HAZARDOUSAREAS

TECHNICALGUIDE

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Warom Group, set up in 1987, lead the way in explosionproof technology in China and operate internationally.

Withourwiderangeofproductscoveringexplosionprooflightfittings,pushbuttons,switches,junctionboxes,plug

and sockets, board panels, etc., we are the manufacturer to offer different explosionproof (corrosionproof,

dustproof&waterproof)productsandOEMservicetomeetdifferentrequirementsanddemand.

Ourkeyaccountsaretheoilandgasindustry,inadditiontothechemicalandpharmaceuticalindustry.However,

wealsoservecustomersinthefoodindustry,themilitaryindustry,theaerospaceindustry,theshipbuildingsector

andthebiofuelindustrywhoalsoneedtouseexplosionproofproducts.

ThestandardsofWaromproductsareinlinewithIEC(InternationalElectricalCommission)andEN(EuropeanNorm)

standards which are similar to American standards (NEC) and are approved by IEC EX and ATEX (PTB, LCIE &

NEMKO). We focus on improving products and process through an ongoing commitment to research and
developmentandmakingmoreproductsIECEXandATEXapproved.

Warom products are used by major oil and gas companies like Sinopec, CNOOC, CNPC, SEI, etc. in China and by

someinternationalcompanieslikeAramco,BP,Total,Shell,Basf,ExxonMobil,ENOC,NIOC,etc.intheworld.Our
sales network among over 40 countries can ensure you fullcoverage sales service and international project

handling.

Winningreputationhomeandabroad,ourobjectiveistoprovidestateoftheartqualityproductsandservicesto
clients and make Warom globally renowned as one of the best supplier of explosionproof products and

technology.

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WAROMGROUP
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................................06

DIRECTIVES,STANDARDSANDREGULATIONS.........................................................................................................08
2.1ECdirectives...............................................................................................................................................................08
2.1.1Directive94/9/ECATEX95...................................................................................................................................08
2.1.2Directive1999/92/ECATEX137...........................................................................................................................12
2.2NorthAmerica............................................................................................................................................................12
2.3InternationalIECExscheme........................................................................................................................................13
2.3.1IECExschemeobjective..........................................................................................................................................13
2.3.2IECExinternationalcertificationscheme................................................................................................................13
2.3.3Schemeparticipationlevels....................................................................................................................................13
2.3.4Howthesystemwillworkduringtransition............................................................................................................14
2.3.5Complyingwithadditionalrequirements................................................................................................................14

BASICPRINCIPLESOFEXPLOSIVEATMOSPHERES.....................................................................................................15
3.1Explosiveatmosphere................................................................................................................................................15
3.2Ignitionsources.........................................................................................................................................................15
3.3Thehazardtriangle....................................................................................................................................................15

GASESANDVAPOURS............................................................................................................................................16
4.1Characteristicsofgasesandvapours........................................................................................................................16
4.1.1Principles................................................................................................................................................................16
4.1.2Temperatureclassification.....................................................................................................................................17
4.2Areaclassification......................................................................................................................................................18
4.2.1General....................................................................................................................................................................18
4.2.2Definitionofzones..................................................................................................................................................18
4.2.3Gradesofrelease,extentofzones,ventilation......................................................................................................19
4.3Gasexplosionprotectionconceptsforelectricalequipment....................................................................................21
4.3.1Zonesofuse...........................................................................................................................................................21
4.3.2Protectionconcepts................................................................................................................................................21
4.4Installations...............................................................................................................................................................32
4.4.1Selectionofelectricalapparatus............................................................................................................................32
4.4.2Protectionagainstdangerousincendivesparking...................................................................................................32
4.4.3Electricalprotection................................................................................................................................................33
4.4.4Wiringsystems.......................................................................................................................................................33
4.4.5Additionalrequirementsforflameproofenclosures'd'........................................................................................33
4.4.6Additionalrequirementsforincreasedsafety'e'...................................................................................................34
4.5Inspectionandmaintenance......................................................................................................................................35
4.5.1Generalrequirements.............................................................................................................................................35
4.5.2Inspections.............................................................................................................................................................36
4.5.3Regularperiodicinspections...................................................................................................................................36
4.5.4Continuoussupervisionbyskilledpersonnel.........................................................................................................37
4.5.5Maintenance..........................................................................................................................................................37
4.5.6Repair.....................................................................................................................................................................37

COMBUSTIBLEDUSTS.............................................................................................................................................38
5.1Definitionsanddustcharacteristics..........................................................................................................................38
5.1.1General....................................................................................................................................................................38
5.1.2Directivesandstandardsrelevanttodust..............................................................................................................38
5.1.3Dustdefinitions......................................................................................................................................................39
5.1.4Dustcharacteristics.................................................................................................................................................39
5.2Areaclassification......................................................................................................................................................40
5.2.1Definitionsofzones.................................................................................................................................................40
5.2.2Gradesofrelease,extentofzones,housekeeping..................................................................................................41
5.3Dustexplosionprotectionmeasures.........................................................................................................................42
5.3.1Protectivesystems..................................................................................................................................................42
5.3.2Protectionbyenclosure'tD'....................................................................................................................................43
5.3.3Protectionbypressurisation'pD'...........................................................................................................................44

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5.3.4Protectionbyencapsulation'mD'..........................................................................................................................44
5.3.5Protectionbyintrinsicsafety'iD'.............................................................................................................................44
5.3.6Otherprotectionconcepts......................................................................................................................................44
5.3.7Selectionofapparatus............................................................................................................................................44
5.4Installations...............................................................................................................................................................45
5.4.1Typesofcable........................................................................................................................................................46
5.4.2Cableinstallation...................................................................................................................................................46
5.4.3Cableentrydevices.................................................................................................................................................46
5.5.Inspectionandmaintenance.....................................................................................................................................46
5.5.1Inspection...............................................................................................................................................................46
5.5.2Maintenance..........................................................................................................................................................46
5.5.3Repair.....................................................................................................................................................................46

EXPLOSIONPROTECTIONINNORTHAMERICA.........................................................................................................47
6.1RegulationsinNorthAmerica....................................................................................................................................47
6.2Hazardous(classified)locations.................................................................................................................................47
6.2.1Classificationoflocations........................................................................................................................................47
6.2.2Materialgroups......................................................................................................................................................48
6.2.3Temperatureclassification.....................................................................................................................................48
6.2.4Protectiontechniques............................................................................................................................................49
6.2.5Marking..................................................................................................................................................................49
6.3ClassI,zone0,1and2locations...............................................................................................................................50
6.3.1Classificationoflocations........................................................................................................................................50
6.3.2Materialgroups......................................................................................................................................................50
6.3.3Temperatureclassification.....................................................................................................................................50
6.3.4Protectiontechniques............................................................................................................................................50
6.3.5Marking..................................................................................................................................................................51
6.3.6MarkingsforIECbasedzonecertification..............................................................................................................52

APPENDICES...........................................................................................................................................................53
I.Definitionsandabbreviations......................................................................................................................................54
II.ECDeclarationofConformity......................................................................................................................................56
III.Ingressandimpactprotectionforenclosures............................................................................................................57
IV.Terminalcontentusingthe'Definedarrangementmethod'.....................................................................................58
V.Glandselection...........................................................................................................................................................60
VI.Genericpermittowork..............................................................................................................................................61
VII.Inspectionschedulesforgasatmospheres................................................................................................................62
VII.1Ex'd',Ex'e'andEx'n'.................................................................................................................................................62
VII.2Ex'i'...........................................................................................................................................................................63
VII.3Ex'p'.........................................................................................................................................................................64
VIII.Inspectionscheduleforcombustibledusts...............................................................................................................65
IX.UL/NEMAtypedesignationsforenclosures................................................................................................................66
X.ExplosionprotectionmethodsaccordingtoNEC........................................................................................................67
XI.HarmonisedstandardsforATEX95.............................................................................................................................68
XII.ConstructionregulationsforNorthAmerica.............................................................................................................69
XIII.Certifications............................................................................................................................................................70

Thedatawascompiledandverifiedwithduecareinkeepingwiththelateststandardsandregulations.Theprevailing
standardsandstatutoryrequirementsarebinding.Noliabilitywillbeassumedforanydamagesthatmayarisefrom
theuseofthisdata.

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SECTION1
INTRODUCTION

WAROMistheleadingmanufacturerofexplosionproofproducts.Wedevelop,produce andsellawidespectrumof
productsincludinglightingfixture,junctionbox,cablegland,panel,switch,controlstation,plugandsocket,etc.

TheWAROMGROUPisstronglyrepresentedworldwidewithmanufacturingsites,salescompaniesand
representativesin40countriesallovertheworld.

AlthoughinChina,weofferproductsdesignedandmanufacturedtotheEuropeanstandardsforElectrical Apparatus
forPotentiallyExplosiveAtmospheres,thenewATEXdirective,alreadyinusesince1996andmandatory throughout
EUcountriessinceJuly2003.

WAROMoffersthecomprehensiverangeofATEXcertifiedlightingfixturesandelectricalapparatus.

Thispublicationprovidesabriefoverviewoftheessentialaspectsofexplosionprotection.Ultimately,safetyina
potentiallyexplosiveatmosphereisateameffort.Manufacturershavearesponsibilitytoensureonlysafeequipment
isplacedonthemarket.Installersmustfollowtheinstructionsprovidedandusetheequipmentonlyforitsintended
purpose.Finally,theuserhasadutytoinspectandmaintaintheequipmentinasafeworkingorder.Thedirectives,
andnationalandinternationalstandardsprovideabasisforasaferfuture.

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SECTION2
DIRECTIVES,STANDARDSANDREGULATIONS

2.1ECdirectives

Freemovementofgoodsisacornerstoneofthesinglemarket.Themechanismsinplacetoachievethisaimare based
onpreventionofnewbarrierstotrade,mutualrecognitionandtechnicalharmonisation.

The'old'directivewasrestrictedtoelectricalequipmentforhazardousareas,andwasstrictlybasedontechnical
standardsregulatedbytestauthorities.Whentechnicalprogressallowedfornewproductdevelopment,thelack of
standardsmadeitbasicallyimpossibletoobtaincertification.

The'newapproach'directivesarebasedonthefollowingprinciples:

HarmonisationislimitedtoEssentialHealthandSafetyRequirements(EHSR)
OnlyproductsfulfillingtheEHSRmaybeplacedonthemarketandputintoservice
Harmonisedstandardswhicharetransposedintonationalstandards,arepresumedto conformtothe
correspondingEHSR
Applicationofharmonisedstandardsorothertechnicalspecificationsremainsvoluntary, andmanufacturersare
freetochooseanytechnicalsolutionthatcomplieswiththeEHSR
Manufacturersmaychoosebetweendifferentconformityassessmentsproceduresprovidedforin theapplicable
directive

EquipmentthatcomplieswiththenewdirectivesmaycarrytheCEmark.Thetwodirectivesconcernedwith
hazardous areasarecalledtheATEX95andATEX137.ATEXisanabbreviationfromtheFrenchAtmosphres
Explosibles.

2.1.1Directive94/9/ECATEX95

2.1.1.1Scopeandgeneraldefinitions

ATEX95,formerlyknownasATEX100a,isaimedatmanufacturers.Itappliestoequipmentandprotectivedevices
intendedforuseinpotentiallyexplosiveatmospheres.Safetyandcontrollingdevicesforuseoutsidethehazardous
areabutessentialforthesafeoperatingofequipmentinsideitarealsocovered.Thedirectiveappliestoelectrical
aswellasmechanicalequipmentandappliestogases,vapoursanddustatmospheres.Complianceiscompulsory
since1July2003.IntheUK,ATEX95isimplementedthroughStatutoryInstrument192.InGermany,the
implementation isthroughthenewExVO.

'Equipment'meansmachines,apparatus,fixedormobiledevices,controlcomponentsandinstrumentationthereof,
anddetectionorpreventionsystemswhich,separatelyorjointly,areintendedforthegeneration,transfer,storage,
measurement,controlandconversionofenergyfortheprocessingofmaterial,andwhicharecapableofcausing
anexplosionthroughtheirownpotentialsourcesofignition.

'Protectivesystems'meansdesignunitswhichareintendedtohaltincipientexplosionsimmediately,and/orto
limittheeffectiverangeofexplosionflamesandexplosionpressures.Protectivesystemsmaybeintegratedinto
equipmentorseparatelyplacedonthemarketforuseasautonomoussystems.

'Components'meansanyitemessentialtothesafefunctioningofequipmentandprotectivesystemsbutwithno
autonomousfunction.

'Safetydevices,controllingdevicesandregulatingdevices'meansdevicesintendedforuseoutsidepotentially
explosiveatmospheresbutrequiredfororcontributingtothesafefunctioningofequipmentandprotectivesystems
withrespecttotherisksofexplosion.

'Assembly'meansacombinationoftwoormorepiecesofequipment,togetherwithcomponentsifnecessary,
placedonthemarketand/orputintoserviceasasinglefunctionalunit.Assembliescanbeplacedonthemarket
indifferentways.

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Assemblieswithafullyspecifiedconfigurationofpartsareputtogetherandplacedonthemarketasa
singlefunctionalunitbythemanufactureroftheassembly.Themanufacturerassumesresponsibilityfor
compliancewiththedirectiveandmustthereforeprovideclearinstructionsforassembly,installation,
operationandmaintenance,etc.
Assembliesformingamodularsystem.Inthiscase,theassemblyisnotnecessarilycompletedbythe
manufactureroftheproductandplacedonthemarketasasinglefunctionalunit.However,the
user/installerselectsandcombinesthepartsfromamanufactureroforiginforagivenrange,themanufacturer
isstillresponsibleforthecomplianceoftheassemblywiththedirective.

'Installation'meansacombinationoftwoormorepiecesofequipmentwhichwerealreadyplacedonthemarket
independentlybyoneormoremanufacturers.Installingandcombiningtheequipmentontheuserspremisesis
notconsideredmanufacturingandthereforetheresultinginstallationisoutsidethescopeofATEX95butwillbe
subjecttothelegalrequirementsapplicablesuchasATEX137.

Thedirectivedoesnotcoverthefollowingapplications:

Medicaldevicesintendedforuseinamedicalenvironment
Equipmentandprotectivesystemswheretheexplosionhazardresultsexclusivelyfromthepresenceof
explosivesubstancesorunstablechemicalsubstances
Equipmentintendedforuseindomesticandnoncommercialenvironmentswherepotentiallyexplosive
atmospheresmayonlyrarelybecreated,solelyasaresultoftheaccidentalleakageoffuelgas
Personalprotectiveequipmentcoveredbydirective89/686/EEC(1)
Seagoingvesselsandmobileoffshoreunitstogetherwithequipmentonboardsuchvesselsorunits.FPSOs
arenotconsideredmobileoffshoreunits
Meansoftransport,i.e.vehiclesandtheirtrailersintendedsolelyfortransportingpassengersbyairorby
road,railorwaternetworks,aswellasmeansoftransportinsofarassuchmeansaredesignedfortransporting
goodsbyair,bypublicroadorrailnetworksorbywater.Vehiclesintendedforuseinapotentiallyexplosive
atmosphereshallnotbeexcluded.

2.1.1.2Groupsandcategoriesofapparatus

Apparatusaredividedintogroupsandcategories:
GroupIappliestominingoperationsandgroupIIappliestoallotherareas.
GroupIisfurthersubdividedintocategoriesM1andM2.GroupIIissubdividedintocategories1,2and3.
Theequipmentselectionisshowninthetablebelow:

2.1.1.3CEmark

Uptonow,freemovementofgoodsforhazardousareaswasindicatedbythedistinctivecommunitymark.Since
1July2003onlyproductcarryingtheCEmarkmaybeplacedonthemarketandputintoservice.Throughthe
applicationoftheconformityassessmentprocedures,manufacturerscanissueanECDeclarationofConformity,
statingcompliancewiththerelevantdirective(s)andapplytheCEmarkontheirequipment.Thewillstillappear
onthelabel,butitsonlyfunctionistoindicatethattheproductisintendedforuseinpotentiallyexplosive
atmospheresoriscontributingtoitssafety.

Thefigurebelowshowstheconformityassessmentprocedures.

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2.1.1.4Otherdirectivesthatmaybeapplicable

Productsmightbeinthescopeofotherdirectives,andtheCEmarkmighthavetobeappliedevenifATEX95states
itisnotallowed.TheECDeclarationofConformityistheonlywaytofindoutwhichdirectiveshavebeenapplied
toaproduct.

ElectromagneticCompatibility89/336/EEC(EMC)appliestoanyproductinahazardousareathatcouldcause
interferenceorissusceptible.ProductsforuseinhazardousareasareexplicitlyexcludedfromtheLowVoltage
Directive73/23/EEC(LVD)butallLVDobjectiveshavetobecoveredbyATEX95.Thestandardsusedforcompliance
canbelistedonthedeclaration.However,productsthatareusedoutsidethehazardousareabutarecontributing
tothesafetyinsidehavetocomplywithbothdirectives.TheMachineryDirective98/37/ECcontainsonlygeneral
requirementsagainstexplosions.Therefore,ATEX95takesprecedenceregardingexplosionprotectionbutthe
MachineryDirectivehastobeappliedtoallotherrelevantrisksconcerningmachines.

2.1.1.5Marking

Allequipmentandprotectivesystemsmustbemarkedlegiblyandindeliblywiththefollowingminimuminformation:

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Nameandaddressofthemanufacturer
CEmark
Designationofseriesortype
Serialnumber,ifany
Yearofconstruction
Thecommunitymark
ForgroupII,theletter'G'forexplosivegasatmospheresand/ortheletter'D'forexplosivedustatmospheres
Inaddition,otherrelevantsafetyinformationneedstobeadded

2.1.1.6Instructions

Allequipmentandprotectivesystemsmustbeaccompaniedbyinstructions,includingatleastthefollowing
information:

Arecapitulationoftheinformationwithwhichtheequipmentorprotectivesystemismarked,exceptforthe
serialnumber,togetherwithanyappropriateadditionalinformationtofacilitatemaintenance(e.g.address
oftheimporter,repairer,etc.)
Instructionsforsafe:
Puttingintoservice
Use
Assemblinganddismantling
Maintenance(servicingandemergencyrepair)
Installation
Adjustment
Wherenecessary,anindicationofthedangerareasinfrontofpressurereliefdevices
Wherenecessary,traininginstructions
Detailswhichallowadecisiontobetakenbeyondanydoubtastowhetheranitemofequipmentinaspecific
categoryoraprotectivesystemcanbeusedsafelyintheintendedareaundertheexpectedoperating
conditions
Electricalandpressureparameters,maximumsurfacetemperaturesandotherlimitvalues
Wherenecessary,specialconditionsofuse,includingparticularsofpossiblemisusewhichexperiencehas
shownmightoccur
Wherenecessary,theessentialcharacteristicsoftoolswhichmaybefittedtotheequipmentorprotective
System

ThemanufacturerorhisauthorisedrepresentativeestablishedintheCommunitymustdrawuptheinstructions
inoneoftheCommunitylanguages.Onbeingputintoservice,allequipmentandprotectivesystemsmustbe
accompaniedbyatranslationoftheinstructionsinthelanguageorlanguagesofthecountryinwhichtheequipment
orprotectivesystemistobeused,andbytheinstructionsintheoriginallanguage.
Eitherthemanufacturermustmakethistranslation,orhisauthorisedrepresentativeestablishedintheCommunity,
orthepersonintroducingtheequipmentorprotectivesystemintothelanguageareainquestion.

