLk;g tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhz;l cwTfspy; kUkfs; khkpahUf;F
,ilNa Vw;gLk; gpur;ridfshy; FLk;gj;jpy; gy;NtW rpf;fy;fs;
cz;lhfpd;wJ.

trjp gilj;jth;fsplk; md;G> ,uf;fFzk; ,Ug;gjpy;iy.

KjpNahh;fis kjpg;gJk; ,y;iy. xU Xukhf xJf;fpa epiyapy; VjhtJ xU
jdp ,lj;ij mth;fSf;F epakpj;J Ntz;lhj gpuhzpfsha; elj;Jfpd;wdh;.

KjpNahh;fis gy;NtW fLQ;nrhw;fshy; NgRtJ kpf Ntjidia juf;

$bajhf ,Ug;gNjhL kl;Lkpd;wp cly;epiy kw;Wk; kdepiy
ghjpg;gilfpd;wJ> mJkl;Lkpd;wp Nfhgj;jpdhy; tho;f;ifia
67
ntWj;JtpLfpwhh;fs; mth;fis ghJfhf;f Kbahj epiyapy; nghpa
Rikahf epidj;J KjpNahh; ,y;yq;fspy; nfhz;L Ngha;
tpLfpd;wdh;.

tpj;ahrk;

trjpahfj;jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ

kfNd

eP

vq;fis nfhz;L te;J Nrh;j;j

KjpNahh; ,y;yk;

nghWg;gha; vq;fis

xg;gilj;J tpl;L

rydkpd;wp eP

ntspNawpa NghJ>

Kd;G ehq;fSk; ,JNghy;

cd;id tFg;gpy;

tpl;L tpl;L

vq;fs; KJFf;Fg; gpd;dhy;

eP fjwf; fjwf;

fz;zPiu kiwj;jgb

Gwg;gl;l fhl;rp
68
Qhgfj;jpy; vOJfpwJ!

Kjy; jukpf;f

,e;j ,y;yj;ij

Njb jphpe;J

eP Njh;e;njLj;jij

mwpifapy;

md;W cdf;fhf ehq;fSk;

nghUj;jkhd gs;sp

vJntd;W

Xb miye;jij

xg;gPL nra;fpNwhk;.

,Jtiu

xU KiwNaDk;

vq;fs; Kfk; ghh;f;f

eP

tuhky; NghdhYk;>

vq;fs; guhkhpg;gpw;fhd

khjj; njhifia

kwf;fhky; mDg;gp

itg;gjw;fhf kfpo;fpNwhk;!

69
eP

tpLjpapy; jq;fpg;

gbj;j fhyj;jpy;

cd;id ghh;f;f

Mty; ,Ue;jhYk;

gbg;ig epidj;J cd;id

re;jpj;jjpd;

vjph;tpidNa

,Jntd;W

,g;NghJ mwpfpNwhk;

MapDk;

cdf;Fk;> vq;fSf;Fk;

xU rpW

NtWghL

ehq;fs; fw;Wf; nfhLj;Njhk;

cdf;F

tho;f;if ,Jjhndd;W

eP

fw;Wf; nfhLf;fpwha;

vq;fSf;F

70
 cwTfs; ,Jjhd; vd;W

md;idAk; gpjhTk;

Kd;ndwp nja;tk;

jhapw; rpwe;j

NfhapYkpy;iy

je;ij nrhy;kpf;f

ke;jpuk; ,y;iy

vd;w thpfis

epidtpy;

vd;nwd;Wk;

epWj;JNthkhf

mbj;juf; FLk;g tho;tpaYk; KjpNahUk;

trjpfs; Fiwe;j kw;Wk; gbg;gwpT ,y;yhj kf;fsplk; kpFe;j

ghrKk; gw;Wk; ,Uf;Fk;.

jd;Dila Nguf;Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; ngw;w kfSf;fhf jd; nrhe;j

tPl;ilAk; tpl;Lf;nfhLf;Fk; kdR ngw;wth;fSf;F kl;Lk; jhd; ,Uf;f
KbAk;.

f\;lg;gl;L rpW gps;is Kjy; mJ nghpa gps;isahFk; tiu

vy;yhtpj f\;lj;ijAk; jhq;fpf;nfhz;L tsh;j;j ngw;w jha;f;F xU Ntis
czT $l nfhLf;fhky; tPl;iltpl;L ntspNa Ngh! Vd;Wk; jfhj
thh;j;ijfshy; rz;ilg; NghLtJk; nghpa Jd;gj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

71
 jpde;NjhWk; Ntiyf;F Ngha; mtw;wpy; tUk; tUkhdj;ij
itj;Jf;nfhz;L FLk;gk; elj;Jk; egh;fSk; rpy FLk;gq;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.

mth;fs; ahUila cjtpiaAk; vjph;ghh;g;gjpy;iy.

