123

-8 DIFFERENTIAL
CALCULUS
8-1
) y = f (x :
y
)y = f(x
x
D x + x Q

y A
C x P
x B
x + x
x x x
0 A B x
x



.

x , x + x :
:
y , y + y
:
)y = f (x

:
)y + y = f (x + x

y
x x
) y = f (x + x) f (x
 124

) (y x ) ) (x , (x + x
y

x
:
) y f ( x x ) f ( x

x x
y x y
x
x x y
y

x
x
) df ( x dy
Dy : Df (y x) ) f )
dx dx
y ) f ( x x ) f ( x
f / x lim lim
x 0 x x 0 x

x
) f(x
... x
y
x
:
-1 x x y
.y
-2 y
).(1
)y = f (x + x) f (x

y
-3
x
y .y
125

-4 x

dy
dx
 126

y x ):(1-8
x > 0

1 y y x x

2 y x x x

y x x x
3
x x
:
x an n

( )
xa
y ( x x ) 2 x 2
1 1

x ( x x ) x

y ( x x ) x
1 1
2 2

4 lim lim
x0 x ( x x ) x ( x x ) x
1 1 1 1 1
x x 2 2

2 2
dy 1 1
x 2

dx 2
:
dy

dx
..
y

x
.
8-1-1 The velocity :

:
)s = f (t
"" s " t"

127

"" t
""t "" s :
)s = f(t
: t + t
)s + s = f (t + t

t t t
:
)s = f (t + t) f (t

Average velocity

) s f ( t t ) f ( t
Vav
t t

t
t 0 :
s ) f ( t t ) f ( t
V lim lim
t 0 t t 0 t

:
ds
V
dt
) : (2-8



:
1 2
s gt
2
: s : t g :
.
ds
V
dt
 128
1
s s g ( t t ) 2
2

1 1
s g( t t ) 2 gt 2
2 2

1 1
g( t t ) 2 gt 2
s 2 2

t t

1
g [( t t ) 2 t 2 ]
ds 2
V lim
dt t 0 ( t t ) t

1
g .2 t gt
2

ds
V gt
dt
129

8-1-2 :
The Geometric meaning of the Derivative

) f(x

= y
) f(x

y
)P(x,y) , Q(x +x, y+y
)(x+x, y+y
Q
PQ
y=f )(x


))
y
)(x,y :
y
p
y tan
x
x
x :
y
x
tanx+y
x
x Q
P
P P x
P x 0
x 0 PQ
P tan
:
y dy
tan lim tan lim
x0 x0 x dx

dy
x
dx
) f (x ).(x , y

): (3-8
 130

y = x2 +3
)P (1,4

y y ( x x )2 3
y ( x x )2 3 x 2 3 ( x x )2 x 2
y ( x x ) 2 x 2

x x
dy y ( x x )2 x 2
tan lim lim 2x
dx x0 x x0 ( x x ) x

tan = 2x
) P (1,4:
tan = f,(1)= 2 x 1=2

8-2 :
The fundamental laws of differentiation
: x
) ( y
= c c y
x x x y
:
y
0
x
dy y
lim o
dx x0 x
d
(c ) 0
dx
y = c
x

: y = x n n
.
dy d
( x ) n n( x ) n 1
dx dx
131

.
: ) y = c. f(x c

dy d d
) [ c . f ( x )] c . . f ( x
dx dx dx


.

:
. :
)y = u(x) + v(x) + w(x

)(x ) ( x x:
) y y ( u u ) ( v v ) ( w w
y u v w
y u v w

x x x x
dy y
lim
dx x0 x
u v w
lim lim lim
x0 x x0 x x0 x
dy du dv dw

dx dx dx dx

) : (4-8 :
5x +y = 12 x3 - 6x2 + 9

dy
12 3 x 2 6 2 x 5 1 0
dx
= 36 x 2 12 x 5

: ): (5-8
3
y 2 x 7
x2
 132

dy 2 1
( 3( 3 ) 2 )0
dx x 2 x
6 1
=- 3
x x
: :
+
. :
d dv du
( uv ) u v
dx dx dx

:
:
y uv
) y y ( u u )( v v
y = ( u u )( v v ) uv
= uv + vu uv
dy y v u v
lim lim u lim v lim u
dx x0 x x0 x x0 x x0 x
v , u x

y
lim u . lim
x0 x0 x
) u= f(x
:
y dy
lim u 0 , lim
x 0 x 0 x dx


dy dv du
u v
dx dx dx

d ( uv ) du dv
dx dx dx
uv u v
133

...
y = u . v . w
u )
(vw
dy du d
) ( vw ) u . ( vw
dx dx dx
du dv dw
(( vw ) u . wv )
dx dx dx
du dv dw
( vw ) u . w uv
dx dx dx

un..... y =u1 u2:
dy du1 du
u2 .....un1 un 2 u1 .....un1 un
dx dx dx
du
........... n u1 u2 .....un1
dx