2.1.2 Directive1999/92/ECATEX137

2.1.2.1Scope

ATEX137,previouslyknownasATEX118a,isaimedattheemployers,andrequiresthemtoprotectworkersfrom
therisksofexplosiveatmospheres.Thedirectivedoesnotapplyto:

Areasuseddirectlyforandduringthemedicaltreatmentofpatients
Theuseofappliancesburninggaseousfuelsinaccordancewithdirective90/396/EEC
Themanufacture,handling,use,storageandtransportationofexplosivesorchemicallyunstablesubstances
Mineralextractingactivitiesatmines,quarriesandoffshoreinstallations(directives92/91/EECand92/104/EEC)
Theuseofmeansoftransportbyland,waterandair,towhichthepertinentprovisionsoftheinternational
agreements(e.g.ADNR,ADR,ICAO,IMO,RID),andtheCommunitydirectivesgivingeffecttothoseagreements,
apply.Meansoftransportintendedforuseinapotentiallyexplosiveatmosphereshallnotbeexcluded.

2.1.2.2Requirements

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Since30June2003,placeswithpotentiallyexplosiveatmospheresmustbe:

Classifiedintozones
Zones0,1and2forgasesandvapours.Zones20,21and22fordusts.
EquipmentselectedinaccordancewithATEX95
Markedwithan'EX'sign,wherenecessary
Inworkplaceswheresafetyrestrictionsapplythroughoutthesite,e.g.refineries,thesignmightbeapplied
attheentranceofthesite.Individualsignsaroundthepotentialexplosiveatmosphereswouldnotberequired.
Verifiedbyacompetentpersonbeforefirsttimeuse
Safetymeasuresmustbecoordinatedinsharedworkplaces
Usuallyitistheemployerthatcreatesthepotentialexplosiveatmospherethatisresponsibleforthe coordination
Provideinformation,instructionsandtrainingtotheemployees

IntheUK,ATEX137isimplementedthroughthe'DangerousSubstancesandExplosiveAtmospheresRegulations'
(DSEAR).InGermany,theimplementationisthroughthenewElexV.Existingequipmentthatisinusebefore30June
2003 withariskassessmentthatindicatesthattheyaresafeforuseinahazardousarea,cancontinuetobeused.
Workplaces inusebefore30June2003haveuntil30June2006toimplementtheminimumrequirementsofATEX
137. Anymodificationsandchangestoexistingworkplacesafter30June2003mustcomplyimmediately.

2.1.2.3Selectionofequipmentandprotectivesystems

Iftheexplosionprotectiondocumentbasedonariskassessmentdoesnotstateotherwise,equipmentandprotective
systemsforallplacesinwhichexplosiveatmospheresmayoccurmustbeselectedonthebasisofthecategoriesset
outinATEX95.Thefollowingcategoriesofequipmentmustbeusedinthezonesindicated,providedtheyaresuitable
forgases,vapoursormistsand/ordustsasappropriate:

Zone0orzone20usecategory1equipment
Zone1orzone21usecategory1or2equipment
Zone2orzone22usecategory1,2or3equipment

NorthAmerica

InNorthAmerica,CanadahasadoptedtheIECStandardsforExplosionProtectionofelectricalapparatusand,given
themauniqueCSAidentity.TheUSAhasalsoadoptedthezoneclassificationconcept,andnewstandardshavebeen
publishedbasedonIEC,butnotexactlythesame.ThepublicationofthenewNationalElectricalCode(NEC)2002
has incorporatedmoredetailregardingzoneclassification.Itwillhelpusersselecttherightequipmentandoffersan
alternativetodivisions.
TheprotectionconceptsintheUSAarediscussedinmoredetailinsection6.

2.3InternationalIECExscheme

2.3.1IECExschemeobjective

TheobjectiveoftheIECExschemeistofacilitateinternationaltradeinelectricalequipmentintendedforusein
explosive atmospheres(Exequipment):

Reducedtestingandcertificationcoststomanufacturer
Reducedtimetomarket
Internationalconfidenceintheproductassessmentprocess
Oneinternationaldatabaselisting

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2.3.2IECExinternationalcertificationscheme

TheaimoftheIECExschemeistofacilitateinternationaltradeinelectricalequipmentintendedforuseinexplosive
atmospheres(Exequipment)byeliminatingtheneedformultiplenationalcertificationswhilepreservingan
appropriate levelofsafety.
TheIECExschemeprovidesthemeansformanufacturersofExequipmenttoobtaincertificatesofconformitythatwill
beacceptedatnationallevelinallparticipatingcountries.Acertificateofconformitymaybeobtainedfromany
certification bodyacceptedintothescheme.Thecertificatewillattestthattheequipmentdesignconformstothe
relevantIEC standardsandthattheproductismanufacturedunderaqualityplanassessedbyanACB(accepted
certificationbody). ManufacturersholdingcertificatesofconformitymayaffixtheIECExMarkofConformityto
equipmentthattheyhave verifiedascomplyingwiththecertifieddesign.
FortheIECExschemetoachieveitslongtermobjective,everynationalstandardforwhichapplicationismadeby
participatingcountrieswillneedtobeidenticaltothecorrespondingIECstandard,andtheIECExCertificatesof
Conformity issuedbyallacceptedcertificationbodieswillneedtoberecognisedinallparticipatingcountriesas
equivalenttotheir ownnationalcertification.
ForcountrieswhosenationalstandardsarenotyetidenticaltotheIECstandards,atransitionalperiodwillbe
necessary.
Thetransitionalperiod,whichcouldbedifferentfordifferentstandards,istoallowtimefor:

TheIECstandardsandthenationalstandardstobemadeidentical,and
NationalacceptanceofIECExCertificatesofConformityandtheIECExMarkofConformity.

AcceptedcertificationbodiesinparticipatingcountriesduringthetransitionalperiodwillberequiredtoacceptIECEx
assessmentandtestreportsproducedbyotheracceptedcertificationbodiesforthepurposeofissuingtheirown
national certification,whichmayincludenationaldifferences.
ThefinalobjectiveoftheIECExschemeisworldwideacceptanceof:

Onestandard
Onecertificate
Onemark

2.3.3Schemeparticipationlevels

Theschemeprovidesfortwolevelsofparticipation:

Fullparticipation
Participationatatransitionallevel

2.3.3.1Fullparticipation

ParticipationatthislevelprovidesfortheissuingofanIECExCertificateofConformityaswellasalicencetousethe
IECExmark.AnIECCertificateofConformitycanonlybeissuedagainstanIECstandard.ThereforeIECExCertificates
ofConformitycannotcovernationaldifferences.Inthiscontextnationaldifferencesarethedifferencesordeviations
betweenanationalandanIECstandard.

Toensureintegrityandequityintheschemearemaintained,strictobligationsonacountry'sparticipationatthis
level arepartoftherules,i.e.:

ThecorrespondingnationalstandardmustbeidenticaltotheIECstandardforwhichparticipationissoughtand
TheIECExCertificateofConformitymustbegivenequaltreatmenttothecountry'snationalcertification.

2.3.3.2Participationatatransitionallevel

Rightnow,therangeofdifferingnationalExstandardsmeansthatlargescaleparticipationatthefulllevelissome
time away.
Tocaterfortodaysneeds,thereisprovisionforparticipationatanintermediateortransitionallevelforthose
countries:

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WhosenationalstandardsarenotyetidenticaltoIECstandardsor
WhichdonotyetacceptIECExCertificatesofConformityasequaltotheirownnationalcertification.

ParticipationatthetransitionallevelprovidesforthemutualacceptanceofATRs(assessmentandtestreport)forthe
purposeofissuingnationalcertification.Whilenationaldifferencesexist,theindividualcountriesmayrequire
additional 'topup'testingunlessthedifferencesarealreadycoveredintheATR.

2.3.4Howthesystemwillworkduringtransition

ThebasicsofthesystemareinplaceandATRshavealreadybeenissued.Thefollowingcountriesarecurrently
participatinginthescheme:

Australia,Canada,China,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Hungary,Italy,Korea,Netherlands,Norway,New
Zealand, Romania,Russia,Slovenia,SouthAfrica,Sweden,Switzerland,UK,USAandYugoslavia.

Thecertificationprocessisclarifiedwithanexample.AnExejunctionboxismanufacturedintheUKanddestinedfor
useinoilrefineries.ThemanufacturersendsthejunctionboxtoanExTL(Extestinglaboratory)intheUK,whichtests
itforconformitytoIECstandardsandpossiblenationaldeviations.Followingasuccessfultest,theACBissuesanIECEx
ATR.BoththeExTLandACBcanbeoneandthesameorganisation.WishingtosellthejunctionboxinCanadaandin
China,theUKmanufacturersendstheseIECExdocumentstoaCanadianandaChinesecertificationbodyintheIECEx
scheme.ProvidedthenationaldifferencesarecoveredintheATR,theCanadianandChinesebodieswilleachissuea
certificatewithoutretestingtheequipmentbecausetheyrecognisetheUKlaboratoryasamemberoftheIECEx
scheme andhavefullconfidenceinthetestingandassessmentthathasalreadybeendone.TheUKmanufacturer
maynowaffix thenationalmarkofconformityoftheCanadianandChinesebodiestothejunctionbox,andisfreeto
exportittoboth CanadaandChina.
SomecertificationbodiesmayrequireafactoryinspectioninadditiontotheATR.Inresponsetothisindustryneed,
the IECExhasintroducedaqualityassessmentreport.Inourexample,thiswillmeanthattheUKtestingand
certification bodywillbeabletoconductbothproducttestingandassessment,aswellasthefactoryinspection
acceptabletothe bodiesinbothCanadaandChina.

2.3.5Complyingwithadditionalrequirements

Thenationalcertificationauthoritieswillcontinuetoberesponsibleforrequirementsotherthanexplosionprotection,
i.e.EMC,machinery,generalelectricalsafety,etc.
Also,theIECExschemedoesnotcovertheinstallationandmaintenancerequirementsinthedifferentcountries.
Neither doesitmeanthatthedivisionclassificationsystemwillhavetobeeliminatedintheUSA.Thetwosystems
willcoexist fortheforeseeablefuture,togetherwiththeirspecificinstallationandproductrequirements.IntheEC,
onlyATEXcertified equipmentcouldbeinstalledsince1July2003.Therefore,productsimportedinEuropeviathe
IECExscheme wouldhavetocomplywiththeEHSRinaccordancewithdirective94/9/EC.

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SECTION3
BASICPRINCIPLESOFEXPLOSIVEATMOSPHERES

3.1 Explosiveatmosphere

An'explosiveatmosphere'isamixturewithair,underatmosphericconditions,offlammablesubstancesintheform
of gases,vapours,mistsordustsinwhich,afterignitionhasoccurred,combustionspreadstotheentireunburned
mixture. TheATEXdirectivedoesnotdefineatmosphericconditions,butnormallyatemperaturerangeof20oCto
+60oCanda pressurerangeofbetween0.8and1.1barisaccepted.Itshouldbenotedthatelectricalproductsare
usuallydesigned andtestedforuseinanambienttemperaturerangeof20oCto+40oCinconformitywithEN
50014.

3.2Ignitionsources

Thefollowingignitionsourcesareexamplesthatcancauseanexplosionintherightcircumstances:

Electricarcsandspark
Flames
Hotsurfaces
Electrostaticsparks
Thermitesparks
Mechanicalfriction
Mechanicalsparksproducedbygrinding
Smoulderingdeposits
Compressionignition
Electromagneticradiation
Chemicalreactions
Ultrasonics

Themechanicalignitionsourcesandtheirprotectionconceptsarenotconsideredinthisguide.

3.3Thehazardtriangle

Thehazardtriangleisusedtounderstandthethreebasicconditionsthatmustbesatisfiedtocreateafireor
explosion.

1.Fuelmustbepresentinsufficientquantityandconcentration.Thiscouldbeaflammableliquid,vapouror
combustibledust.
2.Supplyofoxygen.Asweareconsideringanexplosiveatmosphereatatmosphericconditions,thesurrounding
aircontainsabout20%oxygen.
3.Anignitionsource.

Successfullysuppressingorseparatingoneormoreofthesethreecomponentscanavoidafireorexplosion.Wewill
belookingatanumberofprotectionconceptsforgasesandvapoursaswellasdustatmospheres,allofwhichuse
thesesimpleprinciples.

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SECTION4
GASESANDVAPOURS

4.1Characteristicsofgasesandvapours

4.1.1Principles

Electricalapparatusforuseinflammablegasesandvapoursaredividedintogroups:
GroupIisforelectricalormechanicalapparatusforminessusceptibletofiredamp.GroupIequipmentwillnotbe
discussedinthisguide.
GroupIIisforelectricalandmechanicalapparatususedinplacesotherthanmines.
GasesofgroupIIarefurtherdividedintosubdivisions,i.e.IIA,IIBandIIC.Thesubdivisionsarebasedonexperimental
workconductedwithflameproofandintrinsicallysafeapparatus. Thegasesarecategorisedbyone(orboth)oftwo
methods.ForflameproofenclosuresitisbasedontheMaximum ExperimentalSafeGap(MESG)andforintrinsically
safeapparatusitisbasedontheMinimumIgnitionCurrent(MIC).

MaximumExperimentalSafeGap(MESG)
Thegasinsidethetestchamberisignited.Agapexistsbetweenthecoverandthechamberwithagaplengthof25
mm. Thehotburninggasisnowforcedthroughthenarrowgap.Iftheescapinggasignitesthesurroundinggas,the
testwill havetoberepeatedwithasmallergap.Thegap,whichpreventstheignitionofthesurroundinggas,isthe
MESG.

MinimumIgnitionCurrent(MIC)
Inordertoigniteagasorvapour,asparkneedsacertainamountofenergy.The intrinsicallysafequalityofacircuitis
basedonthefactthattheenergyavailable inthecircuitisinsufficienttoignitethegas.Thenecessaryminimum
energy contentisaspecificcharacteristicofflammablegasesandvapours.Thegases aresubsequentlyclassifiedwith
aratiorelativetothatofmethane(MIC=85mA).

Explosivelimits
Basically,allgasesandvapoursrequireoxygentomakethemflammable.Too muchortoolittleoxygenandthe
mixturewillnotignite.Theonlyexceptionisacetylene,whichdoesnotrequireoxygentoignite.Theupperandlower
concentration isknownasthe'explosivelimit'.
LowerExplosiveLimit(LEL):theconcentrationofgasinair,belowwhichthegas atmosphereisnotexplosive.
UpperExplosiveLimit(UEL):theconcentrationofgasinair,abovewhichthegas atmosphereisnotexplosive.

Ignitionenergy

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ThisisthesparkenergyinJoules,requiredtoignitethegases.
Theignitionenergyofsometypicalgasesis:

Flashpointsarenormallyassociatedwithliquids,butafewmaterialsgiveoffvapourswhenstillinthesolidstate.The
flashpointofaflammablesubstanceistheminimumtemperatureatwhichthematerialgivesoffvapoursina
quantitysuch thatitiscapableofforminganignitablevapour/airmixture.

Vapourdensityofagasisgivenrelativetothatofair.Manygasesarelighterthanair.Anyvapourreleasewillriseand
dilute rapidly.Whenindoors,thesegaseswillcollectintheroofspace.Wheregasesareheavierthanair,theywillfall
tothelowest pointandfillsumps,trenchesorhollowsintheground.Thesegasescanremaintherelongafterthe
releasehasbeenstopped andcontinuetoposeadanger.

4.1.2Temperatureclassification
Themaximumsurfacetemperatureofelectricalormechanicalapparatusmustalwaysbelowerthantheignition
temperature ofthesurroundinggasesorvapoursmixedwithairatnormalpressure.Theignitiontemperatureofa
flammablesubstance istheminimumtemperatureatwhichthematerialwilligniteandsustaincombustion.Thisis
alsoknownasthe'autoignition temperature'.Theignitiontemperatureofdifferentgasesvariesconsiderably.A
mixtureofairwithhydrogenwilligniteat 560oCbutamixtureofairwithgasolinewilligniteat280oC.

Tohelpmanufacturersdesigntheirequipment,apparatusaregivenatemperatureclassificationconsistingof6
temperatures rangingfrom85oC(T6)to450oC(T1).The6'T'classesaregivenintablebelow:

Apparatuswillbemarkedaccordingtothemaximumsurfacetemperatureofanyrelevantpartthatmightbein
contactwith theflammablegas.For'flameproof'and'pressurised'equipment,themaximumsurfacetemperatureis
ontheoutsideofthe enclosure,whereasfor'Increasedsafety'thehottestpointisinside.Thetemperature
classificationforgroupIIelectrical apparatuswillbeeither:

Tclassasgivenintableabove
Actualmaximumsurfacetemperature
Specificgasforwhichitisdesigned

Apparatussuitablefor,e.g.T3temperatureclasscanalsobeusedinT1andT2.
Electricalapparatusshallnormallybedesignedforuseinanambienttemperatureof20oCand+40oC.When
designedforuseinadifferentrange,theambienttemperaturemustbestatedbythemanufacturerandspecifiedin
thecertificate.The markingmustincludeeitherthespecialtemperaturerange,e.g.35oCTa+55oC,ortheletter
'X'afterthecertificatenumber. Thetablebelowgivestheclassificationofsomegasesinexplosiongroupsand
temperatureclasses.

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2.Areaclassification

2.1General

Installationsinwhichflammablematerialsaremanufactured,handledorstoredshouldbedesigned,operatedand
maintainedsothatanyreleasesofflammablematerialandtheextentofhazardousareasarekepttoaminimum.In
situationswheretheremaybeanexplosivegasatmosphere,thefollowingstepsshouldbetaken:

Eliminatethelikelihoodofanexplosivegasatmosphereoccurringaroundthesourceofignition;or
Eliminatethesourceofignition

Wherethisisnotpossible,protectivemeasures,processequipment,systemsandproceduresshouldbeselectedso
thelikelihoodofbothbeingpresentatthesametimeisacceptablysmall.Inthefirstinstance,itispreferableto
eliminate thepresenceofaflammableatmosphere.
Thisispossibleby:

Substitutingwithanonflammablesubstance;or
Raisingtheflashpointabovetheprocesstemperature,e.g.byaddingwater
Loweringtheprocesstemperature,e.g.cooling
LimitingtheconcentrationbelowtheLEL,e.g.dilution/ventilationorinerting
Explosionproofdesign(containment)

Inpractice,however,itisverydifficulttoensurethatanexplosivegasatmospherewillneveroccur.Inthiscase,
apparatus withspecialprotectivemeasuresshouldbeused.

2.2Definitionsofzones

2.2.1Zone0

Aplaceinwhichanexplosiveatmosphereispresentcontinuously,forlongperiodsorfrequently.

2.2.2Zone1

Aplaceinwhichanexplosiveatmosphereislikelytooccurinnormaloperation,occasionally.