Fiwe;j tUkhdkhf ,Ue;jhYk; mtw;wpw;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fis

thq;fp nfhz;L te;J FLk;gk; elj;Jfpd;wdh;.

$l;Lf; FLk;gkhf nray;gLfpd;wdh;. vdNt $b tho;e;jhy;>

Nfhb ed;ikiaj; jUk;. vd;Wr; nrhy;tjw;F ,zq;f rpW FLk;ghf
,Ue;jhYk; gfph;e;Jf; nfhz;L thOk; Kiwia gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdh;.

FLk;g egh;fspy; ahUf;fhtJ cly;epiy rhpapy;iy vd;whYk;>

clNd gjwp mbj;Jf; nfhz;L mth;fis vg;gb ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. vd;gJ
mbj;juf; FLk;gq;fspy; thOk; kdpjh;fsplNk ey;y kdg;ghd;ikAk;>
Xq;fpa gz;Gk; rpwe;Jf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. gbg;gwpT
,y;iynad;whYk; FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s KjpNahiu vg;gb> mth;fis
ftdpg;gJ kw;Wk; mth;fSf;Fj; Njitahd vy;yh trjpfisAk; nra;J jUtJ
vd;gij Ghpe;Jf;nfhz;L nray;gLthh;fs;.

ngw;w gps;isahf ,Ue;jhYk;> r%fj;jpy; cs;s egh;fshf

,Ue;jhYk; filrpfhyk; mth;fs; ,wf;Fk; tiu f\;lg;gLj;jhky; mth;fsplk;
md;ghf gof Ntz;Lk;.

eLj;juf; FLk;g tho;tpYk; KjpNahUk;

FLk;g mikg;ghdJ ghrj;jhy; gpd;dg;gl;lJ xU FLk;gkhf

tho;e;jhy; kl;LNk mtDila vz;zq;fis mLj;j jiyKiwapdh;f;F vLj;Jf;
nfhz;Lr; nry;y KbAk;.

FLk;g epiyapy; r%fj;NjhL kdpjd; tho tpUk;Gfpd;whd;.

Kdpjd; ,ay;ghfNt jd;idg; Nghd;w gpw kdpjh;fNshL $b thoNt
72
tpUk;Gfpd;whd;. Kdpjd; $b tho;tNj kdpjr; rKjhaj;jpw;Fr;
rpwg;ghd xd;whFk;.

rKjhak; vg;gb ,Ue;jhYk; mjd; jhf;Fjiy vy;yhk; fle;J

jdpkdpjd; jk; tho;Tf;F Ntz;ba topia tFj;Jf;nfhz;L mikjpahf
thoKbAk;.

xt;nthU kdpjDk; Vida kdpjh;fSld; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w rpf;fyhd

r%f cwTKiwj; njhlh;Gfisj; jhd; r%fk; vd;fpNwhk;.

tho;f;ifapy; ghFghLfSk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. eLj;juf; FLk;gj;jpy;

Mz;fs;> ngz;fs; vd;w cwT KiwfNshL njhlh;G
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdh;.

jdpkdpj tho;Tf;Fk;> r%f tho;Tf;Fk; ,ilNa NtWghL cs;sd.

xUtd; jdpahfr; rpe;jpg;gjw;Fk; r%fkhfr; rpe;jpg;gjw;Fk;
gy;NtW NtWghL ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

chpik> nghWg;G Mfpait jdpkdpj epiyapy; ,Ug;gJ Nghd;W

r%f epiyapy; ,Uf;f KbahJ.

FLk;gq;fspy; rpf;fy; vd;gJ FLk;g mq;fj;jpdh; ahNuDk;

mtuth;fspd; newpapypUe;J khWk;nghOJ Vw;gLfpd;wJ. FLk;g
tho;tpy; fztd;> kidtp kw;Wk; FLk;g mq;fj;jpdh;fs; ahNuDk;
xUtuhy; rpy Neuq;fspy; rpf;fy;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. FLk;gj;jpy;
Ntiytha;g;Gf;Fr; nrd;why; kl;LNk ek;khy; Kbe;j vy;yhtw;iwAk;
G+h;j;jp nra;a KbAk;. KjpNahh;fSf;F taJ mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;
Neuq;fspy; mth;fshy; cliytUj;jp Ntiyr; nra;a KbahJ. cly; mstpy;
gytPdk; Vw;gl;L tpLk;. ,jdhy; mth;fis ghJfhf;f Kbahky;
Ngha;tpLfpd;wJ. Nghuhl;lq;fs; FLk;gq;fspy; Vw;gLtjd; fhuzkhf
gy;NtW tpisTfis cz;lhf;Ffpd;wJ.

