Design Methodology

Table of Contents

1. Structural Design Methodology..............................................................................................................2

1.1 Design Scope.....................................................................................................................................2

1.2 Methodology.....................................................................................................................................2
1.3 Data Collection..................................................................................................................................2
1.4 Establish Design Criteria..................................................................................................................3
1.5 Generate Structural Model................................................................................................................3
1.6 Model Animation..............................................................................................................................3
1.7 Analysis and Design Results.............................................................................................................3
1.8 Structural Detailing...........................................................................................................................3

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 Design Methodology

1. Structural Design Methodology

1.1 Design Scope

The scope of the structural FEED includes the following:

Preparation of structural calculations

Designing of reinforcements based on the results of the calculations
Preparation of reinforcement schedule for beams, columns and footings.
Preparation of calculation report

1.2 Methodology

The following flowchart shows the general procedure in carrying out the structural FEED of the
proposed building:

Major steps based on above flowchart are briefly discussed in the succeeding sections.

1.3 Data Collection

Prior to preparation of structural framing plans and establishing design criteria for the structural
calculations, the following information shall be obtained:

Architectural drawings
Geotechnical investigation information
Special loading requirements, if any

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The following BS codes will also be adopted in the structural FEED:

BS Code Title Year
BS 8110-1 Structural Use of Concrete - Code of Practice 1997 with 2002
for Design and Construction Amendments
BS 8004 Code of Practice for Design of Foundation 1986
BS 6399-1 Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed 1996 with 2002
Loads Amendments
BS 6399-2 Code of Practice for Wind Loads 1997 with 2002
Amendments
BS 6399-3 Code of Practice for Imposed Roof Loads 1988 with 1997
Amendments
BS 5328: Part 1 Guide to Specifying Concrete 1990

1.4 Establish Design Criteria

Upon collection of required information, parameters for carrying out the analysis and design shall
be established. The following table presents the initial criteria to be considered based on relevant BS
Codes.

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Seq Parameter Value Unit BS Code/Reference

No.
Loads
1 Seismic load coefficient 0.2 - Seismic Zoning Map of Nigeria (source: WHO)
2 Wind speed 45 m/sec BS 6399: Part 2
3 Ultimate Limit State load combination - BS 8110: Part 1 (Section 2.4.3.1)
(for designing reinforcements)
Strength of Materials
4 Concrete strength, fc
Structures above ground (C25) 25 N/mm2 BS 8110: Part 1 (Section 3.1.7.2)
Lean concrete (blinding) (C20) 20 N/mm 2
BS 5328: Part 1 (Table 6)
5 Reinforcing steel yield strength, fy 460 N/mm2 BS 8110: Part 1 (Table 3.1)
6 Reinforcement type Deformed, Type 2 BS 4449 (Section 9.2)
Durability Requirements
7 Concrete clear cover
Exterior face of building 40 mm BS 8110: Part 1 (Table 3.2)
Interior face of building 20 mm BS 8110: Part 1 (Table 3.3)
Foundation in contact with excavated soil 80 mm BS 8004 (Section 2.4.5)
Minimum Reinforcements
8 For walls (each direction) 0.25% X b X h mm2 BS 8110 (Section 3.9.4.19; fy = 460 N/mm2)
9 For beams and slabs (flexural reinforcement) 0.13% X b X h mm2 BS 8110 (Table 3.25; for fy = 460 N/mm2 )
10 For columns (compression reinforcement) 0.4% b X h mm2 BS 8110 (Table 3.25; for fy = 460 N/mm2 )
Precast Concrete Piles
11 Concrete compressive strength, fc 40 N/mm2 BS 8004 (Section 7.4.2.3.1-Table 12

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12 Yield strength of reinforcement, fy 460 N/mm2 BS 8004 (Section 7.4.2.3.2)

13 Safety factor 2.5 BS 8004 (Section 7.3.8)
14 Embedment of pile to pile cap 80 mm BS 8004 (Section 7.4.2.6)
15 Maximum spacing between square piles 4 X Sides mm BS 8004 (Section 7.3.4.2)
16 Minimum distance of pile from edge of pile cap (4/3) X Side + 75 mm mm Pile Design and Construction Practice, 5th Edition by Tomlinson and Woodward (Figure 7.13)
17 Recommended pile length varies mm Pile Design and Construction Practice, 5th Edition by Tomlinson and Woodward (Table 2.3)

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1.5 Generate Structural Model

Considering the architectural requirements for the buildings, structural framing plans will be
prepared. Based on these, structural model will be generated using the STAAD software, which is
also utilized to analyze and design virtually any type of structure through its flexible modelling
environment, advanced features and fluent data collaboration.

Support conditions will also be inputted in the model, based on the geotechnical investigation
information. Moreover, criteria for performing the analysis (loadings and material properties) will
be based on the parameters established as discussed in Section 1.4 above.

1.6 Model Animation

After the model of the structure has been completely generated, STAADs animation facility will be
utilized to verify correctness of the model and the parameters inputted.

If behavior of the model animation is as expected, structural analysis will then proceed.

1.7 Analysis and Design Results

Results of the analysis will include governing stresses, which will be considered in checking the
adequacy of the defined sizes of a certain component (slab, beam, column, etc.). Consequently,
STAAD facility will also be utilized in executing the design of reinforcements and structural steel.

1.8 Structural Detailing

Based on the design results, concrete and reinforcement schedule for beams, columns and beams
will be provided.

Set of sketches will include the following:

General structural notes

Typical details
Framing plans
Schedule of slabs, beams, columns and footings