2.2.3Zone2

Aplaceinwhichanexplosiveatmosphereisnotlikelytooccurinnormaloperationbut,ifitdoesoccur,willpersistfor
ashortperiodonly.
2.2.4Zoneidentification

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4.2.3Gradesofrelease,extentofzones,ventilation

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4.2.3.1Gradesofrelease

Thebasicelementsforestablishingthehazardouszonetypesaretheidentificationofthesourceofreleaseandthe
determinationofthegradeofrelease.Eachitemofprocessequipment,e.g.tank,pump,pipeline,vessel,etc.,should
beconsideredasapotentialsourceofrelease.Items,whichcontainflammablematerialbutcannotreleaseittothe
atmosphere,e.g.allweldedpipelines,arenotconsideredtobesourcesofrelease.
Releasesarecategorisedasfollows:

Continuousgradeofrelease
Areleasewhichiscontinuousorisexpectedtooccurforlongperiods.
Exampleofcontinuousgradeofrelease:

Surfaceofaflammableliquidinafixedrooftank
Surfaceofanopenreservoir,e.g.oil/waterseparator

Primarygradeofrelease
Areleasewhichcanbeexpectedduringnormaloperation,occasionally.
Exampleofprimarygradeofrelease:

Sealsofpumps,compressorsorvalvesthatareexpectedtoreleaseflammablematerial,particularlyduring
startup
Waterdrainagepointsonvesselswhichcontainflammableliquids
Samplepointsfromwhichanalyticalsamplesaredrawn
Reliefvalves,ventsandotheropeningswhichareexpectedtoreleaseduringnormaloperation

Secondarygradeofrelease
Areleasewhichisnotexpectedtooccurinnormaloperationand,ifitdoesoccur,islikelytodosoforshort
periods.Exampleofsecondarygradeofrelease:

Sealsofpumps,compressorsorvalvesthatarenotexpectedtoreleaseflammablematerialduringnormal
Flanges,connectionsandpipefittingswherereleaseofflammablematerialsisnotexpectedduringnormal
operation
Reliefvalves,ventsandotheropeningswhicharenotexpectedtoreleaseduringnormaloperation

Acontinuousgradeofreleasenormallyleadstoazone0,aprimarygradetozone1andasecondarygrade
tozone2.

4.2.3.2Extentofzone
Quiteanumberoffactorscaninfluencetheextentofthezone.Ifthegasislighterthanair,itrisesonreleaseandcan
becometrappedintheroofspace;orifthegasisheavierthanair,itwillfallandspreadatgroundlevel.Thishasan
impactonthelocationofthesiteisitonahillorinahollow?
Whensourcesofreleaseareinanadjacentarea,themigrationcanbepreventedby:

Physicalbarriers
Staticoverpressureintheareaadjacenttothehazardousarea.
Purgingtheareawithasignificantairflow.

4.2.3.3Ventilation

Gasorvapourreleasedintotheatmospherecanbedilutedbydispersionordiffusionintotheairuntilits
concentration isbelowtheLEL.Suitableventilationratescaninfluencethetypeofzone.
Therearetwotypesofventilationavailable:

Naturalventilation
Artificialventilation,generalorlocal

Naturalventilationiscreatedbythemovementofaircausedbythewindand/orbytemperaturegradients.

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Artificialventilationisprovidedbyartificialmeans,e.g.fansorextractors.Withtheuseofartificialventilation,itis
possibletoachieve:

Reductionintheextentofthezone
Shorteningofthetimeofpersistenceofanexplosiveatmosphere
Preventionofthegenerationofanexplosiveatmosphere

Ventilationisthepreferredoptionforgasturbines,asitpreventstheformationofanexplosiveatmosphere.Inorder
that thedilutionventilationensuresanegligibleriskofanexplosiveatmosphereatalltimes,theventilationsystem
hassafety featuressuchas:a100%standbyfan;oranuninterruptiblepowersupplytotheventilationfans;interlocks
sothatthe gasturbinescannotstartwithoutsufficientventilation;plusprovenautomaticisolationoffuelsupplyif
ventilationfails. Theeffectivenessoftheventilationincontrollingthedispersionandpersistenceoftheexplosive
atmospherewilldepend onthedegreeandavailabilityofventilationandthedesignofthesystem.

Thethreedegreesofventilation

Highventilation(VH)
Canreducetheconcentrationatthesourceofreleasevirtuallyinstantaneously,resultinginaconcentrationbelow
theLEL.Azonewillbeverysmall(evennegligible).

Mediumventilation(VM)
Cancontroltheconcentration,resultinginastablesituationinwhichtheconcentrationbeyondthezone boundaryis
belowtheLELduringrelease.Theextentandtypeofthezonedependonthedesignparameters.

Lowventilation(VL)
Cannotcontroltheconcentrationwhilstreleaseisinprogressand/orcannotpreventunduepersistenceofa
flammable atmosphereafterreleasehasstopped.

Availabilityofventilation
Threelevelsofavailabilityofventilationshouldbeconsidered.

Good
Ventilationispresentvirtuallycontinuously.
Naturalventilation,whichisgenerallyobtainedoutdoors,isconsideredtobegoodwhenthewindspeedisgreater
than0.5m/s(approx1.1mileperhour).

Fair
Ventilationisexpectedtobepresentduringnormaloperation.Discontinuitiesarepermitted,providedtheyoccur
infrequentlyandforshortperiods.

Poor
Ventilationwhichdoesnotmeetthestandardoffairorpoor.Discontinuitiesarenotexpectedtooccurforlong
periods.Ventilationwhichislessthanpoorisignored.

Influenceofventilationontypeofzone

4.3Gasexplosionprotectionconceptsforelectricalequipment

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4.3.1Zonesofuse

Since1July2003,equipmentforuseinzone0mustconformtotherequirementsofcategory1inaccordancewith
ATEX95andATEX137.Equipmentforuseinzone1andzone2mustcomplywithcategory2andcategory3
respectively. Severalmethodsmaybeusedtomakeequipmentsafeforuseinanexplosiveatmosphere.

Thefollowingtablegivesanoverviewoftheavailableconceptsandtheirprinciples.

4.3.2Protectionconcepts

4.3.2.1Increasedsafety'e'

Basicprinciples
Increasedsafetyisintendedforproductsinwhicharcsandsparksdonotoccurinnormalorunderfaultconditions.
Thesurfacetemperaturesoftherelevantpartsarecontrolledbelowincendivevalues.Increasedsafetyisachieved
byreducingcurrentratingsandenhancinginsulationvaluesandcreepageandclearancedistancesabove those
requiredfornormalservice.Maximumvoltagefortheprotectionconceptis11kV(d.c.ora.c.r.m.s.).
TheprotectionconceptprovidesahighlevelofsafetyinaccordancewithATEX95,makingitsuitableforcategories
2andM2,gasgroupsIandII.
Typicalproductsarejunctionboxes,luminaries,inductionmotors,transformersandheatingdevices.
Thekeydesignfeaturesforincreasedsafetyare:

Enclosuresmustbeconstructedsuchthattheycanwithstandthemechanicalimpacttestandprovideaspecified
degreeofingressprotection.Nonmetallicmaterialsmustcomplywiththefollowingrequirements:
Thermalendurancetoheat
Thermalendurancetocold
Resistancetolight
Insulationresistance
Thermalindex(TI)
Terminalsmustbegenerouslydimensionedfortheintendedconnectionsandensurethattheconductorsare
securelyfastenedwithoutthepossibilityofselfloosening.
Clearancebetweenbareconductivepartsmustnotbelessthanthevaluesspecifiedfortheratedvoltage.
Creepagedistancesmustnotbelessthanthevaluesspecifiedfortheratedvoltageandthecomparativetracking
index(CTI)oftheinsulatingmaterial.
Electricalinsulatingmaterialsmusthavemechanicalstabilityuptoatleast20Kabovethemaximumservice
temperature.

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Temperaturesofpartsofequipmentmustbelimitedsoasnottoexceedvaluesthatcouldaffectthethermal
stabilityofthematerialandthetemperatureclassificationoftheequipment.

Junctionboxes

ExeenclosuresthatcontainbareconductivepartsrequireaningressprotectionofIP54.Ifonlyinsulatedconductive
partsarefitted,IP44willsuffice.Inpractice,however,usersrequireenclosureswithaningressprotectionofIP65
or66.Enclosuresmaybeprovidedwithdrainholesorventilationopeningstopreventtheaccumulationof
condensation. TheingressprotectionmaybereducedbutnolessthanIP44whenfittedwithbareconductivepartsor
IP24when fittedwithinsulatedconductiveparts.However,breatherdrainsmaintainingIP65or66areavailableon
themarket (seefigureattheendofthepage).

Oneofthemainadvantagesofincreasedsafetyenclosuresistheavailabilityindifferentconstructionmaterialssuch
as,stainless,mildsteel,aluminium,glassfibrereinforcedpolyester,polycarbonate,etc.ExamplesoftypicalExe
enclosuresareshowninthefollowingfigures.

ThebasicrequirementsforExeterminalsareinaccordancewithEN6094771andEN6094772.Forusein
hazardous areas,standardsEN50014andEN50019alsoapply.ExterminalsareclassifiedascomponentsinATEX95,
which meansthattheyarenotCEmarked. Differenttypesofconnectionarenowpossible.TheWeidmllerclamping
yoke,tensionclampandInsulationDisplacement Connection(IDC)clampingsystemprovideprotectionagainst
selfloosening,andthedesignissuch thatstrandedcabledoesnothavetobecrimpedwithferrules.The
crosssectionofthecableandotherconnection dataspecifiedintheselectiontablesareincludedintheECtype
examinationcertificate.Thespecifiedvaluesof thecurrentcarryingcapacityarebasedonanambienttemperatureof
40oC.Atratedcurrent(+10%),thesurface temperatureofthecurrentbaroftheterminalblockismaximum40K.
Themaximumoperatingtemperatureinahazardous areaatmosphereoftheinsulatingmaterialWemidand
Melamine(KRG)is100oC,and80oCforPolyamide(PA).

TerminalblocksforintrinsicallysafecircuitsareconsideredsimpleapparatusthereforeExicertificationisnot
required.SometerminalsareacolourvariantoftheExeterminals,hencetheyareExecertified.Theyarelightblue
inaccordancewiththeindustrystandardforintrinsicsafety.WhencombinedwithnonIScircuits,theterminals
shouldbeseparatedbyatleast50mmorwithapartition.Metalpartitionsmustbeearthed.

AccessoriesthatcanbefittedtotheterminalsarealsolistedontheECtypeexaminationcertificate.Thelatest
standardshavemadeitpossibletousepluggablecrossconnections.WhenusingtheWDU2.5fromWeidmller,it
isevenpossibletofit3rowsofcrossconnectionsinparallel.Userscanfitcrossconnectionsonsite,buthave
tofollowtheinstructionsprovidedbythemanufacturer.Fittingcrossconnectionsmightresultinlowervoltages.

Exejunctionboxeshaveamaximumsurfacetemperaturewhichisnormallyinsidetheenclosure.Thisdefinesthe
temperatureclassificationoftheenclosure.
Thetemperatureisdeterminedbytestinganddependsontwofactors:

Numberofterminalsandwiringinside
Temperatureriseofterminalsandwiringaboveambienttemperature

Normalambienttemperatureis20oCto+40oC.HigherambienttemperaturescouldmeanahigherTclassor
reducing thecurrentthroughtheterminals. Enclosuresareallocatedamaximumdissipatedpowerfigure,whichis
usedtocalculatethenumberofterminals thatcanbefitted.Basedontheratedcurrentandthetotalresistanceof
cableandterminal,theuserormanufacturer calculatesthedissipatedpowerperterminal.Thisfiguremultipliedby
thenumberofterminalsmustalwaysbelower thantheMDPfigureallocatedtotheenclosure.Alternatively,theuser
canbeprovidedwithatableforeachenclosure size,indicatingthemaximumnumberofterminalsorconductors
basedontheratedcurrentandcrosssection,i.e. the'definedarrangementmethod'.Forthesmallercrosssections,
thepowerdissipationdependsonthecablesize, astheresistanceofaqualityterminalisnegligible.Therefore,the
numberinthetableisinfactthenumberofcable pairsthatcanbeconnectedintheenclosure,i.e.theusermight
decidetofitterminalswhichcanterminateacable sizeof4mm2butinsteaduses2.5mm2forthewiring.Inthatcase,
itisnotthenumberof4mm2terminalsthat isimportantbutthenumberof2.5mm2cablepairsthatarebeing
connected.

Exedcontrolstations

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Allsparkingdevicessuchasswitches,contactors,lamps,thermalrelays,etc.are packagedindividuallyinaflameproof
enclosure.Theelectricalconnectionismade viaExeterminalsincludedinthedesignorbymeansofanencapsulated
cable. ThesecomponentsaretheninstalledinanExeenclosure.

Cableentrydevices

CableglandsmustmaintainatleastIP54.Threadedentrieswithminimum6mm threadengagementdonotrequire
anadditionalsealingwasher.However,to maintainhigherIPratingsasealingwasherisrecommended.Metalcable
glands donotrequirecertificationbutshouldcomplywitharecognisedstandarde.g. EN50262.Plasticcableglands
requireanECtypeexaminationcertificatebya notifiedbody.Unusedentriesmustbefittedwithsuitablestopping
plugs.Theplug mustrequiretheuseofatooltoremoveit.Somecountriesprefertheflexibilityof transitsystemsin
enclosures.Thesystemcanbecertifiedaspartoftheenclosure orassemblycertification,orhaveitsowncomponent
approval.

4.3.2.2Flameproof'd'

Basicprinciples
Flameproofenclosuresareintendedforequipment,whichproducesarcs,sparksorhotsurfacesthatmaybe
incendiveinnormaloperationorindustrialcomponentsthatcannototherwisebemadesuitableforuseina
hazardous area.Thesurroundingexplosiveatmospherecanentertheenclosureandinternalexplosionsareexpected
during thelifeoftheequipment.Theenclosurethereforehastobestrongenoughnottofractureordistortunderthe
pressuresgenerated.Anyconstructionaljointsintheenclosurearedimensionedsuchthattheydonottransmitthe
explosionfromtheinsidetothesurroundingatmosphere.Thesearecalledflamepaths.
TheequipmentisdesignedaccordingtoEN50018andissuitableforgasgroupsIandII,categories2GandM2.
Typicalproductsareelectricmotorsandactuators,luminaries,loudspeakersandswitchgear.
Thekeydesignfeaturesare:

Enclosuresmustbesufficientlystrongtowithstandtheinternalexplosion
Jointsandgapshavecriticaldimensions
Covershavewarninglabelsiftheenclosurecontainspartsthatstoreenergyorachievetemperaturesinexcess
ofthetemperatureclassification
Fastenersmustconformtodimensionalandstrengthrequirements
Enclosurematerialsmustbefullyspecified,andnonmetallicmaterialsmustbefullydefinedandhaveasuitable
thermalindex(TI)
Cableandconduitentriesmustmeetconstructionalrequirementssothattheflameproofpropertiesaremaintained

Flamepaths,gaps,flangesandthreadedjoints
Aflamepathisanysmalljointorgapinaflameproofenclosurethroughwhichthehotgasesofaninternalexplosion
mightpass.Whenescapingthroughthegaps,thehotgasesaresufficientlycooleddownsothattheydonotignite
thesurroundingatmosphere.Thestandardspecifiesthemaximumpermissiblegapsforflanges,spigotsandother
typesofjointsbasedonexperimentaltesting.

Thetableonpage24showsthevaluesbasedonvolume,gassubdivision,andtypeofjoint.Cylindricalthreadsmust

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haveatleast5fullthreadsofengagement.Inpractice,6threadsareusuallyprovided.Ifthethreadhasanundercut,
anondetachableandnoncompressiblewashershallbefittedtoensuretherightthreadengagement.

Ifaninternalexplosiondoeshappen,someofthehotgaseswillpassthrough
thegapsintheenclosures.Itisveryimportantthatthesegasespassfreelyintothe
atmosphere.Therefore,aminimumdistanceisrequiredbetweenthegapandany
solidobstruction.

Cableentrydevices
Thedesignofthecableentryshallbesuchthathotgasesarenotabletoignitethesurroundingatmospherefollowing
aninternalexplosioneitherthroughtheglandorthroughthecable.Cableglandsalsohavetoconformtothe
requirementsofthreadedjoints.5fullyengagedthreadsarerequired,but6areusuallyprovided.
Cablesmaybebroughtintotheflameproofenclosuredirectlyviaacablegland.Thisiscalled'directentry'.Allcable
entryholesmustbethreaded.IfthegasisIICorthecableisnotfilledproperly,asealingcompoundmustbeused
inthegland.
Alternatively,themanufacturermightprovideaterminatingchamberandconnectthecomponentsintheflameproof
enclosurewiththecomponentsintheterminatingchamberthroughbushings.Thisiscalled'indirectentry'.The
terminatingchamberisusuallyanExeenclosure.

4.3.2.3Intrinsicsafety'i'

Basicprinciples
Intrinsicsafetyisintendedforproductsinwhichthelevelofelectrical
energycirculatingorstoredintheproductisinsufficienttoignitea
surroundingexplosiveatmosphereevenunderfaultconditions.
Becauseofthemethodbywhichintrinsicsafetyisachieved,itis
necessarytoensurethatnotonlytheelectricalapparatusexposed
tothepotentiallyexplosiveatmospherebutalsootherelectrical
apparatuswithwhichitisinterconnectedissuitably
constructed.TheequipmentisdesignedaccordingtoEN50020
andissuitableforgasgroupsIandII,categories1GorM1(ia)
and2GorM2(ib).Typicalareasofusearecontrolandinstrumentation
circuitswithlowvoltageandcurrent.
Dependingonthedesignandpurpose,apparatusaresubdividedinto
twotypes:
Intrinsicallysafeelectricalapparatusisapparatusinwhichallthe
circuitsareintrinsicallysafe.
Associatedelectricalapparatusisapparatusinwhichthecircuits
arenotallintrinsicallysafebutwhichcontaincircuitsthatcanaffect
thesafetyofintrinsicallysafecircuitsconnectedtoit.Associated
electricalapparatusmayeitherbe:

Electricalapparatusthathasanalternativestandardtypeofprotection
suitableforitsuseintheappropriatepotentiallyexplosive
atmosphere,or
Electricalapparatusthatisnotprotectedandthereforecannotbe
usedwithinapotentiallyexplosiveatmosphere.

Thelimitingignitioncurvesforthedifferentsubdivisionsaredeterminedwiththehelpofasparktestapparatus.The
figureaboveshowsthecurvesforaresistivecircuit.Also,thestoredenergyinacircuithastobetakeninto
consideration,e.g.capacitanceorinductance.Intheeventofashortcircuit,thisenergycouldbereleasedinaddition
totheenergyfromtheassociatedapparatus.

Categories
Intrinsicallysafeapparatusandassociatedapparatusaredividedintotwogroups,'ia'and'ib'.Inthedetermination
ofcategory'ia'or'b',failureofthecomponentsistobeconsidered.

Category'ia'

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Intrinsicallysafecircuitsinelectricalapparatusofcategory'ia'mustnotbecapableofcausinganignitionduring
normaloperationwhentwofaultsoccur.
Thefollowingsafetyfactorshavebeentakenintoconsideration:
Safetyfactor1.5Duringnormaloperationandwithonefault
Safetyfactor1.0Duringnormaloperationandwithtwofaults

Category'ib'
Intrinsicallysafecircuitsinelectricalapparatusofcategory'ib'mustnotbecapableofcausinganignitionduring
normaloperationwhenonefaultoccurs.
Thefollowingsafetyfactorshavebeentakenintoconsideration:
Safetyfactor1.5Duringnormaloperation
Safetyfactor1.0Duringnormaloperationandwithonefault

Typesofinterface
Therearetwotypesofinterface,namelythezenerbarrierandthegalvanicisolator.

Zenerbarrier
Thistypeofinterfacehasbeenaroundforalongtime.The
figureontherightillustrateshowthebarrierisconstructed.Thefuse
restrictsthefaultpower,thezenersrestrictthevoltageandthe
resistorrestrictsthecurrent.Barriersareusuallydescribedbytheir
safetyparameters28V116mA240RwhereUo=28Vandthecurrent
limitingresistoris240R.