73
 FLk;gq;fspy; cs;s egh;fs; Kjpathplk; mDrhpj;J
Ngha;tpLfpd;wdh;. rpy Neuq;fspy; mth;fs; vy;NyhhplKk; ve;j
msTf;F ghrkhf elf;fpwhh;fNsh mq;F ey;y Kiwapy;
tho;fpd;wdh;.

,uj;j nrhe;j cwT Kiwahf ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk kpFe;j md;ig

ntspf;fhl;Lk; tpjkhf ele;Jf; nfhs;fpwhh;fs;. nghpath;fs; mth;
kdR f\;lg;gLk; gbahf ehk; Ngrf;$lhJ. mJNt mth;fSf;F Nfhgj;ij
cz;lhf;Fk; tpjkhf gy;NtW rpf;fiy Vw;gLj;Jk;.

cah;ju FLk;g tho;tpaYk;> KjpNahUk;

cah;ju FLk;gq;fspy; nghUshjhu hPjpahf trjp tha;g;Gfs;

mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhYk; gpwiu kjpg;gjpy;iy kw;Nwhh;f;F jk;khy;
Kbe;j cjtpfisAk; nra;tjpy;iy.

Njitf;F mjpfkhf Mlk;gu tho;f;if tho;tjpy; Cjhhpj;jdkhf nryT

nra;thh;fs;. ngw;Nwhh;fis mth;fs; jpUk;gp ghh;g;gjpy;iy
jd;Dila ,\;lj;jpw;F thOk; tho;f;if Kiwapy; <LgLthh;fs;.

ngw;Nwhh;fis me;j tPl;by; cs;s egh;fs; kjpg;gJk; ,y;iy.

mth;fSila nrhj;Jf;fhf kl;LNk rpyfhyk; mth;fNshL itj;Jf;nfhz;L
gpwF mth;fSf;F Kbahj fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; mth;fis tPl;NlhL thotplhky;
nfhz;L Ngha; KjpNahh; ,y;yq;fspy; Nrh;j;JtpLfpd;wdh;.

mth;fs; ahUila MjuTk; ,y;yhj epiyf;F MshFfpd;wdh;. ehd;

mdhij vdf;F ahh; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. vd;W fz;zPh; tbf;fpd;wdh;. mJ
kl;Lkpd;wp ngw;Nwhh;fis Gwf;fzpf;fpd;wdh;.

vg;nghOJ rhthh;fs; vd;W epidf;Fk; gps;isfSk; ,d;iwa

rKjhaj;jpy; tho;fpd;wdh;. mth;fis r%f tpNuhjpfshf
ghh;f;fpd;wdh;.

74
 ngw;Nwhh;fs; ekf;F rpwe;j ghJfhtyuha; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;.
mjd; mtrpaj;ij czh;e;J kdpjd; nfhQ;rkhtJ kdpjhgpaj;Jld; tho
Ntz;Lk;.

thioab thioahf tsh;e;J tUk; cwT Kiwia ePbf;fpd;wJ. cah;ju

FLk;gj;jpy; jdpahf ,Ug;gNjhL kl;Lkpd;wp kw;Nwhh; kPJ ghrj;ij
fhl;Ltjpy;iy.

Ntz;lhj gpuhzpfsha; elj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;. vy;yh cwT Kiw>

tPL trjp tha;g;Gfs; ,Ue;jhYk; epk;kjpahf tho Kbahj epiyapy;
jhd; f\;lg;gl;lhYk;> guthapy;iy jd; Foe;ij ed;whfg; ghy; Fbj;J
MNuhf;akha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;ZfpwJ jha;ik.

mjw;F ,t;Tyfpy; <L ,iz vJTNk ,y;iy! vdNt mg;gbg;gl;l

ngw;Nwhh;fis nrhj;Jf;fhf nfhy;y Kw;gLfpd;wdh;.

cah;ju FLk;g tho;f;if Kiwapy; KjpNahh;fs; ngUk;

kdFKwYf;F MshFk; epiy Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

vdNt mth;fSf;F vy;yh tifapYk; cjtp nra;af;$ba ey;y ,uf;f

Fzj;ij ngw;wtuhf fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

KjpNahUk;> gpr;irf;fhuUk;

