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Chapter 3 - Methods of Analysis: N N N N A A A A
Chapter 3 - Methods of Analysis: N N N N A A A A
a a n2 a nn
n1
is given by
c11 c 21 c n1
T
cn2
C 1 c12 c 22
A =
-1
=
c c 2n c nn
1n
The value of the determinant, , can be obtained by expanding along the ith row
a 11 a 12 a 1n
a 21 a 22 a 2n
= = (-1) i+1 a i1 m i1 + (-1) i+ 2 a i 2 m i 2 + + (-1) i+ n a in m in
a n1 a n2 a nn
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or the jth column
a 11 a 12 a 1n
a 21 a 22 a 2n
= = (-1)1+ j a 1 j m 1 j + (-1) 2+ j a 2 j m 2 j + + (-1) n + j a nj m nj
a n1 a n2 a nn
The transpose of the cofactor matrix is also known as the adjoint of the matrix; i.e., adj A = C T .
adj A C T
Therefore, A -1 = =
det A
Problem 3.2 Solve a general system of simultaneous equations using Cramer's rule.
a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + + a 1n x n = b1
a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + + a 2 n x n = b 2
a n1 x 1 + a n 2 x 2 + + a nn x n = b n
or AX = B
a 11 a 12 a 1n x1 b1
a a 22 a 2n x b
A = , X= , B=
21 2 2
where
a a n2 a nn x b
n1 n n
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Cramer's rule states that the solution to the system of simultaneous equations, AX = B , is
1 2 n
x1 = , x2 = , , x n =
b1 a 12 a 1n a 11 b1 a 1n a 11 a 12 b1
b2 a 22 a 2n a 21 b 2 a 2n a 21 a 22 b2
1 = 2 = n =
bn a n2 a nn a n1 b n a nn a n1 a n2 bn
Notice that is the determinant of matrix A and k is with its kth column replaced with
matrix B.
Obviously, Cramer's rule only applies when 0 . In the case that = 0 , the set of equations
has no unique solution because the equations are linearly dependent.
See Problem 3.1 to find out how to calculate the value of a determinant of a matrix.
NODAL ANALYSIS
Problem 3.3 [3.3] Find the currents i1 through i 4 and the voltage v o in Figure 3.1.
vo
i1 i2 i3 i4
10 A 10 20 30 2A 60
Figure 3.1
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Applying KCL to the non-reference node,
vo vo vo vo
10 = + + +2+
10 20 30 60
480 = 12 v o v o = 40 V
Thus,
vo vo vo vo
i1 = i2 = i3 = i4 =
10 20 30 60
i1 = 4 A i2 = 2 A i 3 = 1.3333 A i 4 = 666.7 mA
10
Ix
2A 10 20 3A
Figure 3.1
Ix = 2 A
10 V
20 5
+
+
+
20 V 20 Vx 10 9A 10
Figure 3.1
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Carefully DEFINE the problem.
Each component is labeled completely. The problem is clear.
A supermesh results when two meshes have a (dependent or independent) current source in
common. Hence, the two meshes on the right half of the circuit create a supermesh, with the
9-A current source in common.
Establish a set of ALTERNATIVE solutions and determine the one that promises the
greatest likelihood of success.
The two methods of analysis of simple circuits, such as the one above, are nodal analysis and
mesh analysis. Because the circuit contains three nodes in addition to the reference node,
nodal analysis produces a set of three equations and three unknowns. Yet, the supernode
changes the set to two equations and a constraint equation. On the other hand, the circuit has
four loops. Thus, mesh analysis produces four equations and four unknowns. The supermesh
changes the set to three equations and a constraint equation.
Because the goal of the problem is to find a voltage, the obvious choice is to use nodal
analysis to find the voltages at each node of the circuit. If mesh analysis were used to find
the mesh currents, Ohm's law would also be needed to find the voltage across the resistor.
10 V
20 5
v1 v2 v3
+
+
+
20 V 20 Vx 10 9A 10
Clearly, Vx = v 2
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Simplifying,
( v1 20) + v1 + 2 v 2 + (4)( v 2 v 3 ) = 0 (2)( v 3 v 2 ) + v 3 = 90
2 v1 + 6 v 2 4 v 3 = 20 - 2 v 2 + 3 v 3 = 90
v1 + 3 v 2 2 v 3 = 10
This is a set of two equations and three unknowns. Thus, we must find a constraint equation.
The supernode will provide the constraint equation.
v 2 = v1 + 10 or v 1 = v 2 10
Substitute the constraint equation into the simplified equation from the supernode. Then, this
equation plus two times the simplified equation from node 3 will isolate v 3 .
( v 2 10) + 3 v 2 2 v 3 = 10
(2) [ - 2 v 2 + 3 v 3 = 90 ]
[ 4 v 2 2 v 3 = 20 ] + [ - 4 v 2 + 6v 3 = 180 ] = [ 4 v 3 = 200 ]
v 3 = 50 volts
Therefore, Vx = v 2 = 30 volts
For node 3,
v3 v2 v 3 50 30 50
9+ = 9+ = 49+5= 0
5 10 5 10
KCL is not violated. Thus, our check for accuracy was successful.
Has the problem been solved SATISFACTORILY? If so, present the solution; if not,
then return to ALTERNATIVE solutions and continue through the process again.
This problem has been solved satisfactorily.