Galvanicisolationinterface

Thefigureillustrateshowtheinterfaceisconstructed.Theactualpowerlimitationpartoftheisolator containsallthe
elementsofthezenerbarrier.Thepowersupplyisviaatransformer,andthereturnsignalcanbe viaanoptocoupler,
transformerorrelay.Thehazardousareacircuithaseffectivelybeenisolatedfromthesafearea circuit.

Discussionsontheprosandconsofbothinterfacesareongoing.Earthingforazenerbarrierisessentialforitto
remainsafe,unliketheisolatorwhereearthingisnotarequirement.Thetablebelowliststherelativemeritsof
barriersandisolators.Thesignificancedependsontheinstallation.

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Althoughbarriersareacceptedworldwide,thereareanumberofcountriesthathaveadditionalrequirements,e.g.
Germanyinsistsonusinggalvanicisolatorsforcircuitsconnectedtozone0.

Simpleelectricalapparatusandcomponents
Simpleelectricalapparatusandcomponents(e.g.thermocouples,photocells,junctionboxes,switches,plugsand
sockets,resistors,LEDs)maybeusedinintrinsicallysafesystemswithoutcertification,providedthattheydonot
generateorstoremorethan1.2V,0.1A,20Jand25mWintheintrinsicallysafesysteminthenormalorfault
conditionsofthesystemand,also,noneofthesecomponentslocatedinthehazardousareacandissipatemore
than1.3Wat40oCambienttemperature.Simpleelectricalapparatusandcomponentsshouldalsomeetthe
insulation, creepageandclearanceandenclosurerequirementsspecified inEN50014,e.g.choiceofaluminiumalloy
andsurfaceresistance oflessthan1G.Thetemperatureclassificationawardedto simpleelectricalapparatusand
componentscomplyingwith theserequirements,isgenerallyT4(135C).Junctionboxesand switches,however,may
beawardedT6(85C)because,bytheir nature,theydonotcontainheatdissipatingcomponents.Awide varietyof
'feedthrough'and'disconnect'terminalscanbefitted insimpleapparatusenclosures.Disconnectterminalsthatdo
notrequiretheconductorstoberemovedfromtheterminalsfor testandcalibrationpurposesareparticularlyuseful
during operationalconditions.Examplesareshowninthefigureontheright.Itisimportantthattheexternalterminal
connectionsmaintain3mmclearancebetweenbaremetalpartsofthesameIScircuitand6mmbetweenbare
metalpartsofdifferentIScircuits.SomeuserspreferacertifiedjunctionboxforIScircuits.Anumberof
manufacturers cansupplyExiacertifiedenclosures.

Intrinsicallysafeelectricalsystems
Anintrinsicallysafesystemconsistsofoneormoreinterfaces(zenerbarriersorisolators),oneormoreitemsof
fieldequipment,andinterconnectingwiringinwhichanycircuitsintendedforuseinapotentiallyexplosive
atmosphere areintrinsicallysafecircuits.Whereacolourisusedinassociationwithintrinsicallysafeequipment,it
should preferablybelightblue.

Individualsystems
Wheretheuserorinstallerbuysthecomponentsseparately,andbuildshisownsystem,hewillberesponsiblefor
ensuringthatthecombinationofbarrierandhazardousareaequipmentissafe.The'systemdesignengineer'will
berequiredtodocumentthecircuitwithitsinterfaces,fieldequipmentandcableparameters.Accordingto
ATEX95,thistypeofassemblyisdefinedasaninstallation,andassuchdoesnotrequiringCEmark.Ifthefield
device(s)onlyincludesimpleapparatus,theinformationneededtoconstructasafesystemisincludedinthe
certificationofthebarrier.

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Wherethefielddeviceisacertifieditem,e.g.atemperature
transmitterorasolenoidvalve,extrachecksarenecessary.The
certificateofthefielddevicewillincludeitsmaximuminput
parameters,whichwillspecifyoneormoreofthevaluesUi,Li
andPi.Compatibilitymustbecheckedbyensuringthatthe
maximuminputfiguresofthefielddevicearenotexceededby
themaximumoutputvaluesofthechosenbarrier.Ifthesystem
includesmorethanoneitemofcertifiedapparatus,compatibility
withthebarriermustbecheckedseparately.Theadditionof
simpleapparatuswillnotaffectthecompatibility,except
thatthesystemtemperaturemightbederatedtoT4.Thesystem
willbecategorisedaccordingtotheleastfavourable
componentsofthebarriercategoryandtheapparatuscategory.
Forexample,abarrierof[EExia]IICwithafielddeviceofEEXiaIICT6willcategorisethesystemasEExiaIICT6.
Theadditionofapieceofsimpleapparatussuchasadiodeorresistorwillchangethesystemcategoryto
EExiaIICT4.

Systemcertificate
Insomecases,thesupplierofthefielddevicemighthaveobtained,inadditiontotheapparatuscertificate,asystem
certificatethatdefinesanumberofbarriertypesandcableparametersofatypicalsysteminwhichthedevicemay
beused.Asystemcertificaterelievesthesystemdesignerofmuchoftheresponsibilityofchoosingtheindividual
components,providedthedefinedsystemissuitablefortheapplication.
Ifthesystemcertificatedoesnotincludethedesiredarrangement,thisdoesnotmeanthatthearrangementisnot
possible,butsimplythatitwillneedtobeexaminedseparatelyasinthepreviousparagraph.
ATEX95doesnotrequireasystemcertificate.However,ifitistheintentionofthemanufacturertoputthe
arrangement onthemarketasasingleunit,theassemblywillbeCEmarked.

4.3.2.4Pressurisation'p'

Pressurisedapparatusachievesseparationofignitionsourcesfromexplosiveatmospheresbypurgingtheatmosphere
insidetheapparatuswithairoraninertgasandthenmaintainingapositivepressureof0.5mbarinsidethe
equipment topreventtheingressoftheexplosiveatmosphereduringoperation.Failureofthepressurisationleadsto
analarm operatingorthedisconnectionofthecomponentshavingignitioncapability.
TheequipmentisdesignedaccordingtoEN50016andissuitableforgasgroupsIandII,categories2GandM2.
Pressurised controlroomsarenotcoveredbythisstandard,astheyhavetheirownspecificstandard.Typicalproducts
areelectric motors,controlcabinetsandgasanalyzers.

Therearethreetypesofpressurization:
Staticpressurization
Pressurizationwithcontinuousflowofprotectivegas
Pressurizationwithleakagecompensation

Staticpressurisationinvolvesthechargingoftheequipmentwithprotectivegasinanonhazardousareaand
maintained onlybythesealingoftheenclosure.Thereisnoprotectivegassupplyinthehazardousarea.Whenthe
overpressure dropsbelowasetvalue,analarmisraisedortheequipmentisswitchedoff.Theapparatuscanonlybe
rechargedin thenonhazardousarea.
Pressurisationwithcontinuousflowofprotectivegasinvolvesaninitialpurgecyclefollowedbyacontinuousflowof
protectivegasthroughtheenclosurewhilemaintainingapositivepressure.Thesystemcanbeusedwherecoolingis
requiredordilutionofaninternalgasrelease.
Pressurisationwithleakagecompensationinvolvesaninitialhighpurgewithprotectivegasthroughtheenclosure,
afterwhichtheoutletapertureissealedandtheprotectivegassupplyismaintainedtocompensateforleakagefrom
theenclosure.Theminimumnumberofairchangesbeforeenergisationisusually5.Pressurisedairshouldbedrawn
fromagasfreeareaandneverfromzone0or1.Ifitisnotfeasibletoductairfrompurgedequipmentintoasafe
area, asparkandflamearrestormayberequiredintheoutletairduct.

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4.3.2.5Zone0apparatus

EN50284specifiesthe'Specialrequirementsfortheconstruction,testingandmarkingofelectricalapparatusof
equipment groupII,category1G'.Ascategory1ismountedinazone0environment,theapparatusrequiresavery
highlevelof safety.ThestandardsupplementstherequirementsofEN50014,EN50020andEN50028.
Thestandardalsoappliestoapparatusmountedacrosstheboundarybetweenhazardousandlesshazardousareas
wherecategory1andcategory2equipmentwouldnormallybeinstalled.
Italsoincludesrequirementsforapparatusinstalledoutsidethehazardousareabutelectricallyconnectedto
apparatus ofcategory1insidethehazardousarea(e.g.associatedapparatus).
Topreventignitionhazardsbytheelectricalcircuitsoftheapparatus,theveryhighlevelofsafetyrequiredcanbe
obtainedby:

Singleapparatus,whichremainssafewithtwofaultsoccurringindependentlyfromeachother
Twoindependentmeansofprotection.Intheeventthatoneprotectionfails,anindependentsecondoneisstill
Available

Individualconceptssuitableforcategory1are:

ApparatuscomplyingwiththerequirementsofEN50020,type'ia'
ApparatusprotectedbyencapsulationinaccordancewithEN50028andsupplementedbytherequirementsof
thisstandard

Twoindependenttypesofprotection
ElectricalapparatusshallmeettherequirementsoftwoofthestandardsintheseriesEN50015toEN50020(ib),plus
EN50028.Thecombinedtypesofprotectionmustdependondifferentprotectionprinciples,whichcanbechecked
individually.Bothtypesofprotectionwillbeassessedundertheassumptionofthemostarduousfaultoftheother
type ofprotection.
Therethecombinedprotectionconceptreliesonanenclosure,twoenclosuresshouldbeused.Ifonlyoneenclosure
isused,boththeenclosureandthecableentrieshavetowithstandanimpacttestof20J.
Examples:

TorchlightwithExdandExehousingandExibcircuit
ElectricmotorcomplyingbothwithEN50018,flameproofExd,EN50019,increasedsafetyExe
Measuringtransducerwithintrinsicallysafecircuittype'ib'andflameproofenclosureExd
PressurisedapparatusExpwithincreasedsafetyenclosureExe.

Apparatusmountedacrosstheboundarywall
Whereapparatusaremountedacrosstheboundarybutarenotintrinsicallysafetype'ia',theymustcontaina
mechanical separationelementinsidetheapparatusandcomplywithameansofprotection.
Thetablebelowillustratesthepossiblecombinationsofseparationelementsandtypesofprotection.

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Apparatusforuseinzone0mustbebuiltinsuchawaythatignitionsourcesduetoimpactandfrictionareexcluded.
Ignitionhazardsduetodangerouselectrostaticchargesshouldalsobeavoided.

Marking
TheequipmentmustbemarkedaccordingtoEN50014forequipmentgroupII,category1,andtherespective
product standards.Specialmarkingisrequiredforsomeoftheconceptscoveredinthisstandard.

Intrinsicsafety
Intrinsicallysafeapparatus II1G EExiaIICT4
Associatedapparatus II(1)G (EExia)IIC
Specialencapsulation II1G EExma
Ui=Ii=Pi=
Twomethodsofprotection II1G EExdIICT4/EExmeIIT4
Apparatusacrossboundary, II1/2G EExd[ia]IICT4
e.g.sensors

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4.3.2.6 Zone2apparatus

Apparatusforzone2aredesignedtocomplywithcategory3GequipmentaccordingtoATEX95.Theyhaveanormal
levelofsafetyandaresuitablefornormaloperation.Apparatuscomplyingwithcategory0and1canalsobeusedin
zone2.
Therequirementsforcategory3canbemetbyusingtheharmonisedstandardEN50021,typeofprotection'n'.Other
technicalstandards,e.g.nationalstandards,couldbeusedaslongastheEssentialHealthandSafetyRequirementsin
ATEX95arecompliedwith.Category3equipmentdoesnothavetobetestedbyanotifiedbodysuchasBASEEFA,
PTB,KEMA,etc.butthemanufacturermustbeabletoprovideevidencethattheproductissafe.
ControlboxesmayhousecomponentswithindividualECtypeexaminationcertificates,butnooverallcertification.
Themanufacturermustestablishthemaximumsurfacetemperatureandprovidethenecessarydocumentation.The
Exnstandardmakesadistinctionbetweenapparatusthatdoesnotproducearcs,sparksorhotsurface'nonsparking
apparatus',anapparatusthatproducesarcs,sparksorhotsurfaceinnormaloperation'sparkingapparatus'.
Nonsparkingapparatus
Theriskoftheoccurrenceofarcs,sparksorhotsurfacesduringnormaloperationhasbeenminimisedby
constructionalmeans.Theequipmentismarkedwith'nA'.Examplesofapparatusaremotors,luminaries,junction
boxesandcontrolboxes.
Fuseterminalsareconsideredtobenonsparking,providedtheyarenotopenedunderload.Fusesmustbe
nonrewirable.WhenmountedinanenclosureandbuilttoprotectiontypeEExnAIIthemanufacturermustensure
theinternalorexternalsurfacetemperatureiswithintheTclassification.
Sparkingapparatus
Inthiscase,arcs,sparksorhotsurfacesdooccurduringnormaloperation.Thefollowingprotectionconceptsare
allowed:
Apparatuswithprotectedcontacts'nC'
Theseincludeenclosedbreakdevices,nonincendivecomponents;hermeticallysealeddevicesandsealedor
encapsulateddevices.
Energylimitedapparatusandcircuits'nL'
Essentiallyanintrinsicallysafesystemthatissafewithnofaultsandnounityfactorofsafetyontheignitioncurves.
Therequirementsfordesignanddocumentationareverysimilartointrinsicsafety.
Restrictedbreathingenclosures'nR'
TheseenclosuresmeetatleastIP54andaninternalpressureof3mbartakesatleast80secondstodropto1.5mbar.
Thetypeofprotectionmaybeappliedtoenclosurescontainingsparkingcontactsbutwithalimitationindissipated
powersuchthattheaverageairtemperatureinsidetheenclosuredoesnotexceedtheexternalambienttemperature
bymorethan10K.Whenappliedtoenclosureswithoutsparkingcontacts,theonlylimitationistheoutside
temperature.Restrictedbreathingenclosures,withouttheprovisionforcarryingoutchecksafterinstallation,must
betyptestedbythemanufacturerwiththecableglandsinplace.
Simplifiedpressurisation'nP'
ThisconceptisbasedonanenclosurewithatleastIP54(couldberestrictedbreathingenclosure)thatonlyrequiresa
minimalairflowtocoverleakagelosses.SimplifiedpressurisationiscurrentlynotcoveredbyEN50021,butthe
technicalrequirementswillbebasedonIEC600792,typeofprotection'pz'.
Cableentrydevices
Glandsmustbeconstructedandmountedsuchthattheymaintainthetypeofprotectionoftheapparatus.Standard
industrialglandstoEN50262canbefitted.Ofcourse,certifiedcableglandscanalsobeused.
4.3.2.7Powderfilling'q'
Protectionisprovidedbyimmersingtheignitioncapablepartsinafinepowder,usuallyquartz.Thearcisquenched
beforeitcanignitethesurroundinggas.Currentislimitedtoasafelevel.
TheequipmentisdesignedaccordingtoEN50017,andissuitableforgasgroupsII,categories2G.
4.3.2.8Oilimmersion'o'
Protectionisprovidedbyimmersingtheapparatusinoilsothatanexplosiveatmospherecannotbeignitedbythe
arcsandsparksgeneratedundertheoil.
TheequipmentisdesignedaccordingtoEN50015,andissuitableforgasgroupsII,categories2G.
4.3.2.9Encapsulation'm'
Protectionisprovidedbyencapsulatinganyhotorsparkingcomponentswithamaterialthatpreventstheingressof
explosivegasandcoolsanyheatproducedbythecomponents.
TheequipmentisdesignedaccordingtoEN50028,andissuitableforgasgroupsII,categories2G.

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4.4Installation
Thestandardfor'Electricalinstallationsinhazardousareas'isEN6007914.IntheUK,thestandardreplacesBS5345.
AllnewinstallationsshouldcomplywiththeEuropeanstandard,butoldinstallationscanstilluseBS5345.
Nevertheless,electricalinstallationsinhazardousareasshallalsocomplywiththeappropriaterequirementsfor
installationsinnonhazardousareas.
4.4.1Selectionofelectricalapparatus
Inordertoselecttheappropriateapparatusforanexplosiveatmosphere,thefollowinginformationisrequired:
Classificationofhazardousareas
Temperatureclassorignitiontemperatureofthegasorvapourinvolved
Gasorvapourclassificationinrelationtothegrouporsubgroup(applicableforprotection'd','i'andcertain
apparatuswithprotection'n')
Externalinfluencesandambienttemperature
Thetablebelowshowstherelationshipbetweenthegas/vapoursubdivisionandtheapparatussubgroup:

4.4.2Protectionagainstdangerousincendivesparking
Inordertoavoidtheformationofsparksliabletoignitetheexplosiveatmosphere,anycontactwithbareliveparts
otherthanintrinsicallysafepartsmustbeprevented.Usually,IP54isspecifiedasaminimumdegreeofprotection.
Whereintrinsicallysafeandnonintrinsicallysafecircuitsaretogetherinanenclosure,thenonintrinsicallysafe
circuitsmaybeprotectedwithanIP30cover.
Thebasicprinciplesonwhichsafetydependsarethelimitationofearthfaultcurrents(magnitudeand/orduration)in
frameworksorenclosures,andthepreventionofelevatedpotentialsonequipotentialbondingconductors.For
electricalsupplysystemsotherthanintrinsicallysafecircuitsforuseinzones1and2upto1000Va.c./1500Vd.c.the
followingapplies:

TNsystem
IfatypeTNpowersystemisused,itmustbethetypeTNS(withseparateneutralNandprotectiveconductorPE)in
thehazardousarea,i.e.theneutralandtheprotectiveconductormustnotbeconnectedtogether,orcombinedina
singleconductor,inthehazardousarea.AtanypointoftransitionfromTNCtoTNS,theprotectiveconductormust
beconnectedtotheequipotentialbondingsysteminthenonhazardousarea.

TTsystems
IfaTTsystemisusedinzone1,ithastobeprotectedbyaresidualcurrentdevice.

ITsystems
IfanITsystemisused,aninsulationmonitoringdevicemustbeprovidedtoindicatethefirstearthfault.

Equipotentialbonding
Potentialequalisationisrequiredforinstallationsinhazardousareas.ForTN,TTandITsystems,allexposedand
extraneousconductivepartsmustbeconnectedtotheequipotentialbondingsystem.Itisalsoadvisabletoconnect
metalconstructions,metalconduitsandmetalcablesheathstothesystem.Connectionsmustbepermanentand
secureagainstselfloosening.Exposedconductivepartsneednotbeseparatelyconnectedtotheequipotential
bondingsystemiftheyarefirmlysecuredtoandinmetalliccontactwithstructuralpartsorpipingwhichare
connectedtotheequipotentialbondingsystem.Metallicenclosuresofintrinsicallysafeapparatusdonothavetobe
connectedtotheequipotentialbondingsystemunlessrequiredbytheapparatusdocumentation.

Staticelectricity
ThestandardEN50014specifiesthebasicrequirements,andtheproductstandardsEN50284(zone0)andEN50021
listtherequirementstobemetbyelectricalequipment.Unlikeearlierprovisions,thesestandardsspecifythesurface
resistancesandthemaximumadmissiblesizesofplasticssurfacesforzone2.

Lightningprotection
Becausenointernationallyharmonisedstandardsexistforlightningprotection,nationalstandardshavetobeapplied.

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Inanycase,stepsmustbetakentoreducetheeffectsoflightningtoasafelevel.

