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Copyright 1958 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

Originally published by Martinus NijhoJf in 1958

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reduce this book or parts thereof in any form.
 CONTENTS

Preface 1
Introduction . 3
Malay dialects 7
Kendayan Dayak and Land Dayak . 13
Melanau . . . . . . 17
Bisaya. . . . . . . . . 20
Sarawak Murut dialects. . . 21
North Borneo Murut dialects. 23
Dusun . 24
Bajau . 27
Ubian . 28
IIlanun. 28
Bulud-Upi 28
Sulu 29
Tidung dialects . 29
Sajau Basap and other Basap dialects . 31
Labu . . . . . . . 31
Central Borneo languages 32
Punan Ba, Beketan, Ukit 36
Modang . . . . . . 38
Embaloh . . . . . . 38
Maanyan, Si(h)ong, Samihim, Dusun, Dusun De(y)ah 39
Lawangan 41
Tabuyan . 42
Ngaju . . 42
Ot Danum 45
The JPelling of geographical name! and nameJ of languageJ
iJ according to the BngliJh romanization of Malay.
 PREFACE

At the completion of this bibliography, the second of the planned

series on language study in Indonesia, the authors acknowledge with
gratitude the kind assistance of Father Donatus Dunselman, Dr A. H.
Hill and Dr P. Voorhoeve who have read all or part of the manuscript.
Also our heartfelt thanks are due to those who have provided us with
information indispensable for the compilation of the bibliographical
data, or have given us the opportunity to inspect their archives for
linguistic literature on Borneo, i.e. the very Rev. A. Antonissen,
Jesselton, North Borneo, Father W. Boon, Rector of the Catholic
Mission, Mukah, Sarawak, Dr N. C. Scott, the Society for promoting
Christian Knowledge, London, the British and Foreign Bible Society,
London, the School of Oriental and African Studies, London, the
Basle Mission, Basle, Switzerland, the Rhenish Mission, Wuppertal,
Germany, the Dutch Bible Society, Amsterdam.
The authors greatly appreciate the grant from the Netherland
Institute for International Cultural Relations which made this public-
ation possible.
A. A. CENSE
E. M. UHLENBECK

1
]ll< AUGUST HARDELAND
 INTRODUCTION

Among the four large islands of Indonesia it is Borneo which has

been least studied from a linguistic point of view. Only very few, more
extensive linguistic descriptions and collections of texts have been
published. Other published data consist mainly of incidental remarks
of explorers and travellers, who in their works occasionally also in-
cluded wordlists, terms for various institutions and sometimes a few
set phrases or isolated words. The most important contribution to the
knowledge of many Bornean languages is due to missionary effort.
The Bible translations and other translations of christian literature,
valuable when no original texts are available, are for many languages
often practically the only source of information.
It is impossible to provide a reliable picture of the present linguistic
situation on the island by means of these data. On numerous points
the mutual relation between the languages is highly uncertain, whilst
their geographical distribution can either not be indicated, or only be
outlined approximatively. Furthermore, the data at our disposal are
of greatly differing date; the present situation will therefore often not
quite correspond to the indications to be met with in the older sources.
It is beyond doubt that in the course of time migration and im-
migration have taken place on a large scale. These movements have
of course had their effect on the languages; a comparatively short
period of time may suffice to create a new linguistic situation.
Although no sufficient data are available to permit of giving an
outline of the events which led to the present distribution, the im-
pression is very strong that the process of the penetration of Malay
dialects in Borneo has been at work already for centuries, albeit with
varying intensity. It cannot be determined to what extent groups of the
population of Borneo who originally spoke other languages have
exchanged their languages for these Malay dialects. In any case, it is
to be observed at present that on Borneo, along the coasts and along the
rivers up to deep into the interior, languages are spoken which, in
spite of small differences between them, show a striking similarity with
 4

Malay as it is used, with many variations, over a large area on Sumatra

and in the Malay peninsula. This similarity is so striking that scholars
have been fully justified in calling them Malay dialects. Other languages,
which are occasionally indicated by a name of their own, like Banja-
rese and Sea Dayak will undoubtedly have to be counted among these
dialects.
Among the languages of the interior are some whose structure shows
rather strong points of resemblance with the Malay dialects although
it has become customary to consider them as languages by themselves.
Because we do not pretend to provide a new division of the languages
of Borneo we shall base ourselves on the extant literature and discuss
these languages separately, beside the Malay dialects.
From ethnographical literature we know that in North Borneo
several groups have settled who are of Philippine origin and who
continue to use Philippine languages. Beside these, however, languages
of a clearly marked Philippine type are spoken over a wider area in
the North. It is possible that here we have to do with immigrations
that took place in a more distant past, but this is again difficult to
prove. Again it should be noted that settlements of the Bajau are to
be found here, i.e. of the weIlknown sea-gypsies who are also to be
met with in large parts of eastern Indonesia and in the southern part
of the Philippines. Large Bugis settlements are found in several places
along the coasts. In Kutai and Pasir an important part of the population
is Buginese. Especially in Pegatan in the south-east corner of Borneo
they exercise a considerable influence. In a volume devoted to Celebes
the literature on this language will be discussed. Finally the remark
should be added that in some coastal areas and along a few of the
great rivers Chinese dialects are spoken. They will not be discussed
in this survey. The Sanscrit inscriptions found in Kutai and discussed
by Vogel (BKI 74 (1918) ) fall outside the scope of our book.

The first attempts to give an impression of the number and the

diversity of the languages spoken on Borneo were undertaken by
authors of compilations of mostly ethnographical literature. A large
 5

number of wordlists of languages mainly spoken in Sarawak and

British North Borneo - collected by H. Brooke Low and others -
have been reproduced by Ling Roth (1), but the latter was still unable
to arrive at any arrangement or even at a mere comparison of the
wordlists he printed. This work was only undertaken by Sidney Ray,
that remarkable student of languages, who in 1913 published an enumer-
ation of the material at his disposal (2): printed books and articles,
as well as manuscript wordlists, i.e. those he was able to consult, or
those he compiled personally during his short stay on Borneo from
the end of 1898 to the beginning of 1899. In particular, he made an
extensive use of a manuscript by A. B. Meyer (died in 1911). The
latter had been engaged for a considerable time in compiling "a com-
prehensive bibliographical and statistical account of the languages of
Eastern Indonesia" and had sent round for this purpose wordlists,
established after the model of the linguistic Report of the Cambridge
Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits by Ray, to a number of
British officials of the Sarawak Government. Not many of the data
available at the time escaped Ray's attention. There is only one lexico-
graphical work of importance, viz. Barth's Busang-Dutch dictionary
of 1910 (213) which is not to be found in his bibliography, which
contains no less than 276 items.
Ray's division rests mainly on a geographical basis; it is in five
groups. He distinguished 1. languages of Lower Sarawak, 2. languages
of Netherlands territory, 3. languages of Upper Sarawak, 4. North
Borneo languages,S. Malay. Within this framework he attempted to
make further distinctions, using the terms "language" and "dialect"
to indicate gradations in similarity. In this way he arrived provisionally
at assuming the existence of thirty different languages for the whole
of Borneo; within these thirty languages he then often distinguished
between numerous dialects. For the Melanau of Lower Sarawak he
mentions e.g. no less than five groups of dialects.
Beside some data concerning the pronouns and numerals in these
languages and some general remarks, Ray added to his bibliography
a list of 211 words in the different Borneo languages, as far as the
material at his disposal allowed him to do. For a survey of the literature
up to 1913 Ray's work was indispensable.
 6

Although a certain reserve is necessary in view of the great gaps

in our knowledge, we still agree with Kern (3) and Leach (4) that the
profusion of languages on Borneo has been overestimated by former
observers and even to a certain extent by Ray. Slight differences,
mostly of a lexical nature and occasionally in some parts of the phone-
mic system, have led the observers, who usually lacked linguistic
training, to postulate the presence of separate languages on occasions
when there hardly seems to exist a reason to speak of separate dialects.
The idea of a great diversity, to be found i.a. in Mallinckrodt's well-
known work on the customary law of Borneo (5), was all the more
readily accepted when these slight differences in language were accom-
panied by differences in the names of the groups concerned. Moreover,
these names are mostly not much more than general indications given
to different groups by their neighbours or by strangers, for which
reason one finds them applied at one time to this group and at another
to that group, depending on the circumstances.
About twenty five years after Ray's publication the atlas of Dutch
Overseas Territories made available a linguistic map of the then Nether-
lands Indies, compiled by the linguist Esser (6). On closer investigation
it becomes apparent that Esser, due to the lack of exact data con-
cerning the geographic distribution of the different languages, presum-
ably based his provisional survey of the languages on the division of
the different population-groups into five groups, a division proposed by
Mallinckrodt (5), mainly in agreement with Hose and McDougall (7).
Esser's map, which only covers the part of Borneo under Indonesian
administration, follows MaIlinckrodt's ethnic division. Apart from the
Malay spoken on the coast and along the great rivers and from Bajau,
he distinguishes between five groups, viz. from the East to the West:
1. the Klemantan group, 2. the Iban group, 3. the Ot-Danum group,
4. the Kenyah-Bahau group, and 5. the Murut group.
Although MaIIinckrodt was not a student of language, he was quite
convinced of the importance of language studies, also for the sake of
ethnographic research. After his death a foundation bearing his name
was established in 1936 and a short time before the outbreak of the
second world-war it was this foundation which entrusted the linguist
W. Kern with the task to investigate the language situation in Indo-
 7

nesian Borneo. Due to the Japanese occupation the material he had

collected went astray, whilst his untimely death in 1946 made further
research by a specialist impossible.
As regards North Borneo, in recent times most linguistic data
have been published in the Sarawak Museum Journal. However, it
remains true also for this area that practically the very first beginnings
of scholarly research into the existing linguistic situation still have to
be made. This circumstance led Leach to insert a linguistic survey
among the urgent projects for study in his report on Sarawak (4).

In view of the great scarcity of reliable data we have acted on the

assumption that we should do best to be as exhaustive as possible as
regards the literature to be mentioned. Even publications have been
included whose linguistic value is very slight. Schoolbooks, missionary
tracts, data from ethnographical literature have not been passed over;
perhaps they may be of some importance for a future research-worker.
The long list of literature rather serves to demonstrate the poverty
than the abundance of truly linguistic data.
Most of the works mentioned in this list are to be found either in the
Leiden University Library or in the Library of the Royal Institute in the
Hague. It may be assumed that a large part of this literature is likewise
available in the library of the Lembaga Kebudayaan Indonesia "Bata-
viaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen" (The Batavian
Society of Arts and Sciences).

MALA Y DIALECTS
Everywhere along the coast and far up-stream Malay dialects have
spread; they are indicated by the name of the region where they are
spoken. Only for one of these, Sea Dayak or Iban a separate name is
used; this dialect differs considerably from the others in certain respects.
Concerning Sarawak Malay very little is known. Beside wordlists
in manuscript mentioned by Ray (2, p. 42, 49) and several words used
in Sarawak, which occur in Chalmers' Land Dayak vocabulary (8), and
 8

likewise many words designated as "colloquial Malay" in two vocabul-

aries by Brooke Low (1), Buck's wordlist (9) is our principal source,
as well as the most recent one.
For Brunei Malay we possess slightly more data. Concerning this
dialect lists were published by De Crespigny (10, 1), Hose (11, 1),
Haynes (12), Marshall (13) and MacBryan (14), whilst Moulton and
Douglas (15) published some data on the indication of the points of
the compass. W. Kern discussed the occurrence of some Brunei Malay
words in the well-known list compiled by Pigafetta (16). Finally,
manuscript vocabularies are mentioned by Ray (2, p. 42 and 49).
There exist no separate studies concerning the dialect of K utai.
However, numerous Kutai words are to be found in the Malay chro-
nicle of Kutai edited by Mees (17), and already partly published earlier
by Tromp (18). For a perusal of this chronicle W. Kern's commentary
(19) is indispensable; like his earlier review of Mees' publication (17)
it contains numerous remarks on the Kutai dialect. Among the Malay
dictionaries that compiled by Von de Wall-Van der Tuuk (20) gives
some Kutai Malay forms. Witkamp published a short wordlist and
devoted some remarks to the dialect of Muara Anchalung (21), whilst
two later articles provide a few further details (22). Numerous bota-
nical terms have been inserted in the report of the Central East-Borneo
expedition (23). Whether the list of words which Knappert believed
to have been directly derived from Javanese actually contains nothing
but Javanese loan-words, is subject to serious doubt (24).
According to Knappert (24), Witkamp (21, 22) and W. Kern (19,
p. 120) there are several dialects to be distinguished in Kutai Malay.
Knappert mentions e.g. the language of Kotabangun and of the localities
situated on the rivers Belayan and Kedangkepala as one of these
dialects. In an administrative report of 1923 (25) the language of Kota-
bangun is indicated as "basa Kedang". The language of the inhabitants
of Ampenan is likewise included among the dialects of Kutai by
Knappert, but elsewhere in his paper he speaks about a completely
separate language, giving a small number of words by way of illus-
tration. The administrative report mentioned above also refers to this
language, without, however, providing any details, whilst the descrip-
tion of the area where this language is spoken does not quite agree
 9

with Knappert's. Finally, Knappert mentions as a third dialect of Kutai

the language of the Orang Lampung. It is not certain whether there
exists any relation between the latter and the "Dayak Kayan" or "Ollah
Lampong" on the upper reaches of the Kapuas river, mentioned in
1851 by Van Lynden and Groll (25").
About the Malay spoken in the Pasir area hardly anything is known.
Some local terms are to be found in Nusselein's description of this
region (26).
Banjarese is spoken in Banjarmasin and the surrounding country,
and also in the Hulu Sungai area. As in the course of time a large-scale
migration of speakers of Banjarese has taken place, Banjarese is spoken
at present also outside the area indicated above, especially in Kutai
(24, 25), and in Pasir (26), and according to Den Hamer (27) also
on Pulau Laut and in Sampit. Den Hamer distinguishes between local
dialects at Amuntai and Alabio, at Klua, at Tanjung and at Kanda-
ngan. He likewise believes the language spoken by the Bukit to be a
dialect of Banjarese. Kern also gives a list of Malay documents in
which the influence of Banjarese is strongly felt, these docum~nts being
available in the library of the Mallinckrodt Foundation, formerly at
Banjarmasin (3, p.544). Den Hamer had already earlier published a
list of titles of writings extant in Banjar (28).
From a lexicographical point of view the most important source for
our knowledge of Banjarese is the wordlist which Kern compiled anew
when his data collected before the second world-war had been lost;
a copy of this list is available in the Leiden University Library (cod.
or. 8332), to which later additions by Van Pernis and Ras were added.
Many Banjarese words had already been included in the comparative
vocabularies by Hupe (1) and Den Hamer (27). At Jakarta there are
two model-wordlists for Banjarese and one for Martapura, probably
a dialect of Banjarese (29) which we were unable to consult. Banjarese
words are furthermore to be found in an edict of Sultan Adam of 1835,
published with a translation and notes by Joekes (30), and in the Sja'ir
Hemop published by Rusconi (31), which formed the subject of some
remarks by Kern (32). Many words, especially names of trees and
plants and agricultural terms, are to be found in the doctor's thesis by
Schophuys (33). Den Hamer gives a number of data concerning the
 10

so-called "bahasa dalam" and concerning Javanese loanwords (28). On

older Javanese influences especially in literary works one of the authors
(Cense) wrote in his thesis (28"). Tichelman (34), besides indicating
differences between Malay and Banjarese, mentions the names of
several games.
A copy of several texts noted down by Kern is to be found in the
Leiden University Library (cod. or. 8310 b). The Till Ulenspiegel tales
in the dialect of Ulu Sungai which he presented at the conference with
his colleagues at Macassar in 1939 (35) are probably lost. In the
periodical "Medan Bahasa" some grammatical notes on Banjarese and
a page of Banjarese pantun are found (36). Kern (3, p.548) also
mentions as a Malay dialect the language spoken in the region around
Nanga Bulik, viz. Delang; the Protestant mission published a religious
tract in this language (37). Kern likewise refers to the language of
Kota Waringin as a Malay dialect, providing some details concerning
its phonetic system.
For Sambas Malay Kats gave a specimen in his Warna Sari
Melajoe (38).
Along the Kapuas river the so-called Ulu Malay is spoken; on its
distribution remarks were made by Nieuwenhuis (39) who calls the
language Kapuas Malay, and by Dunselman (95); this subject is also
mentioned in Adatrechtbundel - Collection of Customary Law -
nr. 44 (25). Perhaps the dialect called Sin tang Malay by Kiihr (40)
is identical with this language. At Jakarta a completed model-wordlist
for Ulu Malay is available (29).
As has already been remarked by several authors, Sea Dayak or
Iban also has to be counted among the Malay dialects. This dialect
is spoken by groups among the population which since ancient times
felt a strong urge to expand; during the 19th and also the 20th century
this led to the gradual spreading of their settlements over all five
divisions of Sarawak, as mentioned by Leach (4) and by Freeman
in his agricultural report (41). Also in Brunei many Sea Dayak
are to be found, whilst they inhabit an extensive area in Indonesian
Borneo in the Lanja 5 -area and along the Leboyan, Embaloh and Palin-
rivers; there they are mostly called Batang Lupar or Iban.
In Ray's work short wordlists of five dialects are to be found, based
 11

on the data at his disposal in manuscript form or in printed sources.

Among the latter we mention for Sibuyau or Sabuyau lists by Chalmers
and Gomez in Spenser St. John (41, 1), for Balau a list by J. Holland
in Swettenham (43,1), for Skarang a vocabulary in Keppel's work (44);
for Bugau Ray's information was based on a manuscript list in his
own collection. Hupe's "Bulau" and "Sibugau" are undoubtedly iden-
tical with Balau and Sibuyau (1).
However, for lexicographical material the most important collections
of Sea Dayak were for a long time the Sea Dyak dictionary (45)
published by Howell and Bailey in 1900 and their English-Sea Dyak
vocabulary published in 1909 (46). In certain respects, however, Howell
and Bailey's work has been surpassed by the dictionary N. C. Scott
published in 1956 (47). Scott also does more justice to the phonetic
system of Sea Dayak than did his predecessors. In this respect we
refer in particular to his treatment of the glottal stop, which was and
still is neglected in all publications in Sea Dayak as well as in those
concerning this language. Dunselman had assumed the occurrence of
this sound in his study on Mualang (48). In a supplement to Scott's
dictionary (pp. 213-218), words used in the Third Division of Sarawak
and collected by G. Bruggeman have been included.
Additional lexicographical material concerning agriculture is to be
found in Freeman's report mentioned above (41). Names of carving pat-
terns occur in an article by Banks (49), names of birds in notes by the
same author (50), whilst words used in connection with Sea Dayak
fabrics find mention in the work by Haddon and Start (51).
There exist no separate studies on the grammar of Sea Dayak.
In the introduction to his dictionary Scott makes a few remarks
concerning the phonetics, whilst Howell and Bailey's dictionary
contains a short grammatical synopsis which does not tell us much.
Very recently Scott published an article on the pronunciation of Sea
Dayak (51").
Original texts are few and far between. As regards colloquial texts
there are a paper by Berayun Anak Bugin concerning the activities
which precede the planting of the rice (52), and an essay on Dayak
theology, translated into English by Dunn (53). A Sea Dayak monthly
appears at Kuching (54). A model-letter writer was translated by
 12

M. Buma from an English booklet (55), according to the information

provided by Scott.
Beside translations of books of the Bible and religious tracts pu-
blished by the missionaries (56-SO), Rev. A. W. Stonton brought out
a concise history of Sarawak (SI) and a booklet containing rules for
popular hygiene (S2). Furthermore, for sch901 use there exist some
spelling-books, readers and arithmetic books (S3-86). A phrase book
mentioned in Hedda Morrison's recent photograph-book, we were not
able to consult (86").

The most. extensive text in the so-called "sacred language" is the

"Chant of the flowers of the year" published and translated by E. Dunn
between 1912 and 1916 (S7). More than thirty years earlier J. Perham
had given a survey of the contents of this text as well as a few lines
by way of specimen of this kind of poetry (S8) , of which some frag-
ments are likewise to be found in Ling Roth's work (1). Parts of the
text of a similar chant we find in an article by Richards (S9). A Sea
Dayak dirge was published and translated by Howell (90). Two short
chants were rendered accessible by Birai Anak Dap (91); they are
different Saratok versions of the invocation texts made public by
Jamuh (92). A short song was noted down by Barry Gifford in a Sea
Dayak house near the headwaters of the Oya"' River (93). For four
Saribas Dayak songs the text was published together with a very
tentative translation by Dickson; Richards gave a new and annotated
translation of two of these (94). Furthermore, riddles, proverbs, songs,
invocations and prayers are to be found in the appendix to Howell and
Bailey's dictionary (41).