:
d du dv
uv
dx dx dx
uv u v

.... u.v

:
d du1 du 2 dun
) ( u1 u 2 u 3 ...un
dx dx dx ........... dx
u1 u 2 u 3 ...un u1 u2 un

x: ): (6-8
)y =( x2 + 2x) (3x + 1
 134

:
)u =( x +2x) , v=(3x+1
2

:
dy
) ( x 2 2 x )( 3 ) ( 3 x 1 )( 2 x 2
dx
3x2 6 x 6 x2 8x 2
9 x 2 14 x 2
135

:

)
(
.
du dv
v u
u dy
if =y then dx 2 dx , v 0
v dx v

:
c v :
d c c dv
( ) 2 . , v0
dx v v dx

8-3
:
y 3x 4

4
u= 3 x

"" u " " x

:
)u = f(x
:
y 3x4 u

" " u " " x = y

) f (u) u = f(x:
])y = f [f(x

.

:
y = sin x3

:
 136

y = sin u = sin (x)3

.

:
:
)g(x = )u y = f(u

])y = f[g(x
:
dy dy du
.
dx du dx

:
)y = f(u) , u = (t) , t = (x
:
dy dy du dt
. .
dx du dt dx

x = y
: ] } )f [ {(x
- ) y = f(u u
- ) u = (t t
- ) t = (x " " x
dy
.
dx

) : (7-8 :
y = (1 + x2 )3

y = f(u) = u3 u = (x) = 1 + x2
:
dy dy du
.
dx du dx
2x . 2(1 + x2) 2x = 3.= 3 u3
137

u:
y
3 (x2 + 1)2
) ( x )(2x
.

) : (8-8 :
3x 2 7
(y )
2x 1

dy ) 3 x 2 6 3( 2 x 1 ) 2( 3 x 2
( 7 ) .
dx 2x 1 ( 2 x 1 )2
49( 3 x 2 )6
=
( 2 x 1 )8

8-4 :

:
f (x , y) = 0

:
-1
x
:
f(x , y , dx/dy ) = 0
-2 ((dy/dx

((dy/dx
.
 138
-3 ((dy/dx
.

((dy/dx x ,y ): (9-8
:
x + 3xy + 5y + 6x - 3y + 12 = 0
2 2

x2 2x 3xy
dy/dx) + 3y ) :
3x 5y2 10y (dy/dx) : 6x
6 3y- (dy/dx) 3- 12
:
2x + 3x(dy/dx) + 3y + 10y(dy/dx) +6- 3(dy/dx) = 0
) x (3x + 10 y -3) = -2x-3y -6 (dy/dx
dy 2 x 3 y 6 2x 3y 6

dx 3 x 10 y 3 3 x 10 y 3
: ): (10-8
y5 +3x2 y3 - 7x6 - 8 = 0

dy dy
3y3. 2x - 42x5 = 0+ + 3y2 . 3x2 5y4
dx dx
dy 42 x 5 6 xy 3

dx 5 y 4 9 x 2 . y 2
139

8-5

:
sin , cos , tan , cot , sec , cosec
x
:
sin x , cos x , tan x , cot x , sec x , cosec x

:
)f(x +na) = f(x

a n . sin x, cos x
cosec x , sec x
) (2 :
2) = sin x +x)sin
2) = cos x +x)cos

a
a
.
y = sin x :

y = sin x
:
sin 0 = 0

-2 - )(1
2 x=/2

x=

) (1- x= 3/2

 140

=x
2

2 sin x
2
:
sin (-x) = - sin x
.
sin x
x .