4.4.3Electricalprotection

Theelectricalequipmentandthewiringmustbeprotectedagainstoverloadandtheharmfuleffectsofshortcircuits
andearthfaults.Specialprotectivemeasuresarerequiredinthecaseofrotatingelectricalmachinery.Theoverload
protectivedevicestobeusedare:

Acurrentdependent,timelagdeviceforallthreephases,setatnomorethanthemachinesratedcurrent.The
devicemusttripwithin2hoursat1.2timesthesetcurrentbutmustnottripwithin2hoursat1.05timestheset
current.
Embeddedtemperaturesensorsprovidingdirecttemperaturemonitoringofthemachine.

Innocaseshouldtheautomaticswitchoffresultinanincreasedsafetyrisk.Whereitmight,alarmingisanacceptable
alternativetoautomaticdisconnectionifthealarmleadstoimmediateremedialaction.

4.4.4Wiringsystems

Cablesystemsmustbeinstalledsuchthattheyareprotectedagainstmechanicaldamageandcorrosionorchemical
influences.Theeffectsofheatshouldalsobeavoided.
Ducts,pipesandtrenchesaredesignedsuchthatgasescannotcollectinthem.
Wherecircuitscrossthehazardousarea,thewiringsystemmustcomplywiththerelevantzone.Openingsinwallsor
ceilingsforcablesandconduitsmustbeadequatelysealed.
Cablerunsinhazardousareasshouldbeuninterrupted.Whereconnectionsaremade,thecorrecttypeofprotection
mustbeused,e.g.Exejunctionbox.
Unusedcoresshouldbeterminatedinappropriateterminals.Theyshouldbebondedtoearthatonepoint,preferably
inthesafearea.
Multistrandedand,inparticular,finestrandedconductorsmustbeprotectedagainstseparationofthestrandsby
meansofferrules,lugsorthetypeofterminal,
Ingeneral,onlyoneconductorperterminalclampispermitted.Sometypesofterminalsareabletoaccommodate
morethanoneconductor,
Wherealuminumisusedastheconductormaterial,thecrosssectionalareamustbeatleast16mm2,withthe
exceptionofintrinsicallysafecircuits.
Overheadlinesshouldbeterminatedinthenonhazardousareaandtheservicecontinuedintothehazardousarea
withcableorconduit.Suitablesurgeprotectionshouldbefittedatornearthisterminalpoint.
Cablesforfixedwiringmusthaveflamepropagationcharacteristics.
Conduitsystemsmustbefittedwithsealingfittings:

Whereitentersorleavesahazardousarea
Within450mmofallenclosurescontainingasourceofignitioninnormaloperation
Atanyenclosurecontainingtaps,splices,jointsorterminationswheretheconduitdiameterismorethan50mm

Thetotalcrosssectionalareaofthecables,includinginsulation,mustnotbemorethan40%ofthecrosssectional
areaoftheconduit.
Tomeetthedegreeofprotectionofanenclosure,itmaybenecessarytosealbetweentheconduitandtheenclosure
orbetweentheconductorsandtheconduit.
Unusedcableentriesshouldbefittedwithstoppingplugsappropriateforthetypeofprotection.Exceptforintrinsic
safety,theyshouldonlyberemovedwiththeaidofatool.

4.4.5Additionalrequirementsforflameproofenclosures'd'

Flameproofjointsmustbeprotectedagainstcorrosion.Theuseofgasketsisonlypermittedwhenspecifiedinthe
documentation.Nonsettinggreaseoranticorrosiveagentscanbeapplied.Nonhardeninggreasebearingtextile
tapemayalsobeemployedoutsideofthejoint,butonlyinconjunctionwithgasesallocatedtogroupIIA.Thetape
shouldberestrictedtoonelayersurroundingallpartsofthejointswithashortoverlap.
Therearethreecableentrysystems:
Directentry
Indirectentryvia,e.g.Exeenclosure
Conduit

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Fordirectentry,thecableglandselectionmustbemadeaccordingtoappendix.
Tomaintaintheintegrityofthetypeofprotection,glandsandconduitsshouldhaveatleast5threadsofengagement.
Clearanceholesarenotallowedinflameproofenclosures.Whenmineralinsulatedcableisselected(withorwithout
plasticoutercovering),thecableglandassemblyand'sealingpot'mustbeEEx'd'certifiedandinstalledstrictlyin
accordancewiththemanufacturersinstruction.Thistypeofcableisoftenusedforfireandgasprotectionsystems
duetoitshighresistancetotemperatureandintegrityduringafire.Conduitsystemsmustbeofthetype:

Screwedheavygauge,soliddrawnorseamwelded
Flexibleconduitofmetalorcompositematerialconstruction

Motorssuppliedatvaryingfrequencyandvoltagerequireeither:

Meansfordirecttemperaturecontrolbyembeddedtemperaturesensorsspecifiedinthemotordocumentation.
Theactionoftheprotectivedevicewillbetodisconnectthemotor.Inthiscase,themotorandconvertercombination
doesnothavetobetestedtogether.
Themotorhasbeentypetestedforthisdutyasaunitinassociationwiththeconverterspecifiedinthedescriptive
documents.

4.4.6Additionalrequirementsforincreasedsafety'e'

CableentrydevicesmustmaintainatleastIP54.Threadedentriesinenclosureswithawallthicknessofatleast6mm
donotrequireasealingwashertomaintaintheminimumIPrating.However,inpracticeenclosuresarenormallyIP65
orIP66.Therefore,asealingwasherisrecommended.
Thevariousmethodsofentryformetallicenclosuresandforthickwallplasticenclosuresaredetailedinthenext
figure.Whencastalloyenclosuresareselected,specialcareisnecessarytoavoidthedangerfrombimetallic
corrosionwithdissimilarmetals.Thisisparticularlyprevalentwithalloyenclosuresfittedwithbrasscableglands.The
optionstoovercomethisproblemare,nickelplatedbrass,stainlesssteel,plasticorglandsmadefromacompatible
alloy.PlasticenclosuresdonotpresentthesameearthandbondingproblemsinGermanyandotherContinental
EuropeancountriesastheydointheUK.Whenarmouredcablesareusedthearmourmustbeeffectivelybondedto
themainearthconnectionontheenclosure.Therearecommonlytwomethodsusedtoachievethenecessary
earthingrequirementsasshowninthwfollowingfigurei.e.eitheraninternalmetalcruciformplate,oralternativelya
thickbrassplatewhichisnormallysuppliedwithathreadedentry.Duetotheoverallwallthicknessofmany
nonmetallicenclosures,plustheneedforsealingandpossiblyanantivibrationwasher,itisoftennecessarytousea
cableglandwithanextralongcableglandentrythread(e.g.20mm).
Concernhasbeenexpressedbyvariouscertificationbodiesregardingthepotentialdangerofselflooseningofcable
glands,duetothermaleffectsinnonmetallicenclosures.EN50019includesanewtestrequirementforplastic
enclosuresthatteststhethermalstabilityoftheenclosurematerial.Ifthematerialpassesthetest,theearth
continuityshouldbesecureevenwithouttheserratedwasher.Ifitfailsthetest,theonlywaytosecurelymaintain
theearthcontinuityisbysandwichingthebrassplatebetweentwolocknuts.
Motorssuppliedatvaryingfrequencyandvoltagebyaconvertermustbetypetestedforthisdutyasaunitin
associationwiththeconverterspecifiedwiththedescriptivedocuments.

4.5Inspectionandmaintenance

4.5.1Generalrequirements

Electricalinstallationsinhazardousareashavefeaturesspecificallydesignedtomakethemsuitableforuseinsuch
atmospheres.ATEX137stipulatesthatitistheoperatorsresponsibilitytomaintaintheintegrityofthosespecial
features.Theoperatormustensurethatelectricalequipmentis:

Installedandoperatedcorrectly
Monitoredonaregularbasis
Maintainedwithdueregardtosafety

ThemainstandardfortheinspectionandmaintenancerequirementsisEN6007917/IEC6007917:Electrical
apparatusforexplosivegasatmospheres,'Inspectionandmaintenanceofelectricalinstallationsinhazardousareas
(otherthanmines)'.Dependingonthecountryandindustry,e.g.offshoreorpetrolstations,additionalnational
standardsmighthavetobecompliedwith.

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4.5.1.1Documentation

Uptodateinformationonthefollowingitemsmustbemadeavailable:

Sitedrawingsoutliningthezoneclassification
Listandlocationoftheapparatus
Apparatusgroupandtemperatureclass
Specialconditionsforsafeuseofelectricalapparatuswithcertificatenumbers,whichhavethesuffix'X'.The
'instructions'ofATEXcertifiedequipmentmusthaveallrelevantinformationlisted
Descriptivesystemdocumentfortheintrinsicallysafesystem
Spareslist

4.5.1.2Qualificationofpersonnel

Theinspectionandmaintenanceofinstallationsshouldonlybecarriedoutbyexperiencedpersonnelwhosetraining
hasincludedinstructiononthevarioustypesofprotectionandinstallationpractices,therelevantrulesand
regulations,andonthegeneralprinciplesofareaclassification.Appropriatecontinuingtrainingshouldbeundertaken
onaregularbasis.

4.5.1.3Permittowork

Apermittoworksystemisaformalwrittensystemusedtocontrolcertaintypesofworkthatarepotentially
hazardous.Apermittoworkisadocumentwhichspecifiestheworktobedoneandtheprecautionstobetaken.
Permitstoworkformanessentialpartofsafesystemsofworkformanyinspectionandmaintenanceactivities.They
allowworktostartonlyaftersafeprocedureshavebeendefined,andtheyprovideaclearrecordthatallforeseeable
hazardshavebeenconsidered.
Apermitisneededwheninspectionormaintenanceworkcanonlybecarriedoutifnormalsafeguardsaredropped,
orwhennewhazardsareintroducedbythework.Examplesareentryintovessels,hotworkandpipelinebreaking.
Thepreciseformatofaworkpermitwillvaryfromsitetosite.

4.5.2Inspections

4.5.2.1General

Beforeaplantisbroughtintoserviceforthefirsttime,itmustbegivenaninitialinspection.Thisworkcanbedoneby
theoperatororanoutsidecompany(thirdparty).
Toensurethattheinstallationismaintainedinasatisfactorycondition,itisnecessarytocarryouteither:

Regularperiodicinspections,or
Continuoussupervisionbyskilledpersonnel

and,wherenecessary,maintenancemustbecarriedout.

4.5.2.2Typesofinspection

a. Initialinspectionsareusedtocheckthattheselectedtypeofprotectionanditsinstallationareappropriate.
Examplechecklistsareshownintables1,2and3(seeAppendixVII).
b. Periodicinspectionsarecarriedoutonaroutinebasis.Theymaybevisualorclose(seetables1,2and3in
AppendixVII)butcouldleadtoafurtherdetailedinspection.
Thetypeofequipment,manufacturersguidance,deteriorationoftheapparatus,zoneofuse,andtheresultof
previousinspectionsdeterminethegradeandtheintervalbetweenperiodicinspections.
Theintervalbetweenperiodicinspectionsshouldnotexceedthreeyearswithoutseekingexpertadviceortheuse
ofextensiveinspectiondata.
Movableelectricalapparatusareparticularlypronetodamageormisuseandthereforetheintervalbetween
inspectionsshouldbesetaccordingly.
c.Sampleinspectionscanbevisual,closeordetailed.Thesizeandcompositionofallsamplesdependsonthe
purposeoftheinspection.
d.Continuoussupervisionisbasedonthefrequentattendance,inspection,service,careandmaintenanceofthe

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electricalinstallationbyskilledpersonnelwhohaveexperienceinthespecificinstallationanditsenvironment,
inordertomaintaintheexplosionprotectionfeaturesoftheinstallationinsatisfactorycondition.
Wheretheinstallationfallsoutsidethecapabilityofcontinuoussupervision,itwillbesubjecttoperiodicinspection.

4.5.2.3Gradesofinspection

a.Visualinspectionsidentify,withouttheuseofladdersorhandtools,thosedefectswhichareapparenttotheeye,
e.g.missingbolts
b.Closeinspectionsincludethoseaspectscoveredbyvisualinspectionsand,inaddition,identifythosedefects,which
areonlyapparentbytheuseofaccessequipmentandtools,e.g.loosebolts.Closeinspectionsdonotnormally
requiretheenclosuretobeopenedortheequipmenttobedeenergised.
c.Detailedinspectionsincludethoseaspectscoveredbycloseinspectionsand,inaddition,identifythosedefects,
whichareonlyapparentbyopeningtheequipmentand/orusingtoolsandtestequipment,e.g.looseterminals.
Detailedinspectionsarecarriedoutoncompletionoftheinstallation,whenithasbeenhandedoverbythe
installationcontractor,andpriortotheequipmentbeingputintoservice.

4.5.3Regularperiodicinspections

Tosetanappropriateinspectionintervalaccuratelyisnoteasy,butitshouldbefixedtakingintoaccountthe
expecteddeteriorationoftheequipment.Majorfactorseffectingthedeteriorationofapparatusinclude:
susceptibilitytocorrosion,exposuretochemicalsorsolvents,likelihoodofaccumulationofdustordirt,likelihoodof
wateringress,exposuretoexcessiveambienttemperatures,riskofmechanicaldamage,exposuretounduevibration,
trainingandexperienceofpersonnel,likelihoodofunauthorisedmodificationsoradjustments,likelihoodof
inappropriatemaintenance,e.g.notinaccordancewithmanufacturersrecommendation.Onceintervalshavebeen
set,theinstallationcanbesubjectedtointerimsampleinspectionstosupportormodifytheproposedintervalsor
inspectiongrades.
Whereinspectiongradesandintervalshavebeenestablishedforsimilarapparatus,plantsandenvironments,this
experiencecanbeusedtodeterminetheinspectionstrategy.

4.5.4Continuoussupervsionbyskilledpersonnel

Theobjectiveofcontinuoussupervisionistoenabletheearlydetectionofarisingfaultsandtheirsubsequentrepair.
Itmakesuseofexistingpersonnelwhoareinattendanceattheinstallationinthecourseoftheirnormalwork,e.g.
erectionwork,modifications,inspections,maintenancework,checkingforfaults,cleaning,controloperations,
functionaltestsandmeasurements.Therefore,itmaybepossibletodispensewiththeregularperiodicinspection
andutilisethemorefrequentpresenceoftheskilledpersonneltoensuretheongoingintegrityoftheapparatus.
Atechnicalpersonwithexecutivefunctionwillberesponsibleforeachinstallationanditsskilledpersonnel.Hewill
assesstheviabilityoftheconceptanddefinethescopeofequipmenttobeconsideredundercontinuoussupervision.
Hewillalsodeterminethefrequencyandgradeofinspectionaswellasthecontentofreportingtoenablemeaningful
analysisofapparatusperformance.

4.5.5Maintenance

Appropriateremedialmeasuresmighthavetobetakenfollowinganinspectionreport.Caremustbetaken,to
maintaintheintegrityofthetypeofprotectionprovidedfortheapparatus;thismayrequireconsultationwiththe
manufacturer.Whennecessary,theareaofworkshallbeconfirmedgasfreepriortocommencementofwork.
Maintenancerequiresmoredetailedknowledgethanwhentheequipmentisfirstinstalled.Defectpartsshouldonly
bereplacedbymanufacturers'authorisedreplacementparts,andmodificationsthatmightinvalidatethecertificate
orotherdocumentsshouldnotbemade.
ForequipmentthatismanufacturedandcertifiedaccordingtoATEX95,themaintenancerequirements,includingthe
needforspecialtools,canbefoundintheoperatinginstructionssuppliedwitheachpieceofequipment.
Somemaintenancetasksarelistedbelow:
Flameproofflangesshouldnotbebrokenwithoutjustification.Whenreassemblingflameproofenclosures,alljoints
shallbethoroughlycleanedandlightlysmearedwithanonsettinggreasetopreventcorrosionandtoassist
weatherproofing.Onlynonmetallicscrapersandnoncorrosivecleaningfluidsshouldbeusedtocleanflanges.A
wrapofnonhardeningtapemayalsobeusedinconjunctionwithgasesallocatedtogroupIIA.
Thegasketonincreasedsafetyenclosuresshouldbecheckedfordamagesandreplacedifnecessary.Terminalsmight
havetobetightened.Anydiscolorationcouldindicateariseintemperatureandthedevelopmentofapotential
hazard.Cableglandsandstoppingplugsshouldbecheckedfortightness.

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Whenreplacinglampsinluminaries,thecorrectratingandtypeshouldbeused,otherwiseexcessivetemperatures
mayresult.
Ifitisnecessarytowithdrawtheequipmentformaintenancepurposes,theexposedconductorsmustbecorrectly
terminatedinanappropriateenclosure,e.g.EEx'e',orisolatedfromallsourcesofsupplyandeitherinsulatedor
earthed.

4.5.6Repair

Ideally,repairworkonexplosionproofelectricalequipmentshouldonlybecarriedoutbythemanufacturer.Thisrule
canbewaivedincaseswheretherepairsarecarriedoutbyinstructedandspeciallytrained,skilledpersonnel,and
onlygenuinesparepartsareused.IEC6007919givesguidanceontherepairandoverhaulofcertifiedequipment.It
isnotpermissibleformodificationsandreworktobecarriedoutthatcouldjeopardisethecharacteristicsessentialto
explosionprotection(typeofprotectionandtemperatureclass).Rewiringofinstallationsispermissibleifcarriedout
bytrained,skilledpersonnel.Therewiringworkdonemustbeproperlylogged.
Itisforbiddentoreworkthegaplengthsandgapwidthsofflameproofenclosuresbymachining,ortoapplypaintor
othercoatingstotherespectivejoints.Suchmodificationscouldimpairtheintegrityoftheenclosureandcausean
uncontrolledexplosion.
WhenATEX95andATEX137cameintoforceon1July2003,anumberofissuespresentthemselvesregardingspare
parts.
Sparepartsthatarenotequipment,protectivesystems,componentsordevices,asdefinedinATEX95,arenot
subjecttothedirective.Therefore,ifthesparepartdoesnotrequirecertificationtoday,itwillnotrequireATEX
certificationwhenplacedonthemarketafter30July2003,providedthesparepartisidenticaltotheoneitreplaces,
e.g.manufacturersofnonelectricalequipmentcancontinuetosupplysparepartsforexistingequipmentwithoutthe
needtorecertify.Sparepartsthatareequipment,protectivesystems,componentsordevicesaccordingtoarticle1
ofATEX95willhavetocomplywiththedirectivewhenplacedonthemarketafter1July2003,e.g.ifalightingfitting
containsacomponentcertifiedballasttoday,aballastmanufacturedandsuppliedafter30June2003willhaveto
complywithATEX95,orcomponentcertifiedterminalssuppliedassparepartsafter30June2003willhavetocomply
withATEX95.Whenthemanufactureroftheoriginalsparepartoffersanew,differentoneinitsplace(dueto
technicalprogress,obsolescence,etc.)anditisusedfortherepair,ATEX95doesnotapplytotherepairedproduct
(aslongasnosubstantialmodificationshavetakenplace).
Sparepartswhichwereplacedonthemarketbefore30June2003andwere'readyforuse'atthetimecanstillbe
usedafter30June2003.'Readyforuse'meanstheabilitytobeincorporatedorinstalledwithoutachangetothe
performanceorsafetycharacteristicsasoriginallyintendedbythemanufacturer.Whetheraproductis'readyforuse'
willhavetobeassessedonacasebycasebasis,butbasicallyitmeansthatqualifyingstockatdistributorsand
enduserscanbeusedafter30June2003.Examplesofproducts'readyforuse'arepreassembledjunctionboxes,
barriers,solenoidvalves,etc.Equipmentwhichrequiresassemblybeforeitcanbesoldisnot'readyforuse'.