Closely related to Sea Dayak is Muaiang, spoken along the Ayak

and Belitang Rivet's, right-hand affluents of the Kapuas River, approx.
two hundred miles up-stream from Pontianak. This language has been
thoroughly studied by Father Dunselman, who first published some
fragments of an extensive sacred chant with a translation (48), and
later the full text (95). In the introduction of this article and in that
to the edition of the text the author makes some remarks concerning
the phonetic system of Mualang. Another article by the same author
 13

contains terms used in customary law and two incantations (%). Other
chants and examples of the colloquial Father Dunse1man has recorded
on tape.

KENDA YAN DA YAK AND LAND DAY AK

It is far from easy to obtain an insight into the linguistic geography

of Indonesian Western Borneo. For the largest part of this area data
are very scarce; moreover, they occasionally refer to a situation which
lies already a century behind us. And we may take it for granted that
the process of extension of those languages which resemble Malay -
both structurally and as regards their vocabulary - at the expense of
earlier languages, a process already referred to in ancient reports (97),
must have created a completely different situation in the course of time.
We have the impression that there is a great deal of truth in the
statement by Von Kessel (98), that beside in Southern Sarawak, also
in Sambas, Landak, Tayan and Sanggau the tribes which belong to
what he calls' "the Northwestern race" spoke a mainly identical lan-
guage. From the vocabulary he published it is clear that the language
of the tribes of these regions is identical with the language usually
called Land Dayak by the British. If we possessed more recent data
than we actually do, it might well become apparent that the area
covered by Land Dayak in Indonesian Borneo is even larger than we
are inclined to assume at present. Perhaps Elam's statement that most
of the Land Dayak are to be found in Indonesian Borneo would also
be confirmed in that case (99).
As regards Indonesian Borneo the best procedure seemed to be to
begin with the mention of those publications concerning the present
situation which are the most detailed; these happen to be descriptions
of languages which strongly resemble Malay.
The most important data we owe to Father Dunse1man. During the
last ten years this missionary published the results of his investigations
in the Kapuas area. Beside Mualang Dayak, already referred to above,
he mentions Kendayan Dayak as the second most important language
of Western Borneo, a name we also adopt here. Most of the Kendayan
texts he collected are aetiological myths and sacral songs, to which he
 14

has added many lexicographical notes (100). The author stresses the
strong influence which modern Malay has exercised on this language;
it is at least clearly apparent from the collection of short texts con-
cerning local customs, noted down at Pakumbang in the Ulu Mempa-
wah region and published a few years after the first collection (101).
Beside this textual material we owe to Dunselman some data con-
cerning the language of the Ambawang Dayak (25). These deal with
customary law; first noted down by a village headman in Malay, they
were later translated back into Ambawang by a schoolteacher, and it is
only likely that some of the Malay of the original version has persisted
in the later rendering. The former District Commissioner Van Dijk
gave a short wordlist of the language of the Ipoh and the Ambawang
Dayak (25). A schoolteacher at Katya noted down information con-
cerning customary law for Dunselman in the language of the Dayak
of Ritok (Siantan, Pontianak) (25). Dunselman says * that over the
whole area of the Sambas, the Landak and the Tayan Dayak there
prevails so much similarity in language that people from different
regions understand each other quite well (100, p.61).
Lexicographical local differences are to be observed in the series of
articles in which the Civil Service officer M. C. Schadee between the
years 1903 and 1914 described the customary law and the religion of
the inhabitants of the Tayan and Landak district (102), but for the words
he mentions the possibility has always to be taken into account that
his informants provided him with Malay equivalents. The fragments of
codified customary law and of rules and agreements recorded in writing
have all been written in Malay, although non-Malay terms occur. The
same applies to some recorded incantations and pantuns which show
a greater or lesser Malay influence. Words noted down among different
tribes in this area are to be found in an article by E. L. M. Kiihr (40).
In an article with linguistic comparisons by Logan (103) a number of
words are followed by the abbreviation "Pont."; these may belong
to Kendayan.

* This statement seems too general: 1 0 it does not apply to the whole
Tayan-area, but only to a part of it; 2 along the Manyuke dialects are spoken
which are not understood by Kendayan-speakers. (personal communication of
Father Donatus Dunselman).
 15

We were not able to consult a vocabulary of the language spoken

on the upper reaches of the Matan and so we cannot say whether the
language noted there is to be placed in this part of our survey; the list
(29) is to be found in the library of the Lembaga Kebudayaan Indonesia.
When we now examine the data which would indicate the existence
of languages of the Land Dayak type in Indonesian Borneo, we observe
that words in Balantian, spoken along a tributary of the Sambas River
and known from a recent translation of the Gospels (104), agree to a
considerable extent with the Lara' words noted down by Ray, this being
a more or less isolated dialect of the Land Dayak group spoken along
the Upper Lundu and Sambas rivers. According to Elam (105) however
Sarawak Lara' is only spoken in two small villages on the Pasir River;
it is less influenced by Malay than Selakau, which is being gradually
adopted also by the younger speakers of Lara'. Elam's vocabulary of
Lara' and Selakau (105) shows that Lara' agrees more closely with
other Land Dayak dialects. Dunselman sometimes indicates Lara' as
old-Kendayan (100).
Although our sources for the knowledge of those languages of
Indonesian Borneo which agree with Land Dayak are restricted to this
translation of the Gospels, there still exist some data concerning the
situation in the last century. A language resembling Lara' is known
from notes by an American missionary who more than hundred years
ago was active in the same region where at present the above-mentioned
Balantian is spoken (106). To the same sphere belong perhaps a
hikayat-like tale (107) and a speech, in the dialect of the Temila Dayak,
inserted in the minutes of the Batavia Society of Arts and Sciences (108).
Two religious tracts, presumably written in the language of Karangan,
where the American mission station was established, and printed at
Singapore in 1845 and 1847, both mentioned by Veth (96, II, p.233)
and by Ray (2, p. 24 and 26) we were unable to consult.
Furthermore there exist a number of short wordlists, noted down
about the middle of the last century by Hupe among several Dayak
tribes both in Indonesian Borneo and in Sarawak, viz. Karangan,
Sinding and Meratei, Sau, Lundu, Berang and Sabungo, Bukar, Santan
and Gurgo, Sinan, Sumpo, Budanoh, Stang, Tubbia, Sabutan, Sering,
Gugu and Matan. These lists have been reproduced by Ling Roth (1);
 16

Von Kessel's list (98) we have already mentioned.

In 1866 Kater (109) noted down a few words of Sidin or Siding, a
language of an unquestionable Land Dayak type, but he regards it too
much as an isolated type of speech when he calls it completely different
from the other languages spoken in Sambas. Manyukai (Manyuke),
spoken in Sambas, is likewise Land Dayak; A. A. Fokker published a few
words of this language (110). This language, whose speakers later also
spread over Northern Tayan, Fokker did not include among the lan-
guages of Malay type of Western Borneo, in contrast to Behe which
is spoken in the vicinity. It should, however, be noted that the Behe
words for the numbers seven, eight and nine agree with the Land
Dayak words in Ray's lists.
The greatest number of publications has been concerned with Sara-
wak Land Dayak, spoken in different dialects in the area of the rivers
Sadong, Samarahan, Sarawak and Lundu. For these dialects Ray had
at his disposal the manuscripts he mentions, as well as the data
published by Spenser St. John, Keppel and Ling Roth. For the Sentah
dialect, spoken on the hill Seburan, ten miles from Kuching, he had
W. Chalmers' vocabulary of more than 3.000 words (8). In this list
also a few words of the tribes of the Western Branch of the Sarawak
River have been inserted.
Beside the material to be found in Ray, we have the vocabulary of
Land Dayak as spoken in Kampong Boyan in Upper Sarawak, com-
piled by Buck and containing more than 250 words (1l1), as well as
the list, likewise containing about 250 words, compiled by Beresford
Stooke at Tebekang or Tebakang in the Sadong district (112). Ad-
ditional material is to be found in a list by Mace (1l3), whilst Elam
gives a wordlist of this same Sadong Land Dayak (99). A vocabulary
of Singgi by Father Reijffert, is mentioned in Hedda Morrison's book;
we were not able to consult this work (99 According to Roberts (114)
B
).

the inhabitants distinguish three dialects within Sadong, but these are
hardly different. Aichner (115) who, apart from Selakau and Lara"
distinguishes three dialects in Land Dayak (viz. that of the Upper
Sarawak Land Dayak, including Singgi, Grogo, Setenggau J agoi,
Gumbang, Serambau, the dialect spoken between Penrissen and Sungei
Serin, and the dialect of the Tebakang (Serian) district), gives some
 17

words of these three dialects. Contrary to Aichner, the difference

between the dialects spoken on the Upper Sarawak River and those
on the Upper Sadong River is considered to be quite considerable by
Geddes (116); scattered through his report we find many words noted
down in Mentu Tapuh, on the upper reaches of the Kedup River,
a tributary of the Sadong River. The report by Leach gives terms of
kinship in four Land Dayak dialects, viz. Serian (Bukar ?), Kuap
(Beta), Singgi and Tringgus.
Only very few original texts have been noted down. The most
extensive and, it would seem also the best translated text is a tale,
published by R. N yandoh of Mentu Tapuh, probably in the language
of his own locality (117). Texts of a more or less sacral character are: a
short song in the dialect of the Biatah Dayak near Kuap, noted down
and published with a tentative translation by W. Johnny (118); some
prayers in the Sadong dialect noted down by Father Staal, one at
Gahat and one at Lobang Batuh (119); the texts of a spell and an
incantation in the dialect of the Kedup River, published and translated
by Geddes (116). We were not in a position to consult a collection of
Land Dayak folktales, collected by Father P. Howes in a booklet
entitled Shun nyamba nang, according to Hill in 1MBRAS 28.1
(1955) p. 148.
An impression of the colloquial may be obtained from some school-
texts and readers (120-122), the most important being a Land Dayak
translation of a booklet on hygiene originally written in Sea Dayak
(123). Finally, there exist quite a number of translations of books of
the Bible in different dialects, as well as religious tracts (124-139).
As regards Milikin, mentioned by Ray (2), this is probably more
closely related to Sea Dayak.

MELANAU
Although there are sufficient indications to enable us to determine
the linguistic area of Land Dayak and Sea Dayak as far as these are
spoken in Sarawak, it is more difficult to outline the linguistic geo-
graphy for the remaining part of Sarawak. By means of an unusual
extension of the term Melanau Ray, basing himself on manuscript
2
 18

vocabularies and data provided by Ling Roth (1), Keppel (44), de

Crespigny (1) and Hose (1, 11), indicates a whole series of languages
spoken along the coast, and also along rivers further into the interior
by the designation "Milano forms of speech". He distinguished between
five categories, viz. 1) Bintulu; 2) Matu (Matu River and "from the
north channel of the Rejang to the sea"), Bruit (near Tanjong Sirik),
Oya (mouth of Oya River), Muka (mouth of Muka River); 3) Narom
(Baram River), Miri (Bakam [read Baram ?] and Miri Rivers), Dali
(Sibuti and Bakong Rivers), Tutong (distinguished as Tutong I spoken
on the Upper Tutong, and Tutong II spoken on the Lower Tutong),
Lemiting (Upper Balait River, formerly at Marudi, Baram River),
Lelak (Long Tru, Baram River, formerly Lelak Lake); 4) Long Kiput
(junction of Tutau and Baram Rivers), Long Pata (Tutau and Baram
Rivers), Batu Bla (Tutau River), Berawan (Long Tisam, Baram
River); 5) Kanowit (Middle Rejang River), Tanjong (Rejang River
above Kanowit), Siduan (Rejang River). The wordlists he gives for
all these languages show quite some diversity, so that at the present
stage of our knowledge it does not seem desirable to label them all as
"Melanau".
In Leach's report which we have already quoted several times, the
author arrives at a division of the various peoples into "groups having
the same type of basic social organisation". Bearing in mind Leach's
warning that he does not claim "that the groups concerned possess any
linguistic unity", the result of a comparative study of the many word-
lists still allows us to say that his classification seems also useful for
a provisional geographic distribution of these languages. Especially his
outline (on p. 53) establishing a correlation between various groups of
the coastal population with "probable parent groups" in the interior
sometimes provides indications enabling us to arrive at some arrange-
ment of Ray's multifarious material.
First we shall attempt to delimit the linguistic group which may be
called Melanau. Austin Druce, who is a Melanau himself, mentions
as the dialects of his language Oya' and Dalad (officially spelt Dalat),
Mukah, Matu, Sibu and Balingian (140). Archer in addition mentions
separately the dialects of Rejang, Igan, Daro and Seduan (140). In
view of these data we might say that Melanau in the restricted sense
 19

of the term is spoken in the coastal area of the Rejang delta up to the
Balingian River. Leach (4) connects the Mukah-Oya S Melanau-Ray's
second group - with the parent group of the "former Kanowit and
similar groups". When we now observe that Morris (141) also shades
the area around Kanowit on the Rejang River as being Melanau terri-
tory, and that the words of Holland's Melanau list (43, 1) seem to
agree most closely with Ray's Kanowit and Tanjong words, we are
perhaps entitled to consider Ray's fifth group as a dialect which is
closely related to the Melanau of the coast.
As regards Mukah Melanau we possess, beside Hupe's lists men-
tioned by Ray and printed in Ling Roth's work (1), a vocabulary, of
which the anonymous compilers say that they had received the data
from Fathers Bernard Mulder at Dalat and Anthony Mulder at Mukah
and from the Government Officer Lawrence (142). The list of approx.
1.600 words appears to be more accurate than the old lists; an intro-
duction contains remarks concerning the constantly. growing influence
of Malay.
For M atu M elanau there exists a vocabulary compiled by Aikman,
the material having been collected in the Matu and Daro District (143);
this small volume was reviewed by J. B. Archer (140). To the com-
munication by Druce (140) mentioned above there has been added a
short list of 24 words and names of regions in the dialects he mentions,
by way of additions and corrections of the words occurring in Archer's
review. The list of Tamat compiled in 1867, mentioned by Ray (2, p. 32)
we were unable to consult.
Kinship terms in Oya' and Mukah Melanau are to be found in the
report by Leach (4), whilst many Melanau words occur in the report
by Morris (141), whose research was mainly concentrated in the village
of Medong on the Oya? River. In their articles Buck (144) and Jamuh
(145) provide a number of resp. Mukah and Oya' words, Jamuh also
communicating a few short riddles.
For the rest, published texts in Melanau are very scarce. Lawrence
and Hewitt (146) have published an incantation chant, but without
a translation. Morris (141) mentions death chants (Medong: muah,
Dalat: mueh) without, however, giving any specimen; Jamuh (145)
also refers to these chants. The R. C. Mission has published booklets
 20

containing a catechism and prayers in the dialects of Mukah (147) and

Dalat (148). An older liturgical collection, occurring in the catalogue
of the School of Oriental and African Studies in London (PAM. MAL.
POL. F. 67778) we were not in a position to consult. Neither did we
see a collection of the customary law of the Melanau people, made by
a District Officer in 1940, mentioned by Morris (141, p. 90); this col-
lection is printed in English and in the dialects of Mukah and Oya'.
Bintulu (Ray's category 1), situated on the coast beyond Balingian
is usually considered to belong to the Melanau coastal area, but all
reports agree on the divergent character of the language spoken in this
locality. In view of the vocabularies by Brooke Low and Hupe (1) and
of the manuscript lists, both reported by Ray, we believe that Bintulu
seems to be related to Kajaman and Ba Mali, which we shall discuss
below. Leach (4) establishes a relationship between the Bintulu Melanau
whom he calls Segan, and the group of settled Penan and Kajang. For
the time being we would assign a separate position to Bintulu.
Except Ray's Tutong I which probably is nearer to the languages
of a Philippine type, to be discussed later, the other languages of Ray's
3rd category together with Long Kiput of the 4th category perhaps form
a related whole, judging by the words given. A number of words
reported by Ray show signs of relationship with the Sarawak Murut
group, to be mentioned below.

BISAYA

Following the coast towards the North-East, we come to the Bisaya

area. This language is spoken by groups of that name near Brunei Bay,
mainly on the Klias Peninsula, on Labuan Island in the bay, and along
the lower course of the Limbang River on Sarawak territory near the
Brunei border (149). To the Bisaya linguistic area there belongs
furthermore the language of several groups living to the South-West
of the bay, usually referred to by other names, about which data are
to be found in Ray's work. For Ray includes in one and the same
category the language he calls Bisaya, for which he possessed both
manuscript vocabularies and the data provided by St. John (42, 1) and
 21

by de Crespigny (10,1), and the language of the Orang Bukit (Kadayan)

on the Upper Balait and the Tutau Rivers, and of the Orang Bukit
(Bekiau) on the Tutong River near the Nyamok River, where he had
wordlists compiled (2, p. 43). The words he mentions seems to justify
this division. It moreover finds support in statements by Leach who
says in addition (4, p. 78) that "the Pagan Bukit who live on the Tutoh
[= Tutau in Ray] close to Batu Blah claim to be Bisaya", whilst
slightly earlier he presumably refers to these same Bukit as "the Bukit-
Bisaya group on the Baram", of which river the Tutoh or Tutau is a
tributary.
The material found in the abovementioned lists does not lead to any
assumptions of relationship with the Bisaya spoken in the Philippines.
We only possess one text in Bisaya, i.e. a translation of the Gospel
according to St. Mark (150), which seems heavily influenced by Malay.
Phonetically Bisaya would seem to show some peculiarities which
also occur in the languages of the Philippines, but as far as one may
conclude from the translation of the Gospel, it seems to lack the abund-
ance of morphological elements proper to those languages.
Whether there exists any relationship with the Dusun language,
to be discussed below - Bewsher (151) speaks of a "quite definite
relationship" - will have to be established by further research.

SARA WAK MURUT DIALECTS

We now come to the discussion of the literature concerning a group

of dialects usually indicated by the name Murut. This term shows again
the confusion which is created by the use of general designation like
river people, hill people, etc., when one wishes to establish real dis-
tinctions. When one studies the available linguistic material it becomes
clear that the dialects of the groups qualified as Murut, i.e. "hill",
belong to two clearly distinguishable groups. On anthropological
grounds Needham arrives at a division into "a people or group of
peoples" which extends "across interior Borneo about the line 4 North"
which he considers as the northernmost of the 'middle Borneo group
of peoples", and a group of peoples which he qualifies by means of a
 22

linguistic criterion as belonging to "Adriani's Philippine language

group" (152). For lack of a better name Needham indicates these two
groups by the names of "Sarawak Murut" and "North Borneo Murut",
in agreement with the terminology already used earlier by Pollard (153)
and Hudson Southwell (154); we shall also adopt these designations here.
According to Southwell, Sarawak Murut "covers a very wide area,
extending from Brunei Bay up to the Limbang, Pandaruan, Tembu-
rong, Batu Apoi, Trusan, Lawas and Mangalong" (154, p. 104).
Furthermore, Sarawak Murut is spoken "up to the headwaters of the
Padas (Pa Matang) and to the headwaters of the Baram (the Kelabit)
and from there south and southeast far into Dutch Borneo". Southwell
states that the bulk of the Murut people nowadays live in Indonesian
Borneo, in the mountains which supply the tributaries of the Sesayap.
As reported by Bolang and Harrisson (155), until recent times the
headwaters of the Bahau River had to be added to this area; most of
the Saban living there have moved to the Balong, a tributary of the
Baram.
Southwell, who also provides some information of a grammatical
nature, distinguishes between seven dialects, including in agreement
with some earlier investigators, also Kelabit, still mentioned separately
from the Murut group in Ray's list (154).
Ray reproduces words of the Adang language, spoken on a tributary
of the Limbang River of that name; for this he had material provided
by St. John (42) and Moulton (156). Ray likewise quotes some Trusan,
for which he possessed two manuscript lists as well as notes by the
Crespigny (10), and some Padas words, of which again de Crespigny
gives a short list. Ray reproduces Kelabit terms based on a manuscript
list and data by Douglas published later (157), following notes by
Moulton (156) and a manuscript list of his own. Kelabit names of
reptiles are to be found in a short article by Tweedie (158), whilst
another list of Kelabit words is included in the article by Bolang and
Harrisson mentioned above (155).
Pollard (159) publishes a list of about eighty words noted down
among the Lun Bawang (Trusan, Lawas, Limbang).
A short glossary of terms used in the manufacture of pottery and
recorded on the Upper Trusan is reproduced by A. Morrison (160).
 23

Among the christianised M urut Southwell states that it is the dialect

of the Pa Kemaloh area, the mid-section of the Sesayap River, which
has gradually become the standard Murut dialect; in this process a
great deal of influence was exerted by the teachers trained in a school
at Long Sepayang in Indonesian Borneo. The language into which the
Gospel according to St. Mark was translated, i.e. the dialect of Lun
Daya (161), therefore shows points of resemblance to the language
recorded in Bolang and Harrisson's Kemaloh glossary (155). According
to these two authors Lun Daya is "the name of the Muruts in North
Borneo who live in the Ulu Padas (Pa Matang, etc.) and on the Manga-
long (lower reaches especially)".
Some Lun Daya kinship terms are reported in Needham's above-
mentioned note (152); these had been recorded before World War II by
Presswood and handed to Dr. L. Onvlee, who passed them to the
author of the note (152).
Beside one short Kelabit text (162), this translation of the Gospel
is the sole text of this group of Sarawak Murut we possess.
Basing himself on these data and on the article by Moulton mentioned
above (156), Ray also provides information concerning two Treng
dialects (163) which probably also have to be classed with this Murut
group, viz. Balait spoken on the river of this name, and Tabun on the
Lower Madalam River.