KJikf;fhyj;jpy; jpBh; khw;wk; vJthf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ mth;fs;

tho;f;ifia ntFthfg; ghjpf;Fk; cjhuzkhf> czT tp\aj;ij vLj;Jf;
nfhs;Nthk;.

mth;fSf;F gpbj;j czT Kiwia nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynadpy;

mth;fs; tho;f;if Kiwia ghjpf;Fk;. Kjpath;fs; xNutpjkhd tho;f;if
Kiwiaf; filg;gpbj;jpUg;ghh;fs;. ,d;iwa tho;f;ifapy; mtrukhf

75
xt;nthU NtiyAk; nra;fpNwhk;. Kjpath; xUth; jd; tPl;by;
,Ug;gijNa rpyh; kwe;J tpLfpd;wdh;.

gpr;irf;fhuh;fs; vd;whNy mLj;jtH iffis vjph;ghh;f;Fk;

epiyahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

vdNt ,d;iwa R+o;epiyfspy; gpr;irf;fhuh;fs; xU Ntiy czT $l

mth;fSf;F fpilf;fhj epiyapYk;> ,Ug;gjw;F ciwtplk;> cil ,y;yhj
epiyapYk; tho;fpd;wdh;.

mth;fSf;F vd;W jdp tPL> trjp tha;g;G ,Ug;gjpy;iy. gpr;ir

vLj;J mjd; %yk; tUk; gzj;ij itj;Jf;nfhz;L mth;fSf;F Njitahdij
thq;fpf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,e;j epiy Kw;wpYk; khw Ntz;Lk;.

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njUf;fspYk; mdhijahf epw;fpd;wdh;. KjpNahiu ahUk; ftdpf;fhj
epiyapy; gpr;ir vLf;Fk; epiyikf;F Mshfpd;wdh;. rpyh; vq;NfahtJ
,we;J fplf;fpd;wdh;. mth;fis mg;Gwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fhpa Ml;fSk;
,Uf;fpd;wdh;.

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jPh;T fhz Ntz;Lk;.

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tho;tjw;Fhpa trjpfis mikj;Jj; ju Ntz;Lk;. mth;fSf;F gpbj;j khjphp
elf;f Ntz;Lk;.

KjpNahUk;> gpr;irf;fhuUk; ,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpy; ahh;

%ykhfTk; ghjpg;gpw;F cs;shff; $lhJ. taJ Mf Mfj;jhd; Jiztpapd;
mUik> ngUik njhpAk;. jd; Fwpg;gwpe;J Nrit nra;Ak; xU

76
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fhyj;jpy; ,th;fsJ neUf;fk; mjpfkhfpwJ.

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gUtk;. KJik> ,g;gUtj;jpy; mth;fisj; jdpNa gphpj;J itf;fNt $lhJ.

mg;gbg; gphpj;J itj;jhy;> me;jg; gphpT Vf;fj;jpNyNa

nghpath;fs; mjpf fhyk; thokhl;lhh;fs;.

tPL rpwpaJ ngw;Nwhh;fSf;F ,lkpy;iy vd;gJ fhuzky;y mJ

,isQh;fspd; kdjpy; ,lkpy;iy vd;w rpWikiaj; jhd; Fwpf;fpwJ.
nghpa kdrhl;rpAld; ngw;Nwhiur; Nrh;j;J itj;J ed;ikiaj; Njbf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

KJikf;Fk; ,sikf;Fk; ghykhf ,Ug;gth;fs; eLj;ju tajpdh;. MfNt

ekf;F Vw;gLtJ jiyKiw ,ilntsp my;y> xUtUf;nfhUth; rhpahfg;
Ghpe;Jnfhs;s Kbahj xU epiyjhd;.

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mth;fsplkpUe;J Nfl;Lg;ngw Ntz;Lk;.

tPl;by; KjpNahh;fs; ,Ug;gJ xU FLk;gj;jpd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf

vd;W epidAq;fs;. rKjhak; cq;fSf;F> ey;y nfsutj;ij jUk;.

njhFg;Giu:

E}y; mwpKfk;> MrphpaH mwpKfk;> ,d;iwa tho;f;ifr;

#oypy; KjpNahHfs;> rKjhaj;jpy; vg;gb tho;fpwhHfs; vd;gJk;>
KjpNahHfis ve;j tpjj;jpYk; Jd;g gLj;jhky; mtHfis ey;y Kiwapy;
ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. vd;gJ rpWfijapd; gpd;dzpahf ,Uf;fpwJ.

mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;

1. lhf;lh; t.nr.eluhrd; - $b tho;e;jhy; Nfhb ed;ik-g.4-11

77
2. Kidth; r.<];tud; - ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;iffs;-g-(230-235)

78