cos x =y
y = cos x
) (1 x=0
)-
(1 x =
-2 - 2


x = 3/2


) (1+ x = 2

cos (-x) = cos x

.x
cos x
sin x
/2 :

cos x sin x
2
141

y = tan x , y = cot x
:
, tan ( + x) = tan x
cot ( + x) = cot x
.x
 142

y = tan x
:
y = tanx -1
x
:
1
x n ,
2
-2 - 2 n 0 ,1 ,2

:
n 3
x , ,.......
2 2

:
sin x
tan x
cos x
cos x
.
.tan (-x) = -tan x -2 tan x :
-3 tan x -
. +
-4 .
y = cot x
tan x :
1
cot x
tan x
: sin x , cos x :
cos x
cot x
sin x
y = cot x
x sin x
:
x = n , n = 0, 1 , 2

:
143
cot (-x) = -cot x

- .+
sec x
cos x sec x :
x cos x
:
1
x n , n 0 ,1 ,2
2

:
sec (-x) = sec
: 2
1 1
sec x 2 sec x
cos x 2 cos x

cos x ) (1 , 1-
sec x
) (1 , 1-
.y = 1 :
y = cosec x
sin x :
1
cos ec x
sin x

x
:
x = n , n = 0 , 1 , 2

) (1 , 1-
 144

. 2
.
:
: :
y = sin x
sin x
sin x

.
y = sin x :
y sin x y y sin x x
y sin x x sin x
x x
2 cos x . sin
2 2
x
sin
y x 2
2 cos x .
x 2 x
x
sin
x
cos x . 1 2
2 2 x

x
sin
dy x 2
lim cos x . lim 1 x
dx x 0 2 x 0 2

x
sin
dy x 2
lim cos x lim
dx x 0
2 0 x x
2
2
d
cos x . 1 cos x sin x cos x
dx
" " U x
) u = (x y = sin u
:
d
sin u cos u . du
dx dx
145

: : (11-8)
a y sin 3 2 x ,
b y sin 5 x 2 1

dy d
a cos 3 2 x . 3 2 x 2 cos 3 2 x
dx dx
b
dy
dx

cos 5 x 2 1 .
d
dx

5 x 2 1 10 x cos 5 x 2 1

: :
y = cos x
:

cos x sin x
2
:
d d
cos x sin x cos x . 1 sin x
dx dx 2 2
d
cos x sin x
dx
: u = (x) y = cos u
d
cos u sin u . du
dx dx
 146

: :
y = tan x
:
sin x
tan x
cos x
:
d
tan x
cos x cos x sin x sin x
dx cos 2 x
cos 2 x sin 2 x 1
2
sec 2 x
cos x cos 2 x
d
tan x sec 2 x
dx

: )u = (x y = tan u
d
tan u sec 2 u du
dx dx

: :
y = cot x

:
1
cot x
tan x
:
cos x
y cot x
sin x
. :
147
cos x
y cot x
sin x

dy sin x . sin x cos x cos x sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx sin 2 x sin 2 x
1
cos ec 2 x
sin 2 x
d
cot x cos ec 2 x
dx

and
d
cot u cos ec 2 u . du
dx dx

: :
y = sec x
sec x
1
y sec x
cos x

dy

sin x sec x . tan x
dx
cos 2 x
d
sec x sec x . tan x
dx
and
d
sec u sec u . tan u . du
dx dx
: :
y = cosec x
:
 148

1
cos ec x
sin x
d
cos ec x cos2 x cos ec x . cot x
dx sin x
d
cos ec x cos ec x . cot x
dx
and
d
cos ec u cos ec u . cot u . du
dx dx

: :(12-8)
a y tan 1 x 2 b y cos ec sin x
1 cot 2 x
c y x 3 sec 2 3 x d y
1 cot 2 x

:
dy d
a sec 2 1 x 2 . 1 x2
dx dx
x
. sec 2 1 x 2
2
1 x

b y cos ec sin x
d d
cos ec sin x . cot sin x . sin x
dx dx
cos x . cos ec sin x . cot sin x

c y x 3 sec 2 3 x x 3 sec 3 x
2

dy d
x 3 . 2 sec 3 x . sec 3 x sec 3 x 2 . 3 x 2
dx dx
2 x 3 . sec 3 x . 3 sec 3 x . tan 3 x + 3 x 2 . sec 2 3 x
3 x 2 . sec 2 3 x 2 x . tan 3 x 1

1 cot 2 x
d y
1 cot 2 x
149

:
1 - cot 2 x 1 - cot 2 x
= y =
1 + cot 2 x cosec 2 x
= sin 2 x - cos 2 x = - cos 2 x
dy
= 2 sin 2 x
dx
8-6 :
:
1
Lim 1 + m m = e
m 0