NORTH BORNEO MURUT DIALECTS

Dialects of North Borneo Murut are spoken in an area which extends

roughly between 1160 and 1180 with the frontier of Indonesian Borneo
to the South, and a line running from Keningau (approx. 50 20') via
Upper Kinabatangan and Upper Kwamut to Cowie Harbour. Rutter,
who provides a clear sketch-map of this region (164), divides the
population into seven groups of Hill Murut and two groups of "Muruts
of the plains", with the Kuijau as a link between the Murut and the
Dusun, to be discussed below. In his comparative vocabulary he gives
words of Keningau Peluan Rundum Tengara and Kuijau.
J J J

From a manuscript wordlist by Clement at his disposal Ray provides

 24

words of the language he cans Tagal, the name under which part of
the North Borneo Murut near Bol Station are known. For the
Keningau dialect we have the extensive vocabulary noted down by
Baboneau and published with an introductory note by Woolley (165);
beside information concerning the geographical language situation in
this Murut area, this note contains some specimens of the Timugan
and S emambu dialects.
In three articles Woolley gives names of patterns of basketwork
(166). Four shorter articles by Keith provide us with a number of
words noted down among the Ulun-no-Bokan who dwell between
Keningau and the headwaters of the Kinabatangan River (167). Ac-
cording to Keith (167, p.323), Rutter incorrectly classed this group
among the Peluan.
Woolley also published an annotated translation and the text of
two short songs in the Keningau dialect (168); these have been
reproduced again in Rutter's work mentioned above (164). The head-
hunting chant included in this book was also provided by Woolley, as
stated by Rutter.
North Borneo M urut evidently belongs to the so-called Philippine
type, a circumstance which, as Rutter remarks, had already been noted
by Blagden; the latter stressed the close relation between M urut and
Dusun, a language te be discussed below. The connection with the
Philippine languages is apparent from "the grammatically elaborate use
of the prefix system and (in a secondary degree) in the similarity of
the phonetic changes in the three groups" (164, p.263).

DUSUN

Partly to the North, but mostly to the West of the North Borneo
Murut area Dusun is spoken. Dialects of this language are to be found
along the rivers which debouch into the South China Sea, from the
Klias River in the South up to the Tempasuk River in the North, on
the peninsulas Kudat and Melobong, and further into the interior
South-West of Marudu Bay and in the region of the headwaters of
the rivers Labuk, Sugut (Sugud) and Kinabatangan. Perhaps the
 25

language spoken by part of the inhabitants of Banggi Island will have

to be considered as a Dusun dialect.
Although also here the phenomenon occurs which we have had
occasion to mention before, viz. that the name current in ethnographical
and linguistic descriptions is not identical with the name by which
the inhabitants designate themselves, we shall maintain the name
Dusun, which we use to express the unity of a large number of dialects;
the literature (169, 170, 171) mentions several local designations.
Rutter distinguishes between six groups of Inland Dusun and nine
groups of Coast Dusun; the sketch map accompanying his description
of North Borneo Murut clearly indicates the distribution. To Rutter's
last category the Banggi Dusun mentioned above might perhaps
be added.
Here we shall restrict ourselves to enumerating only those dialects
on which we possess further information. The linguistic samples from
the various dialect areas enable us to conclude that there exists a close
relationship between the dialects; from the available material regularly
recurring correspondences in sound are clearly apparent. However,
Banggi as published by Schneeberger (172) is strongly divergent as
regards the vocabulary. It is beyond doubt that Dusun belongs to the
so-called Philippine group of languages; this is amply shown by the
multitude of affixes, the existence of forms indicating the praeterit,
and by peculiarities of the sound system.
In his comparative list Ray gives words from four dialects: data by
De Crespigny for Dati Dusun (10), by Treacher for Tempasuk (43,1)
and by St. John for Urian (42, 1). The dialect called Ida'an by St. John
may have been noted down in the Tempasuk area. For Kimanis Ray
possessed a list compiled by the missionary Luering (173), the Dusun
dialects of Kimanis, Papar and Putatan having been particularly studied
by R.c. missionaries. In this way Father Gossens published an exten-
sive vocabulary of Papar Dusun in 1924 (169). In a series of articles
by Staal (170) words in the Putatan dialect and some of that of Papar
are to be met with; the same author published an English-Tuaran-
Putatan vocabulary (174).
In the literature we found mention of a Tambunan dialect vocabulary
by Woolley (175), but we were unable to consult this publication. In
 26

the work by Evans mentioned above (171) numerous words of the

language of the Tempasuk Dusun are to be found; other lexicographical
data may likewise be obtained from an article by Evans on Dusun
measures and the classification of animals (176), and especially from
his texts which will be mentioned below.
Schneeberger's vocabulary of Banggi Dusun (172) referred to above,
contains slightly less than 800 words. Further research will have to
determine whether this language is to be counted to the Dusun dialects;
some words seem to be related to Bulud-upi and to Lanun. Schnee-
berger's statement that some Dusun live on Balambangan "who have
developed a particular dialect" is not supported by examples.
The list of about one hundred words for the language of the Mara-
gang, a Dusun tribe living South-West of Marudu Bay, given by Van
Dapperen (177) clearly shows that this language belongs to the Dusun
dialects under discussion; it is to be noted that Marudu is one of the
groups mentioned by Rutter.
Rutter's comparative list of Murut-Dusun (164) provides words in
Marudu, Tempasuk, Tuaran, Kiau, Putatan, Papar and Tambunan
Dusun.
Grammatical features are briefly surveyed by Gossens (169), whilst
Majusim bin Majinal provides a few scattered remarks (178) which,
of course, reveal little concerning the structure of the language. Pro-
bably more light will be thrown on these matters by a dictionary and a
granunar by Father Antonissen which is in the process of publication.
As regards original texts, we possess about one hundred riddles noted
down by Prenger at Inabong, four miles distant from Penimpang, and
published together with a translation (179); these short texts are
preceded by some remarks on the dialects and on morphology.
Staal published some drinking and love songs (180) and a Dusun
prayer (181) in the Putatan dialect. In the dialects studied by the R.c.
mission a few religious tracts were published (182-185).
The work by Evans (171) to which we have already repeatedly
referred contains the text of a few incantations composed in the "sacred
language" of the Tempasuk Dusun, together with some remarks by
the author concerning the peculiarities of these chants, but the trans-
lation of these texts still contains many uncertainties. The fables (186),
 27

riddles (187, 188) and the proverbs and proverbial sayings (189)
published by Evans provide a better insight into the colloquial of a
few of the local dialects spoken in the valley of the Tempasuk River,
viz. Kedamaian, Tombulion and Kahung Saraiyoh.

BAJAU

The language of the Bajau, known in the Philippines and in the

major part of the eastern section of the Indonesian archipelago as
nomads of the seas, but also later as more or less settled inhabitants
of the coast, is also spoken in the many Bajau settlements to be found
on the North coast and the East coast of Borneo. During an investig-
ation along the coasts of Celebes and on the islands in Macassar Straits
undertaken in the thirties, one of the present authors (Cense) found
that the language of the Bajau (known as Bayo and Turije'ne' in the
language of Macassar and as Bajo in Buginese whilst they call themselves
Sama) shows only dialectal differences in spite of their widely scattered
settlements; specimens of dialects of this language noted down in
Borneo agree, as far as he remembers, with Bajau material he had
collected but which was lost during the war, as well as with some data
collected on Togian Island in the Bight of Tomini (Celebes) and publish-
ed by Adriani (190), and with a short list collected by Wallace (191).
On Banggi Island Schneeberger assembled a list of nearly 800 words
(172). Scattered terms concerning Bajau pottery are to be found in
an article by Evans (192) ; in his above mentioned work on the Tempa-
suk Dusun (171) this author refers several times to the Bajau who
happen to have settled in large numbers in the districts Tempasuk and
Tuaran. A short text with translation and some introductory remarks
was published by Abdul Ghani bin Bagul, a Bajau himself (193). He
also mentions all the districts in the coastal region on the West side
of North Borneo where Bajau is spoken; the author who believes that
the language is not found outside these districts will be astonished to
learn that Bajau is spread still further over such an enormous area!
We possess no linguistic data on the numerous Bajau settlements
all along the East coast of Borneo.
 28

According to information provided by Evans (194) the language of

the Samah-Samah or Samar Lambuh who live like gypsies in boats
and who often visit Si Butuk Island, would be about the same as that
of the settled Bajau. The same would be true for the language of the
roving Samar Laiyun met with on Musar Island near Kudat.
It is still not possible to give Bajau its place among the Austronesian
languages, but peculiarities in its structure render it probable that
Esser was right in mentioning Bajau after his enumeration of the
languages of Borneo in his list of languages at the back of his linguistic
map (6).
UBIAN
According to Evans (194) the language of the Ubian (this being the
name of an island between Borneo and the Philippines ?) who used to
rove as semi-settled sea-gypsies off the West coast of North Borneo
and who are identical with the pirates who were formerly called
Bolonginik or Balanini, differs from the language of the Bajau. Ubian
is said to be identical with the language of the Banadan who have
settled at Limau-Limauan near Kudat.

ILLANUN
On the coast of North Borneo several settlements are to be found
of the IIIanun or Lanun who originally came from the Philippine
Island of Mindanao. Ray reports two vocabularies which differ only
little, one published by St. John (42, 1), and one noted down by
Treacher on the Tempasuk River and reproduced in the article by
Swettenham already referred to repeatedly (43, 1).

BULUD-UPI
According to Ray villages of the Bulud-Upi are to be found on the
Northeast coast of Borneo between the Sugut river on the North and
Tabunak in the South. Although Rutter reports that they are allied with
the Tabunwa -' whose language he enumerates among the Inland Dusun
groups - Ray does not discuss their language in connection with the
Dusun languages. He had at his disposal two vocabularies "of two
 29

apparently different dialects", i.e. one compiled by Treacher in 1880

(43, 1) and one by Montano, as printed in his travel-report published
in 1886 (195). Both lists have been noted down among speakers of
Bulud-upi on the Sagaliud River which debouches into Sandakan Bay.
Peculiarities of the phonetic system indicate that here we have to do
with a language of the so-called Philippine type, as already remarked
by Montano; in a report of his journeys which was published separately
(196) he states that this language has to be connected with that group
of dialects to which Tagalog belongs. Many of the words given differ
considerably from those provided for the Dusun dialects; possibly we
are dealing with the language of a population group which immigrated
here from the Philippines.

SULU
Brief mention must be made of the language of the Sulu who have
their centre in the Sulu Sultanate, but who have scattered over some
of the Philippine Islands and the Tawi-Tawi Archipelago and who
also have founded settlements on several points of the North Borneo
coast. According to Cowie they are to be found on Darvel Bay and
the adjacent islands extending southward as far as Cape Kanyongan,
including the state of "Balongan" (i.e. Bulungan). It may be assumed
that as far as Bulungan is concerned this can only refer to a few coastal
settlements. Because the discussion of Sulu properly belongs to a
bibliography of the Philippine languages, we deem it sufficient to refer
to the vocabulary published by Cowie in 1893 (197), which contains in
addition a large number of short phrases. By means of his work Cowie
expected to render the conversation between Europeans and the Sulu
of North Borneo easier, and by adding a Malay translation to all his
Sulu material he hoped "to accelerate the further fusion of two dialects
which have so much affinity and which will make the language of
North Borneo the English of the Farther East" 1

TIDUNG DIALECTS
Correspondences in the vocabulary render it not unreasonable to
discuss Tidung (spoken on the East coast between Lahad Datu and
 30

the country a little South of Bulungan) after our treatment of

North Borneo Murut. Some words of the Tarakan dialect of Tidung
strongly resemble words of the Tengara dialect of Murut, which latter
language, however, seems to occupy a slightly separate place among
the related dialects. We know the Tarakan dialect from a small work
by Beach of 1908 (198); it also deals with the Bolongan (i.e. Bulungan)
dialect which is rather different, perhaps due to stronger Malay in-
fluences. The booklet provides beside vocabularies of the dialects
mentioned (with a few words of the N onukan and Simbakong dialects)
more than one hundred short phrases and a story in both dialects, as
well as some brief notes on the grammar. The preface was written
by A. A. Fokker, who also added many notes and an appendix
concerning phonetical and morphological problems. It is rather striking
to observe that the sentences and the stories do not show the great
variety of morphological elements which is characteristic for North
Borneo M urut.
In view of the scarcity of our data a "genealogy" of the Tidung
dialects as given by Beech seems premature.
The about 450 words of the wordlist published by Aernout in 1885
(199) generally, but not always, agree with the Tarakan words given
by Beech; Aernout collected his material during voyages along the coast.
In his preface to the vocabulary published in 1916 (200) Van Gende-
ren Stort remarks that he had come into contact with five dialects,
viz. Tidung as spoken on the upper reaches of the Sembakung River,
beside the dialects Tarakan, Sembakung, Penchangan and Sedalir.
In the list which contains approximatively 1700 words he provides
separate columns to Tidung (with occasional references to Tarakan)
and Sembakung (with a few words in Penchangan and Sedalir). It is
especially the Tidung (and Tarakan) words which show a close agree-
ment with the Tarakan words given by Aernout and Beech. It would
appear, however, that a comparison of this material with Kayan word-
lists cannot lead to the assumption of a relationship between Kayan
and Bulungan, as apparently presumed by Van Genderen Stort.
 31

SAJAU BASAP AND OTHER BASAP DIALECTS

Living scattered throughout Bulungan, Sangkulirang and Kutai one

finds many tribes which are indicated by the general name of Basap.
We possess vocabularies of the languages of a few of these tribes, the
only published list being the one compiled by Rutten concerning the
Basap spoken on the Sajau River which runs into the Muara Seilor
or Selor (201). It is curious to observe that a number of words of
Sajau Basap which are not to be found in publications concerning other
languages of East Borneo show a resemblance to words which we only
know from the Punan Ba-Beketan-Ukit group to be discussed below.
Three lists which presumably all concern Basap dialects have been
given to the Royal Institute by the Leiden professor, V. E. Korn, who
found them at Samarinda in 1928; they may have been compiled by
or for the then District Commissioner of Tanjong Redeb, Kruys. It
would seem that the data provided by these lists - one of Basap Batu
Putih, one of Tabalar (Korn adds a note: "Basap ?"), and one with
a pencilled note "Segai, Basap ?" - only show dialectal differences.
It is not possible to decide whether the Malay words which occur in
considerable number in these lists really belong to the language or
whether they have been suggested by the interviewer. Sajau Basap,
however, seems to be so strongly divergent, that it is questionable
whether it is to be treated as a dialect on the same footing as these three.
When speaking about some Basap dialects which should be dis-
tinguished in his view, Spaan (202) mentions the dialect of the area
of the Binatang River, that of Kampong Medang on the upper reaches
of the Dumaring and that of the other Basap tribes settled along the
Dumaring, but he does not provide any data.

LABU
An independant place seems to be occupied by the language of a
group dwelling on the Lasan River and indicated in literature as the
orang Labu. The fragment of a manuscript wordlist presented to the
Royal Institute by Professor Korn unfortunately only contains fifty
words, but these few, though interesting data would lead us to suppose
 32

that an increased knowledge of Labu might well provide reasons for

ranging this language among the Malay dialects.

CENTRAL BORNEO LANGUAGES

KEN YAH

In 1912 Van Genderen Stort published an extensive vocabulary of

Kenyah, the language spoken in Apo Kayan, the highlands where the
Kayan River takes its source; it had been noted down among the Uma
Bern in the village Leka Kidau (203). Many words are also contained
in the medical doctor's thesis (204) and in the work on the Kenyah
which appeared a few years later, both by Van Elshout who had worked
in Apo Kayan as a military surgeon. A manuscript dictionary by the
same author was copied in 1929-1930 on behalf of the Batavia Society
of Arts and Sciences at Jakarta (see TBG 70, 1930, pp. 91-92). The
Society's library possesses also a wordlist (29). Words concerning
dress, ornaments and weapons are to be found in an article by Van
Walchren (206).
The vocabulary published in 1897 by Engelhard for the people and
the languages he calls "Kinjin" (207) agrees with the Kenyah words
found in the writings mentioned above. As regards the language of
the Kenyah living on the Pujungan, a tributary of the Bahau River, a
number of teknonymical terms are to be found in the article by Van
Walchren (206). However, no linguistic data are known concerning
the speakers of Kenyah in other parts of Indonesian Borneo, on the
lower Kayan, in the region where the Boh, a tributary of the Mahakam,
takes its source, and on the Tawang River in Kutai.
In Sarawak Kenyah is spoken in the area of the Upper Baram River
and of the Upper Tinjar River. In his comparative vocabulary Ray
provides specimens of nine Sarawak Kenyah dialects, basing himself on
the manuscript lists by Page Turner, Douglas and himself, and also
on the published extensive vocabulary by Douglas (157). The words
in this vocabulary agree with the words published by Urquhart for
"Kenyah Sambup" (208). Other lexicographical material for Kenyah
may be obtained from a wordlist by Banks (209), which corresponds
 33

in general with the lists for Sabup and Long Bangan, also published
there. Kinship terms are to be found in Leach (4, between p.61
and p. 62), Pollard and Banks (210). Furthermore, Banks published
a number of names of different kinds of prohibitions in relation to
rice planting (211).
Numerous texts of chants, incantations and invocations occur in the
two above-mentioned works by Van Elshout (204, 205), which likewise
provide sentences in daily speech. A short song of the Kenyah on the
Baram river is given by Wan Ulok and Galvin (212).

KAYAN, BUSANG

In the detailed sketch which Nieuwenhuis (38) gave of the Kayan

dwelling on the Mendalem River, a tributary of the Upper Kapuas,
many words of the language spoken there occur. Later, Nieuwenhuis'
travelling companion Barth published an extensive dictionary of this
language (213). It is known as Busang in the Upper Kapuas and the
Upper Mahakam areas. Barth noted down his data among the Ma $
Aging on the Mendalem River, adding words which he obtained on the
Upper Mahakam, for he reports that Busang, beside being spoken on
the Mendalem River, is also the native language of a number of tribes
on the Upper Mahakam which he mentions and likewise, albeit with
some differences, used by most of the tribes on the middle reaches of
the Mahakam and by the Ma~ Leken in Apo Kayan. Busang is known
as a common medium over a wide area; according to Barth it is spoken
beside their own language by the Apo Kayan Kenyah, the Long BIu'u
Kayan - to be discussed below - , Penihing, Long Glat and by a few
migratory tribes.
Barth's lexicographical material, which is also accessible by means
of a Dutch-Busang index, is preceded by a concise survey of the
phonetic system and the morphology of the language. In order to
illustrate the use of the words many short sentences have been in-
cluded, whilst a fragment of a chanted saga and a provisional translation
of the Lord's Prayer with an explanation have likewise been added
Similarity to Busang is shown by the language of the Kayan of
3
 34

Sarawak who at present live in the region of the Rejang and the Baram
Rivers. The oldest information on Kayan we owe to a son of the famous
Scotch poet, R. Burns, who travelled through the Kayan area in the
first half of the last century. Burns' vocabulary, which Ray states
to be concerned with Bintulu Kayan, was published in 1849 (214), to
be reprinted later in Ling Roth's work (1). Equally detailed are the
list compiled by Brooke Low (1) for the Kayan spoken on the Rejang
or the Balui, and by Douglas (157), noted on the Baram River. Shorter
lists are those by Hupe (1), Holland (43,1), Keppel (44), Hose (176),
Urquhart (208), and another to be found in St. John (42,1).
The only piece of text noted down by Hose among the Sarawak Kayan
consists of the four initial lines of an incantation (7, II, p. 120).
The language of the Kayan on the Upper Mahakam, centered around
Long Blu'u, differs considerably in vocabulary from the Kayan
(Busang) discussed above; a wordlist of this language is to be found
in Barth's dictionary (213), whilst Nieuwenhuis' work (38) likewise
contains quite a number of words.