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SECTION5
COMBUSTIBLEDUSTS

5.1Definitionsanddustcharacteristics

5.1.1General

Installationsinwhichcombustibledustishandled,producedorstoredshouldbedesigned,operatedandmaintained
sothatanyreleasesofcombustibledust,andconsequentlytheextentofclassifiedareas,arekepttoaminimum.In
situationswhereexplosivedust/airmixturesarepossible,thefollowingstepsshouldbetaken:

Eliminatethelikelihoodofanexplosivedust/airmixtureandcombustibledustlayers;or
Eliminatethelikelihoodofanyignitionsource

Ifthiscannotbedone,measuresshouldbetakentoavoidthateitherorbothexistatthesametime.Ifitisnot
possibletoeliminatetheprobabilityofanexplosivedust/airmixtureandasourceofignitionatthesametime,
explosionprotectivesystemsshouldbeconsideredtohaltanincipientexplosionimmediatelyortomitigatethe
effects,e.g.dustexplosionventingsystems.
However,inordertoavoidunnecessaryandcostlyplantdowntime,measureswouldstillbeputinplacetominimise
thepossibilityofanignitionoccurring.
Theconceptforareaclassificationissimilartothatusedforflammablegasesandvapours.However,combustible
dusts,unlikeflammablegasesandvapours,willnotnecessarilyberemovedbyventilationordilutionafterreleasehas
stopped.Verydiluteandthereforenonexplosivedustcloudscould,intime,formthickdustlayers.
Dustlayerspresentthreerisks:

1.Aprimaryexplosionwithinabuildingmayraisedustlayersintoclouds,andcausesecondaryexplosionsmore
damagingthantheprimaryevent.Dustlayersshouldalwaysbecontrolledtoreducethisrisk.
2.Dustlayersmaybeignitedbytheheatfluxfromequipmentonwhichthelayerrests.Theriskisoffire,rather
thanexplosion,andthismaybeaslowprocess.
3.Adustlayermayberaisedintoacloud,igniteonahotsurfaceandcauseanexplosion.Inpractice,dustcloud
ignitiontemperaturesareoftenmuchhigherthanlayerignitiontemperatures.

Thelikelihoodofalayercausingafirecanbecontrolledbythecorrectselectionofequipmentandeffective
housekeeping.

5.1.2Directivesandstandardsrelevanttodust

Thestandardssupportingthetwodirectives
ATEX95,whichisaimedatmanufacturers,and
ATEX137,whichisaimedatusers,arelistedin
thetableontheright.
UntiltheATEXdirectiveshadbeendeveloped,
dustareasintheUKhadbeenclassifiedinzones
YandZbasedonstandardsBS6467andBS
7535.Germanyhasusedadifferent
classificationsystem,zones10and11.Current
equipmentstandardsandinstallationpractices
arealloweduntil30June2003,afterwhichonly
ATEXcertifiedequipmentmaybeplacedonthe
marketandputintoservice.

5.1.3Dustdefinitions

5.1.3.1Dust

Smallsolidparticlesintheatmospherewhichsettleoutundertheirownweight,butwhichmayremainsuspendedin

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theairforsometime.

5.3.1.2Combustibledust

Dustthatcanburnorglowintheairandformexplosivemixtureswithairatatmosphericpressureandnormal
temperature.

5.3.1.3Conductivedust

Dustwithanelectricalresistivityequaltoorlessthan103m.

5.3.1.4Explosivedustatmosphere

Mixturewithair,underatmosphericconditions,offlammablesubstancesintheformofdust,orfibresinwhich,after
ignition,combustionspreadsthroughouttheunconsumedmixture.

5.1.4Dustcharacteristics

Aspartoftheexplosionriskassessmentwhendealingwithdust,asrequiredunderATEX137,threebasicquestions
shouldbeanswered.

1.Isitflammable?
2.Howeasilycanitbeignited?
3.Howviolentwilltheexplosionbe?

Somedustswillglowwhenincontactwithaheatsourcebutextinguishimmediatelywhenremoved,otherswillburn
fiercelyandsustainafire,whichcouldigniteadustcloud.Ifthecombustibilityofaproductisrequiredatahigh
ambienttemperature,thesampleshouldbetestedattheanticipatedhightemperature,e.g.dryingtemperature.
Sometimestherecanbeabigdifferenceinthecombustionbehaviour.
Theeaseofignitionisaddressedbythemeasurementoftheminimumignitiontemperatureofadustlayeranddust
cloud,andtheminimumignitionenergy.

Theminimumignitiontemperatureofadustlayeristhelowesttemperatureofaheated,freestandingsurface
whichiscapableofignitinga5mmthickdustlayer.Combustibledusts,whendepositedinheapsorlayers,may,
undercertaincircumstances,developinternalcombustionandhightemperatures.Mostly,thisoccurswhenthedust
depositorlayerrestsonaheatedsurface,whichsuppliestheheatneededtotriggerselfignitioninthedust.Such
surfacescanbeoverheatedbearings,heatersinworkrooms,lightbulbs,wallsindryers,etc.Ifdisturbedand
dispersedbyanairblastoramechanicalaction,theburningdustcaneasilyinitiateadustexplosionifbroughtinto
contactwithacombustibledustcloud.Sometimesthedustinthedepositthathasnotyetburntformsthedustcloud.

Theminimumignitiontemperatureofadustcloudisthelowesttemperatureofaheatedimpactplateatwhichthe
dustblownintotheovenignitesordecomposes,producingflamesoranexplosioninlessthanorequalto5seconds.
Hotsurfacescapableofignitingdustcloudsexistinanumberofsituationsinindustry,suchasinfurnaces,burners
anddryers,orbyoverheatedbearings.Theminimumignitiontemperatureisnotatrueconstantforagivendust
cloud,butdependsonthegeometryofthehotsurfaceandthedynamicsofthecloud.Ifthedustcloudiskeptata
hightemperatureforalongperiodoftime,e.g.inafluidisedbed,ignitioncanoccurattemperaturesbelowthe
experimentallydeterminedminimumignitiontemperature.
Theminimumignitionenergy(MIE)ofadustcloudisthelowestenergyvalueofahighvoltagecapacitordischarge
requiredtoignitethemostignitabledust/airmixtureatatmosphericpressureandroomtemperature.Powdersshow
quiteabroadspectrumofignitionsensitivity,andthevastmajorityneedsaveryenergeticignitionsource.Onplants
wherepowdersandsolventsarehandled,theriskassessmentwillnormallybecenteredonthesolvent
characteristics.
Thefollowingtableshowssomeexplosiveparametersofdust.

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Theexplosionviolenceisdeterminedbytheexplosionpressurecharacteristics.Themaximumexplosionpressure,the
maximumrateofpressureriseandthelowerexplosionlimitaredeterminedinastandardtestapparatuswitha
contentof20litres.
Themaximumrateofpressurerise(dp/dt)max.measuredinthe20litresphereisusedtoobtaintheKstvalue.
ThemaximumexplosionpressureandtheKstvaluedescribetheexplosionbehaviourofacombustibledustina
closedsystem.ThefollowingtablesgivetheStclassificationofdustexplosionsandsomeexamplesofKstvalues.

Mostprocessequipmentisnormallyfartooweaktowithstandthepressuresexertedevenbyonlypartlydeveloped,
confineddustexplosions.Consequently,aprimaryobjectiveoffightinganexplosionafterithasbeeninitiatedisto
preventthebuildupofdestructiveoverpressures.Explosionprotectivesystemssuchasventing,suppressionand
isolationcanbeused.
Theexplosionlimitsdescribetherangeofdustconcentrationsintheairwithinwhichanexplosionispossible.
Generally,onlythelowerexplosionlimitisdetermined.
Otherfactorsaffectingdustflammabilityareparticlesize,moisturecontent,solventcontentandtemperature.Having
obtainedtherelevantinformationregardingtheprocess,plantandmaterialcharacteristics,thenextstepistolocate
theflammableatmospheresandidentifyanypotentialsourcesofignition.

5.2Areaclassification

5.2.1Definitionsofzones

Theconceptofzonesfordustsisbasedontheclassificationofareaswherecombustibledustmaybepresent,either
asalayeroracloudofcombustibledust,mixedwithair.Theareawherethereisapossibilityofcombustibledust
beingpresentisdividedinto3zones(ATEX137)dependentontheprobabilityofareleaseandthepresenceofthe
dust.SomereferencestopreviouszonesYandZor10and11arelikelytobefoundindocumentationforsometime.

5.2.1.1Zone20

Definitionofzone20

Aplaceinwhichanexplosiveatmosphereintheformofacloudofcombustibledustinairispresentcontinuously
forlongperiodsorfrequently.

Examplesoftypicalzone20locations
Insidehoppers,silos,etc.
Insidecyclonesandfilters
Insidedusttransportationsystems,exceptsomepartsofbeltandchainconveyors
Insideblenders,mills,dryers,baggingequipment,etc.
Outsidethecontainment,wherebadhousekeepingallowslayersofdustofuncontrollablethicknesstobeformed

5.2.1.2Zone21

Definitionofzone21

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Aplaceinwhichanexplosiveatmosphereintheformofacloudofcombustibledustinairislikelytooccur
occasionallyinnormaloperation.

Examplesoftypicalzone21locations
Areasoutsidedustcontainmentandintheimmediatevicinityofaccessdoorssubjecttofrequentremovalor
openingforoperationpurposeswheninternalexplosivedust/airmixturesarepresent
Areasoutsidedustcontainmentintheproximityoffillingandemptyingpoints,feedbelts,samplingpoints,truck
dumpstations,beltdumpoverpoints,etc.,wherenomeasuresareemployedtopreventtheformationofexplosive
dust/airmixtures
Areasoutsidedustcontainmentwheredustaccumulatesandwhere,duetoprocessoperations,thedustlayer
islikelytobedisturbedandformexplosivedust/airmixtures
Areasinsidedustcontainmentwhereexplosivedustcloudsarelikelytooccur(butneithercontinuously,norfor
longperiods,norfrequently),e.g.silos(iffilledand/oremptiedonlyoccasionally)andthedirtysideoffiltersiflong
selfcleaningintervalsoccur

5.2.1.3Zone22

Definitionofzone22

Aplaceinwhichanexplosiveatmosphereintheformofacloudofcombustibledustinairisnotlikelytooccurin
normaloperationbut,ifitdoesoccur,willpersistforashortperiodonly.

Examplesoftypicalzone22locations
Outletsfrombagfiltervents,becauseintheeventofamalfunctiontherecanbeemissionofexplosivedust/air
mixtures
Locationsnearequipmentthathastobeopenedatinfrequentintervalsorequipmentthat,fromexperience,can
easilyformleakswhere,duetopressureaboveatmospheric,dustwillbeblownout:pneumaticequipment,flexible
connectionsthatcanbecomedamaged,etc.
Storageofbagscontainingdustyproducts.Failureofbagscanoccurduringhandling,causingdustleakage
Areasthatarenormallyclassifiedaszone21canfallunderzone22whenmeasuresareemployedtoprevent
theformationofexplosivedust/airmixtures.Suchmeasuresincludeexhaustventilation.Themeasuresshouldbe
usedinthevicinityof(bag)fillingandemptyingpoints,feedbelts,samplingpoints,truckdumpstations,belt
dumpoverpoints,etc.
Areaswherecontrollabledustlayersareformedthatarelikelytoberaisedintoexplosivedust/airmixtures.
Onlyifthelayerisremovedbycleaningbeforehazardousdust/airmixturescanbeformed,isthearea
designatednonclassified

5.2.1.4Zoneidentification

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5.2.2Gradesofrelease,extentofzones,housekeeping

5.2.2.1Gradesofrelease

Theconditionsinwhichprocessequipment,processstepsorotheractionsthatcanbeexpectedinplantscanform
explosivedust/airmixturesorcreatecombustibledustlayersneedtobeidentified.Itisnecessarytoconsider
separatelytheinsideandoutsideofadustcontainment.
Insideadustcontainmentarea,dustisnotreleasedtotheatmospherebutaspartoftheprocesscontinuousdust
cloudsmaybeformed.Thesemayexistcontinuouslyormaybeexpectedtocontinueforlongperiodsorforshort
periods,whichoccurfrequentlydependingontheprocesscycle.
Outsidethedustcontainment,manyfactorscaninfluencetheareaclassification.Wherehigherthanatmospheric
pressuresareusedwithinthedustcontainment,dustcaneasilybeblownoutofleakingequipment.Inthecaseof
negativepressurewithinthedustcontainment,thelikelihoodofformationofdustyareasoutsidetheequipmentis
verylow.Dustparticlesize,moisturecontentand,whereapplicable,transportvelocity,dustextractionrateandfall
heightcaninfluencereleaseratepotential.
Thereare3gradesofrelease:

Continuouspresenceofdustcloud:examplesaretheinsidesofprocessequipmentsuchassilos,blendersand
millsinwhichdustisintroducedorformed
Primarygradeofrelease:examplesaretheclosevicinityaroundanopenbagfillingoremptyingpoint
Secondarygradeofrelease:examplesaremanholesthatneedtobeopenedoccasionallyandonlyduringa
veryshortperiod,oradustshandlingplantwheredepositsofdustarepresent

Basedonthelikelihoodoftheformationofpotentially
explosivedust/airmixtures,theareascanbe
designatedaccordingtothetableontheright:

5.2.2.2Extentofzones

Theextentofazoneforexplosivedustatmospheresisdefinedasthedistanceinanydirectionfromtheedgeofa
sourceofdustreleasetothepointwherethehazardassociatedwiththatzoneisconsideredtonolongerexist.
Considerationshouldbegiventothefactthatfinedustcanbecarriedupwardsfromasourceofreleasebyair
movementwithinabuilding.Theextentofanareaformedbyasourceofreleasealsodependsuponseveraldust
parameterssuchasdustamounts,flowrate,particlesize,productmoisturecontent,etc.Incaseofareasoutside
buildings(openair)theboundaryofthezonecanbereducedbecauseofweathereffectssuchaswind,rain,etc.

5.2.2.3Housekeeping

Insideadustcontainmentwherepowdersarehandledorprocessed,layersofdustofuncontrolledthicknessoften
cannotbepreventedbecausetheyareanintegralpartoftheprocess.
Theoretically,thethicknessofdustlayersoutsideequipmentcanbelimited.Thelimitationisbyhousekeeping,and
duringtheconsiderationofsourcesofreleaseitisessentialtoagreethenatureofthehousekeepingarrangements
fortheplant.Thefrequencyofcleaningaloneisnotenoughtodeterminewhetheralayercontainssufficientdustto
controltheserisks.Therateofdepositionofthedusthasaneffect;forexample,asecondarygradeofreleasewitha
highdepositionratemaycreateadangerouslayermuchmorequicklythanaprimarygradewithalowerdeposition
rate.Theeffectofcleaningisthereforemoreimportantthanfrequency.
Threelevelsofhousekeepingcanbedescribed:

Good:dustlayersarekepttonegligiblethickness,orarenonexistent,irrespectiveofthegradeofrelease.
Inthiscase,theriskoftheoccurrenceofexplosivedustcloudsfromlayersandtheriskoffireduetolayers
hasbeenremoved.
Fair:dustlayersarenotnegligiblebutareshortlived(lessthan1shift).Dependingonthethermalstability
ofthedustandthesurfacetemperatureoftheequipment,thedustmayberemovedbeforeanyfirecanstart.
Poor:dustlayersarenotnegligibleandpersistformorethan1shift.Thefireriskmaybesignificant.

Whenaplannedlevelofhousekeepingisnotmaintained,additionalfireandexplosionrisksarecreated.Some

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equipmentmaynolongerbesuitable.

5.3Dustexplosionprotectionmeasures

Combustibledustsandfibrescanbeignitedbyseveralelectricalormechanicalignitionsourcessuchas:

Hotsurfaces
Arcingorsparkinginswitches,contacts,brushes,etc.
Electrostaticdischarge
Thermitesparks
Mechanicalsparkingorfriction

Inordertoavoideffectiveignitionsourcesormitigatetheireffect,anumberofexplosionprotectionmeasurescanbe
applied.

5.3.1Protectivesystems

Tohaltanincipientexplosionortomitigatetheeffectsofanexplosion,thefollowingprotectivesystemscanbe
considered:

5.3.1.1Explosionresistant(containment)

Anexplosionresistantdesignensuresthattheexplosioniscontainedinsidethevessel.Thisalsomeansthat
connectingandisolatingequipmenthavetomeetthesamerequirements.
Twotypesofdesignexist:
Explosionpressureresistantvesselsorapparatusareabletowithstandtheexpectedpressureoftheexplosion
withoutpermanentdeformation.
Explosionpressureshockresistantvesselsorapparatusareabletowithstandtheexpectedexplosionpressure
withoutdestruction,butmaybepermanentlydeformed.

5.3.1.2Ventingsystem

Anexplosionventisareliefdevicethatrupturesatapredeterminedpressuretoallowthefireballandexplosive
pressuretoventintoasafearea.Theventsfitintothewallsofaprocessvolumeandareavailableinavarietyof
sizes,configurationsandmaterialstoensurefast,reliableoperationinanexplosionsituation.Typically,ventsare
installedinconjunctionwithanisolationsystem.

5.3.1.3Suppressionsystem

Inamatterofmilliseconds,anexplosionsuppressionsystemdetectsthebuildupofpressureinanexplosion,
anddischargesanexplosionsuppressantintotheenclosedspacebeforedestructivepressuresarecreated.
Chemically,byinterferingwiththeexplosion'sreaction,and
thermally,byremovingheatfromthedeflagration'sflamefrontandtherebyloweringitstemperaturebelowthat
neededtosupportcombustion.
Theexplosionsuppressantalsocreatesabarrierbetweenthecombustibleparticles,topreventthefurthertransfer
ofheat.

5.3.1.4Isolationsystem

Isolationsystemsaredesignedtodetectincipientexplosionsandreactinstantlytokeepthedeflagrationfrom
spreading
tounprotectedareasorinterconnectedequipment.
Thechemicaltypeisolationmethoddischargesanexplosionsuppressantintothepipelinetosuppressthefireball
andpreventitfromreachingotherplantareasorequipment.
Themechanicaltypeisolationmethodproducesthesameresultsbytriggeringthereleaseofahighspeedvalvethat
formsamechanicalbarrierinthepipeline.

5.3.2Protectionbyenclosures'tD'

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TheharmonizedstandardEN5028111,whichdefinestheconcept,doesnotcurrentlyusethetypedesignation'tD'.
Induecourse,theequivalentIECstandard,whichusesthismarking,willreplacethisstandard.'Protectionby
enclosures'isbasedonlimitingthemaximumsurfacetemperatureoftheenclosureandrestrictingtheingressofdust
byusingdusttightordustprotectedenclosures.Theequipmentinsidetheenclosurecanbesparkingoratahigher
temperaturethanthesurfacetemperature.Onlywhengasanddustarepresentatthesametimewillthetypeof
enclosureand/orcontentberestricted.Theterm'enclosure'isusedforboxes,motorhousings,luminaries,etc.