) (e
.
) (e Log x
Ln x
a
:
Log a x = Log a e . Ln x
10

Log 10 x = Log 10 e . Ln x = 0.4343 Ln x
Ln x = Ln 10 . Log 10 x = 2.303 Log 10 x .

y = loga x
a x 0
:
 150

y = Log a x
y + y = Log a x + x
x+ x
y = Log a x + x - Loga x , x = Log a
x
y 1 x 1 x x
= Log a 1+ = Log a 1 +
x x x x x x
1 x x
= Log a 1+
x x x
:
x
=m
x
151

:
1 x
=
m x
y 1 1
= Log a 1 + m m
x x

x 0
x 0 m 0
dy y 1 1 1
= Lim = Lim Log a 1 + m m = Log a e
d x x 0 x m 0 x x

) ( a:
d
Log a x = 1 Log a e .
d x x

) (e
:
d
Ln x = 1
d x x

) u = ( x: y = Ln u
d y d
= Ln u = 1 d u
d x d x ud x

) ( a:
d
Log a u = 1 d u Log a e
d x u d x

:
d
Loga u = 1 d u
d x u . Ln a d x

: ): (13-8
2
) y = Loga (x + 2

 152

d y
= 2
1 d

= x 2 + 2 Log a e
2 x Log a e
d x x 2d x x2 + 2
or
d y
dx
= 2

1

x + 2 Ln a d x
d
x2 2 = 2
2x
x + 2 Ln a

) :(14-8 x :
x 1
5
3 2
y = Ln x 2

:
5
Ln x 2 1
y = 3 Ln x +
2

d y 3 5 3 5x 8 x2 3
= + 2 x = + =
d x x 2 x2 1
x x2 1 x x2 1
: ):(15-8
y = Ln sin x

dy 1
= cos x = cot x
d x sin x
153

8-7 :
) y = f ( x ) x = ( y
) (
y ) ( y
x y = f ( x ) :
1
f x y :
1 d y 1
= f x or =
y
d x d y
d x
) x = ( y
x y x
:
d y
1 = y .
d x
1
d y 1
= = f x .d x
d x y d y
.

:
::
y = sin-1 x
y
x :
x = sin y


x = sin y
" " x x 1-
1 " . " y
" " y " " x

y y
2 2
 154

x 1 1-

x :
2 2
y = sin x y = sin-1 x
x = sin y

x = sin y : y
2 2
x y
x = sin y : y
d y
= cos y
d x
d y 1 1 1 1
= = = =
d x d x cos y 1 - sin y 2
1 - x2
d y

d
d x

= sin -1 x
1
2
, -

2
sin -1 x

2
1- x
y :

y = sin-1 x
2 2
cos y 0 u x
:
du
d dx
= sin - 1 u
dx 1 - u2

y x ):(16-8
:
) y = sin-1 (tan x

d y sec 2 x
=
d x 1 - tan 2 x
::
y = cos-1 x
155

x = cos y y 0
) ( , 0 ) ( , -

.y
x= cos y
y = cos x " " y , x

x = cos y " " y
.
d x
= - sin y
d y
d y -1 -1 1
= = =-
d x sin y 1 - cos 2
y 1 - x2

d
d x

cos -1 x =-
1
2
0 cos -1
1 - cos y
du
d d x
, cos -1 u = -
d x 1 - u2
) u .( x

: :
y = tan-1 x

x = tan y
x x -
:

y
2 2
:
 156

,
2 2
:
x = tan y
dx
sec 2 y = 1 + tan 2 y = 1 + x 2
dy
dy 1

dx 1 + x 2

d

= tan -1 x
1

dx 1 + x2

du
d
dx

tan -1 u = dx 2
1+ u
. ( x ) u

: :
cot-1 x , cosec-1 x , sec-1 x

:
157

d
dx

cot - 1 x = -
1
1+ x 2
, 0 cot - 1 x

d
dx

sec - 1 x = 1
if x 1 then 0 sec - 1 x

2
x x2 1

if x - 1 then - sec - 1 x -
2
d
dx

cosec - 1 x = -
1
if x 1 then 0 cosec - 1 x

2
x x2 1

if x - 1 then - y -
2
x " " u"
: "
d

- dx

d u
cot -1 u =
dx 1 + u2
d

du
sec -1 u = dx
, u2 1
dx u u -1 2

d

du
cosec -1 u = - dx
, u2 1
dx u u2 - 1

d y
: :(17-8)
d x
y = tan-1 ( tan x )

d y sec 2 x
= =1
d x 1 + tan 2 x
d y /d x
.. x
 158

) tan-1 (tan x
x x x
x ...
:
y = sin-1 ( sin x ) = x
y = cos-1 (cos x ) = x
y = tan-1 (tan x ) = x
.