MURIK, SIBOP, BA MALI, SPENG, BOK, NIBONG, KAJAMAN,

LAHANAN, SEKAPAN

Besides Kenyah and Busang-Kayan, there are many languages in

Central Borneo spoken by tribes on the upper reaches of the large
rivers which debouch on the East and on the West coast, these lan-
guages showing in their vocabularies both similarities with Kenyah and
Kayan, and with other groups of languages which we have already
discussed. In view of the fact that the data concerning these languages
are in most cases completely insufficient to permit of suggesting a
division into larger units, we shall discuss them one by one, occasionally
pointing out possible relations and mentioning those cases where
probably only dialectal differences occur.
These languages include a number of languages of those tribes,
partly nomadic and partly settled, which are known as Punan and
Penan, and concerning which there exists a large amount of often
contradictory information. At present careful research, especially by
 35

the British anthropologist Needham (215-217) is beginning to shed

some light on this confusing situation. In our opinion the languages
under discussion do not show any peculiarities which would warrant
their treatment as a special group, distinct from the surrounding lan-
guages. Weare convinced that more intensive research will eventually
make it possible to determine in this central area larger complexes of
languages and conglomerations of dialects.
For Murik, spoken by a tribe settled at Long Tamalla, approximately
forty miles above Claudetown on the main Baram River, Douglas
published a vocabulary (218); he mentions that the speakers of this
language maintain that they originally came from the basin of the
Bahau River and from East Borneo (219). Ray, who in addition men-
tions a manuscript list by Douglas and another compiled by himself
(2, p.67), classifies this language together with Kenyah, but although
some points of resemblance with this language seem to be present, it
appears to us that Murik is closer to the Kayan spoken in Sarawak.
For Sibop, spoken on the Tinjar River and in the region between
the Rejang and the Baram Rivers, Ray mentions three dialects: Tinjar
Sibop, Lirong - spoken on the Upper Tinjar River and likewise on
the Baram and Rejang Rivers - and Long Pokun, spoken on the
Dapoi tributary of the Tinjar River. For all three he possessed manus-
cript lists, and for Tinjar Sibop also a few words mentioned by Hose
(11, 1). To this we may add a Sibop list by Banks (209).
The group of dialects mentioned here might perhaps be connected
with the language indicated by Ray as Ba Mali and by Urquhart as
Bah Malei; according to Ray it is spoken on the Baram River round
Mt. Dulit. For this language Ray had a manuscript list; Urquhart's
data have been published (2OS). Connected with this language seems
also to be Speng, of which Urquhart (208) gives a few words.
Points of resemblance likewise exist with Bok, mentioned by Ray
and spoken on the river of that name, and with Nibong, called after a
branch of the Lobong River bearing this name, the Lobong being
a tributary of the Tinjar. Ray, who had wordlists collected for these
languages, identifies Hose's Punan list (11,1) with Bok.
Apparently connected are Kajaman and Lahanan, for which Urqu-
hart (208) provides short lists and of which also Banks notes a few
 36

words (209), at least, we assume that Banks' Lanun (to be clearly

distinguished from the Lanun or Illanun spoken by Philippine immi-
grants on the North coast) is identical with Lahanan. Banks localises
the Kajaman "in the Rejang just below and above Belaga", and the
Lanun "above the Mejawa rapids in the Baloi". Presumably also
Sekapan, for which Urquhart (208) and Banks (209) provide lists and
which Banks situates in the same region as Kajaman, belongs here.

PUNAN LUSONG, PUNAN GANG

There seem to exist merely dialectal differences between Punan

Lusong and Punan Gang for which Urquhart (208) provides lists,
without further indications concerning the region where these languages
are spoken.

PUNAN BA, BEKETAN, UKIT

We now come to the language of the Punan Ea, a tribe which

according to Needham who devoted an article to it (217), is living on
the Rejang and its tributary, the Ba, and also on the Kakus, the Jela-
long and on a tributary of the latter, the Pandan. Urquhart gives a
short wordlist (208), whilst Needham (217) mentions a few terms of
relationship. The same language will have been indicated by Ray's
"Rejang (Punan)" (2, pp. 19,68); he inserted words of this language
into his comparative vocabulary, these words having been taken from
a manuscript list by Page Turner, a "Punan" list by Brooke Low
printed in Ling Roth (1) and a "Punan" list by Holland, included by
Swettenham (43,1). Concerning the linguistic relationship of Punan
Ba to other peoples, Needham (217, p.32) says that he knows little
more than a statement by a Punan Ba spokesman, that no other
language may be said to be close to Punan Ba; among the languages
which would be relatively the nearest, the informant mentioned a
number of Melanau dialects.
In view of the wordlists we would be inclined to see some relation with
the "Punan and Mangkettan", of which Von Kessel (98) noted down
a few words. It seems to us that this Mangkettan - or as Ray writes
 37

it: Manketa - refers to the same language which is indicated in

literature as Beketan, Bukitan, Bakatan and even by still other names.
Ray also mentions a manuscript list compiled by him (Bakatan, on the
Baloi or Upper Rejang), a list by St. John (42,1: Pakatan, between
Rejang and Baram), and a list by Holland (43,1: Bukutan). To these
we may add a list by Urquhart (208: Bukitan). A position close to
Beketan is occupied by U kit, for which Ray mentions a manuscript
vocabulary by Page Turner. Urquhart likewise gives a list of Ukit (208).
For the resemblance which has been noted between some Punan
Ba - Beketan - Ukit words and words of Sajau Basap we refer to
our discussion of the literature concerning the latter language.
Concerning the languages Punan Aput and Punan Busang mentioned
by Needham (215) nothing is known; as regards Punan Batu, men-
tioned together with these two languages, Urquhart gives a short
list (208).
To a "Punan vocabulary" collected by Andreini (220) Banks adds
that this information was collected at "Long Malinau on the Tutoh
River, a tributary on the right bank of the Baram River"; it is said
to refer to the language of the Punan living between the Tutoh and
the Apoh Rivers.

SEPUTAN,PENYABUNG

It is not known whether the Seputan or Saputan and the Penyabung

on the upper courses of the Mahakam and the Barito speak separate
languages. Wordlists which we were unable to consult are available
at Jakarta (29).

PENIHING

Some resemblance to Upper Mahakam Kayan may perhaps be shown

by Penihing, of which Barth published a vocabulary in his dictionary,
mentioned above (213); he has indicated the area where this language
is spoken on a sketch map. However, the data are insufficient to permit
of determining the position of this language. A Penihing wordlist is
to be found at Jakarta (29).
 38

MODANG
(LONG GLAT, LONG WAI, SEGAl)

Over a large area in Bulungan, Berau and Northern Kutai we find

the dialects of a language which we shall indicate as Modang, this
being the name under which different groups of speakers of these
dialects are occasionally taken together. The most detailed information
on one dialect, spoken in northern Kutai, we owe to Barth, who added
a vocabulary of what he calls Long Glat to his Busang dictionary (213).
Nieuwenhuis believes that the Long Glat, like the Kayan and the
Kenyah, originally came from Apo Kayan (38) ; the wordlist shows that
the vocabulary differs considerably from Kenyah and Kayan. On his
map Barth indicates several settlements of the Long Glat on the Upper
Mahakam, and also at Long Bleh on the Belayan, a tributary of the
Mahakam, and at Long We (Wai) on the Kelinjau, an affluent of the
Telen, likewise a tributary of the Mahakam. For Long Wai we possess
a wordlist by Bock (221), and from this list and from information
provided by Von de Wall, RobiM van der Aa compiled a list of what
he called Modang; this list is to be found in the Dutch edition of Bock's
work (222). The differences between these two lists can only be partly
explained as arising from differences between the English and the Dutch
spelling. A Long Wai vocabulary is also to be found at Jakarta (29).
Another language which also belongs to Modang is Segai; according
to Spaan (223, p.ll) this is the name of the Modang settled in Berouw
and Bulungan. Professor Korn presented a Segai manuscript wordlist
to the Royal Institute (see p.29 above); as locations where the Segai
are settled the latter mentions the upper reaches of the Segah, the
river of Gunung Tabur, and the middle course of the Kelai, the river
which forms the border between Gunung Tabur and Sambaliung.

EMBALOH

Here we want to mention a number of wordlists which evidently

concern one and the same language or very closely connected dialects
of one language, which we shall indicate as Embaloh after the name
 39

of the tributary of the Kapuas where the tribes who speak this language
are settled. According to Bouman (224, p. 158; 25, p.49) the speakers
of this language form part of a larger complex of tribes: the Taman
of the Upper Kapuas and the Suai, the Taman Mendalem, Taman
Sibau, Palin, Lauk, Leboyan and Kalis Dayak. However, the data
are lacking which would enable us to determine whether we are con-
cerned here with a separate group of languages.
The oldest list occurs in an article by Radermacher in 1781; it
contains words of a language spoken on the Kapuas at a ten days'
journey upstream from Sanggau (225). In Ray's comparative list the
words of this list are indicated as "Sanggau"; the f to be found there
in some of the words is due to a wrong interpretation of a Gothic
printed s in the original I Furthermore, we possess a list by Von Kessel
for the language which he calls Pari (98), and one by Keppel, who
speaks of Malo (44). Ray's information for "Maloh 2" is based on the
last mentioned list and on a list compiled by Brereton, to be found in
St. John (42) and Ling Roth (1).
Ray's Maloh Kalis list is based on two manuscript lists, one com-
piled by himself and one by Van Velthuijsen, District Officer in Semi-
tau (Upper Kapuas) in 1883. In general this Maloh Kalis agrees with
Urquhart's Maloh list, noted down in the Kapit District, Sarawak (208).
Perhaps the language which we here have called Embaloh is the
same as that which Nieuwenhuis (38", p.27) calls Palin after one of
the related tribes, being the common language for the tribes on the
Kapuas upstream from Bunut.
Von Kessel's impression (98) that the language would show some
resemblance to Macassar is probably due to the occurrence of some
dozens of words in this language which are wholly or practically homo-
nymous with words in the languages of southern Celebes.

MAANYAN, SI(H)ONG, SAMIHIM, DUSUN,

DUSUN DE(Y)AH
Maanyan is spoken in the region of which Tamianglayang is the
centre and which extends roughly between the Barito and its tributary
the Karau in the West, and beyond the Gunung Meratus in the East.
 40

This language was first described by the missionary H. Tromp, but

his grammar to which he had added a number of texts and proverbial
sayings never appeared in print. However, the manuscript was not
lost because of a fire, like Dahl assumed on the authority of the mis-
sionary Weiler (226, p.26), but it lies in the archives of the Rhineland
Mission at Wuppertal. Since recently a microfilm of this manuscript is
available in the library of the Royal Institute at The Hague (227).
After Tromp, Sundermann gave a concise description of the language,
which did appear in print (228), after having published a number of
Maanyan popular tales with a translation one year previously (229).
The most detailed description of Maanyan, based on Sundermann's
data and on nearly all translations of Christian literature which were
published during the period 1856-1950 through the care of the Rhine-
land Mission and the Basle Mission, was compiled by Dahl (226).
This is not the place to pronounce an opinion on the question whether
Dahl following a suggestion of Dr. Aichele has been successful in
proving the existence of an especially close connection between Malegasy
and Maanyan. It might be said, however, that in view of our knowledge
of the linguistic situation in Borneo it seems premature to single out
one of its languages for comparison.
Beside the translations mentioned by Dahl (230-234) there still
appeared in 1880 a little spelling book and reader (235), whilst a
memorandum presented by Epple to the missionary consuItate at
J akarta (copies to be found in the libraries of Leiden University and
of the Royal Institute) proves that by 1935 already the whole of the New
Testament had been translated into Maanyan. This was the work of
the missionary Gerlach; up to the present only the Gospel according
to St. Luke has appeared in print (236). Gerlach's manuscript is in the
offices of the Netherlands Bible Society at Amsterdam.
There does not exist a Maanyan dictionary. A vocabulary is to be
found in the article by Den Hamer mentioned before (27) and Ray (2)
contains a list compiled by Sunderland, whilst another Maanyan word-
list is to be found at Jakarta (29). As suspected already by Ray (2, p. 13)
the lists by Den Hamer and Sundermann probably do not refer to the
same dialect. MalIinckrodt's article on the marriage law of the Buntok
region (237) contains a list of Maanyan kinship terms, whilst throughout
 41

the article Maanyan terms connected with marriage are to be found. Dahl's
book contains a vocabulary of the Maanyan words mentioned in his
study; for reading Maanyan texts this vocabulary is the most practical.
As is also the case with other Borneo languages, in the literature
there occur a number of names for languages beside Maanyan, which
are either identical with Maanyan, or which are so close to Maanyan,
that they may be considered as one complex of connected dialects.
There is no difference between Maanyan and Sihong, thus called by
Denninger after a village West of Tamianglayang (238). Samihim,
which we know from a concise catechism (239) and which is spoken
to the East of the Gunung Meratus, is very closely related to Maanyan.
Likewise Dusun, called after a tribe bearing this name, is practically
identical with Maanyan, as reported by Mallinckrodt (240) and Epple.
Concerning Dusun De(y)ah, mentioned by Kern (3) as a language
standing half-way between Maanyan and Lawangan (to be discussed
below), there is some uncertainty, in so far that Epple in his memoran-
dum only mentions the Dusun De(y)ah as a tribe which speaks Maanyan.

LAWANGAN

The position of Lawangan as regards the other languages of South

Borneo cannot be established with certainty from the information at
our disposal.
In one of his reports Kern (3) mentions the Lawangan group "of
which the parts are scattered over a wide area, extending both over the
Southern and the Eastern Division", and whose language is connected
in his opinion with the language of the Benua sand Bentian Dayak,
as had already been remarked, for that matter, by Knappert who
speaks of Luwangan or Lawangan (24). As has been remarked above,
Kern believed it to be related to Maanyan, via Dusun De(y)ah.
The Lawangan group was also repeatedly mentioned in several
publications by Mallinckrodt (237, 240, 241). Concerning the language
spoken by several Lawangan Dayak he states that there existed quite
some dialectal differences, but that the Lawangan spoken in the vicinity
of the Karau was understood by all Lawangan Dayak. Concerning
 42

Lawangan itself he says that "it differs considerably from the other
Dayak languages" and that it reminded him slightly of Ot Danum.
However, Epple in his memorandum does not mention a Lawangan
dialect, but he does refer to the Lawangan as people who speak Maanyan.
Factual information on the Lawangan language is therefore very
scarce. Den Hamer (27) gives a list of more than two hundred words
of Lawangan as it was spoken East of the Karau and in north-western
Amuntai, whilst Mallinckrodt in his article on Dayak marriage law of
the Buntok region mentions a number of kinship terms (237).

TABUYAN

According to Epple, Tabuyan spoken on the Tewe and the Montalat

Rivers is to be distinguished both from Ngaju and from Maanyan. In
this language only two booklets appeared in print, both containing trans-
lations of biblical tales and other Christian reading matter (242, 243).

NGAJU

Epple states that Ngaju is spoken on the middle reaches of the

Barito, on the Kapuas and the Kahayan, except for the upper reaches
of these two rivers, and on the Katingan and the Mentaya Rivers.
Partly due to the fact that both the administration and the mission
used this language to enter into contact with other tribes living in the
interior, Ngaju has become widely spread, developing into a kind of
lingua franca for nearly the whole of South Borneo.
Ngaju is the best known of all Borneo languages. The Protestant
mission has tried to make Ngaju the language of the church, and so
in the course of its activities which extend over more than a century,
it has had translated and published, beside various school texts
(244---255) and other writings (284--287), a great many Christian
translations (256-277), among which the Bible (278-283) occupies
a central place. The booklets dating from the first years of Hardeland's
missionary work (288-294) cannot be consulted in the Netherlands;
after the completion of the translation of the Bible they are, after all,
 43

no longer of any importance. Starting in 1913 a parish paper was

published in Ngaju (295), but since the war the language used is Bahasa
Indonesia; already since 1880 a Ngaju-Dayak almanac appeared (296).
The oldest Ngaju grammar was compiled by the well-known linguist
H. C. von der Gabelentz. In 1852 he published a short description (297),
availing himself of the biblical stories which had already at that date
appeared in print. However, this practically lost all value when the
detailed grammar by the missionary Hardeland had appeared (298).
Hardeland based his grammar on Ngaju as it is spoken at Pulopetak
and in the surrounding country. Pulopetak was one of the dialects
which Hardeland distinguished in Ngaju beside Mangkatip, Mantangai
and Kahayan, for which he also mentions some particulars in his
grammar. Although Hardeland's description is not beyond reproach
according to present-day linguistic views, his exact observation and
his solid practical knowledge of the language acquired during a pro-
longed residence make this book as well as the dictionary he compiled
(299) the most valuable sources for the knowledge of Ngaju as it was
spoken about the middle of the last century. Wallmann's short sketch
(300) which appeared in 1856, i.e. two years before Hardeland's gram-
mar, lost all value after the publication of the latter.
Since Hardeland's labour the scientific description of Ngaju made
no further great progress. Dempwolff published an article on the origin
of nasals and nasal compounds in Ngaju (305) as early as 1922. Like
Kern (301) and Brandstetter (302-304) he included Ngaju in his
comparative studies (306), but. in both cases he based himself on
Hardeland's work. Basing himself on information provided by Aichele
(307) Dempwolff tried in both these publications to explain a number
of exceptions to the phonetic correspondences he had formulated, by
assuming the presence of an "alte Sprachschicht" in Ngaju; this
assumption was rightly criticized recently by Dyen (308-309).
A short description of Ngaju of more recent date was written by
the missionary Epple (310); his introduction has been especially written
for his fellow missionaries who have to study Ngaju and does not
claim to be a scholarly work. Epple also compiled another booklet (311)
in which a number of data on pronunciation and spelling have been
collected, as well as a list of frequently occurring words. Of course,
 44

these two publications cannot replace Hardeland's work, but they

possess a certain value as a first practical introduction into Ngaju.
Moreover, it is of importance to have a description based on much
later linguistic data than those used by Hardeland.
A manuscript summary description of Borneo written in German
by Tromp and available at Basle contains a few pages concerning Ngaju
and some other Borneo languages, where Tromp provides a compara-
tive list of prefixes, suffixes and infixes for the transitive verb in
Ngaju, Maanyan, Ot Danum and Busang. For Busang Tromp used
Barth's work (213), for Ot Danum he based himself on information
provided by Epple. A microfilm of these pages is available in the
Royal Institute.
Just like Hardeland's grammar overshadows every earlier and later
description of the language, his dictionary also remains a work apart.
Wordlists of Ngaju - formerly occasionally called Biadju, which gave
rise to the misconception that there were two different languages -
already appeared in the eighteenth century; in 1780 Radermacher
published a list of "Biadjoos" (312). "Biadju-Dayak" words are likewise
to be found in Den Hamer (27). The "Bejadjouw" words mentioned
by van Kessel (98) are either the result of faulty observation, or they
belong to a language different from Ngaju.
The wordlist compiled by Tiedtke in 1857 and published in 1872
(313) is far from reliable, according to W. Kern (3). His lists of Sampit
and Katingan words, which show but little mutual differences and
which moreover contain various Malay or Banjarese words, show that
already in the middle of the nineteenth century Ngaju was spoken on
the Katingan and in and around Sampit. Undoubtedly an important
part of the population also speaks Banjarese. Manuscript wordlists are
available at Jakarta (29).
Up to the present not many Ngaju texts have been published. At
the end of Hardeland's grammar (298) we find a long priestly chant
of the type which is recited during the mourning ritual, together with
an interlinear translation and notes. Besides a short text with trans-
lation, Hupe published a number of riddles and popular sayings (314).
The two brief publications by Grabowsky (315, 316), do not contain
much that is new: merely a few terms of relationship and a number
 45

of riddles and sayings copied from Hardeland's grammar, which are

also found in part in Hupe's article. In several publications (317,318,5)
by Mallinckrodt quite a number of terms used in customary law occur;
in 1928 he published together with his wife the text of a priestly chant
with a translation and notes (319). This chant has also been published
at a later date by Scharer in his important thesis (320), however, not
in ordinary Ngaju as the Mallinckrodts did, but mostly in the "sacred
language", the Basa Sangiang. The papers Schiirer left and part of
which are at present in the Leiden University Library contain still a
great deal of textual material which has been mainly noted down among
the Ngaju speaking the Katingan dialect.
Another important source for Ngaju to be mentioned is the diary
in the form of letters by a certain Julius Sander (1882-1903) used by
Epple for the revision of the translation of the Bible. It was probably
written by a Ngaju convert who spoke the dialect of Pulopetak. The
manuscript, which consists of several hundreds of sheets of foolscap
covered on both sides by a clearly legible handwriting, is at present in
the archives of the Basle Mission. In view of a note written on the
manuscript, it originally came from the mission archives of Kuala
Kapuas and only arrived in Basle in 1952. A specimen-page is available
in microfilm at the Royal Institute.

