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Higher Education System :

Governance, Polity And
Administration
Goalfinder Classes: CBSE NET 2016 - Paper 1
Total number of Pages: 139
Portion covered till CBSE NET December 2015

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 Goalfinder Classes - Higher Edu. System : Governance, Polity And Administration

Goalfinder Classes: CBSE NET 2016 - Paper 1

Higher Education System: Governance, Polity And Administration

Table of Content

Section: Higher Education

Indian Education system, an Introduction 1
University Facts 2
Distance Education Programs 4
Objective of a University 5
Universities and Institutes 5
Central universities 6
State Public Universities 7
State Private Universities or Private universities 7
Deemed University 8
Open Universities 9
Institute of National Importance 10
Other Institute 10
Autonomous/Non-Autonomous Institutes & Deemed/Private Universities 11
Meta University 16
Accreditation and Recognition of Higher Education Institutions 19
Educational Bodies: UGC 25
Educational Bodies under UGC 28
Other educational bodies: AICTE, CABE, CSIR etc. 30

Section: Governance, Polity and administration 43

Structure of Government of India 44
The President of India 45
8 - Powers of President 47
Pleasure of the president 52
Vice President of India 53
Advocate General 56
Parliament in India (Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha with their Secretariats) 57
Lok Sabha 58
Rajya Sabha 61
Session of parliament 62
Parliament prorogation and dissolution 62
Rajya Sabha Secretariat 64
Indian Elections -Scale of Operation 66
Legislative Assemblies 69

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 Goalfinder Classes - Higher Edu. System : Governance, Polity And Administration

State Assemblies 70
Governors and Lieutenant Governors 71
Union Territory 73
Gram Sabha, Gram Panchayats and Urban administration 74
Attorney General of India 77
The Solicitor General of India 78
Natural Justice 78
The Supreme Court of India 80
High Court 83
Division of powers between the Centre and the States 83
Federal System in India 87
Devolution of power to local Government institutions 88
Emergencies 88
Tools of good governance 90
Important Committees of Administrative Reforms since Independence 91
Government Bodies and Schemes 98
Constitution of India 109
Education and Constitution 114

Appendix
States and UT: No of Union Territories ( High Court, capital of states) 121
Composition by states and territories 122
List of Vidhan Sabhas 123
List of Central Universities 124
Institutions of National Importance 129
Union List 132
State List 135
Concurrent List 137
Indian Currency Notes 139

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Sample
Higher Education
Indian Higher Education system, an Introduction:

At the time of independence there were almost 20 universities and 500 affiliated colleges with the
students of near about 1 lakh students in India.
The first education commission in independent India, Radhakrishnan Commission (1948-49) also
recommended for the establishment of UGC.
Secondary Education Commission (1952) pioneered a system of 3 year secondary and 4 year higher
education.
Indian Education Commission (1964) recommended for the introduction of 3 year Degree course and 4
year Honours Degree course.
The National Policy on Education (1968) recommended 10+2+3 pattern of educational system.

The higher education system in India includes both private and public universities. Public universities are
supported by the Government of India and the state governments, while private universities are mostly
supported by various bodies and societies. Universities in India are recognized by the University Grants
Commission (UGC), which draws its power from the University Grants Commission Act, 1956. In addition, 16
Professional Councils are established, controlling different aspects of accreditation and coordination. The types
of universities controlled by the UGC include Central universities, State universities, Deemed universities and
Private universities.

Type and number of Institution:

(1) University/University Level Institutions
(2) Colleges/Institutions - affiliated/recognized with University
(3) Stand-alone Institutions - not affiliated/recognized with University

Normally the type of institutions are:

2015 data

1. Central University 43
2. Central Open University 1
3. Institute of national importance 69
4. State Public University 316
5. State Open University 13
6. State Private University 176
7. State Private Open University 1
8. Institute under State Legislature Act 5
9. Deemed University Government 37
10. Deemed University Government Aided 11
11. Deemed University Private 79
12. Others 6
---------------------
757

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University Facts
Universities established by an Act of Parliament known as Central Universities
By State Legislature known as State Universities.
Universities that can award their degrees by central government notification are known as Deemed
Universities.
Prestigious institutions recognized as higher educational institutes by Parliament are known as
Institutes of National Importance.
These Institutions may be both government-aided - unaided and public -private.
Open University - A University which imparts education exclusively through distance education in any
branch or branches of knowledge.
Rajasthan , Up, Tamilnadu have maximum universities of 64,64,58 respectively.
Chandigarh, Mizoram,Telengana have the least 3 universities each, Goa has only 2.
In UTs of, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Dadra & Nagar Haveli. Daman & Diu and Lakshadweep, there is
no University.
Delhi has 27 universities.
UP has maximum number of colleges (5922)
Lakshadweep has 0 colleges.