d y / d x: ) :(18-8
-1 3
y = cot x

d y
=
-1 d
= x3
- 3 x2
.
d x 1 + x3 2
dx 1 x6

8-8 :

x = loga y
) y = ax ( x , a 0 -
y = ax
x = loga y :x
1 d y
= 1
y . Ln a d x
d y
= y . Ln a = a x . Ln a
d x

d
d x

a x = a x Ln a

x x : y = au

d
d x
a = a
u u
.
du
d x
Ln a

: a = e
d
d x

ex = ex

) ( Ln a = 1
159

y = ln :
y =x
x , y = ex

y = ex
y = ln y = x
x
y = ex




y = ex

.

):(19-8
:
e2x 1
1 y e x 2 y
2

e2x 1

: x
1
dy
dx
ex
2 d
dx

x2 2x ex
2

2

dy 2 e 2 x 1 e 2 x 2 e 2 x 1 e 2 x

4 e2x
dx
e2x 1
2

e2x 1
2

8-9 :


" " x x
x
 160

e
:
x y = uv u , v
ln y = ln uv = v ln u
x :
1 dy dv d
= ln u + v ln u
y dx dx dx
dv v du
= ln u +
dx u dx
y = uv :
d
dx

uv = uv

dv du
ln u + v u v -1
dx dx

):(20-8
:
y = xx

ln y = x ln x
1 dy 1
= 1 ln x + x = ln x + 1
y dx x

d
dx

x x = x x ln x + 1

8-10 :
y x
)x = f (t , )y = (t
dy
dy t
= = dt , f t 0
dx f t dx
dt

161
y
y
= t
x x
t
x t

):(21-8
) (dy/dx ) y = f (x

x = a cos t , y = a sin t

dy a cos t
= = - cot t
dx - a sin t

Derivative of Higher 8-11

Orders
) y = f (x
) dy/dx = f'(x
) f(x
d dy
dx dx y


:
 162

:
dy d
, y , y , f x
dx dx
:
2 2
d y d
2
, y , y , f x
d x d x2
:
n n
d y d
n
, n
y , y n , f n x
dx dx

:
........ , yiv , yv , yvi

y = x6:
y = 6 x5 , y = 30 x4 , y = 120 x3 , yiv = 360 x2 , yv = 720
, x
y = 720 , y = y (7) = y (8) = .......0
vi vii

): (22-8
y = x n
n

163
dy
y = = n x n-1
dx
d2 y
y = 2
= n n - 1 x n - 2
dx
d3 y
y = 3
= n n - 1 x n - 3
dx
. ......................
dr y
y r = r
= n n - 1 n - 2 .... n - r + 1 x n -r
dx
...................................
dn y
y n = = n n - 1 ............. 2 I = n 1
d xn
dk y
=0 ; k n
d xk
: (23-8)
m y=n mx



y = m e mx
y = m 2 e mx
y = m 3 e mx
........
y (n) = m n e mx
: (24-8)
y = sin x 2) y = (1 y (n)
cos x

 164

x +

2

= sin x + 2

2

= sin x + 3

2 2


2

2) y = cos x

y = sin x = x +
2

y = - sin x + = cos x + 2
2 2

y = - sin x + 2 = cos x + 3
2 2

y n = cos x + n
2
165

Function Derivative
Constant 0
x 1
uv u v
cu cu
uv uv u v
u u v uv
(v 0)
v v2
c cv
2 (v 0)
v v
uv vu u u v ln uv
v 1

dy dy du
y f (u ), u (x) ,
dx du dx
dy dx
y f ( x ), x (y) 1/
dx dy
Sin x Cos x
Sin cx c cos x
Cos x sin x -
Tan x Sec2 x
Cot x cosec2 x -
Sec x Sec x . tan x
Cosec x cosec x . cot x-
1
Sin-1 x
1 x2
1
Cos-1 x
1 x2
1
Tan-1 x
1 x2
1
Cot-1 x
1 x2
1
Sec-1 x
x x2 1
 166

1
Cosec-1 x
x x2 1
ex
ex
ax ax ln a
1
loga x log a e
x
Ln x x/1
dy dy dx
x f ( t ), y (x) /
dx dt dt