OT DANUM

Ot Danum, spoken over a rather extensive area South of the

Schwaner Range on the upper reaches of the rivers of South Borneo,
Epple states to be closely related to Ngaju. The language spoken by
the Ot Siang and the Ot Murung tribes, localised to the North-East
of the actual Ot Danum region (to the North of Purukchau) closely
agrees with Ot Danum, according to Epple. Siang, for which Den
Hamer mentions a number of words (27) is nothing but Dusun
Maanyan. A few manuscript Ot Danum wordlists are in the library
at Jakarta (29). Epple occupied himself most intensely with the study
of Ot Danum: a manuscript translation of the Old Testament is in
the library of the Basle Mission, as well as a translation of the Gospel
 46

according to St. John. A microfilm of these manuscripts is available

since recently in the Royal Institute. A grammatical sketch of Ot
Danum, compiled by Epple, is in keeping of his daughter Sister
Amanda Epple at Fellbach, Germany, together with other material,
like spelling books, proverbs and sagas. In Helbig's recent bibliography
of Borneo (321) it is stated that a manuscript dictionary by Epple was
to be found in the archives of the Basle Mission, but this was not
confirmed upon inquiry at this locality. The Protestant mission
published a christian tract in Ot Danum (322), and one in Siang Dayak
(323) which closely resembles Ot Danum. For Siang Dayak a wordlist
is to be found at Jakarta (29).
Terms used in customary law, as well as terms of relationship etc.
are to be found in various publications by Mallinckrodt (5, 317).
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

NOTES TO THE TEXT

1 H. LING ROTH, The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo.

London 18%. Vol. I, XXXII +
464 pp. +
map; Vol. II, IV
+302 pp. +
240 pp. Appendices.
In vol. II Chapter XXI: Mengap, the Song of the Sea Dyak Head Feast,
by J. PERHAM, p. 174-183. Chapter XXVII: Languages, Names, Colours,
p.267-278.
Appendices I, Vocabularies p. 1-160:
Sea Dyak, Malay, by H. BROOKE Low;
Rejang River Dialect, by H. BROOKE Low;
Malay, Kanowit, Kyan, Bintulu, Punan, Matu, by H. BROOKE Low;
Malay, Brunei, Bisaya, Murut Padas, Murut Trusan, Dali Dusun, Malanau,
by C. DE CRESPIGNY;
A collection of 43 words in use in different Districts, by HUPE;
Collection of nine words in eight dialects, by CH. HOSE;
Kayan, by R. BURNS;
Sadong, Lara, Sibuyau, by SP. ST. JOHN;
Sabuyau, Lara, Salakau, Lundu, by W. GoMEZ;
Sea Dayak (and Bugau), Malau, by MR. BRERETON;
Milanau, Kayan, Pakatan, by SP. ST. JOHN;
Ida'an, Bisaya, Adang (Murut), by SP. ST. JOlIN;
Lanun, by SP. ST. JOHN;
Sarawak Dayak, by W. CHALMERS;
Iranun, Dusun, Bulud Opie, Sulu, Kian, Punan, Melano, Bukutan, Land
Dyak, Balau, published by F. A. SWETTENHAM, collected by TREACHER,
COWIE, HOLLAND and ZAENDER.

2 SIDNEY H. RAY, The languages of Borneo. SMJ 1. 4 (1913)

p.1-1%.
Review by N. ADRIANI, Indische Gids 36 (1914) p. 766-767.

3 Uit de verslagen van Dr. W. KERN, taalambtenaar op Borneo

1938-1941. TBG 82 (1948) p. 538---559.

4 E. R. LEACH, Social Science Research in Sarawak. A Report on

the Possibilities of a Social Economic Survey of Sarawak pre-
sented to the Colonial Social Science Research Council.
 48

Colonial Research Studies no. 1. Published by His Majesty's

Stationery Office for the Colonial Office. (London) 1950. 93 pp.
General remarks on the linguistic position p. 44, 52, 60, 73; kinship
terminology in 18 languages and dialects (table between pp. 60 and 61);
map of Sarawak showing regional distribution of main cultural groups
other than Chinese, between pp. 46 and 47.
5 J. MALLINCKRODT, Het Adatrecht van Borneo. Leiden doctoral
thesis. Leiden 1928. Vol. I, 612 pp., vol. II, 254 pp.
Vol. I, p. 6 A few remarks on BW"nean language studies;
p. 7-44 Preliminary classification of Dayak tribes;
p. 44-48 On Malay influences;
p. 599--600 Appendix I on formation of proper names with the Bahau,
Kayan and Kenah Dayaks;
Vol. II, p. 207-218 List of Indonesian words, occurring in the book;
p. 193-206 List of books and articles on Borneo.
6 Atlas van Tropisch Nederland. Uitgegeven door het Koninklijk
Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap in samenwerking
met den Topografischen Dienst in N.-Indie. Batavia 1938, map 9b.
7 CH. HOSE and W. McDOUGALL, The Pagan Tribes of Borneo.
London 1912. Vol. I, XV + 283 pp., Vol. II, X + 374 pp.
+ maps.
8 W. CHALMERS, A Vocabulary of English, Malay, and Sarawak
Dayak. Canterbury 1861. 70 pp.
9 W. S. B. BUCK, Vocabulary of Sarawak Malay. SMJ 4.13 (1933)
p. 193-218.
10 C. DE CRESPIGNY, On Northern Borneo. Proc. R. Geogr. Soc. 16
(1872) p. 171-183.
English, Malay, Brunei, Bisaya, Murut Padas, Murut Trusan, Dali Dusun
vocabulary, p. 179-183.
11 CH. HOSE, A journey up the Baram river to Mount Dulit and
the Highlands of Borneo. Geogr. Journ. 1. 3 (1893) p. 193-208.
12 H. S. HAYNES, A List of Brunie-Malay words. JSBRAS 34
(1900) p. 39-48.
13 H. B. MARSHALL, A Vocabulary of Brunei Malay. ]SBRAS 83
(1921) p. 45-74.
14 G. T. MACBRYAN, Additions to a Vocabulary of Brunei-Malay.
]SBRAS 86 (1922) p. 376-377.
 49

15 J. C. MOULTON, Points of the Compass in Brunei Malay. ]SBRAS

83 (1921) p. 75.
See also F. W. DOUGLAs, Points of the Compass in Brunei Malay, JSBRAS
85 (1922) p. 216.
16 W. KERN, Waar verzamelde Pigafetta zijn Maleise woorden?
TBG 78 (1938) p.271-273.
17 C. A. MEES, De Kroniek van Koetai. Leiden doctoral thesis.
Santpoort 1935. 290 pp.
Review by W. KERN, TBG (1937) p. 294-314.
18 S. W. TROMP, Uit de Salasila van Koetei. BKI 37 (1888)
p.l-108.
19 W. KERN t, Commentaar op de Salasilah van Koetai. VKI 19
(1956). VIII 193 pp. +
20 H. VON DE WALL, Maleisch-Nederlandsch woordenboek ... uit-
gegeven door H. N. VAN DER TUUK [met] Aanhangsel uitgegeven
door PH. S. VAN RONKEL. Batavia 1877-1897. Vol. 1, X +
504 pp.,
vol. 2, 579 pp., vol. 3, 256 pp., Appendix, 69 pp.
21 H. WITKAMP, Een bezoek aan eenige oudheden in Koetei. TNAG
2de ser. 31 (1914) p. 587-610.
On the dialect of Muara Antjalung, p. 589. List of 75 Kutai words,
p. 60&--6lO.
22 H. WITKAMP, De Kedang Rantau (O.-Borneo). TNAG 2"" ser. 45
(1928) p. 34-61.
Remark on the relationship between Bendang and Pantun, p. 50.
H. WITKAMP, Langs de Mahakam. TNAG 2de ser. 49 (1932)
p.30-65.
23 Midden-Oost-Borneo Expeditie 1925. Uitgave van het Indisch
Comite voor Wetenschappelijke Onderzoekingen. Weltevreden
1927. III +
423 pp.
Maps of Middle-East Borneo, p. 22 and p. 105.
Travelmap of Upper-Teh?:n up till the Kayan River, at the back of the
book. Many Kutai botanical terms, also some Benua Dayak, Long Wai,
Kayan, Banjarese and Bugis terms, p. 292-312.
24 S. C. KNAPPERT, Beschrijving van de Onderafdeeling Koetei.
BKI 58 (1905) p. 575-654.
Map of the region of the Kutai R. and its affluents from the coast to
Long Iram.
4
 50

List of Javanese words in Kutai Malay, p. 588.

Rema.rks on dialects of Kutai Malay, p. 590.
On the behasa Ampanang with a list of 19 words in that language, p. 590,
615.
On the languages of the Benua and Bentian Dayak, p. 624-625.
On the language of the Luwangan or Lawangan Dayak, p. 624.
25 Adatrechtbundel 44. 's-Gravenhage 1952. XI + 433 pp.
On the language of the Ulu Air and of the Taman, p. 4&-49.
On the Ulu Malay in Tayan, p. 102.
On the language of the Ipoh and Sei-Ambawang Dayak (by District Com-
missioner R. v. DIJK), p. 121-122.
Fragments of texts in the language of the Kendayan Dayak of Sungai
Ambawang with translation and notes (by Pater DUNSELMAN), p. 168-181.
Fragments of texts in the language of the Kendayan Dayak of Ritok, with
translation and notes (by Pater DUNSELMAN), p. 182--193.
Data on the language situation in Kutai, p. 194-197.
On the study of the Bornean languages (report by Governor Dr. B. J.
RAGA with the assistance of Dr. W. KERN), p. 317-318.
25a D. W. C. VAN LYNDEN en J. GROLL, Aanteekeningen over de lan-
den van het stroomgebied der Kapoeas. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift
voor Nederlandsch-Indie 2 (1851) p. 537-636.
On the language, p. 587-589.
26 A. H. F. J. NUSSELEIN, Beschrijving van het landschap Pasir.
BKI 58 (1905) p. 532-574.
Remarks on the population consisting of Bugis, Pasirese (descendants of
Dayak who adopted Islam), Bajau and Banjarese.
Some local words, p. 555, 559-560.
27 C. DEN HAMER, Proeve eener vergelijkende woordenlijst van zes
in de Z.O. Afd. van Borneo voorkomende taaltakken. TBG 32
(1889) p. 455-486.
"Biadju" Dayak, Banjarese, Lawangan, Maanyan, Siang, Tidung and
Solok wordlist p. 456-481 with about 6 pp. of notes.
28 C. DEN HAMER, De Sair Madi Kentjana. TBG 33 (1890)
p. 531-564.
Basa dalam and words which look like Javanese, p. 532--533.
List of writings found in Banjar, p. 533-535.
28a A. A. CENSE, De kroniek van Bandjarmasin. Leiden doctoral
thesis. Santpoort 1928. 176 pp.
29 POERBATJARAKA, P. VOORHOEVE en C. HOOYKAAS, Indonesische
Handschriften. Bandung 1950. 210 pp.
 51

Wordslists, p. 189-192; no. 76, 213 Banjarese, no. 113 Kenyah-Dayak,

no. 128, 212 Ngaju, no. 129 Maanyan (Buntok), no. 130, 151, 219 Ot
Danum, no. 144 Penihing, no. 145 Penyabung, no. 146 Seputan, no. 152
Katingan, no. 210. Upper Matan, no. 214 Martapura, no. 220 Siang, no. 221
Ulu-Malay (Melawi).
30 Adatrechtbundel XIII (Borneo). 's-Gravenhage 1917. XIX +
431 pp.
Undang-undang Sultan Adam (1835) p. 343-372.
The text of the copy of this undang-undang published in this work hardly
differs from the text publishpd by A. M. JOEKES, with translation and notes,
in Indische Gids 2 (1881) p. 149-186.
31 J. RUSCONI, Sja'ir Kompeni Welanda berperang dengan Tjina.
Utrecht doctoral thesis 1935. 212 pp.
32 W. KERN, Aantekeningen op de Sja'ir Hemop (Sja'ir Kompeni
Welanda berperang dengan Tjina). TBG 82 (1948) p. 211-257.
33 H. J. SCHOPHUYS, Het stroomgebied van de Barito. Landbouw-
kundige schets en landbouwvoorlichting. Wageningen doctoral
thesis. Wageningen 1936. 207 pp.
With maps including a survey-map of the basin of the Barito River.
34 G. L. TICHELMAN, De onderafdeeling Barabai (Zuider- en Ooster-
afdeeling van Borneo). TNAG ~. ser. 48 (1931) p. 461--486,
682-711.
On Banjarese, p. 6~92. Some names of games in Banjarese, p. 709-711.
35 Conferenties te Makassar. TBG 80 (1940) p. 293-296.
Communication by Dr. W. KERN (on 22nd May 1939) on Banjarese.
36 RACHMAT MARLIN, Beberapa untai pantun dari kampung. Medan
Bahasa 5. 5 (1955) p. 27-28.
M. SAN]OTO dan M. JUSRAN Is, Bahasa Bandjar sepintas lalu.
Medan Bahasa 7. 3 (1957) p. 15-19.
37 Djalan Solamat, ditoendjoe olih AI-Kitab (Bahasa Delang).
Bandjermasin 1938. 20 pp.
Short passages from the New Testament, the Ten Commandments,
Confession of Faith and a prayer.
38 J. KATS, Warna Sari Melajoe. Tjetakan jang keenam. Batavia-
Bandung 1940. XV +
212 pp.
Text in local Malay as spoken in Sambas (West Borneo), p. 201-202.
38a A. W. NIEUWENHUIS, In Centraal-Borneo. Reis van Pontianak
 52

naar Samarinda. Leiden 1900. Vol. I, VIII + 308 pp., Vol. II,
VIII + 369 +XVI pp.
39 A. W. NIEUWENHUIS, Quer durch Borneo. Ergebnisse seiner
Reisen in den Jahren 1894, 1896-97 und 1898-1900. Unter
Mitarbeit von M. NIEUWENHUIS-VON OXKULL-GULDENBANDT.
Leiden 1904. Vol. I, XV +
493 pp., Vol. II, XIII 557 pp. +
Several words in the language of the Kayan on the Mendalem and Upper
Mahakamrivers, passim.
On the large grouping of the Bahau and Kenyah tribes, I, 52-53.
On Kapuas Malay, I, 109.
On Busang, I, 275, 317, 421, II, 464.
Map of Borneo at the back of Vol 1.
Index of terms in Bornean languages, II, 544-557.
40 E. L. M. KUHR, Schetsen uit Borneo's Westerafdeeling. BKI 46
(1896) p. 63-88, 214-239. Contino BKI 47 (1897) p. 57-82.
See p. 223.
41 J. D. FREEMAN, Iban Agriculture, a report on the shifting cul-
tivation of hill rice by the Iban of Sarawak. London 1955.
XII + 148 pp.
42 SPENSER ST. JOHN, Life in the forests of the Far East. London
1862. Vol. I, XIX +
400 pp., vol. II, XVIII +
420 pp.
Wordlists in vol. II, p. 383-420.
43 F. A. SWETTENHAM, Comparative vocabulary of the dialects of
some of the wild tribes inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula, Borneo,
etc. JSBRAS 5 (1880) p. 125-156.
44 H. KEPPEL, The expedition to Borneo of H.M.S. Dido for the
suppression of piracy; with extracts from the journal of James
Brooke, Esq. of Sarawak. London 1846. Vol. I, XIV 338 + +
XXVIII pp., vo1. II, VIII +
237 +
CX pp. +
maps.
Vol. I, App. II Philology, p. XII-XXVI vocabularies of Malay, Suntah,
Sow, Sibnow, Sakarran, Meri, Millanow, Malo, Kayan.
45 W. HOWELL and D. J. S. BAILEY, A Sea Dyak Dictionary.
Singapore 1900. XII + 186 + 24 pp.
The Appendix contains proverbs, riddles, songs, invocations, prayers and
some groups of words systematically arranged.
46 W. HOWELL and D. J. S. BAILEY, An English-Sea Dyak Voca-
bulary. Kuching (Sarawak) 1909. 175 pp.
 53

47 N. C. SCOTT, A dictionary of Sea Dayak. London 1956. XI +

218 pp.
Supplement. Additional words used in the third Division, Sara-
wak, collected by the Rev. G. BRUGGEMAN, p. 213-218.
48 P. DONATUS DUNSELMAN, Kana Sera of zang der zwangerschap.
Een sacrale hymne der Mualang-Dajaks. BKI 110 (1954)
p. 52-63
49 E. BANKS, Sea Dayak carving. JMBRAS 19.2 (1941) p. 219-226
Names of patterns.
50 E. BANKS, Notes on Birds in Sarawak, with a list of native names.
SMJ 4. 3. 14 (1935) p. 267-325.
51 A. C. HADDON and LAURA E. START, Iban or Sea Dayak Fabrics
and their patterns. A descriptive catalogue of the Iban fabrics in
the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Cambridge. Cam-
bridge 1936. XV +
157 pp., with 35 plates.
51a N. C. SCOTT, Notes on the pronunciation of Sea Dayak. Bulletin
of the SOAS 20 (1957) p. 509-512.
52 BERAYUN ANAK BUGIN, Sampi Begawai Umai (in Iban). SMJ 5.
2 new ser. (= 17 old ser.), 1950, p. 238-241.
Text in Sea Dayak (part of the procedure before planting padi).
53 Religious rites and Customs of the Iban or Dyaks of Sarawak,
by LEO NYUAK. Translated from the Dyak by the Very Rev. EDM.
DUNN, Prefect Apostolic of Labuan and North Borneo. Anthropos
1 (1906) p. 11-23, 165-184, 403-425.
Sea Dayak text (information about Dayak theology) with English trans-
lation p. 1l>-22.
54 PEMBRITA, Surat brita pansut tiap bulan. Kuching.
A Sea Dayak monthly paper.
(The Dec. 1956 issue is no. 82 of this paper).
55 MICHAEL BUMA, Baka ni jalai nulis surat pekirum ti ngena.
Kuching 1956. V +
89 pp.
The first four chapters, p. 1-24, are translated (or adapted) by permission
from BRUCE ROBERTS, How to Write Good Letters, Longmans Green and
Company. A number of specimen letters follow, and a glossary mainly
concerned with explaining English terms in Sea Dayak.
 S4

56 Surat Zabor. The Psalms translated into Sea Dyak by the Rev.
J. PERHAM. London, no year. 178 pp.
57 Surat S. Jakob, Surat S. Petrus I, II, Surat S. Joan I, II, III.
No place, no year [pencil note on cover of copy BFBS: 1879].
56 pp.
58 Injil ti ditulis S. Matius. (Inside:) St. Matthew's Gospel in Sea
Dyak. London 1913. 95 pp.
59 Injil Isa Almasih Tuhan kami ti di-surat S. Markus. The Gospel
according to St. Mark, translated out of the original Greek into
Dyak. Nottingham 1864. 75 pp.
60 Injil kudus nunda ka S. Markus. Kuching 1902. 51 pp.
61 Injil kudus nunda ka S. Markus. London 1912. 53 pp.
62 Injil ti ditulis S. Lukas. (Inside:) The Gospel according to St.
Luke in Sea Dyak. London 1914. 99 pp.
63 Injil Isa Almesih Tuhan kite ti di-tulis S. Joan. Sarawak 1877.
No pag.
64 Injil kudus nunda ka S. Joan. Kuching 1902. 60 pp.
65 Injil kudus nunda ka S. Joan. (Inside:) The Gospel according to
St. John in Sea Dyak. London 1912. 70 pp.
66 Kerja Rasul. Sarawak 1877. No pag.
67 Surat Rasul Paulus ngagai Timotius, Titus enggau Pilemon.
Surat ngagai orang Ibrani. Kuching 1896. 48 pp.
68 Surat Rasul Paulus ngagai Orang Roma enggau dua surat iya
ngagai Orang Korintus. [Kuching] 1893. No pag.
69 Penyanggup Baru, iya nya surat ti madah ka Penyanggup Isa
Almesih Tuhan enggau Penglepas kitai. London 1933. III +
496 pp.
Sec. edit., 1952, 472 pp. with differences in spelling.
70 Tanya-saut, iya nya surat di diletak ka dipelajar ulih samoa orang
apin sida dibai ngadap tuan Bishop awak ka ditetap. Sarawak
1885. 14 pp.
Note in copy of SOAS: Catechism in Sea-Dyak.
71 Surat Pengajaran Christian. Rumah St Francis. Kanowit 1887.
128 pp.
 55