Thedegreesofdustprotectionaredefinedas:
Dusttightenclosure:anenclosurewhichpreventstheingressofallobservabledustparticles.(IP6X)
Dustprotectedenclosure:anenclosureinwhichtheingressofdustisnottotallyprevented,butdustdoesnotenter
insufficientquantitiestointerferewiththesafeoperationoftheequipment.Dustshallnotaccumulateinaposition
withintheenclosurewhereitisliabletocauseanignitionhazard(IP5X).ThetableinAppendixIIIgivesdetailsofthe
IPcode.
InaccordancewithATEX95,theenclosuresareused
inthefollowingzones:

Therequirementforcategory1Dand2Denclosureandgasketmaterialsisbasicallythesameasforincreasedsafety
enclosures.However,thedemandsonnonmetallicmaterialswithregardtostaticelectricityaremoreonerous.
Propagatingbrushdischargeshavetobeavoided,andthiscanbeachievedbyusingplasticmaterialwithoneormore
ofthefollowingcharacteristics:

Insulationresistance109
Breakdownvoltage4kV
Thickness8mmoftheexternalinsulationonmetalparts

Awarninglabel'Onlycleanwithadampcloth'isnotallowed.Enclosuressuitablefor3Darebasicallythesameasfor
EExn.CableentriesconformtotherequirementsofEN50014.Itshouldbenotedthatinthecaseofdustexplosion
protectionforcategory1Dand2Dequipment,IP6Xisrequiredandforcategory3Dequipment,IP5X.

MarkinginaccordancewithATEX95shouldinclude
Manufacturersnameand
address(logo)
Typeidentification
Serialnumber(ifrequired)
Yearofmanufacture
Ex
EquipmentgroupII
'D'fordust
Category1,2or3
Certificatenumber(if
required)
Maximumsurface
temperature
IPrating
Relevantelectrical
information
CEmark
Thelabelisanexampleofthemarkingforajunctionbox.Theassemblyhasbeencertifiedforgasaswellasfordust
atmospheres.However,whenusedinanenvironmentwheregasanddustispresentatthesametime,additional
precautionsshouldbetakenbeforeuse,i.e.minimumIPratingforEExeisIP54,butforzone21inadustatmosphere,
IP6Xisrequired.Therefore,theminimumIPratingisIP64.

Thislabelontherightisanexampleofthemarking
foramotor.Thismotorcanbeinstalledinzone21
andhasamaximumsurfacetemperatureof125C
andanIPratingofIP65.

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5.3.3Protectionbypressurisation'pD'

Theconceptisbasicallythesameasforgas.Specialattentionisplacedonthepresenceofdustwhenopeningand
closingtheenclosure.Thetemperatureclassificationoftheunitisdeterminedbythehigherofthefollowing
temperatures:

Themaximumexternalsurfacetemperatureoftheenclosures
Themaximumsurfacetemperatureofinternalpartsthatareprotectedandremainenergisedwhenthesupplyof
protectivegasforpressurisationisremovedorfails

5.3.4Protectionbyencapsulation'mD'

Withthistypeofprotection,apieceofelectricalequipmentthatgeneratessparksorheatsupexcessivelycanbe
encapsulatedinacastingcompound(thermosetsorthermoplasticswithorwithoutfillers)sothatitisshieldedfrom
anexternalexplosivedustatmosphere.Encapsulationguaranteesisolationfromanexplosiveatmosphereunderall
operatingandinstallationconditions.
Astandardiscurrentlybeingdrafted.

5.3.5Protectionbyintrinsicsafety'iD'

Theconceptisbasicallythesameasforgasatmospheres.Forapparatusinstalledindustcontainment,barriersofthe
type'ia'mustbeused.
Astandardiscurrentlybeingdrafted.

5.3.6Otherprotectionconcepts

Currentpracticeincombustibledustapplicationsusesequipment
certifiedforuseingasatmospheres.Thisisalloweduntil30
June2003,afterwhichonlyATEXcertifiedequipmentmaybe
installed.
Thezonesofusearelistedinthetableontheright:

Additionalprecautionshavetobetakenwhenusingsuchequipmentinadustatmosphere.Flameproofequipment
wouldhavetobepurchasedspecificallyfordustatmospheres,asthenormalIPratingmightnotbesufficient.Cabling
canfollowconventionalpracticeforflameproofequipment,butifflammablegasisnotanissue,EExecableglands
withIP65willbesuitable.EExeorEExnapparatusshouldbepurchasedwiththeappropriateingressprotection.
Intrinsicallysafebarrierscertifiedforflammablegasescanbeusedindustatmospheres.Whenusedindust
containment,barriersofthetype'ia'andcertifiedforgasgroupIICshouldbeused.
InaccordancewithATEX95,apparatuswithtwoindependentmethodsofprotectioncanalsobeusedinzone20.
Example:tDcertifiedenclosure,IP6Xwith'iD'circuitor'pD'apparatuswith'tD'certifiedenclosure.

5.3.7Selectionofapparatus

Whenselectingapparatusforuseindustatmospheres,thefollowinginformationshouldbeavailable:
Zonesequipmentwillbeusedin
Characteristicsofthedustpresent,suchas:
Ignitiontemperatureof5mmdustlayer
Ignitiontemperatureofthedustcloud

Theequipmentcategorysuitableforthezonesisselectedinaccordancewiththetablebelow:

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Themaximumsurfacetemperatureforapparatusoperatinginanyzoneiscalculatedbydeductingasafetymargin
fromtheminimumignitiontemperaturesofadustcloudandadustlayerupto5mmthick.

1.Maximumpermissiblesurfacetemperatureincaseofdustclouds
Tmax.=2/3Tcloud
(Tcloudistheignitiontemperatureofacloudofdust)
2.Maximumpermissiblesurfacetemperatureincaseofdustlayer(max.5mm)
Tmax.=T5mm75K
(T5mmistheignitiontemperatureofa5mmdustlayer)
Example:milkpowder,skimmedspraydried
T5mm=340oCandTcloud=540oC
Tmax.(1)=2/3x540oC=360oC
Tmax.(2)=340oC75K=265oC

Accordingtothis,themaximumsurfacetemperatureoftheapparatusmustnotexceed265oC.Whereitispossible
thatdustlayersbetween5mmand50mmareformedontopoftheapparatus,themaximumpermissiblesurface
temperaturemustbereducedinaccordancewiththegraphinthefollowingfigure.

Inourexample,theignitiontemperatureofthe5mmlayerisbetween320oCand400oC,thereforethemiddle
curve(320oC)shouldbeused.Foralayer,say20mmthick,themaximumsurfacetemperaturederivedfromthe
figureaboveis:Tmax.=160oC
Whereitcannotbeavoidedthatadustlayerinexcessof50mmisformedontopoftheapparatus,aroundthesides,
orwheretheapparatusistotallysubmergedinthedust(typicalzone20application),amuchlowersurface
temperaturemayberequired.Thisshouldbeinvestigatedundersimulatedworkingconditions.
Thespecialrequirementsforzone20canbemetbyasystemofpowerlimitation,withorwithouttemperature
control.Powerengineeringapparatus,e.g.motors,luminaries,plugsandsockets,shall,whereverpracticable,be
placedoutsidezone20areasor,ifusedatall,besubmittedforspecialtesting.

5.4Installations

Theinstallationrequirementsaresimilartothoseinareasfreeofcombustibledust.Installationsindustatmospheres
shallbedesignedandapparatusinstalledwithaviewtoprovidingeaseofaccessforcleaning.

5.4.1Typesofcables

Allcommontypesofcablecanbeusediftheyaredrawnintoscrewed,soliddrawnorseamweldedconduits.Itisalso
possibletousecablesthatareinherentlyprotectedagainstmechanicaldamageandareimpervioustodust,e.g.

Thermoplasticorelastomerinsulated,screenedorarmouredcablewithaPVC,PCP,orsimilarsheathoverall

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Cablesenclosedinaseamlessaluminiumsheathwithorwithoutarmour
Mineralinsulatedcableswithmetalsheath
Note:Cablesmayneedtobederatedtolimitsurfacetemperature
Cablesexternallyprovidedwithprotectionorwherethereisnodangerofmechanicaldamage,thermoplasticor
elastomerinsulatedwithaPVC,PCPorsimilaroverallsheathareallowed

5.4.2Cableinstallation

Cablerunsshallbearrangedsothattheyarenotexposedtothefrictioneffectsandbuildupofelectrostatic
chargeduetothepassageofdust.
Cablerunsshallbearrangedasfaraspossiblesothattheycollecttheminimumamountofdustandare
accessibleforcleaning.Whereverpossible,cablesthatarenotassociatedwiththehazardousareasshallnot
passthrough.
Wherelayersofdustareliabletoformoncablesandimpairthefreecirculationofair,considerationshallbegiven
toreducethecurrentcarryingcapacityofthecables,especiallyiflowignitiontemperaturedustispresent.
Whencablespassthroughafloor,partitionoraceilingthatformsadustbarrier,theholethatisprovidedshall
bemadegoodtopreventthepassageorcollectionofcombustibledust.
Whenametalconduitisused,careshouldbetakentoensurethatnodamagemightoccurtotheconnecting
points,thattheyaredustproof,thatthedustproofingofconnectedequipmentismaintained,andthattheyare
includedinthepotentialequalisation.

5.4.3Cableentrydevices

Therequirementsfortheentriesincategory1Dand2Ddustexplosionprotectionequipmentarebasicallythesame
asforincreasedsafety.TheonlydifferenceistheIPrating,IP6Xforzone20andzone21.

5.5Inspectionandmaintenance

5.5.1Inspection

Inspectioncriteriaarestillundergoingextensiverevision.Theproceduresaresimilartothoseforgasatmospheresbut
specialconsiderationshouldbegivento:

Presenceofaccumulationsofdustontheoutsideofapparatusistobenotedandrecorded.Excessivedust
layerswillcauseapparatustooverhead,whichmayleadtoprematurefailure
Presenceofanydustwithintheequipmentandenclosureswhencarryingoutdetailedinspections.Noteand
recordpresenceofdust

TheinspectiontableinappendixVIIIrepresentscurrentviews,butmaybesubjecttofutureamendments.The
inspectiongradesusedarethesameasforgasatmospheres.

5.5.2Maintenance

Maintenanceproceduresfollowthoseforgasatmospheresveryclosely.
Theprinciplerequirementistoensurethatnoexcessiveaccumulationsofdustremainontheelectricalequipmentor
areabletocausefrictioninmechanicalequipment.
Wheresignificantdustlayersareallowedtosettleandremainforalongperiodoftime,thiscouldleadtoserious
deteriorationoftheequipmentorcouldbecomeacombustibleatmospherewhendisturbed.

5.5.3Repair

Repairproceduresfollowthoseforgasatmospheres.

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SECTION6
EXPLOSIONPROTECTIONINNORTHAMERICA

6.1RegulationsinNorthAmerica

Theprinciplesofour'hazardtriangle'equallyapplytogas,vapouranddustatmospheresinNorthAmerica.The
Americansystemofexplosionprotectionforelectricalequipmentandinstallationsdiffersquiteabitfromthe
Europeantype.However,theintroductionofzonesasanalternativetodivisionsseesanintroductionofIECpractices.
TheNorthAmericanHazLocinstallationcodes(NationalElectricalCodefortheUSandtheCanadianElectricalCode
forCanada)canbeviewedasthestartingpointfromwhichallsubsequentaspectsoftheNorthAmericanHazLoc
systemarederived.Thesecodesincludedetailsonequipmentconstruction,performanceandinstallation
requirements,andareaclassificationrequirements.
FortheUS,theNationalElectricalCode(NEC)includesthefollowingsixarticlesregardinghazardouslocations:

Article500GeneralClassI,II,&IIIDivisionrequirements
Article501SpecificClassI,Divisionrequirements
Article502SpecificClassII,Divisionrequirements
Article503SpecificClassIII,Divisionrequirements
Article504SpecificClassI,II,&IIII.S.Divisionrequirements
Article505GeneralandSpecificClassI,Zonerequirements

ForCanada,theCanadianElectricalCode(CEC)includesthefollowingrules,alongwithanappendix,regarding
hazardouslocations:

Rule18000GeneralClassI,ZoneandClassII&III,Divisionrequirements
Rule18090SpecificClassI,Zone0requirements
Rule18100SpecificClassI,Zone1&2requirements
Rule18200SpecificClassII,Divisionrequirements
Rule18300SpecificClassIII,Divisionrequirements
AppendixJGeneralandSpecificClassI,Divisionrequirements

Forbothinstallationcodes,morespecificinstructionsexistforcertainoccupanciessuchascommercialgarages,
servicestations,sprayingapplicationsandaircrafthangers.

6.2Hazardous(classified)locations

6.2.1Classificationoflocations

Locationsareclassifieddependingonthepropertiesofflammablevapours,liquids,gases,combustibledustsorfibres
thatmaybepresent,andthelikelihoodthataflammableorcombustibleconcentrationorquantityispresent.

ClassIlocation:
Alocationinwhichflammablegasesorvapoursareormaybepresentintheairinquantitiessufficienttoproduce
explosiveorignitablemixtures.
ClassI,division1location:
Alocationinwhich:
Ignitableconcentrationsofflammablegasesorvapourscanexistundernormaloperatingconditions;
Ignitableconcentrationsofsuchgasesorvapoursmayexistfrequentlybecauseofrepairormaintenanceoperations
orbecauseofleakage;
Breakdownorfaultyoperationofequipmentorprocessesmightreleaseignitableconcentrationsofflammablegases
orvapours,andmightalsocausesimultaneousfailureofelectricalequipmentthatcouldactasasourceofignition.
ClassI,division2location:
Alocationinwhich:
Volatileflammableliquidsorflammablegasesarehandled,processed,orused,butinwhichtheliquids,vapours,or
gaseswillnormallybeconfinedwithinclosedcontainersorclosedsystemsfromwhichtheycanescapeonlyincase
ofaccidentalruptureorbreakdownofsuchcontainersorsystems,orincaseofabnormaloperationofequipment;
Ignitableconcentrationsofgasesorvapoursarenormallypreventedbypositivemechanicalventilationandmight

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becomehazardousthroughfailureorabnormaloperationoftheventilatingequipment;
IgnitableconcentrationsofgasesorvapoursmightoccasionallymigratetoaclassI,division1unlesssuchmigration
ispreventedbyadequatepositivepressureventilationfromasourceofcleanairandeffectivesafeguardsagainst
ventilationfailureareprovided.

ClassIIlocation:
Alocationthatishazardousbecauseofthepresenceofcombustibledust.
ClassII,division1location:
Alocationinwhich:
Combustibledustisintheairundernormaloperatingconditionsinquantitiessufficienttoproduceexplosiveor
ignitablemixtures;
Mechanicalfailureorabnormaloperationofmachineryorequipmentmightcausesuchexplosiveorignitable
mixturestobeproducedandmightalsoprovideasourceofignitionthroughsimultaneousfailureofelectrical
equipment,operationofprotectiondevices,orfromothercauses;
Combustibledustsofanelectricallyconductivenaturemaybepresentinhazardousquantities.
ClassII,division2location:
Alocationinwhichcombustibledustisnotnormallyintheairinquantitiessufficienttoproduceexplosiveorignitable
mixturesanddustaccumulationsarenormallyinsufficienttointerferewiththenormaloperationofelectrical
equipmentorotherapparatus,howevercombustibledustmaybeinsuspensionintheairasaresultofinfrequent
malfunctioningofhandlingorprocessingequipmentandcombustibledustaccumulationson,in,orinthevicinityof
theelectricalequipmentmaybesufficienttointerferewiththesafedissipationofheatfromelectricalequipmentor
maybeignitablebyabnormaloperationorfailureofelectricalequipment.

ClassIIIlocation:
Alocationthatishazardousbecauseofthepresenceofeasilyignitablefibresorflyingsbutinwhichsuchfibresor
flyingsarenotlikelytobeinsuspensionintheairinquantitiessufficienttoproduceignitablemixtures.
ClassIII,division1location:
Alocationinwhicheasilyignitablefibresormaterialsproducingcombustibleflyings,arehandled,manufactured,or
used.
ClassIII,division2location:
Alocationinwhicheasilyignitablefibresarestoredorhandled(exceptintheprocessofmanufacture).

6.2.2Materialgroups

Thedifferentmaterialgroupsareshowninthetablebelow.Itis
immediately
obviousthatthegroupsaretotallydifferentfromtheEuropean
system.
ClassIIIdoesnothavematerialgroups.

6.2.3Temperatureclassification
ClassIequipmentmustnothaveanyexposedsurfacesthatoperateata
temperatureinexcessoftheignitiontemperatureofthespecificgasor
vapour.TheTcodesaregiveninthetableontheleft.

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GroupIIequipmentmustnothaveanexternalsurfacetemperaturehigherthanthatspecifiedinthefollowingtable.

ThemaximumsurfacetemperatureforclassIIImustnotbehigherthan165Cforequipmentthatisnotsubjectto
overloading,and120Cforequipmentthatmaybeoverloaded.

6.2.4Protectiontechniques

Suitabilityofidentifiedequipmentisdeterminedbyanyofthefollowing:

Equipmentlistingorlabelling
Evidenceofequipmentevaluationfromaqualifiedtestinglaboratoryorinspectionagencyconcernedwith
productevaluation
Evidenceacceptabletotheauthorityhavingjurisdiction,suchasamanufacturersselfevaluationorthe
ownersengineeringjudgement

Equipmentingeneralpurposeenclosurescanbeinstalledindivision2locationsprovidedtheequipmentdoesnot
constituteasourceofignitionundernormaloperatingconditions.Typically,ULlistedrailmountedterminalsfittedin
atype4Xenclosurecanbeinstalledinadivision2location.
ThefollowingtableshowstheconversionfromtheUStypetotheEuropeanIPcode.Thetablecannotbeusedto
convertintoIPtypebecausetheAmericanrequirementsareverydifferent.

6.2.5Marking

Theequipmentmustbemarkedtoshowtheclass,group,andoperatingtemperatureortemperatureclass
referencedtoa40 Cambienttemperature.Electricalequipmentsuitableforambienttemperaturesexceeding 40 C
mustbemarkedwithboththeambienttemperatureandtheoperatingtemperatureortemperatureclassatthat
ambienttemperature.Equipmentofthenonheatproducingtype,suchasjunctionboxes,conduitsandfittings,isnot
requiredtohavetheoperatingtemperatureortemperatureclassmarked.ThecodingisidenticalfortheUSAand
Canada.

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6.3ClassI,zone0,1and2locations

6.3.1Classificationoflocations

Locationsareclassifieddependingonthepropertiesofflammablevapours,liquids,orgasesthatmaybepresent,and
thelikelihoodthataflammableorcombustibleconcentrationorquantityispresent.

Zone0:
AclassI,zone0locationisalocationinwhich:
1.Ignitableconcentrationsofflammablegasesorvapoursarecontinuouslypresent.
2.Ignitableconcentrationsofflammablegasesorvapoursarepresentforlongperiodsoftime.

Zone1:
AclassI,zone1locationisalocationinwhich:
1.Ignitableconcentrationsofflammablegasesorvapoursarelikelytoexistundernormaloperatingconditions.
2.Ignitableconcentrationsofflammablegasesorvapoursmayexistfrequentlybecauseofrepairormaintenance
operations,orbecauseofleakage.
3.Equipmentisoperatedorprocessesarecarriedoutinsuchawaythatequipmentbreakdownorfaultyoperations
couldresultinthereleaseofignitableconcentrationsofflammablegasesorvapours,andalsocausesimultaneous
failureofelectricalequipmentinamodetocausetheelectricalequipmenttobecomeasourceofignition.
4.IgnitableconcentrationsofvapourscouldbecommunicatedtoanadjacentclassI,zone0location,unless
communicationispreventedbyadequatepositivepressureventilationfromasourceofcleanair,andeffective
safeguardsagainstventilationfailureareprovided.