MHRD website for 2016 shows that there exist near

45 Central universities
343 State Public univ (Feb 16, 2016) Year 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
228 state private univ (14 Feb 2016)
No. of universities 667 723 757
No. of colleges 35,525 36,634 38,056
No. of standalone institutions 11,565 11,664 11,922
130 Deemed
Enrolment in higher
education (total in Crores) 3.01 3.23 3.33
-------------
746 Men 1.67 1.75 1.79
74 Institutes of National Importance Women 1.35 1.48 1.54
----------------------------- Gross enrolment ratio (total) 21.5 23.0 23.6
820 degree granting institute Men 22.7 23.9 24.5
Women 20.1 22.0 22.7
Source Ministry of HRD

(Some difference in the data is there as the above data is the latest from MHRD site, the tabular data is All
India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) an arm of MHRD that compiled the stats in 2015).

38056 colleges and 11922 Stand Alone institutes.

Distance enrolment constitutes 12.15% of the total enrolment in higher education, of which 45.39%
are female students.

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State Public Universities

A university established or incorporated by a Provincial Act or by a State Legislature Act is called a State
University.
The oldest establishment date listed by the UGC is 1857, shared by the University of Calcutta, the
University of Madras and the University of Mumbai.

State universities are run and funded by the state government of each of the states and territories of
India, and are usually established by a local legislative assembly act.

Although development of State Universities is primarily the concern of State Governments,

development grants, including grants under special schemes, are provided to all eligible state
universities by the centre.

Such grants facilitate the creation, augmentation and up-gradation of infrastructural facilities that are
not normally available from the State government or other sources of funds.

Following the adoption of the Constitution of India in 1950, education became a state responsibility.
Following a constitutional change in 1976, it became a joint responsibility of the states and the central
government
The UGC maintained list of 343 state universities out of which it lists 204 universities fit to receive
Central/UGC assistance and 139 unfit to do so (as on 16 February,2016)

As per section 12(B) of the UGC Act, State Universities established after June 17, 1972 shall not be
eligible to receive any grant from the Central Government, UGC or any other organisation receiving
funds from the Govt. of India, unless the Commission satisfies itself, as per the prescribed norms and
procedures, that such a university is fit to receive grants.

It does not allocate plan funds to exclusive medical and agriculture universities. Special grants are
being provided to other State Universities including Agricultural Universities having Engineering and
Technology Departments.
Note that most State Universities are "affiliating universities" in that they administer a large number of
"affiliated colleges" (many located in very small towns) that typically offer a range of undergraduate
courses, but may also offer post-graduate courses. More established colleges may even offer PhD
programs in some departments with the approval of the affiliating university.

State Private Universities or Private universities

A State Private University is a university established through a State/Central Act by a sponsoring body
viz.
A Society registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860, or any other corresponding law for the
time being in force in a State or a Public Trust or a Company registered under Section 25 of the
Companies Act, 1956.

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Example: Amity University, Career Point University, ICFAI University, JK Lakshmipat University, NIIT
University etc.
o It generates its own funds.

The National Board of Accreditation (NBA)

National Board of Accreditation Similar to NAAC is NBA, another

important accredititation body. National Board of Accreditation (NBA)
which was set up in 1994 under Section 10(u) of the AICTE Act awards
accreditation status to programmes as accredited for five years,
accredited for three years and Not Accredited (NA).

Accreditation is now based on a 1000 point scale and is an outcome based accreditation system.

NBA in India was initially established by AICTE (All India Council of Technical Education) under section
10(u) of AICTE act, in the year 1994, for periodic evaluations of technical institutions & programmes
basis according to specified norms and standards as recommended by AICTE council.

NBA in its present form came into existence as an autonomous body with effect from 7th January 2010,
with the objective of Assurance of Quality and Relevance of Education, especially of the programmes in
professional and technical disciplines, i.e., Engineering and Technology, Management, Architecture,
Pharmacy and Hospitality, through the mechanism of accreditation of programs offered by technical
institutions.

NBA has introduced a new process, parameters and criteria for accreditation. These are in line with the
best international practices and oriented to assess the outcomes of the programme.

RUSA

Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS), launched in 2013 aims at
providing strategic funding to eligible state higher educational institutions. The central funding (in the ratio of
65:35 for general category States and 90:10 for special category states) would be norm based and outcome
dependent. The funding would flow from the central ministry through the state governments/union territories
to the State Higher Education Councils before reaching the identified institutions. The funding to states would
be made on the basis of critical appraisal of State Higher Education Plans, which would describe each states
strategy to address issues of equity, access and excellence in higher education.

Objectives

The salient objectives of RUSA are to;

Improve the overall quality of state institutions by ensuring conformity to prescribed norms and
standards and adopt accreditation as a mandatory quality assurance framework.