72 Telusor di-puntang ari Surat jako Allah Taala. Short summary

of Old Testament History in Dyak. Sarawak 1889. 36 pp.
73 Surat Orang Christian nunda adat Ecc1esia Katolica. Hoc opus-
culum a missionariis Societatis S. Joseph exaratum et a Rev.
H. STOTTER ejusdem Societatis membro in lucem editum fuit
A.D. 1904. Cum approbatione Reverendissimi D. EDMUNDI DUNN,
Praefectus Apostolici insulae Labuan et Borneo Septentrionalis.
Brixinae 1904. 302 pp.
Note in copy of BFBS: R. C. prayerbook in Sea Dayak in the dialect of
the Dyaks living along the Rejang river in Sarawak.
74 Surat Sambeyang, iya nya sambeyang pagi enggau sambeyang
lemai enggau sambeyang sakramen, enggau adar bukai dalam
adat sembah Eklisia nunda ka Eklisia England: agi mega, skeda
mazmur baka ti dinyanyi dalam greja: agi mega, ator sambeyang
ti enggau masok ka orang nyadi bishop, padri enggau dikon. (The
Book of Common Prayer of the Sea Dyak Mission). London 1914.
XXXVI + 398 pp.
75 [A. J. SPARROW], Slalu sambiyang. London 1937. 44 pp.
Type-written note in copy of SO AS : A book of private prayers in the Sea
Dyak language.
76 JOHN BUNYAN, Jerita pasal orang ti ngiga penyamai dalam menoa
Serga. "The Pilgrim's Progress" translated into the Sea Dayak
language by A. W. STONTON, Archdeacon of Sarawak. London
1948. 128 pp.
77 Surat pengajaran. Kanowit 1948. 28 pp.
78 Jalai Pengidup. The Story of the Old and the New Testaments
in the language of the Sea Dayaks of Sarawak by the Ven. A. W.
STONTON, B.Sc. (S.P.G. Mission, Sarawak). London 1949. Pt. I
Penyanggup Lama, 206 pp., Pt. II Penyanggup Baru, 189 pp.
79 Tuku Sacramenta. No place, no year. P. 97-171.
80 A. W. KLERK, Jerita empekat lama unggau empekat baru. Turn-
hout (Belgium), no year. 124 +
IX pp.
81 Jerita Pasal Menoa Sarawak. A brief History of Sarawak com-
piled by the Rev. A. W. STONTON, B.Sc., for use in Dayak Schools.
London 1938. VII +24 pp.
 56

82 A. W. STONTON, Hygiene iya nya Jalai ngintu tuboh diri grai

nyamai. For use in the Sea Dayak schools of Sarawak. 2ad edit.
(Revised). London 1948. 80 pp.
83 Surat Tangga (New Edition). Sea Dyak. Kuching 1905. 16 pp.
Spellingbook; Confession of Faith, the Lord's Prayer and the Ten
Commandments.
84 A. W. STONTON, Surat tangga enggau Surat bacha No. 1. London,
no year. 43 pp.
85 Surat bacha No.2. J erita mayoh macham ti ditusi mensia dalam
mayoh bengkah menoa sablah dunya. Collected and translated by
A. W. STONTON. London, no year. 111 pp.
86 Longmans' Penemu Peniap kena sekula di Sarawak. (Longmans'
Practical Sea Dayak Arithmetic. Book Two.) London, New York,
Toronto 1952. IV +
92 pp.
86a Father LEO J. BARRY, English-Iban Phrase Book. Kuching 1954.
Title taken from HEDDA MORRISON, Sarawak. London 1957.
87 E. DUNN, The Mengap Bungai Taun, the "Chant of the Flowers
of the Year", a sacred chant used by the Sea-Dyaks on the
occasion of a sacrificial feast to invoke a blessing on the fruits of
the field. Anthropos 7 (1912) p. 135-154, 634-648; 8 (1913)
p. 22-39; 9 (1914) p. 494--528, 873-913; 11 (1915-1916)
p. 332-357, 817-843.
Text with translation.
88 J. PERHAM, Mengap, the Song of the Dyak Head-feast. JSBRAS
2 (1878) p. 123-135.
89 A. J. N. RICHARDS, The migrations of the Ibans and their Poetry.
SMJ 5. 1 new ser. (= 16 old ser.), 1949, p. 77-87.
Fragments of the text of an ensera (chant).
90 W. HOWELL, A Sea-Dayak Dirge. SMJ 1. 1 (1911) p. 5-73.
Recited by a professional wailer living in the Undup in a village called
Siga, Batang Lupar district.
91 BIRAI ANAK DAP, Two Dayak Chants. SMJ 5. 1 new ser. (= 16
old ser.), 1949, p. 73-76.
Different versions of the texts in J AMUH'S article in the same issue of the
SMJ, and another Saratok Dayak Melody. Author is from Saratok (Rumah
Burna, Melupa Krian).
 57

92 G. JAMUH, Tanong Umor. SMJ 5. 1 new ser. ( 16 old ser.),

1949, p. 69-73.
Some invocations in Iban (Sea Dayak).
93 W. R. BARRY GIFFORD, A Dayak Song. SMJ 2. 5-7 (1914-
1917) p. 187-188.
94 M. G. DICKSON, Four Saribas Dayak Songs. SMJ 5. 3 new ser.
(= 18 old ser.), 1951, p. 457--460.
A. J. N. RICHARDS, Notes on two Cradle Songs from the Saribas
(number 3 & 4 above), ibid. p. 460--461.
95 P. DONATUS DUNSELMAN, Kana Sera, zang der zwangerschap.
VKI 17 (1955). 284 pp.
With ill. and map of the Mualang region and surrounding area.
Text of 3067 lines in Mualang with Dutch translation and notes;
Remarks on the sound system, p. 17-19.
Remark on DIu Malay, p. 56 note 386.
96 P. DONATUS DUNSELMAN, Over de huwelijksadat der Moealang-
Dajaks van West-Borneo. BKI 106 (1950) p. 1-45.
Terms of Customary Law and two chants with incantation formulas.
On the relationship of the various Dayak groups, p. 1.
97 P. J. VETH, Borneo's Wester-Afdeeling, geographisch, statistisch,
historisch, voorafgegaan door eene algemeene schets des ganschen
eilands. Zaltbommel 1854 and 1856. Vol. I, XCVIII + 385 pp.,
vol. II, XI + 656 pp.
Vol. I, p. 164-169: on classification of tribes and languages.
Vol. II, p. 232-241: survey of languages and literature.
98 O. VON KESSEL, Statistieke aanteekeningen omtrent het Stroom-
gebied der Rivier Kapoeas, Wester-afdeeling van Borneo. Indisch
Archief I. 2 (1850) p. 165-204.
Vocabulary ( 70 words): Dutch, North Western race, Malay race, Pari
race, Punan and Mankettan, Bejadjouw, p. 202-203.
99 E. H. ELAM, Land Dayaks of the Sadong District, Sarawak.
SMJ 4. 4 old ser. (= 15 new ser.), 1937, p. 373-394.
Ethnographical data and English-Sadong Land Dayak vocabulary,
p. 392-394. On the language and dialects, p. 375.
99a Father A. REIJFFERT, Vocabulary of English and Sarawak Land
Dyak (Singhi Tribe). Kuching 1956.
Title taken from HEDDA MORRISON, Sa.rawak. London 1957.
 58

100 P. DONATUS DUNSELMAN, Bijdrage tot de kennis van de taal en

adat der Kendajan-Dajaks van West-Borneo. BKI 105 (1949)
p. 59-105, 147-218; 106 (1950) p. 321-373.
101 P. DONATUS DUNSELMAN, Adatgebruiken van Kendajan-Dajak's
van West-Borneo in acht te nemen na een brand. BKI 108 (1952)
p.62-68.
102 M. C. SCHADEE, Bijdrage tot de kennis van den godsdienst der
Dajaks van Landak en Tajan. BKI 55 (1903) p. 321-343.
Prayer in the dialect of the Ayuh Dayak, p. 329-33t.
Prayer in the dialect of the Bukit Dayak, p. 332--333.
Continued BKI 56 (1904) p. 532-547.
Communication on bird-orac1es composed in Malay by a chieftain of the
Manyuke Dayak, p. 533.
Continued BKI 58 (1905) p. 489-513.
"Lenggang"-song in the language of Landak mediums with words that are
probably Malayisms, p. 497-498.
Song being a welcome to the Mambang Kuning, many Malayisms,
p. 501-502.
Incantations, strongly influenced by Malay, p. 504--508.
Unggang-pantuns, almost entirely Malay, p. 509-510.
Song by which ghosts are welcomed, almost entirely Malay, p. 511-512.
Continued BKI 59 (1906) p. 207-228, 616-647.
Some "balian" words.
Continued BKI 60 (1908) p. 101-127.
M. C. SCHADEE, Het familieleven en familierecht der Dajaks van
Landak en Tajan. BKI 63 (1910) p. 390-489.
Formula at confinement (many Malay words), p. 395.
Codification of customary law, Malay, p. 444--462.
M. C. SCHADEE, Het strafrecht der Dajaks van Tajan en Landak.
BKI 66 (1912) p.274-302.
Codification of customary law, Malay, p. 275-286.
Agreement of reconciliation, Malay, p. 295-298.
M. C. SCHADEE, Gebruiken bij de rijstteelt in Tajan en Landak.
BKI 67 (1912) p. 237-244.
M. C. SCHADEE, De tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de
Westerafdeeling van Borneo. BKI 69 (1914) p. 130---139.
103 [J. R. LOGAN]' The languages of the Indonesian Archipelago.
Journ. Ind. Arch. 3 (1849) p. 203-234.
 59

104 Kitab Indjil Karangan Markus dibahasai gi bahasa Balantian.

Djakarta 1952. 47 pp.
105 E. H. ELAM, Slakow and Larah Land Dayaks of Lundu. SMJ 4.
3. 14 (1935) p. 241-251.
Vocabulary English-Slakow-Lara s ( 275 words), p. 242-247.
106 Letter from the interior of Borneo (West Coast), no. III. Kara-
ngan, July 10th , 1848.
Journ. Ind. Arch. 2 (1848) misc. notices, etc. p. L-LV.
On the language p. L-LII.
107 The virgin daughter of Sultan Bongsu. A Dayak tale, with '1
translation. Journ. Ind. Arch. 2 (1848) p. 758-763.
108 Toespraak, gehouden door een Dajakschen toekang bitjara enz.
Notulen Bataviaasch Genootschap 59 (1921) p. 48-50.
109 C. KATER, De Dajaks van Sidin. TBG 16 (1866) p. 183-188.
On the language p. 187-188.
110 A. A. FOKKER, Korte aanteekeningen over het Behe-Dajaksch.
Tijdschr. B.B. 4 (1890) p. 344-347.
111 W. S. B. BUCK, Vocabulary of Land Dayak as spoken in Kam-
pong Boyan, Upper Sarawak. SMJ 4. 2. 13 (1933) p. 187-192.
112 G. BERESFORD STOOKE, Some Land-Dayak Words. JMBRAS 2.
1 (1924) p. 78-83.
113 N. MACE, A list of Land Dayak words collected at Tebekang.
SMJ 4. 3. 14 (1935) p.253.
114 G. ROBERTS, Descent of the Sadong Bidayuh. SMJ 5. 1 new ser.
(= 16 old ser.), 1949, p. 88-94.
115 P. AICHNER, Some Notes on Land-Dayaks. Their language. SMJ
5. 1 new ser. (= 16 old ser.), 1949, p. 95-97.
116 W. R. GEDDES, The Land Dayaks of Sarawak. Colonial Research
Studies no. 14. London 1954. 113 pp.
Land Dayak words, mostly in Mentu Tapuh (Sadong) dialect.
Kinship terms, p. 15, 35.
Spell, text and translation, p. 20.
Invocation, text and t.ranslation, p. 28-31.
Remarks on linguistic position, p. 31.
 60

117 R NYANDOH, The Story of Kumang Ruwai. Sirituh Kumang

Ruwai. SMJ 7. 7 new ser. (= 22 old ser.), 1956, p. 208-220.
Text with interlinear English translation.
118 WILLIAM JOHNNY, The Honey Song. SMJ 5. 2 new ser. (= 17
old ser.), 1950, p. 181-186.
119 J. STAAL, Folklore of Sadong Dayaks. JMBRAS 18. 2 (1940)
p.55-82.
Texts of prayers with translation, glossary and explanations.
120 Surat Peminyuh Daya Sarawak. Singapore 1862. I + 24 pp.
According to a prefatory notice, signed W. C(HALMERS), Quop, Sarawak
Nov. 1861, this spelling book is w;ritten in the dialect of the tribe of Sentah.
Contains beside short reading lessons: Ten Commandments, Articles of
Faith, songs, Lord's Prayer and other prayers, parable of the prodigal son
(St. Luke 15), parable of the weeds (St. Matthew 13), parable of the Sower
(St. Matthew 13).
121 Surat tangga Bidayiih. (Land Dayak). RC. Mission. Serian no
year (printed Breda-Holland). 18 pp.
Prim~, alphabet, words, short sentences, tales, biblical parables.
122 P. H. H. HOWES, Surat Basa. A Land Dayak (Biatah) Primer.
London, no year (according to Cat. SOAS: 1952). 31 pp.
123 P. H. H. HOWES and EWIIM JABOH, Hygiene anti inti simuki patut
kingat ptirting-ganan shitin-i bua sanang, being a translation into
Biatah Land Dayak of the Sea Dayak "Hygiene iya nya jalai
ngintu tuboh diri grai nyamai", by A. W. STONTON, B.Sc. London
1948.80 pp.
124 Sambayang di Greja Quop. Sarawak 1875. 36 pp.
125 Puji-pujian adi ni nyanyi di anuh Sambayang darum Peminyuh
Daya Kuab. Sarawak 1876. 72 pp.
Collection of Christian hymns; the "God save the King".
126 The order of the Administration of the Holy Communion. Sam-
bayang Sakramen Yukaris di Greja Quop. Sarawak 1876. No
pag. [contains 18 pp.].
127 Injil Agah Salamat (Sentah dialect). Sarawak 1879. 166 pp.
Notice inside copy of SOAS: Bible. Dayak. Parallel passages from the Gospels
in Land Dyak.
128 Land Dyak. Injil Tuhan Isa Almesih Penubos-ta. San Markus.
Sarawak 1887. 72 pp.
 61

129 Land Dyak. Injil Tuhan Isa Almesih Penubos-ta. San Lukas.
Sarawak 1887. 125 pp.
130 Doa, Epistola nga Injil, stekud sawa. 32 pp.
This booklet is to be found in the library of the BFBS; the cover page is
lacking, it begins with "Minggo ni darum Advent" and ends with "Minggo
num ripas Epipani".
It is bound together with the following booklets:

Doa, Epistola nga Injil. Minggo Septuagesima nug ka Minggo

num darum Lent. Quop Mission Press 1889, 22 pp.
Doa, Epistola nga Injil. Minggo Ister nug ka Anu Selasa ripas
Pentekost. Quiop Mission Press 1889. 23 pp.
Doa, Epistola nga Injil. Minggo Triniti nug ka Minggo Duwuh-
puru-rimuh ripas Triniti. Quop Mission Press 1889. 40 pp.
131 Form of Prayer used at the Consecration of Burial-grounds.
Atur nyikudus tana Tinungan. No place, 1891. 8 pp.
132 Land Dyak. Injil adi nuris San Mataios darum Pimiu Beta.
Sarawak 1898. 93 pp.
133 So-pat Injil samun Karja pinganai Murid darum pimiu Beta.
London 1912. 400 pp.
Inside: Gospels and Acts in Beta.
134 Kitab nyanyi Daya Biatah, Quop. Land Dyak Hymns. Singapore
1921. 52 pp.
135 Liturji puankah Sambahyang Sakramen purung nga Deya Tuhan
Isa traun dog sabUt Sakramen Yukaris, tambah guh atur Sambah-
yang Sidia ka Sambahyang Ngyen Trima Kaseh amai Sakramen,
nga tambah guh ni Pingaku pinyabah. Magnificat. Nunc dimittis.
Angelus. Darum piminyu Daya Bidayuh Siburan, Biatah. Q110P
Dyaks. Kuching 1923. 39 pp.
136 Liturji puan-kah Sakramen Yukaris Purung nga Deya Tuhan
Isa traun dog sabut Sambahyang Mass. Tambah guh atur Sambah-
yang sidia ka Sambahyang ngyen trima kaseh amai Sakramen,
nga tambah glih ni Pingaku Pinyabah Angelus, Anima Kristi,
Atin Tuhan Isa, Puji-puji Tuhan Allah ka atur Sambahyang
Isan-isan ka singumi anu. Darum priminyu Daya Bidayuh-Sibu-
ran, Biatah, Quop Dayaks. Kuching 1927. 58 pp.
 62

137 Kitab Keda Mazmur so Kitab Mazmur Daud. Daya Biatah QUop.
Book I, Land Dyak Psalms, 1928. 79 pp.
138 Kitab Sambahyang Darum Piminyu Daya Biatah. A Service
Book, with Hymns, in the Land Dayak (Biatah) language, autho-
rized for use in the Diocese of Labuan and Sarawak. London
1949. XV +
532 pp.
139 Injil nunda San Markus. No place, no year. 72 pp.
140 J. B. ARCHER, Melanau as it is spoken. (A review). SMJ 5. 1 new
ser. (= 16 old ser.), 1949, p. 98-102.
A. DRUCE, A Melanau Comment on the Above. SMJ 5. 1 new
ser. (= 16 old ser.), 1949, p. 102-103.
141 H. S. MORRIS, Report on a Melanau Sago Producing Community
in Sarawak. Colonial Research Studies no. 9. Published by Her
Majesty's Stationery Office for the Colonial Office. (London)
1953. VI + 184 pp.
Contains many Melanau-words, especially from Medong on the Oya S River.
Remarks on the language p. 2-3, 53, 88--89, 148.
The "Government Liko Law" printed in English and the Melanau dialects
of Mukah and Oya s, p. 90.
Melanau Kinship Terms, p. 109-118.
On death chants, p. 148.
Map of Melanau area between pp. 3 and 4.
142 A Vocabulary of Mukah Milano. SMJ 4.1. 12 (1930) p. 87-130.
Remarks on the region where Melanau is spoken, on accents and
pronunciation, on loanwords, p. 87-88.
English-Melanau wordlist, p. 89-126.
Supplement: list of verb-forms.
143 R. G. AIKMAN, A Vocabulary of Matu Melanau. Kuching 1947.
35 pp.
Some words and compounds.
Index on the Melanau words, p. 24--29.
Id. on Malay words, p. 3{}'-35.
144 W. S. B. BUCK, Notes on Oya Milanos. SM] 4. 2. 13 (1933)
p.157-174.
Melanau words passim.
145 G. ]AMUH, Some Melanau Pastimes. SMJ 5. 3 new ser. (= 18 old
ser.), ]951, p. 446-456.
 63

146 A. E. LAWRENCE and J. HEWITT, Some Aspects of Spirit worship

amongst the Milano of Sarawak. JRAI 38 (1908) p. 388-408.
Incantation Chant, p. 407-408.
147 Melanau catechism and prayers. Mukah 1950. 28 pp.
148 Melanau catechism and prayers. Dalat 1953. 30 pp.
149 T. HARRISSON, "Bisaya": Borneo-Philippine Impacts of Islam.
SMJ 7. 7 new ser. (= 22 old ser.), 1956, p. 43-47.
150 Kitab Injil yang senurat S. Markus. (Inside:) St. Mark in Bisaya
(Sarawak) (Tentative Edition). London 1938. 72 pp.
151 R. A. BEWSHER, Bisayan Accounts of Eearly Bornean Settlements
in the Philippines. Recorded by Father SANTAREN. SMJ 7. 7 new
ser. (= 22 old ser.), 1956, p. 48-53.
152 R. NEEDHAM, A Note on some Murut Kinship Terms. JMBRAS
28. 1 (1955) p. 159-161. .
Some Lun Daya words, p. 159-160.
152a R. NEEDHAM, A Note on some North Borneo Kinship Terminol-
ogies. JMBRAS 26. 1 (1953) p. 221-223.
153 F. H, POLLARD, The Muruts of Sarawak. SMJ 4. 2. 13 (1933)
p. 139-155.
Remarks on the language and wQ\"dlist, p. 142-143.
154 C. HUDSON SOUTHWELL, Structure of the Murut Language. SMJ
5. 1 new ser. (= 16 old ser.), 1949, p: 104-115.
155 A. BOLANG and T. HARRISSON, Murut and Related Vocabularies
with special reference to North Borneo Terminology. SMJ 5.
1 new ser. (= 16 old ser.), 1949, p. 116--124.
156 J. C. MOULTON, An Expedition to Mt. Batu Lawi. JSBRAS 63
(1912) p. 1-104.
Appendix IX: Tabun- Murut- Kelabit- vocabulary, p. 100-104.
157 R. S. DoUGLAS, A comparative Vocabulary of the Kayan, Kenyah
and Kalabit Languages. SMJ 1. 1 (1911) p. 75-119.
158 M. W. F. TWEEDIE, Reptiles from the Kelabit Plateau. SMJ 5.
1 new ser. (= 16 old ser.), 1949, p. 154-155.
The Kelabit names of these reptiles, collected by T. HARRISSON at Bario,
a,re added.
 64