Zone2:
AclassI,zone2locationisalocationinwhich:
1.Ignitableconcentrationsofflammablegasesorvapoursarenotlikelytooccurinnormaloperationand,iftheydo
occur,willexistonlyforashortperiod.
2.Volatileflammableliquids,flammablegases,orflammablevapoursarehandled,processed,orused,buttheliquids,
gases,orvapoursarenormallyconfinedwithinclosedcontainersorclosedsystemsfromwhichtheycanescapeonly
asaresultofaccidentalruptureorbreakdownofthecontainersorsystem,orastheresultofabnormaloperationof
theequipmentwithwhichtheliquidsorgasesarehandled,processed,orused.
3.Ignitableconcentrationsofflammablegasesorvapoursarenormallypreventedbypositivemechanicalventilation,
butmaybecomehazardousastheresultoffailureorabnormaloperationoftheventilationequipment.
4.IgnitableconcentrationsofflammablegasesorvapourscouldbecommunicatedtoanadjacentclassI,zone1
location,unlesssuchcommunicationispreventedbyadequatepositivepressureventilationfromasourceofcleanair,
andeffectivesafeguardsagainstventilationfailureareprovided.

6.3.2Materialgroups

Materialgroups(gasgroups)areidenticaltotheEuropeanones.

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6.3.3Temperatureclassification

ThetemperaturerangeisidenticaltotheoneinEurope.

6.3.4Protectiontechniques

Suitabilityofidentifiedequipmentisdeterminedbyanyofthefollowing:

Equipmentlistingorlabelling
Evidenceofequipmentevaluationfromaqualifiedtestinglaboratoryorinspectionagencyconcernedwith
productevaluation
Evidenceacceptabletotheauthorityhavingjurisdiction,suchasamanufacturersselfevaluationorthe
ownersengineeringjudgement

6.3.5Marking

ThemarkingrequirementsareverysimilartothemarkingpriortotheATEXdirectivecomingintoforce.Therearetwo
typesofequipment,i.e.zoneequipmentanddivisionequipment.
ThezoneequipmenthasbeenapprovedaccordingtotheIECconcept.Thedivisionequipmentisequipmentidentified
forclassI,division1orclassI,division2andinadditionofitsoriginalmarking,itcanalsobemarkedwithzone
information.

6.3.5.1Markingsfordivisionbasedzonecertification

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ThecodingisidenticalfortheUSAandCanada.
Notalldivision1equipmentissuitableforzone0,thereforeitisnecessarytopayspecialattentionwhenmarking
divisionbasedequipmentforuseinzoneclassifiedareas.

IntrinsicallysafeproductssuitableforclassI,division1locations:

1.IntrinsicallysafeproductsthatcomplywithULclassI,division1,groupDrequirementsmayalsobemarkedclassI,
zone0,groupIIA
2.IntrinsicallysafeproductsthatcomplywithULclassI,division1,groupCrequirementsmayalsobemarked
classI,zone0,groupIIB
3.IntrinsicallysafeproductsthatcomplywithULclassI,division1,groupBrequirementsmayalsobemarked
classI,zone0,groupIIBplushydrogen(or'+H2')
4.IntrinsicallysafeproductsthatcomplywithbothULclassI,division1,groupAandULclassI,division1,groupB
requirementsmayalsobemarkedclassI,zone0,groupIIC

AnyproductssuitableforclassI,division1locations:

1.ProductsthatcomplywithULclassI,division1,groupDrequirementsmayalsobemarkedclassI,zone1,
groupIIA
2.ProductsthatcomplywithULclassI,division1,groupCrequirementsmayalsobemarkedclassI,zone1,
groupIIB
3.ProductsthatcomplywithULclassI,division1,groupBrequirementsmayalsobemarkedclassI,zone1,group
IIBplushydrogen(or'+H2')
4.ProductsthatcomplywithbothULclassI,division1,groupAandULclassI,division1,groupBrequirementsmay
alsobemarkedclassI,zone1,groupIIC

AnyproductssuitableforclassI,division2locations:

1.ProductsthatcomplywithULclassI,division2,groupDrequirementsmayalsobemarkedclassI,zone2,
groupIIA
2.ProductsthatcomplywithULclassI,division2,groupCrequirementsmayalsobemarkedclassI,zone2,
groupIIB
3.ProductsthatcomplywithULclassI,division2,groupBrequirementsmayalsobemarkedclassI,zone2,group
IIBplushydrogen(or'+H2')
4.ProductsthatcomplywithbothULclassI,division2,groupAandULclassI,division2,groupBrequirementsmay
alsobemarkedclassI,zone2,groupIIC

6.3.6MarkingsforIECbasedzonecertification
ThemarkingbetweentheUSAandCanadaisdifferent.TheCanadianmarkingisidenticaltotheIECmarking.

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SECTION7
APPENDICES

I.Definitionsandabbreviations
II.ECDeclarationofConformity
III.Ingressandimpactprotectionforenclosures
IV.Definedarrangementmethodterminalcontent
V.Glandselection
VI.Genericpermittowork
VII.Inspectionschedulesforgasatmospheres
VII.1Ex'd',Ex'e'andEx'n'
VII.2Ex'i'
VII.3Ex'p'
VIII.Inspectionscheduleforcombustibledusts
IX.UL/NEMAtypedesignationsforenclosures
X.ExplosionprotectionmethodsaccordingtoNEC
XI.HarmonisedstandardsforATEX95
XII.ConstructionregulationsforNorthAmerica
XIII.Certifications

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APPENDIXI

Definitionsandabbreviations

ACB Acceptedcertificationbodies
Assembly Acombinationoftwoormorepiecesofequipment,togetherwithcomponentsifnecessary,
andplacedonthemarketand/orputintoserviceasasinglefunctionalunit
Associatedapparatus Electricalapparatuswhichcontainsbothintrinsicallysafeandnonintrinsicallysafecircuits,
andisconstructedsothatthenonintrinsicallysafecircuitscannotadverselyaffectthe
intrinsicallysafecircuits
ATEX AtmospheresExposable
ATEX137 Directive1999/92/ECMinimumrequirementsforimprovingthesafetyandhealth
protectionofworkerspotentiallyatriskfromexplosiveatmospheres
ATEX95 Directive94/9/ECEquipmentandprotectivesystemsforuseinpotentiallyexplosive
atmospheres
ATR Assessmentandtestreport
Attestationofconformity
forcomponents Declarationbythemanufacturerthatthecomponentsconformwiththeprovisionsof
Directive94/9/ECandincludedetailsonhowtobeincorporatedintoequipmentorprotective
systems
BASEEFA BritishApprovalServiceforElectricalEquipmentinFlammableAtmospheresUK
notifiedbody
CAD ChemicalAgentsDirective98/24/ECProtectionofthehealthandsafetyofworkersfrom
risksrelatedtochemicalagentsatwork
CEC CanadianElectricalCode
CEN uropeancommitteeforstandardisation(nonelectrical)
CENELEC Europeancommitteeforelectrotechnicalstandardisation
Clearance Shortestdistanceinairbetweentwoconductiveparts
Combustibledust Dustthatcanburnorglowinairandformexplosivemixtureswithairatatmosphericpressure
andnormaltemperature
Components Anyitemessentialtothesafefunctioningofequipmentandprotectivesystemsbutwithno
autonomousfunction
Conductivedust Dustwithelectricalresistivityequaltoorlessthan103m
Creepagedistance Shortestdistancealongthesurfaceofaninsulatingmediumbetweentwoconductiveparts
DSEAR Dangeroussubstancesandexplosiveatmospheresregulations
Dustprotected Enclosureinwhichtheingressofdustisnottotallypreventedbutdustdoesnotenterin
Sufficientquantitiestointerferewiththesafeoperationoftheequipment;dustmustnot
accumulateinapositionwithintheenclosurewhereitisliabletocauseanignitionhazard
Dustignitionproof Enclosedinamannerthatwillexcludedustsandwillnotpermitarcs,sparksorheatotherwise
generatedinsideoftheenclosuretocauseignitionofexteriorlayersorcloudsofaspecified
dustonorinthevicinityoftheenclosure
Dusttight Constructedsothatdustparticleswillnotentertheenclosure
EC EuropeanCommunity
ECDeclaration
ofConformity DeclarationbythemanufacturerthattheequipmentcomplieswiththeEHSRsofDirective
94/9/ECandanyotherrelevantdirectivesthatapply
EHSR EssentialHealthandSafetyRequirements
Equipment Machines,apparatus,fixedormobiledevices,controlcomponentsandinstrumentation
thereof,anddetectionorpreventionsystemswhich,separatelyorjointly,areintendedfor
thegeneration,transfer,storage,measurement,controlandconversionofenergyforthe
Processingofmaterial,andwhicharecapableofcausinganexplosionthroughtheirown
potentialsourcesofignition
EU EuropeanUnion
ExNB Exnotifiedbodies
Explosionproof
apparatus(US) Apparatusenclosedinacasethatiscapableofwithstandinganexplosionofaspecified
gasorvapourthatmayoccurwithinit,andofpreventingtheignitionofaspecifiedgasor
vapoursurroundingtheenclosurebysparks,flashes,orexplosionofthegasorvapourwithin,

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 andthatoperatesatsuchanexternaltemperaturethatasurroundingflammableatmosphere
willnotbeignitedthereby
ExTL Extestinglaboratory
FISCO FieldbusIntrinsicallySafeCOncept
Flameproof(EU) Atypeofprotectioninwhichthepartswhichcanigniteanexplosiveatmosphereareplaced
Inanenclosurewhichcanwithstandthepressuredevelopedduringaninternalexplosion
54SECTION7ofanexplosivemixture,andwhichpreventsthetransmissionoftheexplosion
totheexplosiveatmospheresurroundingtheenclosure
Flashpoint Thelowestliquidtemperatureatwhichaliquidgivesoffvapoursinaquantitysuchastobe
capableofforminganignitablevapour/airmixture
Harmonizedstandards StandardsdevelopedspecificallytoallowapresumptionofconformitywiththeEHSRof
ATEX95
Hermeticallysealed
component Acomponentthatissealedagainstentranceofanexternalatmosphereandinwhichthe
sealismadebyfusion,suchassoldering,brazing,welding,orthefusionofglasstometal
Increasedsafety Atypeofprotectioninwhichadditionalmeasuresareappliedtogiveincreasedsecurity
againstthepossibilityofexcessivetemperaturesandtheoccurrenceofarcsandsparks
insideandonexternalpartsofelectricalapparatuswhichdonotproducearcsorsparksin
normalservice
Installation Acombinationoftwoormorepiecesofequipment,whichwerealreadyplacedonthe
marketindependentlybyoneormoremanufacturers
Intrinsicallysafe
apparatus Apparatusinwhichallthecircuitsareintrinsicallysafe
Intrinsicallysafe
circuit Acircuitinwhichanysparkorthermaleffectproducedisnotcapableofcausingignition
ofamixtureofflammableorcombustiblematerialinairunderprescribedtestconditions
IP Ingressprotection
KEMA Dutchnotifiedbody
LEL Lowerexplosionlimit
MESG Maximumexperimentalsafetygap
MIC Minimumignitioncurrent
NEC Nationalelectricalcode
Nonincendivecircuit Acircuitinwhichanyarcorthermaleffectproducedunderintendedoperatingconditions
oftheequipmentisnotcapable,underthetestconditionsspecified,ofignitingthespecified
flammablegasorvapourairmixture
Nonincendive
Component Acomponenthavingcontactsformakingorbreakinganincendivecircuitandthecontacting
mechanismshallbeconstructedsothatthecomponentisincapableofignitingthespecified
flammablegasorairairmixture.Thehousingofanonincendivecomponentisnotintended
toexcludetheflammableatmosphereorcontainanexplosion
Nonincendive
fieldcircuit Acircuitthatentersorleavestheequipmentenclosureandthatunderintendedoperating
conditionsisnotcapable,underthetestconditionsspecified,ofignitingthespecified
flammablegasorairairmixtureorcombustibledust
Nonsparking
apparatus Apparatusthathasnonormallyarcingpartsorthermaleffectscapableofignition.Normal
useexcludestheremovalorinsertionofcomponentswiththecircuitenergised
Pressurization Theprocessofsupplyinganenclosurewithaprotectivegaswithorwithoutcontinuousflow
atsufficientpressuretopreventtheentranceofaflammablegasorvapour,acombustible
dust,oranignitablefibre
Protectivesystems Designunitswhichareintendedtohaltincipientexplosionsimmediately,and/ortolimitthe
effectiverangeofexplosionflamesandexplosionpressures.Protectivesystemsmaybe
integratedintoequipmentorseparatelyplacedonthemarketforuseasautonomoussystems
PTB Germannotifiedbody
Purging Theprocessofsupplyinganenclosurewithaprotectivegasatasufficientflowandpositive
pressuretoreducetheconcentrationofanyflammablegasorvapourinitiallypresenttoan
acceptablelevel
Relativedensity

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ofagas/vapour Thedensityofagasoravapourrelativetothedensityofairatthesamepressureandat
thesametemperature(airisequalto1.0)
Sealeddevice Adevicethatisconstructedsothatitcannotbeopened,hasnoexternaloperating
mechanisms,andissealedtorestrictentryofanexternalatmospherewithoutrelyingon
gaskets.Thedevicemaycontainarcingpartsorinternalhotsurfaces
Simpleapparatus Anelectricalcomponentorcombinationofcomponentsofsimpleconstructionwithwell
definedelectricalparameters,whichiscompatiblewiththeintrinsicsafetyofthecircuit
inwhichitisused
"U"symbol Thesymbolusedasasuffixtoacertificatereferencetodenotespecialconditionsforsafe
use
UEL Upperexplosionlimit
"X"symbol Thesymbolusedasasuffixtoacertificatereferencetodenotespecialconditionsforsafe
use

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APPENDIXII
ECDeclarationofConformity

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APPENDIXIII
Ingressandimpactprotectionforenclosures

INGRESSANDIMPACTPROTECTIONFORENCLOSURESEN60529(IP)ANDEN50102(K)
PROTECTIONAGAINSTSOLIDBODIESIMPACTPROTECTION
1STNUMBER3RDNUMBER
IP
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
PROTECTIONAGAINSTLIQUIDSIP
2NDNUMBER
K
Noprotection
Protectedagainstsolid
bodieslargerthan
50mm(e.g.:accidental
contactwiththehand)
Protectedagainstsolid
bodieslargerthan
12mm(e.g.:hand
fingers)
Protectedagainstsolid
bodieslargerthan
2.5mm(e.g.:tools,and
smallwires,etc.)
Protectedagainstsolid
bodieslargerthan
1mm(e.g.:finetools,
wires,etc.)
Protectedagainstdust
(noharmfuldeposit)
Completelyprotected
againstdust
Noprotection
Protectedagainst
verticalwaterdrops
falling
(condensation)
Protectedagainst
dropsofwaterfalling
upto15fromthe
vertical
Protectedagainst
dropsofwaterfalling
upto60fromthe
vertical
Protectedagainst
waterprojectedfrom
alldirections
Protectedagainst
jetsofwaterfromall
directions
Protectedagainst
jetsofwaterofsimilar
forcetoheavysea
waves
Protectedagainst
effectsofimmersion
Protectedagainstthe
continuorseffectsof
inmersionunder
pressure
Noprotection
Impactenergy
0.150J
Impactenergy
0.200J
Impactenergy
0.350J
Impactenergy
0.500J
Impactenergy

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APPENDIXIV
Terminalcontentusingthe'Definedarrangementmethod'

The'definedarrangementmethod'specifiesasetof
valuescomprising,
foreachterminalsize,thepermissiblenumberof
terminals,
theconductorsizeandthemaximumcurrent.Ifmore
thanone
combinationispossible,theinformationispresented
inatable.
Theamountofheatlossdependsonthevolumeof
theenclosure.
Therefore,eachtableisuniqueforaspecific
enclosuresize.Our
exampleisaWeidmllerenclosureNexT30/30/20
(H300xW300xD200).












Forourfirstapplication,weselectaconductorsize
of2.5mm2@12
Amps.Accordingtoourtable,thepermissible
numberofterminals
is77.
Thisnumberisnotnecessarilythephysicalnumber
ofterminalsthat
canbefittedintheenclosure.Forthesmaller
crosssections,the
powerdissipationdependsonthecablesize,asthe
resistanceofa
qualityterminalisnegligible.Therefore,thenumber
inthetableisin
factthenumberofcablepairsthatcanbe
terminatedintheenclosure,
andisnotdependentonthesizeofterminalthatis
selected.

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 TheactualphysicalterminalcontentofourNexT
30/30/20enclosuredependsontheterminalsizethatis
selectedfortheapplication.WetaketheWeidmller
SAKandWDUtypes,mountedonverticalrails,asan
example.
IfyouselecttheSAK2.5,youcanfit46terminalsinthe
enclosureor,ifyouselectaWDU2.5,youcanfit54
terminals.Botharelowerthanthepermissiblenumber
of77becauseofphysicalconstraints.Ifyouselecta
largerterminalsuchastheSAK4,youcanfiteven
lessterminalsintheenclosure,i.e.42.

Foroursecondapplication,weselectthesame
conductorsize butthecurrentratingis16Amps.
Accordingtoourtable,thepermissiblenumberof
terminalsis34.Usingthesameterminalstypesas
before,themaximumphysicalterminalcontentishigher
thanthepermissiblenumberofterminals
inthetable.Thisisnotallowed.Therefore,the
maximumnumberofterminalsthatcanbefitted
intheNexT30/30/20is34.Evenifyouusealarger
terminalsize,i.e.WDU4orSAK4,youareonlyallowed
31terminalsbecausetheconductorsizeof2.5mm2is
thelimitingfactor.

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However,ifyouincreasetheconductorsizeto4mm2@16
Amps,thiswouldincreasethepermissiblenumberofterminals
to131.Thephysicalconstraintswouldagainlimitthemaximum
numberofterminalsthatcanbefittedintheenclosure.

Differentsizesofterminalscanbemixedtogetherbyutilising
thetabularvaluesproportionally.
Theloadingofthedifferentterminaltypesiscalculatedby
takingthenumberofinstalledterminals/conductorpairs
dividedbythecorrespondingpermissiblenumberofterminals
inthetable.Thesumoftheindividualloadsmustalwaysbe
lessthan100%.Ifthetotalloadismorethan100%,reducethe
numberofterminalsorselectalargerenclosure.

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APPENDIXV
Glandselection

Selection
a)Flameproofsealingdevice(forexample,stopperboxorsealingchamber)specifiedintheapparatusdocumentation
orhavingcomponentapprovalandemployingcableentrydevicesappropriatetothecableused.Thesealingdevices
suchasstopperboxesorsealingchambersshallincorporatecompoundorotherappropriatesealswhichpermit
stopping
aroundindividualcores.Sealingdevicesshallbefittedatthepointofentrytotheapparatus.
b)Flameproofcableentrydevicesincorporatingcompoundfilledsealsaroundtheindividualcoresorotherequivalent
sealingarrangements.
NOTE

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APPENDIXVI

Genericpermittowork

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APPENDIXVII

Inspectionschedulesforgasatmospheres

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APPENDIXVIII

Inspectionscheduleforcombustibledusts

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APPENDIXIX

UL/NEMAtypedesignationsforenclosures

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APPENDIXX

ExplosionprotectionmethodsaccordingtoNEC

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APPENDIXXI

HarmonizedstandardsforATEX95

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APPENDIXXII

ConstructionregulationsforNorthAmerica

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APPENDIXXIII

Certifications

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