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Usher transformative reforms in the state higher education system by creating a facilitating
institutional structure for planning and monitoring at the state level, promoting autonomy in State
Universities and improving governance in institutions.
Ensure reforms in the affiliation, academic and examination systems.

Sample: Governance, Polity and Administration

The President of India

The President of India is the head of the executive, legislature and judiciary of the country.
Article 52 of the Constitution of India says that there should be a President of India.
Article 53 says that all the executive powers of the Union shall be exercised by him either directly or
through officers subordinate to him.

Current President of India

Pranab Mukherjee is the current and 13th President of India.
He took office on July 25th, 2012.
Pranab Mukherjee is a veteran congressman who has served both in the government as well as the
opposition. 76 year old Mukherjee has held several high profile portfolios in the government, including
Finance, Defence & Foreign Ministry.
Born in Birbhum district of West Bengal in1935, Mukherjee went on to get a Master's degree in History
& Political Science, as well as a degree in Law .
Pranab Mukherjee got a break in politics in 1969,when he was nominated to the Rajya Sabha with the
help of Indira Gandhi.
Mukherjee briefly left the Congress in the 80s to form his own party - Rashtriya Samajwadi Party, but
came back, after he merged the party with the Congress in 1989.
Mukherjee ascended in the next two decades to prominence in the Congress party, as one of the key
troubleshooters in the party.
Once nominated by the UPA for President's chair, Pranab Mukherjee defeated PA Sangma, winning
70% of the electoral-college vote.

Prefix to be discontinued (His Excellency, Mahamahim, Honble, Shri/Smt.,

President Pranab Mukherjee does away with prefixes like "His Excellency" and "Honourable" in
his name
In Hindi, Rashtrapati Mahoday should be used in place of Mahamahin during such occasions,
a Rashtrapati Bhavan spokesman said in a statement on Tuesday.

The traditional Indian greeting of Shri or Smt should precede the name.
Whereas, Excellency will be used only for interaction of leaders with foreign dignitaries as is
customary international practice, it said.

Election of the President

Article 54 of the Indian Constitution discusses the election of the President.
It says that the President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college,

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Which consists of the elected members of both the Houses of Parliament, and the Legislative
Assemblies of the States and the two Union Territories, namely Delhi and Puducherry.
The election of the President is held in accordance with a system of proportional representation by
means of a single transferable vote.
He can be re-elected to the office of the President.

Pocket veto
In case of an ordinary bill or a bill got introduced by a private member and passed by both houses, the
president can just keep the bill in his pocket and forget it.
When president neither gives assent nor returns the bill, it is also called Pocket Veto.
Pocket Veto is applicable to only ordinary bills. This is also called Absolute Veto.

The bills that need prior recommendation of President

The bills that need prior recommendation of the president for introduction in parliament are as follows:
Any bill that seeks to alter the boundaries of the states and names of the states. (Article 3)
Money Bill (as per Article 110)
Any bill which affects the taxation in which the states are interested (Article 274)
State Bills which impose restriction upon freedom of trade (Article 304).

Emergency powers
He can declare national, state and financial emergency.
National emergency can be declared on the grounds of war, external aggression or armed rebellion in
the country.
This can be done on the written request of the Cabinet Ministers after the proclamation has been
approved by the Parliament.
State emergency can be imposed in a state if it fails to run constitutionally. Financial emergency can be
proclaimed if there is a likelihood of the financial instability in the country.
President has been conferred upon by extraordinary powers in case of national emergency (Article
352), Presidents rule (Article 356 & 365) and financial emergency (article 360).

Financial powers
Only when the President recommends can a money bill be introduced in the Parliament.
He lays the Union budget before the Parliament and makes advances out of the Contingency Fund.

Diplomatic

The President is the first citizen of the country

He appoints ambassadors and high commissioners to other countries. All international treaties are
signed on his behalf. He sends and receives ambassadors.
All international treaties and agreements are negotiated and concluded on behalf of the President
However, in practice, such negotiations are usually carried out by the Prime Minister along with his
Cabinet (especially the Foreign Minister). Also, such treaties are subject to the approval of the
Parliament.
The President represents India in international forums and affairs where such a function is chiefly
ceremonial. The President may also send and receive diplomats, i.e. the officers from the Indian
Foreign Service.
India is represented on International forum by President of India.