159 F. H. POLLARD, Some comparative notes on Muruts and Kelabits.

SMJ 4. 3. 14 (1935) p. 223-227.
On the language, p. 225.
160 A. MORRISON, Murut Pottery. SMJ 6. 5 new ser. (= 20 old ser.),
1955, p. 295-296.
161 Injil luk inaiyud S. Markus. (Inside:) St. Mark's Gospel in
Murut (Lun Daya). Sydney 1947.
162 T. HARRISSON and F. MANIS, Hairpins from Borneo Hill Peoples.
SMJ 5. 2 new ser. (= 17 old ser.), 1950, p. 242-255.
A Kelabit folksong, p. 252.
163 J. C. MOULTON, Trengs. SMJ 1. 2 (1912) p. 91-95.
Note on the language, p. 94-95.
164 OWEN RUTTER, The Pagans of North Borneo. London 1929.
288 pp. + map.
Murut classification, p. 34-36+ sketch map.
Comparative vocabulary, Appendix A, p. 26~275.
Texts, Appendix B, p. 276-279.
165 N. B. BABONEAU, A Murut Vocabulary. With an Introductory
note by G. C. WOOLLEY. JSBRAS 86 (1922) p. 343-375.
166 G. C. WOOLLEY, Murut Basketwork JMBRAS 10. 1 (1932)
p. 23-26, contino p. 27-28.
G. C. WOOLLEY, Some Notes on Murut Basket Work and
Patterns. JMBRAS 7.2 (1929) p. 291-315.
Some names of patterns.
167 H. G. KEITH, Some Ulun-no-Bokan (Murut) words from North
Borneo. JMBRAS 14.3 (1936) p. 314-322.
A Bokan-Malay-Technical English list of animal names. Some of the
Malay words are Brunei Malay.
H. G. KEITH, Ulun-no-Bokan (Murut) folklore. JMBRAS 14.
3 (1936) p. 323-326.
H. G. KEITH, A few Ulun-no-Bokan (Murut) taboos. JMBRAS
14. 3 (1936) p. 327-329.
H. G. KEITH, Some UIun-no-Bokan (Murut) charms. JMBRAS
14. 3 (1936) p. 330.
168 G. C. WOOLLEY, Two Murut Pantuns from the Dalit District
Keningau, British North Borneo. JMBRAS 5. 2 (1927)
p. 366-369.
 65

169 A. L. GoSSENS, A Grammar and Vocabulary of the Dusun

Language. ]MBRAS 2. 2 (1924) p. 87-220.
Grammar p. 87-96
English-Dusun vocabulary, containing about 5500 a 6000 words, p. 96-220.
170 J. STAAL, The Dusuns of North Borneo. Anthropos 18-19
(1923-1924) p. 958-977; 20 (1925) p. 120-138, 929-951.
171 I. H. N. EVANS, The religion of the Tempasuk Dusuns of Borneo.
Cambridge 1953. XVIII +
579 pp.
Besides many Dusun words texts with translation and notes in Appendices
I and II.
172 W. F. SCHNEEBERGER, A short Vocabulary of the Banggi and
Bajau language. JMBRAS 15. 3 (1937) p. 145-164.
173 H. L. E. LUERING, A vocabulary of the Dusun language of
Kimanis. ]SBRAS 30 (1897) p. 1-29.
174 ]. STAAL, The Dusun language. Anthropos 21 (1926) p. 938-951.
English-Tuaran-Putatan-Papar vocabulary, p. 944-951.
Map of North Borneo.
175 G. C. WOOLLEY, A Dusun Vocabulary in the dialect of the District
of Tambunan North Borneo. Sandakan 1940. IV 55 pp.+
176 I. H. N. EVANS, Some Dusun Measures and the Classification of
Domestic Animals. SM] 5. 2 new ser. (= 17 old ser.), 1950,
p.193-195.
177 J. W. VAN DAPPEREN, De "Maragang". Bulletin van het Koloniaal
Museum te Haarlem 1896, p. 31-37.
178 EDMUND MAJUSIM BIN MAJINAL, Some Notes on the Dusun
Language. SMJ 5. 1 new ser. (= 16 old ser.), 1949, p. 125-129.
179 ]. PRENGER, The Dusuns of Borneo and their Riddles. Actes du
dixieme Congres Intern. des orientalistes. Session de Geneve,
1894, 4" Partie, Section V, p. 19-52.
101 riddles with translation.
Some remarks on Dusun dialects, p. 26-27.
A few lines on the Dusun morphological system, p. 28.
180 J. STAAL, Dusun drinking- and love-songs. Anthropos 21 (1926)
p. 182-191.
Texts with translation.
5
 66

181 J. STAAL, A Heathen Dusun Prayer. Anthropos 22 (1927)

p. 197-201.
Text with translation.
182 Katekismus. Jesselton 1950. 104 pp.
Catechism in Dusun (N. Borneo).
183 A. ANTONISSEN, Koimaan ngaavi do Tuan Jezus. Singapore 1955,
293 pp.
Life of Jesus according to the gospels in Dusun (N. Borneo).
184 A. ANTONISSEN, Oi Tuan, ajalo zou do sumambayang. Buuk do
Sambayang. Singapore, no year. XIII 144 +
IV pp. +
Prayer-book in Dusun (N. Borneo).
185 Father LAMPE, Tanong ngaavi tongotopot do Testamentum Haid.
Singapore 1956. 150 + III pp.
Tales from the old Testament in Dusun (N. Borneo).
186 I. H. N. EVANS, Some Dusun Fables. SMJ 6. 5 new ser. (= 20
old ser.), 1955, p. 245-247.
Three very short fables with English translation; two fables in translation
only.
187 I. H. N. EVANS, Fifty Dusun Riddles. SMJ 5. 3 new ser. (= 18
old ser), 1951, p. 553-561.
188 I. H. N. EVANS, More Dusun Riddles. SMJ 6. 4 new ser. (= 19
old ser.), 1954, p. 20-35.
189 I. H. N. EVANS, Some Dusun Proverbs and Proverbial Sayings.
SMJ 6. 5 new ser. (= 20 old ser.), 1955, p. 233-244.
51 proverbs in the language of the valley of the Tempasuk (Kedamaian)
River in North Borneo, the majority being from Kahung Saraiyoh (Kaung
Ulu) , 28 miles from Kota Belud, but others from Tambatuon, 22 miles
from Kota Belud, and from the lowland villages of Kadamaian (Tempasuk)
and Tombulion.
190 N. ADRIANI, De talen der Togian-eiIanden. TBG 42 (1900)
p. 428-490, 539-566.
191 A. R. WALLACE, The Malay Archipelago: The Land of the
Orang-Utan, and the Bird of Paradise. London 1869. Vol. I,
XXIII +
478 pp., Vol. V, 524 pp.
Bajau wordlist in Vol. II, p. 476-501.
192 I. H. N. EVANS, Bajau Pottery. SMJ 6. 5 new ser. (= 20 old
ser.), 1955, p. 297-300.
 67

193 ABDUL GHANI BIN BAGUL, Notes on the Bajau language. SM] 5.
2 new ser. (= 17 old ser.), 1950, p. 196-200.
194 I. H. N. EVANS, Notes on the Bajaus and other Coastal Tribes
of North Borneo. ]MBRAS 25. 1 (1952) p. 48-55.
195 ]. MONTANO, Rapport it M. Ie Ministre de l'Instruction Publique
sur une mission aux iles Philippines et en Malaisie. Archives des
missions scientifiques et litteraires, 3me ser. t. XI (1885)
p.271-479.
Malay, Sulu, Bisaya (= Phil. Bisaya!)-Bulud-Upi vocabulary, p. 432-439.
196 J. MONTANO, Voyage aux Philippines et en Malaisie. Paris 1886.
VIII + 351 pp.
On Bulud-Upi, p. 189-191.
197 A. COWIE, English-Sulu-Malay vocabulary, with useful sentences,
tables etc., edited by WM. CLARK COWIE. London 1893. XLVIII
+288 pp.
A few grammatical notes, p. IX-XL VIII.
198 M. W. H. BEECH, The Tidong dialects of Borneo. With Preface
and notes by Dr. ABR. ANTH. FOKKER. Oxford 1908. 120 pp.
199 W. AERNOUT, Een woordenlijstje der Tidoengsche taal. Indische
Gids 7. 1 (1885) p. 536-550.
200 P. VAN GENDEREN STORT, Nederlandsch-Tidoengsch-Tinggalim
Dajaksche woordenlijst. VBG 61. 5 (1916). IV 100 pp. +
201 L. RUTTEN, Reisherinneringen uit Zuid-Oost Boelongan (Oost
Borneo). TNAG 2"e ser., 33 (1916) p. 236-253.
List of words in Sajau Basap (Bulungan), p. 251-253.
202 A. H. SPAAN, De landstreek tusschen Sangkoelirang en Doema-
ring (Borneo). TNAG 2de ser., 35 (1918) p. 781-790 with map.
203 P. VAN GENDEREN STORT, Nederlandsch-Kenja Dajaksche Woor-
denlijst. VBG 59. 3 (1912). 33 pp.
204 ]. M. ELSHOUT, Over de geneeskunde der Kenja-Dajak in Cen-
traal-Borneo in verband met hunnen godsdienst. Amsterdam
doctoral thesis. Amsterdam 1923. 218 pp.
On the dwelling places of the Kenyah tribes, p. 12.
On the language, p. 12, 106, 122, 183-184.
 68

Invocations, incantations, fragments of chants, p. 104, 106-114, 129-132,

134, 137, 147-148, 166, 171-173, 179-182, 186-187, 191-193, 199, 203.
Many Kenyah words and sentences.
205 J. M. ELSHOUT, De Kenja-Dajaks uit het Apo-Kajangebied.
Bijdragen tot de kennis van Centraal-Borneo. 's-Gravenhage
1926. XI + 523 pp.
Many Kenyah words and sentences. Fragments of chants and incantations.
Map of the Apo Kayan area in front of the book.
206 E. W. F. VAN WALCHREN, Eene reis naar de bovenstreken van
Boe1oengan (Midden-Borneo), 12 Nov. 1905-11 April 1906.
TNAG 2de ser. 24 (1907) p. 755-844.
Some Kenyah words. Teknonymic terms in the Pujungan area, p. 791.
Sketch-map of the Kayan, Bahau and Pujungan-rivers.
207 H. E. D. ENGELHARD, Aanteekeningen betreffende de Kindjin
Dajaks in het landschap Baloengan. TBG 39 (1897) p. 458-495.
Remarks on the language, p. 483-484; numerals and names of the months,
p. 484--486; wordlist (about 140 words), p. 491-494.
208 1. A. N. URQUHART, Some Interior Dialects. SMJ 6. 5 new ser.
(= 20 old ser.), 1955, p. 193-204.
About 200 words in 17 Bornean languages:
Sarawak Malay, Iban (Sea-Dayak), Kayan, Kenyah Sambup" Punan Batu,
Punan Lusong, Punan Gang, Punan Bah, Speng, Bah Malei, Sekepan,
Bukitan, Ukit, Kajaman, Lahanan, Tanjong, Maloh.
209 E. BANKS, Some Kalamantan vocabularies. SMJ 4. 3. 14 (1935)
p.257-259.
Malay, Sibop, Skapan, Sabup, Long Bangan, Kajaman, Lanun, Kenyah,
Milano.
210 F. H. POLLARD and E. BANKS, Teknonymy and other customs
among the Kayans, Kenyahs, Kelamantans and others. SMJ 4. 4.
15 (1937) p. 395--409.
211 E. BANKS, Rice planting customs in the Baram district, Sarawak.
JMBRAS 18. 2 (1940) p. 83-104.
212 S. WAN UWK and A. D. GALVIN, A Kenyah Song. SMJ 6. 5 new
ser. (= 20 old ser.), 1955, p. 287-289.
Song of the Kenyah in the Baram River.
213 J. P. J. BARTH, Boesangsch-NederIandsch Woordenboek. Batavia
1910. XXVIII +343 pp. +
map.
 69

214 R. BURNS, A Vocabulary of the Kayan language of the North-

West of Borneo. Journ. Ind. Arch. 3 (1849) p. 182-192.
215 R. NEEDHAM, Penan and Punan. JMBRAS 27. 1 (1954) p. 73-83.
216 R. NEEDHAM, A Penan Mourning-Usage. BKI 110 (1954)
p.263-267.
217 R. NEEDHAM, Punan Ba. JMBRAS 28. 1 (1955) p. 24-36.
The Punan Ba historically and linguistically and in many cultural respects
distinct from the Punan and from the Penan, p. 31.
On the language, p. 32.
Some kinship terms and other words, p. 32, 35.
218 R. S. DOUGLAS, Some Murik Words. SMJ 1. 2 (1912) p. 86-87.
219 R. S. DOUGLAs, The Muriks. SMJ 1. 1 (1911) p. 146-148.
220 E. V. ANDREINI, A Punan Vocabulary. SMJ 4. 3. 14 (1935)
p.261-262.
221 C. BOCK, The head-hunters of Borneo. London 1881. XVI +
344 pp.
Appendix IV p. 334-335, approx. 140 Long Wai words.
222 C. BOCK, Reis in Oost- en Zuid-Borneo van Koetei naar Banjer-
massin, ondernomen op last der Indische Regeering in 1879 en
1880. Met aanteekeningen en bijlagen van P. J. B. C. ROBIDE VAN
DER AA, eene historische inleiding over Koetei en de betrekkingen
van dit leenrijk tot de regeering van Nederlandsch-Indie, door
S. W. TROMP, en een atlas van 30 ethnografische platen in
kleurendruk en schetskaart. 's-Gravenhage 1887. 129 pp.
Long Wai wordlist, p. 113-123.
223 A. H. SPAAN, Een landreis van Berouw naar Samarinda. TNAG
zte ser. 18 (1901) p. 7-33, 199-224.
224 M. A. BOUMAN, Ethnografische aanteekeningen omtrent de Gou-
vernementslanden in de boven-Kapoeas, Westerafdeeling van
Borneo. TBG 64 (1924) p. 173-195.
225 J. c. M. RADERMACHER, Bijvoegsels tot de beschrijving der Sun-
dasche eilanden Java, Borneo en Sumatra. VBG III (1781; in
edition printed in Holland: 1787) p. 423-464.
List of words of the language spoken in upper Sanggau, p. 4~39; in
the new edition of 1824 the list is found on p. 280--281.
 70

226 O. CH. DAHL, Malgache et Maanjan. Une comparaison linguis-

tique. Avhandlinger utg. avo Egede-Instituttet 3. Oslo 1951. 408 pp.
Reviews by:
A. CAPELL in Oceania 23 (1952--3) p. 76-78;
I DYEN in Language 29 (1953) p. 577-590;
A. G. HAUDRICOURT in Word 9 (1953) p. 314-315.
N. C. SCOTT in Man 53 (1953) article no. 140, p. 93.
227 H. TROMP, Versuch einer Grammatik der Sprache des dajak-
kischen Stammes der Olon-Maanjan. Mit Anhang: Mythen
Erziihlungen, Sprichwortern.
228 H. SUNDERMANN, Der Dialekt der Olon Maanjan (Dajak) in Siid-
Ost-Borneo. BKI 67 (1913) p. 203-236.
229 H. SUNDERMANN, Dajakkische Fabeln und Erziihlungen. BKI 66
(1912) p. 169-214.
Eleven tales in Maanyan and five in Ngaju with German translation.
230 Surat pangurukan na pakai kawan ia mangadji hang sakola.
Bandjermasin 1897. 90 pp.
Reading book and a few poems.
231 Sarita teka surat Alatalla. Bandjermasin 1883/5. 218 pp.
The Calwer Bible Stories.
Second edit. 1907, 272 pp.
Third edit. 1938, 171 pp. (new title: Soerat sa-rita hengka soerat lengan
Alatalla).
232 Surat putut adjar Agama olon Kristen, surat lakudoa anri surat
nj anj ian. Bandjermasin 1910. 158 pp.
Note in copy of SOAS: Catechism & Hymnbook in the language of the
Maanyan.
Second edit. % pp., no year, title with oe-spelling instead of u.
233 Surat lengan AlataIIa. Bandjermasin 1917. 176 pp.
Fragments from the New Testament.
234 Lalan Salamat, natotoi hawoeang lengan Alatalla. Bandjermasin
1936. 15 pp.
Fragments from the Bible.
235 Soerat njanit, pakaini ngoerok ia masa soerat. Bandjermasin 1880.
28 pp.
236 Habar salamat manjoe kasaksian Loekas. (Inside:) Lucas Maan-
jan-Dajak. No place, no year. 99 pp.
The gospel according to St. Luke [1950].
 71

237 ]. MALLINCKRODT, Het huwe1ijksrecht bij de Dajaks in de onder-

afdeeling Boentok. TBG 66 (1926) p. 553-603.
List of kinship terms in Maanyan, Lawangan and Dusun, p. 567.
238 [A Sihong translation of Genesis I-XXVI: 5]. Banjermasin
1858.80 pp.
On the first page of the copy of BFBS a handwritten note:
The first writing of the language of Sihong on Borneo (150 miles northern
from Banjermasin), containing a translation of Genesis from chap. 1 to
26 : 5 by E. DENNINGER, missionary.
239 Soerat pangadjaran agama olon kristen. Hoeang bahasa Dajak
Samihim. Bandjermasin, no year. 40 pp.
240 J.MALLINCKRODT, Grond- en waterrechten in de onderafdeeling
Boentok. Ko!. T. 15 (1926) p.60-102.
Data on the tribes living in Buntok and their languages, p. 60-62.
241 J. MALLINCKRODT, De Njoe1i-beweging onder de Lawangan-
Dajaks van de Zuider- en Oosterafdeeling van Borneo. Kol.
St. 9. 6 (1925) p. 396-425.
A few Lawangan words.
242 Soerat Batang adjar agaman oloh kristen. Tinai Soerat Lakoe
doa hapan Basa Taboejan. No place, no year. 8 pp.
The Ten Commandments, Confession of Faith, some prayers.
243 Soerat sarita neke soerat oe1ek Alahtalla. No place, no year. 44 pp.
Biblical tales in Tabuyan.
244 Surat hurup hapa madjar anak 010 mambasa. Bandjermasin 1857.
24 pp.
Several times reprinted.
245 Soerat Hoeroep. Bagi Ia. Ingoean awi Seminarie goeroe Bandjer-
masin. Mangalur 1933. 44 pp.
Spelling book.
246 Soerat hoeroep. Bagi lb. Ingoean awi Seminarie goeroe Bandjer-
masin. Mangalur 1930. 45 pp.
Spelling book.
247 Surat itong akan ihapan anak oloh huang skola. Part 1 2, +
Bandjermasin 1893. 56 +
51 pp. Part 3, Bandjermasin 1894.
58 pp.
Arithmetic-book.
 72