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Vx = 30 V
3 i1 i3 5
v1
i2
+ +
3V
+
Vo 2
4 Vo
Figure 3.1
v1 v1 3 v1 4 Vo
i1 + i 2 + i 3 = 0
+ + =0
5 1 5
7 v1 4 Vo = 15
2 5
But Vo = v1 or v1 = Vo
5 2
5 (2)(15)
So that (7) Vo 4 Vo = 15 Vo =
2 27
Vo = 1.1111 V
Problem 3.7 Given the circuit in Figure 3.1, solve for Vx using matrix inversion.
10 10
+ Vx
+
10 2A 10 80 V
Figure 3.1
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10 10
v1 v2
+ Vx
+
10 2A 10 80 V
Clearly, v 1 = Vx + v 2 or Vx = v 1 v 2
Simplifying,
v1 20 + v1 v 2 = 0 v 2 80 + v 2 + v 2 v 1 = 0
2 v1 v 2 = 20 - v1 + 3 v 2 = 80
v1 1 3 1 20 1 60 + 80 1 140 28
v 6 1 1 2 80 = 5 20 + 160 = 5 180 = 36
=
2
Therefore, Vx = v1 v 2 = 28 36
Vx = - 8 V
Vx = 30 V
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MESH ANALYSIS
Problem 3.9 Given the circuit in Figure 3.1, solve for the loop currents, i1 and i 2 , using
mesh analysis.
10 20
+ +
70 V i1 20 i2 100 V
Figure 3.1
3 - 2 i1 7 i1 1 4 2 7 1 8 1
- 2 4 i = - 10 or i = 12 4 2 3 - 10 = 8 - 16 = - 2
2 2
Therefore, i1 = 1 A and i2 = - 2 A
10
6V
2 i1
+
1
4 i2 i3 5
+
8V
i
Figure 3.1
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For loop 1 : 6 = 12 i 1 2 i 2
3 = 6 i1 i 2 (1)
For loop 2 : - 8 = 7 i 2 2 i1 i 3
8 = 2i 1 7 i 2 + i 3 (2)
For loop 3 : - 8 + 6 + 6 i3 i 2 = 0
2 = 6 i 3 i 2 (3)
6 -1 0 6 3 0 6 -1 3
= 2 - 7 1 = -234 2 = 2 8 1 = 240 3 = 2 - 7 8 = -38
0 -1 6 0 2 6 0 -1 2
Clearly,
3 2 - 38 240
i = i3 i2 = =
- 234
i = 1.188 A
Problem 3.11 Given the circuit shown in Figure 3.1, find I x using mesh analysis.
10 Ix 20
+ +
25 V
1A 20
50 V
Figure 3.1
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Establish a set of ALTERNATIVE solutions and determine the one that promises the
greatest likelihood of success.
The problem clearly states to use mesh analysis. This makes sense because the goal of the
problem is to find a current, I x , and mesh analysis produces the currents in each mesh, or
loop, of a circuit.
10 Ix 20
+ +
25 V
i1 1A i2 20 i3
50 V
Clearly, I x = i3
Substitute the constraint equation into the equation for the supermesh and simplify,
- 25 + 10 i 2 10 + 20 i 2 20 i 3 = 0
50 + 20 i 3 20 i 2 + 20 i 3 = 0
Simplifying further,
30 i 2 20 i 3 = 35 or 6i2 4i3 = 7
- 20 i 2 + 40 i 3 = -50 - 2 i 2 + 4 i 3 = -5
i2 1 4 4 7 1 8 0.5
i = 24 8 2 6 - 5 = 16 - 16 = - 1
3
Therefore, I x = i 3 = -1 amp
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EVALUATE the solution and check for accuracy.
This circuit has only one unknown node after identifying the lower node as the reference
node. Hence, it can easily be analyzed using nodal analysis.
10 Ix 20
vx
+ +
25 V
1A 20
50 V
v x 25 v x v x 50
1+ + =0
10 20 20
4 v x = 120
v x = 30 volts
This matches the answer that was obtained using mesh analysis. Our check for accuracy was
successful.
Has the problem been solved SATISFACTORILY? If so, present the solution; if not,
then return to ALTERNATIVE solutions and continue through the process again.
This problem has been solved satisfactorily.
Ix = - 1 A
Problem 3.12 [3.35] Use mesh analysis to obtain i o in the circuit of Figure 3.1.
6V
2 4
io 1
+
12 V
5 3A
Figure 3.1
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6V
i3
2 4 i2
io 1
+
12 V
5 i1
3A
i1 i2
For loop 3,
6 + 7 i 3 i1 4 i 2 = 0 (2)
Also, i 2 = 3 + i1 (3)
Therefore,
i o = i 1 i 3 = -3.067 (-1.3333)
i o = - 1.7333 A
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Problem 3.13 Given the circuit as shown in Figure 3.1, solve for I x using mesh analysis.
30 Ix
+
30 V 20 2A 24
Figure 3.1
Ix = 1 A
Problem 3.14 [3.51] Obtain the node-voltage equations for the circuit shown in
Figure 3.1 by inspection. Determine the node voltages v1 and v 2 .
6A
1
v1 v2
3A 4 2 5A
Figure 3.1
1 1 1 1
G 11 = + = 1.25 G 12 = -1 = G 21 G 22 = + = 1.5
1 4 1 2
i1 = 6 3 = 3 i 2 = 5 6 = -1
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Hence, we have
1.25 - 1 v 1 3
- 1 1.5 v = -1
2
1.25 - 1 1 1.5 1
-1
Clearly, v1 = 4 V and v2 = 2 V
Clearly, I x is the current flowing through R3 and the current probe reads I x = 1.0 A .
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