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Rajya Sabha

The Rajya Sabha should consist of not more than 250 members - 238 members representing the States
and Union Territories, and 12 members nominated by the President.
The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly, rather than by the citizens at large.
Rajya Sabha members are elected by each state Vidhan Sabha using the single transferable vote
system.
Unlike most federal systems, the number of members returned by each state is roughly in proportion
to their population.
At present there are 233 members of the Rajya Sabha elected by the Vidhan Sabhas, and there are also
twelve members nominated by the President as representatives of literature, science, art and social
services.
Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and is not subject to dissolution even in the state of emergency.
However, one third of the members retire every second year, and are replaced by newly elected
members. Each member is elected for a term of six years.
The minimum age for membership of the Rajya Sabha is 30 years.
The Vice President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha.
The House also elects a Deputy Chairman from among its members.
There is also a panel of "Vice Chairmen" in the Rajya Sabha.
The senior most minister, who is a member of Rajya Sabha, is appointed by the Prime Minister as
Leader of the House.
The term of Rajya Sabha is six years and the term of Lok Sabha is five years
The Vice President of India, who is the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha, is elected by the members
of an electoral college consisting of the members of both the Houses of Parliament.

Session of parliament

The period during which the House meets to conduct its business is called a session. The Constitution
empowers the president to summon each House at such intervals that there should not be more than a six-
month gap between the two sessions. Hence the Parliament must meet at least twice a year. In India, the
parliament conducts three sessions each year:

Budget session: In February to May (longest)

Monsoon session: In July to September
Winter session: In November to December (shortest)

Parliament prorogation and dissolution

The constitution of India has imposed the duty upon the President that he / she must summon each house at
such intervals that the maximum time gap between two sessions of the parliament is 6 months. So the
parliament must meet twice a year. Prorogation is end of a session. The time between the Prorogation and

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reassembly is called Recess.

Indian Elections -Scale of Operation

The Indian general election of 2014 was held to constitute the 16th Lok Sabha, electing members of
parliament for all 543 parliamentary constituencies of India.
Running in nine phases from 7 April to 12 May 2014, it was the longest election in the country's history.
According to the Election Commission of India, 814.5 million people were eligible to vote, with an
increase of 100 million voters since the last general election in 2009, making it the largest-ever election
in the world.
Around 23.1 million or 2.7% of the total eligible voters were aged 1819 years.
A total of 8,251 candidates contested for the 543 Lok Sabha seats.
The average election turnout over all nine phases was around 66.38%, the highest ever in the history of
Indian general elections
The electorate exceeds 670 million electors in about 700000 polling stations spread across widely
varying geographic and climatic zones.
Polling stations are located in the snow-clad mountains in the Himalayas, the deserts of the Rajasthan
and in sparsely populated islands in the Indian Ocean.

Constituencies & Reservation of Seats

The country has been divided into 543 Parliamentary Constituencies, each of which returns one MP to the Lok
Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament.

The size and shape of the parliamentary constituencies are determined by an independent Delimitation
Commission, which aims to create constituencies which have roughly the same population, subject to
geographical considerations and the boundaries of the states and administrative areas.

How Constituency Boundaries are drawn up

Delimitation is the redrawing of the boundaries of parliamentary or assembly constituencies to make
sure that there are, as near as practicable, the same number of people in each constituency.
In India boundaries are meant to be examined after the ten-yearly census to reflect changes in
population, for which Parliament by law establishes an independent Delimitation Commission, made
up of the Chief Election Commissioner and two judges or ex-judges from the Supreme Court or High
Court.
However, under a constitutional amendment of 1976, delimitation was suspended until after the
census of 2001, ostensibly so that states family-planning programs would not affect their political
representation in the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabhas.
This has led to wide discrepancies in the size of constituencies, with the largest having over 25,00,000
electors, and the smallest less than 50,000.
Delimitation exercise, with 2001 census data released on 31st December 2003, is now under process.

Reservation of Seats

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The Constitution puts a limit on the size of the Lok Sabha of 550 elected members, apart from two
members who can be nominated by the President to represent the Anglo-Indian community.
There are also provisions to ensure the representation of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, with
reserved constituencies where only candidates from these communities can stand for election.

Appointment of judge to the Supreme Court

A judge is appointed to the Supreme Court by the President of India on the recommendation of the collegium
a closed group of the Chief Justice of India, the four most senior judges of the court and the senior-most
judge hailing from the high court of a prospective appointee.

Removal of Supreme Court Judge in India

The framers of the constitution took great pains to ensure the independence of the Supreme Court judges.
There is independence of Judiciary in India.

Thus a judge may be removed only through impeachment.

This is the only way for the removal of a judge.
A judge may be impeached only on grounds of proved misbehavior and incapacity.
A Judge of the Supreme Court cannot be removed from office except by an order of the President
passed after an address in each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership
of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of members present and voting

Miscellaneous

The salaries and allowances of a judge cannot be varied to his disadvantage except during a financial
emergency under Article 360.
The administrative expenses of the Supreme Court are changed on the revenues of India.
Finally a judge may not engage in legal practice after retirement.

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