248 Lima sansanan 010 Ngadjoe. Bandjermasin 1877. 35 pp.

Five tales in Ngaju.
249 Lima sarita akan 010 Ngadjoe idja radjit'l mambasa soerat, injali-
nan bara basa Balanda akan basan 010 Ngadjoe awi C. VAN
HOEFEN. Bandjermasin 1877. 56 pp.
250 Soerat krookjes akan anak 010 idjii haroe taoe mambasa isoet,
injalinan bara basa balanda akan basan 010 Ngadjoe, awi C. VAN
HOEFEN. Bandjermasin 1880. 30 pp.
251 Viooltjes, soerat sarita akan anak 010 mangadji, injalinan bara
basa Balanda akan basan 010 Ngadjoe awi C. VAN HOEFEN.
Bandjermasin 1880. 89 pp.
252 Hakabeken sarita indu adjar akan oloh bakas tabela. Bandjer-
mas in 1892. 175 pp.
253 Hakabeken sarita indu adjar akan oloh bakas tabela. Bandjer-
masin 1909. Vol. I, 106 pp., vol. II, 80 pp.
254 Hakabeken Sarita. Bagi I. Ingoean awi Seminarie hong Bandjer-
masin. Mangalur 1933. 44 pp.
255 Hakabeken Sarita. Bagi II. Ingoean awi pandita KUHNLE Meng-
katip toentang Seminarie goeroe hong Bandjermasin. Mangalur
1927.62 pp.
256 Surat rinting agama. Bandjarmasin 1854. 112 pp.
257 Palisang oIoh Kristen, manintu lewu sorga, tumon djehi injarita
awi JOHN BUNYAN. Bandjermasin 1879. 104 pp.
Translation of "The Pilgrim's Progress". Sec. edit. 1928. 186 pp.
258 Surat Sarita bara Surat Auh Hatalla. 3 rd edit., Bandjermasin
1875. 244 pp.; 4th edit., Bandjermasin 1883. 292 pp.
259 Surat Djumala Augh bara Surat Hatalla Awang Kampili.
Bandjarmasin 1855. 182 pp.
260 Surat batang adjar agaman oIoh kristen tinai surat laku doa
tuntang surat njanji. Bandjermasin 1876. 96 95 pp. +
Many times reprinted, with small differences in title and contents.
261 Saritan Gawin Rasul. Bandjermasin 1904. 135 pp.
 73

262 Ampin hoeang atei olon, ie hoeman Hatalla atawa eka setan djete
imprahan awi sapoeloeh gambar idje inarang awi JOHANNES
GoSSNER, injalinan bara basa Doeis awi Pandita C. HENDRICK.
3'd edit. Stuttgart 1927. 55 pp.
The first edit. appeared in 1905 (64 pp.); on the title-page the missionary
H. TROMP is mentioned as collaborator.
263 Djalan salamat, insanan hoeang hakabeken bawak aoech Soerat
Hatalla. Pandahang batang adjar. 3rd edit. Bandjermasin 1933.
16 pp.
Fragments of the New Testament.
264 Soerat Pandohop akan Pansanan Ewanggelion. Rinting horoi
kakare adjar akan oloh idje handak tame Oengkoep Oloh Kristen.
2 nd edit. Bandjermasin 1937. 15 pp.
Inside a note: Hilfsbiichlein fiir Evangelisten in der Ngadju-Dajak Sprache.
The first edit. appeared in 1913.
265 Panoendjoek djalan salamat, soerat adjar tahioe kapertjajan oIoh
Kristen Evangelis injalinan toentang ingoean toemon soerat toean
E. BUDDEBERG awi K. E[PPLE]. Bandjermasin 1937. 106 pp.
Inside a note: Ein Wegweiser zur Seligkeit. Christliche Glaubenslehre.
266 Saritan Toehan Jesoes hoeang Minggo Toenis. 1941. 34 pp.
267 Dindang induan bara Almanak 1910, ingarang awi ARNOLD
NGANTOENG. Bandjermasin 1910. 15 pp.
Microfilm in the Royal Institute in The Hague; one copy of the book is in
Basle.
268 Atoran hoeang oengkoep oloh kristen hong Borneo Salatan. No
place, 1930. 28 pp.
Regulations for Christian communities in S. Borneo.
269 Soerat atoran sombahjang toentang kare gawe brasih hoeang
Gredja Dajak Evangelis. 2"d edit. Bandjermasin 1937. 65 pp.
Inside a note: Agende fUr die Evangelische Dajakkirche.
270 Tahioe Gredja Dajak. Ampin tamparae toentang Pesta Pangingat
100 njelo. Bandjermasin 1935. 20 pp.
Booklet published on the occasion of the centenary of the mission and the
Qreation of an independent Dayak church.
271 Daftar bawak Kotak, idje babehat rimae hoeang soerat Bibel tinai
Aoech Hatalla idje taoe imbasa akan hakabeken katikae. Bandjer-
masin 1938. 27 pp.
Inside note: Biblische Hauptbegriffe (Konkordanz).
 74

272 Soerat Lagon Njanji, idje ihapan oloh Kristen hoeang sombahjang
toentang metoh pesta. 2nd edit. Hildburghausen, no year. 158 pp.
273 Soerat njanji akan anak sakola. 2nd edit., no place, 1924. 16 pp.
274 Njanji Pesta akan oloh kristen lintih toentang igoean tingkat idje
doee, awi pandita K. EpPLE. Bandjermasin 1924.40 pp.
275 Soerat njanji idje ihapan oIoh kristen. Bandjermasin 1923. 158pp.
Another slightly enlarged edition appeared in 1930. 176 pp.
276 Njanji Taheta, Pandahang soerat njanji akan oloh kristen impa-
Ioea awi njonjah R. KUHNLE. Bandjermasin 1937.
277 Soerat njanji pandehan idje ihapan hoeang Geredja Dajak.
Basel 1948.
Booklet containing a selection of hymns from the congregational hymnbook,
which is out of print. It was printed under the supervision of the Rev.
GOTTIN [note on the cover of the copy of the Basle Mission].

278 Surat Brasi Djandji Taheta ain Toehan toentang djoeroe salamat
itah Jesoes Kristoes, injalinan Bara Poena Basae akan Basan
Oloh Ngadjoe hong Poelau Borneo. Kaapstad 1846. 458 pp.
First ed. of the New Testament.
279 Surat brasih Djandji idjii solake. Amsterdam 1858. Vol. I,
768 pp., vol. II, 568 pp.
Translation of the Old Testament. The same translation is found in the
complete edition of the Bible.
280 Bibel Hi iii: hapus surat Hatalla idjii brasih, djandji idjii solake
tuntang djandji taheta. Amsterdam 1858. 1336 +
541 pp.
Translation of the Old and New Testament.
281 Soerat Brasih Djandji Taheta ain Toehan Toentang Djoeroe-
salamat itah Jesoes Kristoes, injalinan bara poena basae akan
basan oloh Ngadjoe hong Poelau Borneo. Leiden 1926. III +
511 pp.
Third ed. of the translation of the New Testament.
282 Surat Barasih injalinan bara puna basae akan basan Oloh
Ngadjoe hong pulau Kalimantan. Djakarta 1955. 1193 416 +
+ 2 pp.
Second ed. of the Old and New Testament. A few comments on biblical
terms and proper names, p. 416-418.
283 Ewanggelion injoerat Mateoes. Bandjermasin 1940. 132 pp.
 75

284 Keleh djaka ikan mangasene. No place, no year. 2 pp.

The title is a translation of St. Luke 19 : 42. Not available in Holland,
one copy in Basle.
285 Surat Imadeddin, atawa saritan oloh pintar, idja solake salam
rahian mandjadi oloh Kristen. 1a ed. Tumbang-Kapuas 1897.
30 pp. 2nd ed. Bandjermasin 1885. 16 pp.
Life story of an Islamite convewted to Christianity, translated into Ngaju
by B. VAN NES.
A microfilm is now in the library of the Royal Institute in The Hague.
286 Katapas itah ngadju tuntang djalan dohop tinai auh adjar mala-
wan hadat mihop. No place, 1895. 32 pp.
Tract against alcoholic excess.
A microfilm is in the library of the Royal Institute in The Hague, a copy
of the book is in Basle.
287 ROSA KUHNLE, Mahaga anak awau. Bandjermasin 1937. 62 pp.
On baby care.
288 Pira-pira tjerita bara surat Hatalla. Batavia 1843.
Stories from Genesis, II+37 pp.
Stories kom the New Testament, II + 100 pp.
289 A. HARDELAND, Duii tamparae sombajang; awi - pandita,
Borneo, Pulopetak, 1845. 10 pp.
290 Tjerita karadjan Hatalla tuntang augh adjar bara surat Hatalla
tinei sombajang dan nj anj ian. Elberfeld 1845.
History of the Kingdom of God in Ngaju. Hymns with music.
291 A. HARDELAND, Pira-pidi njanjian akantara Hatalla. Borneo,
injurat hong Pulautelo. 1845. 20 pp.
292 Surat akan 010 Ngadju hong pulau Borneo. Ilambagan hong lewu
Kapstad, tanah Aprika. Njelo 1846. IV 131 pp.+
Lessons in history in Ngaju. By A. HARDELAND.

293 Surat tjerita bara karadjaan Hatalla, tuntang augh adjar bara
surat Hata1la, tuntang augh hapan sombajang; laku doa; njanian.
Kapstad, tanah Aprika. Njelo 1846. IX +
221 pp.
History and Lessons, with Hynms in Ngaju. By A. HARDELAND.

294 Surat hapan adjar membasa. Kapstad 1846. 24 pp. without title-
page.
Ngaju-primew. By A. HARDELAND.
 76

295 Brita Bahalap.

Publication of the Christian Community, appears every fortnight at Banjar-
masin.
Although probably the publication started already in 1913 no copies of the
period 1913-1923 were to be found; the Basle Mission only possesses
the series 1924-1940. In 1954 the paper reappeared as a monthly, edited
in the Bahasa Indonesia. The issues of the year 1927 can be consulted
in the Royal Institute at The Hague.
296 Almanak atawa Rinting andau, bulan (later: boelan). Bandjer-
masin 1880 and following years. 63 pp.
297 H. C. VON DER GABELENTZ, Beitriige zur Sprachenkunde. Erstes
Heft: Grammatik der Dajaksprache. Leipzig 1852. 48 pp.
298 A. HARDELAND, Versuch einer Grammatik der Dajackschen
Sprache. Amsterdam 1858. VIII 374 pp. +
Texts with interlinear German translation and notes p. 207-374.
299 A. HARDELAND, Dajacksch-Deutsches Worterbuch. Amsterdam
1859. VIII + 638 pp.
300 Miss. Inspektor WALLMANN, Grammatik der Pulopetak-Dajack-
sprache fUr Anfiinger. Barmen 1856.47 pp.
ShQrt grammatical sketch with little wordlist p. 1-23, followed by a
translation of the Gospel of St. Mark XIV in Pulopetak, Banjar-Malay
and classical Malay.
A copy is available at Wuppertal; the Royal Institute at The Hague
possesses a microfilm-reproduction.
301 H. KERN, Taalkundige gegevens ter bepaling van het Stamland
der Maleisch-Polynesische volken. Collected writings 6 (1917)
p.l05-120.
302 R. BRANDSTETTER, Malaio-polynesische Forschungen. Zweite
Reihe. III. Ein Prodomus zu einem vergleichenden Worterbuch
der malaio-polynesischen Sprachen fUr Sprachforscher und
Ethnographen. Luzern 1906. 74 pp.
303 R. BRANDSTETTER, Mata-Hari oder Wanderungen eines indone-
sischen Sprachforschers durch die drei Reiche der Natur. Luzern
1908. 55 pp.
304 R. BRANDSTETTER, Wurzel und Wort in den indonesischen Spra-
chen. Luzern 1910. 50 pp.
 77

305 O. DEMPWOLFF, Entstehung von Nasalen und Nasalverbindungen

im Ngadju (Dajak). ZES 13 (1922) p. 161-205.
306 O. DEMPWOLFF, Vergleichende LautIehre des austronesischen
Wortschatzes. Zweiter Band: Deduktive Anwendung des Ur-
indonesischen auf Austronesische Einzelsprachen. Berlin 1937.
p.45-71.
307 W. AICHELE, Eine neu erschlossene friihindonesische Literatur-
sprache in ihrem Einflusz auf das Altjavanische. ZDMG 90
(1936) p. *18*-*19*.
308 I. DYEN, Dempwol's R. Language 29. 3 (1953) p. 359-366.
309 I. DYEN, The Ngaju-Dayak 'Old Speech Stratum'. Language 32.
1 (1956) p. 83-87.
310 K. D. EpPLE, Kurze Einfiihrung in die Ngadjoe-Dajaksprache.
Bandjermasin 1933. 84 pp.
311 K. D. EpPLE, Soerat Logat Basa Ngadjoe. Orthographisches
Worterverzeichnis der Sprache der Oloh Ngadjoe Dajak.
Bandjermasin 1922. 73 pp.
312 J. C. M. RADERMACHER, Beschrijving van het eiland Borneo, voor
zo verre het zelve, tot nu toe, bekend is. VBG 2 (1780)
p. 107-148. In second Batavia ed. (1823) p. 43-69.
17 Banjarese words, p. 115. In second Batavia ed. on p. 48.
Wordlist of "Biadjoos" (21 WQl"ds), p. 138-139. In second Batavia ed.
on p. 63.
313 K. W. TIEDTKE, Woordenlijst der Sampitsche en Katingansche
taal. VBG 36 (1872) p. 1-93.
Wordlist: Malay, Sampit, Katingan, Dutch, with the numerals at the end.
314 C. HUPE, Korte verhandeling over de godsdienst, zeden, enz. der
Dajakkers. TNI 8. 3 (1846) p. 127-172, 245-280.
Several words of the Pulopetak language.
Prayer, text and translation, p. 133-134.
Curses, text and translation, p. 165--166.
On the "Behasa Sangiang" p. 166-167.
A text, "Dayak manuscript" (?), with translation, p. 167-172.
Riddles (tingkes), text and 1;ranslation, p. 252r-280.
315 F. GRABOWSKY, Ueber Aesserungen geistigen Lebens bei den 010
Ngadju in Sued-Ost-Borneo. BKI 38 (1889) p. 144-152.
A few sayings.
 78

316 F. GRABOWSKY, Familie, Verwandtschaft und Freundschaft bei

den 010 Ngadju in S.O.Borneo. BKI 38 (1889) p. 463-466.
A few kinship terms.
317 J.
MALLINCKRODT, Ethnografische mededeelingen over de Dajaks
in de afdeeling Koealakapoeas (Res. Zuider- en Oosterafd. van
Borneo). BKI 80 (1924) p. 397-446, 521-600; 81 (1925)
p. 62-115, 165-310.
318 J. MALLINCKRODT, Het begrip djawi bij de Dajak van Zuid
Borneo. Kol. T. 16. 6 (1927) p. 629-651.
319 J. MALLINCKRODT en L. MALLINCKRODT-DJATA, Het magah liau,
een Dajaksche priesterzang. TBG 68 (1928) p. 292-347.
320 H. SCHARER, Die Gottesidee der Ngadju Dajak in Sud-Borneo.
Leiden doctoral thesis. Leiden 1946. VII 236 pp. + pI. + +
map of S. Borneo.
Beilage I, Die Schopfungsmythe, p. 185-223; text with translation in
German.
321 K. M. HELBIG, Die Insel Borneo in Forschung und Schrifttum.
Sprachforschung, p. 187-188. Schrift und Sprache, p. 321-324.
Mitteilungen der Geograph. Gesellschaft in Hamburg, 52 (1955)
p. 105-395; with ill. and map.
On linguistic research, p. 187-188.
322 K. EpPLE, Aoech Bara ahkan Oeloen Kristen. Banjermasin 1937.
32 pp. sec. edit.
Biblical stories, Prayers and hymns in Ot Danum, first edit. 1914.
323 N ain bara indan Doeloen kristen soewan ingkan soerat Mahatara
hintang nain butang bara. No place (Bandjermasin ?), 1931. 44 pp.
Biblical stories, catechism, prayers in Siang Dayak.

SOME GENERAL REFERENCE WORKS

Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indie, 2nd ed.

I-IV, A-Z, samengesteld door J. PAULUS e.a. Den Haag-Leiden
1917-1921.
V -IXj2 Supplement, onder redactie van D. G. STIBBE e.a. Ibid.
1927-1940.
 79

J. C. HOOYKAAs, Repertorium op de koloniale litteratuur ... 1595-

1865. Ter perse bezorgd door W. N. DU RlEU. 2 vols. Amsterdam
1877-1880. Continued in:
A. HARTMANN, Repertorium op de litteratuur betreffende de Neder-
landsche Kolonien, voor zoover zij verspreid is in tijdschriften en
mengelwerken. I, Oost-Indie. 1866-1893. 's-Gravenhage 1895.
1'--8'" vervolg. 1894-1932. Ibid. 1901-1935. Continued in:
Netherlands East Indies: a bibliography of books published after 1930
and periodicals articles after 1932 available in U.S. libraries. By
B. LANDHEER. 208 pp. Washington 1945.
Catalogus der Bibliotheek van het Koninklijk Instituut voor de
Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Ned.-Indie en het Indisch Genoot-
schap, door G. P. ROUFFAER en W. C. MULLER. IX + 1053 pp.
's-Gravenhage 1908.
Eerste Supplement, door W. C. MULLER. VIII +
426 pp. ibid. 1915.
Tweede Supplement, door W. C. MULLER. VIII +
459 pp. ibid. 1927.
Derde Supplement, VIII +
439 pp. ibid. 1937.
A fourth Supplement is in preparation.
R. KENNEDY, Bibliography of Indonesian peoples and cultures.
Revised ed. New Haven 1955.
F. H. VAN NAERSEN, Litteratuur-overzicht voor de Taal-, Land- en
Volkenkunde en geschiedenis van Nederlandsch-Indie voor het jaar
1936, 1937. 's-Gravenhage [1937], 1938.
id. 1938, 1939 door H. VAN MEuRs. Ibid. 1939, 1940.
For further years see the bibliography in Culturee1 Indie (Leiden
1939-1946) and now in TNAG.
Linguistic bibliography for the years 1939 ~ . Utrecht-Anvers
1949 ~.
For Sanskrit words in Indonesian languages see: J. GoNDA, Sanskrit
in Indonesia. XXIX +456 pp. With linguistic map. Nagpur 1952.
For the lan&uages of Borneo see especially p. 51.
 80

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BFBS The British and Foreign Bible Society.

BKI Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (before 1949 ~
van Nederlandsch-Indie), ed. by Koninklijk Instituut voor
Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (before 1949 K. I. voor de
T. L. en V. van Nederlandsch-Indie).
Geogr. Journ. The Geographical Journal.
JMBRAS Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.
JRAI The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of
Great Britain and Lreland.
JSBRAS Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.
J ourn. Ind. Arch. The Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia.
Kol. St. Koloniale Studien.
Kol. T. Koloniaal Tijdschrift.
Proc. R. Ge<>gil". Soc. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society.
SMJ The Sarawak Museum Journal.
SOAS School of Oriental and African Studies, University of
London.
TNAG Tijdschrift Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig
Genootschap.
TBG Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde.
TNI Tijdschrift vow. Nederlandsch-Indie.
Tijdschr. BB Tijdschrift voor het Binnenlandsch Bestuur.
VBG Verhandelingen van het (Koninklijk) Bataviaasch Genoot-
schap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen.
VKI Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-,
Land- en Volkenkunde.
ZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft.
ZES Zeitschrift fur Eingebot"enen-Sprachen.
 81

INDEX OF LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS

Adang 22 Labu 31
Lahanan 35
Bajau 27-28 Land Dayak 13-17
Ba Mali 34 Lawangan 41
Banjarese 9-10 Long Glat 38
Basap dialects 31 Long Wai 38
Beketan 36-37
Bintulu 20 Maanyan 39-41
Bisaya 20-21 Malay Dialects 7-13
Bok 35 Matu Melanau 19
Brunei Malay 8 Melanau 17-20
Bulud-Upi 28-29 Modang 38
Busang 33-34 Mualang 12
Mukah Melanau 19
Dali Dusun 25 Murik 34--35
Delang 10
Dusun 24, 39-41 Ngaju 42-45
Dusun De(y)ah 39-41 Nibong 35
Nonukan 30
Embaloh 38-39 North Borneo Murut
Dialects 23-24
Iban (- Sea Dayak) 10-12
Ida'an 25 Ot Danum 45-46
Illanun 28 Oya S Melanau 19

Kajaman 35 Padas 22
Kayan 33-34 Pa Kemaloh 23
Kelabit 22 Pasir Malay 9
Kendayan Dayak 13-17 Peluan 23
Keningau 23-24 Penchangan 30
Kenyah 32-33 Penihing 37
Kimanis 25 Penyabung 37
Kuijau 23 Punan Ba 36-37
Kutai-Malay 8 Punan Batu 37
 82

Rundum 23 Sintang Malay 10

Speng 35
Sajau Basap 31 Sulu 29
Sambas Malay 10
Samihim 39-41
Tabuyan 42
Sarawak Malay 7-8
Tarakan 30
Sarawak Murut 21-23
Tempasuk 25
Sea Dayak (= Iban) 10--12
Tengara 23
Sedalir 30
Tidung dialects 29-30
Segai 38
Timugan 24
Sekapan 36
Treng 23
Semabu 24
Trusan 22
Sembakung 30
Seputan 37
Sibop 35 Ubian 28
Si(h)ong 39-40 Ukit 36-37
Simbakong 30 Ulu Malay 10