Straightness

Using Dial Indicator

Objectives:
To determine the maximum out of straightness of a shaft using dial indicator

Materials:
Two identical v-blocks, dial indicator, dial indicator holder and the measured
workpiece

Apparatus:

Experimental work:
Divide the tested shaft into equal spaces (for example 30 mm)
Determine the y coordinate of the measured point
` use flat contact tip
Take the reading as the dial plunger touch the height point
Reading:

Position 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270

Dial
1.82 1.88 1.99 1.97 2.2 2.1 2.19 2.16 2.24 2.25
reading

Profile:

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.1
y (mm)

2 profile

1.9 Series2

1.8

1.7
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
X (mm)

calculation:
y'
x y x 2
xy =0.001576x =
+1.867273
0 1.82 0 0 1.867273 -0.04727
30 1.88 900 56.4 1.914553 -0.03455
60 1.99 3600 119.4 1.961833 0.028167
90 1.97 8100 177.3 2.009113 -0.03911
120 2.2 14400 264 2.056393 0.143607
150 2.1 22500 315 2.103673 -0.00367
180 2.19 32400 394.2 2.150953 0.039047
210 2.16 44100 453.6 2.198233 -0.03823
240 2.24 57600 537.6 2.245513 -0.00551
270 2.25 72900 607.5 2.292793 -0.04279
1350 20.8 256500 2925
= 10
y x 2 x 20.8 256500 2925 1350
c= = = 1.867273
n x 2 ( x)2 10 256500 27502

10 2925 20.8 1350

= = = 0.001576
n x 2 ( x)2 10 256500 13502

= + = . + .
Errors including in this method are:

- V-block error
- Tilting error

Maximum out of straightness = |0.143607| + |0.04727| = 0.190877 = 190.87microns

0.19

Plotting of the contour of the shaft:

0.2

0.15

0.1
delta (mm)

0.05

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
-0.05

-0.1
x (mm)
 Straightness
Using Sensitive Level
Objectives:
To determine the maximum out of straightness of a shaft using sensitive
level
Materials:
Two identical gauge blocks, Optical clinometer

Apparatus:

Experimental work:
Divide the tested edge into equal spaces (for example 100 mm)
Determine the y coordinate of the measured point
Turn the turret and turn the adjustment screw until the air bubble is
centered
Take the reading
 Readings:

Position 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Forward (minute) 7 8 7 9 8 8 8
Backward (minute) 24 24 25 27 27 27 23

Profile:

2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
y (mm)

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
X (mm)

Calculations:
x y y y y xi^2 xiyi y' delta
yf yb average accumulative mm
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.002535 -0.00254
100 7 24 8.5 8.5 0.247255 10000 24.7255 0.258635 -0.01138
200 8 24 8 16.5 0.479969 40000 95.9938 0.514735 -0.03477
300 7 25 9 25.5 0.741778 90000 222.5334 0.770835 -0.02906
400 9 27 9 34.5 1.003598 160000 401.4392 1.026935 -0.02334
500 8 27 9.5 44 1.279978 250000 639.989 1.283035 -0.00306
600 8 27 9.5 53.5 1.556377 360000 933.8262 1.539135 0.017242
700 8 23 7.5 61 1.774604 490000 1242.223 1.795235 -0.02063
sum 2800 7.083559 1400000 3560.73

=8
y x 2 x 7.083559 1400000 3560.73 2800
c= = = 0.002535
n x 2 ( x)2 8 1400000 28002

8 3560.73 7.083559 1350

= = = 0.002561
n x 2 ( x)2 8 1400000 28002

= + = . + .
Errors including in this method are:

- Leveling error

Maximum out of straightness = |0.017242| + |0.03477| = 2.987065

2.98

Plotting :

0.02

0.01

0
delta (mm)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

-0.01

-0.02

-0.03

-0.04
x (mm)
 Straightness
Using Rochdale Arm
Objectives:
To determine the maximum out of straightness of a shaft using Rochdale
Arm
Materials:
Rochdale Arm, dial indicator

Apparatus:

Experimental work:
Divide the tested edge into spaces (the distance between the two legs)
Determine the y coordinate of the measured point
Take the reading on a reference plane
Make calculations
Readings:
Position 1st reading 2nd reading
abc 1.98 1.97
bcd 1.97 1.99
cde 1.95 1.97
def 1.97 1.95
Calculations:
position abc bcd cde def
Reading 1st 1.98 1.97 1.95 1.97
mm 2nd 1.97 1.99 1.97 1.95
average 1.975 1.98 1.96 1.96
R corrected 0.025 0.03 0.01 0.01
Profile:

0.25

0.2

0.15
y (mm)

0.1 profile
true straight line
0.05

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
-0.05
X (mm)

Calculations Table:

x y x^2 xy y' delta

0 0 0 0 -0.03524 0.03524
300 0 90000 0 0.01006 -0.01006
600 0.025 360000 15 0.05536 -0.03036
900 0.08 810000 72 0.10066 -0.02066
1200 0.145 1440000 174 0.14596 -0.00096
1500 0.22 2250000 330 0.19126 0.02874
sum 4500 0.47 4950000 591

=6

y x 2 x 0.47 4950000 591 4500

c= = = 0.002535
n x 2 ( x)2 6 4950000 28002

6 591 0.47 4500

= = = 0.002561
n x 2 ( x)2 6 4950000 45002

= + = . .
Errors including in this method are:

- Leveling error

Maximum out of straightness = |0.03524| + |0.03036| = 0.0656

0.07

Plotting:

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01
delta (mm)

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
-0.01

-0.02

-0.03

-0.04
x (mm)